Examples of compound adjectives with a hyphen and together. Spelling compound adjectives

A significant part of Russian orthography is occupied by the rules of hyphenation, separate and continuous spelling of word forms. Complex adjectives, examples of spelling of which will be given in the article, illustrate the rules of spelling of the Russian language.

- What is this?

In the lexical arsenal of the Russian language there are simple words consisting of one root, one stem ( blue, young, red, autumn y). If a word consists of several stems or parts of stems, then it is considered complex. Compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below, consist of two roots.

Difficult word: ways of education

They are formed in three main ways: addition, fusion, abbreviation.

Difficult words: ways of education

Way	Description	Compound nouns and compound adjectives: examples
Addition	Morphological in which a complex word is formed by merging stems with the help of a vowel (the connecting vowel O follows hard consonants, the vowel E follows soft ones).	wool weaver, carnivorous, circulatory, long-range
Fusion	Lexico-syntactic method: a whole combination of words without connecting vowels is merged into a complex one.	two-story (of two floors), forty-day (of forty days), crazy (crazy)
Abbreviation	Conventional phonetic method: a complex is formed from combinations of words, but, unlike fusion, only parts of the bases are connected: syllables, letters.	department store, salary, KamAZ, NATO, Unified State Exam

Compound adjectives: continuous spelling

The spelling of compound adjectives is subject to a number of spelling rules, illustrated by their compound adjectives, examples of which are given in the tables below.

In this case, complex adjectives can be written with a hyphen and together, or be part of a phrase where the adjective is not part of the complex word.

Spelling compound adjectives

№	Rule	Compound adjectives: examples
Together
1	When forming a complex from a complex which is written together.	oil pipeline - oil pipeline, steamship - steamship
2	When forming a complex adjective from a subordinating combination of words, including from phrases “noun + adjective” that name geographical objects.	alpine skiing - alpine skiing, natural science - natural sciences, average daily - average per day; Lysogorsky - Yagodnopolyansky - Yagodnaya Polyana
3	If denotes a scientific term or is a special word.	lepidoptera, viviparous, mammals, milk canning, baking, geological exploration
4	If the first part of a compound word is as follows: high-, higher-, deep-, thick-, steep-, large-, light-, small-, small-, many-, low-, lower-, sharp-, flat-, strong-, weak-, thick- , thin-, hard-, heavy-, narrow-, wide-. If such elements have explanatory words, then the spelling is separate.	little-studied (but: little studied by students), difficult to remove (but: difficult to remove from the body), well-known (widely known abroad)
5	general, upper, middle, lower, ancient, early, late.	common, Central Russian, Lower Volga, Old English, early ripening, late Scythian

Compound adjectives: hyphenated

The set is written semi-continuously. Rules for hyphenation and compound adjective words (examples) are given in the table below.

№	Rule	Hyphenated compound adjectives: examples
Hyphenated
1	When forming a compound adjective from a compound noun, which is written with a hyphen.	northwestern - northwest, social democratic - social democracy, Issyk-Kul - Issyk-Kul (but: Zaissyk-Kul, since there is a prefix)
2	If the adjective is formed from two proper names, for example, from two surnames or a first name and a surname. The exception is Eastern surnames.	Pushkin-Gogol, Lev-Tolstovsky, Jules Vernovsky (but: Dzhekichanskaya, Ho Chi Minh City)
3	If an adjective is formed by merging several equal words (a conjunction can be placed between them And or But).	convex-concave, apple-plum, Russian-Chinese, expressive-emotional
4	If an adjective is formed by merging several equal but heterogeneous words.	official business, electronic computing, comparative historical
5	If the first part of a compound word is military, popular, mass, educational, scientific.	military-legal, people's liberation, mass sports, educational and methodological, scientific and technical
6	If the adjective reflects the shade of the color.	grey-green, yellow-blue, deep black
7	Compound adjectives-toponyms.	West Korean, North Ossetian, South Ural

The phrase "adverb + adjective"

Complex words - adjectives, examples of which are given above, can be difficult to distinguish from similar phrases.

So, moral and ethical is an adjective and morally inwell-fed- a phrase where you can ask a question to an adverb: " In what respect?"

Spelling complex adjectives: examples from literature

Compound adjectives are widely used in works of fiction.

They allow you to accurately describe an object and distinguish it from its environment; they bring uniqueness to the text. For example, in the stories of I. A. Bunin there are many individual epithets - complex adjectives: smoky lilac distance, cloudy milky fog, matte pale foliage, blue-winged eagles, an impudently beautiful woman, light golden maples, a thin, broad-shouldered doctor, metallic-ringing screams and others.

Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen or together.

A hyphen is used if a complex adjective: 1) denotes shades of colors:yellow-blue, bright red; 2) formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern (southwest), Tien Shan (Tien Shan); 3) formed by adding equal words between which a conjunction can be inserted And: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), meat and dairy (meat and dairy), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway - railway, athletics - athletics.

Yellow-blue (color). Southwest (southwest). Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata). Bitter-salty (bitter and salty). Zheleznodorozhny (railway).

When applying this rule, think like this: (car) repair- this is a complex word, it is formed from a combination of words in which one is subordinate to the other (wagon repair). This means that this word needs to be written together: car repair. (convex)concave- this is a complex word, it is formed from the bases of words independent of each other convex And concave, you can insert a conjunction between them And. This means that this word must be written with a hyphen: convex-concave.

330 . Write down complex adjectives in two columns: in the first, write down those that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another; in the second - those that are formed from two words independent of each other. Emphasize the connecting vowels.

Magazine and newspaper, socio-political, pulp and paper, chess and checkers (competitions), ancient Ru..kiy, Ru..co-French..iy, oil tanker, left..bank, yellow..yellow-red, agricultural, Western European, iron foundry, science fiction, copper smelting, socially useful.

socio-political

socially useful

331 . Together or with a hyphen? Indicate the conditions for choosing continuous and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives (see example in the box). What category do these adjectives belong to?

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (middle) century, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow)red, (three) meter, (garden)garden, (rail)rolling, (north)western, (forty)kilometer, (ancient)Russian, (factory)factory, (cotton)paper, (two)room, (cast iron) foundry.

332 . What compound adjectives can be formed from these words? Write them down, indicating the conditions for choosing the hyphenated spelling of compound adjectives.

Yellow, green; white, blue; red, white; light, purple; dark, blue; pale, blue; bright, pink; dark, chestnut.

333 . Write down compound adjectives formed from these words.

Sample: pale, pink, face - pale pink, pale-faced, pink-faced.

Dark, brown, hair; black, white, eyebrow; blue, green, eye; red, blue, nose; white, pink, marshmallow.

334 . I. Write down complex adjectives that are written together in one column, and in the other - adjectives that are written with a hyphen.

(Light) blue, (crimson) red, (dark) chestnut, (water) wire, (agricultural), (silver) white, (blue) green, (steam) transport, (heat) carrier, (helicopter) flight, (ice)cold.

II. In word combinations, replace the highlighted words with adjectives. Write down the adjectives along with the nouns.

Sample: Factory for ship repairs- ship repair plant.

Paper, sensitive to light; case first stage; building twelve floors; polygon with equal sides; collected works in five volumes; fruit and berry culture; factory for casting iron; woman with gray hair; man with broad shoulders; requirements sanitary and hygienic; production writing paper; young woman at seventeen.

335 . Read and title the text. Write it down using missing commas. Indicate the conditions for selecting the orthogram being studied.

336 . Read two excerpts from N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bul6a”. In your opinion, what type of text are these sentences taken from? Write it down using missing commas. Underline the adjectives that describe the color of the steppe and sky in the morning and evening. Explain the meaning of words you don't know.

1. The so..tse appeared long ago in the cleared sky and bathed the steppe with its life-giving (warmth)creative light. The further the steppe went, the more beautiful it became. The entire surface of the earth seemed like a (green)golden window along which mi(l, ll)ions of different colors were splashed.

2. In the evening the whole steppe completely changed. Its entire motley space was enveloped by the last bright reflection of the social world and gradually darkened, so that one could see how a shadow ran across it, and it became (dark) green; the fumes rose thicker, every flower, every grass gave off ambergris, and the whole steppe smoked with an incense.. stench. Across the (blue)dark sky, as if with a giant brush, wide stripes of roses...gold had been painted; From time to time, light and transparent clouds appeared in white tufts.

Target:

introduce the main cases of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives;
teach to find and explain all types of writing studied; apply rules for different types of spellings; consolidate the ability to determine methods of word formation;
develop the ability to update acquired knowledge;
cultivate a sense of responsibility and a conscious attitude towards educational work.

Equipment: handouts, additional material, computer presentation.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment

2. Setting a learning task

Teacher: What should we learn in class today?

3. Updating knowledge

– What adjectives are called compound adjectives? (Adjectives with two roots are called complex.)

– What spelling of complex parts of speech are we already familiar with? (Compound nouns.)

– How are compound nouns written? (Continuously and with a hyphen.)

4. Work on the topic

The southwest wind drove blue-green waves. On board fishing the ship stood tall greybeard man in dark green waterproof cloak and looked into the distance. Looming on the horizon three-masted brig. Hanging above him white-pink clouds. One looked like a huge rhinoceros carcass.

Task 5: Find and write down everything compound adjectives from the text.

Alone compound adjectives are written together, while others are written through hyphen .

Problematic question: what determines the choice of continuous or hyphenated spelling of adjectives?

Continuous or hyphenated spelling depends on how it was formed compound adjective :

– How are compound adjectives formed?

from compound adjectives :

Attention! Adjective fishing formed Not from compound noun fisherman, and from phrases fish catcher.

from phrases , in which there is one word The main thing , and the second dependent : fishing (catcher fish).

Also formed: waterproof (impenetrable(how?) water), greybeard (beard(which?) gray-haired), three-masted (three(what?) masts – numeral three requires genitive forms from noun masts).

Adjective , which were formed from phrases , in which one word The main thing , and the other dependent , are written together.

from a combination of two adjectives, grammatically independent of each other, each of which can be used to define the same subject: blue-green waves (blue waves, green waves), dark gray cloak (dark cloak, gray raincoat), white-pink clouds (white clouds, pink clouds).

These adjectives are written through hyphen .

Task 5: How were the highlighted ones formed? adjectives , how are they written and in which cells should they be sent?

Forest*park area, multicolored flags, musical*entertainment broadcast, north*eastern direction.

Answer:

Comment:

Northeast from northeast. Compound adjectives,

formed from compound nouns, written through hyphen, are written through hyphen .
Forest Park from Forest Park
(and not from forest and park). Compound adjectives , formed from compound nouns, written together, written together.
Multi-colored from different colors
(and not from different and colored ones). Compound adjective formed from the phrase : colors(which?)different, written together.
Musical and entertainment
from musical And entertaining. Compound adjective formed from two adjectives, independent of each other, written through hyphen .

Compiling a table

Write correctly!

They write together adjectives , formed from phrases , in which one word The main thing , and the other dependent : railway(railway), car repair(repair of wagons), three-meter(three meters).	Through hyphen are written adjectives , formed from two equal adjectives , between which we can put union And: bitter-salty(bitter and salty) Russian-English(Russian and English), white-pink(white and pink). Attention! Adjectives , indicating shades of colors, are always written through hyphen : yellow-red.
Adjectives , formed from compound nouns , are written the same way as *compound nouns* : water pipes(plumbing), kindergarten courtyard(kindergarten), southwest wind(southwest).

5. Summing up

Each of you has a card with a compound adjective. Determine the way to write a complex adjective and stick your card on the corresponding part of the board: on the left - continuous spelling, on the right - hyphenated spelling

Materials for the lesson:

Complex adjectives formed from subordinating phrases (two grammatically dependent words) are written together: white stone from white stone; car repair from wagon repair;

Compound adjectives formed from coordinating combinations (two equal adjectives between which a conjunction can be placed And), written with a hyphen: velvety-shaggy from velvety and shaggy.

Compound adjectives denoting combinations of colors or shades of color are written with a hyphen.

white stone
white-winged
white-trunked
Middle Eastern
car repair
eight-story
dizzy
loud-voiced
Far Eastern
two-tier
nine-degree
woodworking
leggy
good-natured
railway
brown-eyed
coffee maker
red-breasted
red banner
red-cheeked
bloodthirsty
forest protection
low-grade
pocket
law enforcement
five-pointed
fair-faced
freedom-loving
North American
greybeard
seven year old
blue-winged
snow removal
Central Asian
black
thermophilic
three-meter
narrow-faced
Central African
black-haired
black-eyed
four months
six-layer

velvety-shaggy
hopelessly sad
birch-spruce
birch-aspen
carefree-cheerful
paper-cardboard
boiled-smoked
helicopter landing
spring-summer
takeoff and landing
cherry-raspberry
airborne
clayey-sandy
bittersweet
bitter-salty
palace and park
noble-landowner
documentary-historical
cutesy and capricious
magazine and newspaper
sweet and sour
physical therapy
autumn-winter
song and dance
lush green
timidly trusting
salty-bitter

crimson red
faded lilac
bluish gray
smoky blue
golden yellow
golden brown
yellow-green
yellow-red
emerald green
blue-white
coral red
blood red
matte white
sky blue
soft green
olive yellow
orange-yellow
light beige
silver white
gray-brown-raspberry
taupe
blue-green
dark purple
purple-black
bright yellow

Compound adjectives denoting cardinal directions are written with a hyphen.

northeastern
northwestern
southeastern
southwestern

Literature:

1C: school. Russian language. Morphology and spelling. 5-6 grades. Educational complex edited by O. I. Rudenko-Morgun. JSC “1C”, 2006
Zemsky A.M., Kryuchkov S.E., Svetlaev M.V. Russian language in 2 parts. Part 2. Syntax. – M.: Education, 1986.
Russian language: Schoolchildren's Handbook / ed. V. Slavina. – M., 1995.
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. – M., 1998.

III. Adjectives

§ 80. Complex adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from compound nouns written together, for example: plumbing(plumbing), agricultural(farmer, agriculture), Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words that are subordinate in meaning to one another, for example: railway(railway), national economic(national economy), natural science(natural sciences), complex(complex in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling rails), nationwide(common for the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); This also includes those denoting a single concept of formation (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: little-used, nearby, vital, deeply respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Complex adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly hidden, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: thoracoabdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); Also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of first and last names, as well as from names of settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel engine, social democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, North-Eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rolandovsky, Walter-Scott, Lev-Tolstovsky, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together Moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Priamudarya, Zaissykkul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-Komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional shade, for example: rolling-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark brown, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow-red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, For example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), political-mass(Job), vocabulary-technical(department), podzolic-marsh, loose-lumpy-silty, elongated-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written with a hyphen, the first component of which is myself-, myself- , For example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

The lesson is conducted according to the textbook for 6th grades of general education institutions, Moscow “Enlightenment”. Textbook authors: M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, L.A. Trostentsova, L.T. Grigoryan, I.I. Kulibaba. To organize the consolidation and testing of knowledge - printed workbooks by G.A. Bogdanova for 6th grade, Moscow, “Genzher”. The notebook contains multi-level material, broadens students' horizons, improves their literacy, and helps prepare students for the Unified State Exam.

Lesson objectives:

Conditions for using a hyphen in complex adjectives, distinguishing between combined and separate spelling of words.
write compound adjectives correctly.
Repetition of spellings of endings of adjectives, unstressed vowels in the root.

Lesson progress

1. Organizational moment

2. Checking homework

What questions do you have about homework? Ex. 304

Children, under dictation, write down phrases with adjectives on pieces of paper, where -NN- is written:

wooden products
duck nose
with an ordinary chisel
glass decanter
leather briefcase
tin soldier
sandy beach
windless day
peat bog
thatched roof

Children must write down the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10.

3. Preparing to study new material

During recess, the teacher distributes printed texts (one per desk) - an excerpt from the work of I.A. Bunin

In a passage of text, which is photocopied for each student, it is proposed to highlight words that help Bunin convey color and shades of colors.

One child reads aloud:

...Above us, in the bottomless depths, the fabrics of the clouds turned a soft crimson color. And a moment later everything changed: the east wind became blue-purple, the sea above it was deep purple. And the stripes in the sunset sky flared up more and more.

The teacher immediately asks:

– What is this text about? (About nature, about the coming of evening, sunset)

Let's find adjectives denoting shades of color and write them down in a notebook:

Subtle raspberry
Blue-purple
Deep purple

What is special about these adjectives? The peculiarity is that these adjectives are written with a hyphen.

4. Explanation of new material

The teacher, following the child, clearly states the rule: complex adjectives denoting shades of colors, additional shades of quality or attribute are always written with a hyphen. The focus is always on the word.

For example: pale blue, sweet and sour, blue-black, etc.

The teacher suggests opening a textbook for the children (textbook for grade 6 by M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) and getting acquainted with the rule of writing adjectives with a hyphen.

One child reads aloud and comments on the rule, coming up with his own examples.

A hyphen is used if a compound adjective is formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: in the textbook southwestern (southwest), your example: northeastern (northeast);

A hyphen is used if a complex adjective is formed by adding equal words between which a conjunction can be inserted And:

Example:bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase:railway (railroad).

Now the teacher asks you to complete the following task:

It is necessary to divide the notebook into two parts (filling out the table for the completed rule, drawn in advance by the teacher or projected on the board):

Assignment: Fill out the table with your examples.

In a notebook for recording words, we write down difficult words with a green pen that need to be remembered: socially useful and socio-political.

5. Primary consolidation

The teacher reads a prompt poem, the children listen carefully and write out complex adjectives, then explain how they wrote it and by what rule:

Dark brown boy
Walked northeast
So by the evening he was tired,
That it turned lemon yellow
But I managed to understand
Where to insert a hyphen in words.
You will remember our lesson
At school the teacher will say:
“This guy is the head!”
("Baby Monitor")

The guys write: dark blond, northeast, lemon yellow.

(More often than not, children fall for the trick and write northeast as an adjective).

Children's explanation:

Dark brown
Lemon yellow– a compound adjective denotes a shade of color, so it is written with a hyphen.

What part of speech is northeast?

Students' reasoning:

A noun, you can form a compound adjective from it - northeastern, which will be written with a hyphen.

The word is written on the board bitter-salty, the teacher asks a question: how will we reason when writing a complex adjective?

This is a compound adjective formed from two independent words, between which a conjunction can be inserted And bitter and salty, so this adjective is written with a hyphen.

According to the textbook, the exercise is performed orally in a chain:

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (medieval) centuries, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow)red, (three) meter, (garden)garden, (rail)rolling, (north)western, (forty)kilometer, (ancient)Russian, (factory)factory, (cotton)paper, (two)room, (cast iron) foundry.

We open the notebook of Bogdanova G.A. p.39, exercise 79:

One of the students reads the task: identify the main word and the dependent word in the phrases and form adjectives from them:

Far East –
Ancient Rome –
(languages) of the Eastern Slavs –
Black hair -
Long legs (crane) –
Broad shoulders (boys) –
(house) made of large paili –

The teacher asks selectively.

Guys, complex adjectives denoting shades of color or combinations of colors help us “see” the diversity and color of the world around us.

In the works of I.A. Bunin, a great master of words, uses such adjectives very often (we have already partially examined them today).

Write down compound adjectives along with nouns from examples taken from the writer’s works. Fill in the missing letters, open the brackets:

(Green)silver light,
(In)subtle light
Sunrise over the earth.

(Transparently) pale, like in spring,
The snow is falling due to the (recent) cold.

Suddenly lightning illuminated the entire thicket
Mysterious and (pale) blue light.

...There are blocks of (well...lots of) ash stones.

And the berries are (foggy) blue
On dry juniper.

...Only the sea in the summer calm
Still pouring affectionately onto the reefs
(Azure) phosphoric dust.

The family was proud of a (gray) iron-colored stallion.

The sickle of the month, (cloudy) red and drooping to the side,
Swaying on the edge of the sky.

In the clearings, in the brilliance of the sun, cobwebs sparkled and (light) golden maples glowed motionless.

The (bluish) leaden light of the fading day is faintly glimmering.

Students do it independently, the teacher checks three students, marks them, and checks out loud with the rest.

6. Lesson summary

Let's say the rule again when complex adjectives are written together, and when separately:

Complex adjectives that are formed on the basis of a phrase are written together.

Railway< железная дорога

Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen:

indicate shades of colors: yellow-blue
formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern< юго-запад
The word is formed from a combination of independent words: gardening< сад и огород.

There are words to remember:

Socially useful
Socio-political

7. Homework

The teacher writes homework on the board. Homework is at the discretion of the teacher. For example, ex. 309. In one column you need to write down complex adjectives, in the other - adjectives that are written with a hyphen. One of the students reads the assignment. The teacher finds out if everyone understands how to do the exercise.