List of modal particles in Russian. Negative particles “not” and “nor”: rules, examples

Particles are a service (one might say auxiliary) part of speech.

Having no lexical meaning, they give words various kinds shades.

There are many particles in the Russian language, which are divided into:

word-forming particles. These include particles: either, either, then, etc.;
formative particles. These include the following particles: let, let, come on, etc.;
modal or meaning-forming particles.

They (modal particles) are in turn divided into:

negative (not, nor);
interrogative (is it, is it, etc.);
affirmative (exactly, yes, so, etc.);
amplifying (more, just, even, etc.);
clarifying (here, there, etc.);
exclamation marks (this and that, well, and so on);
comparative (as if, as if, like, etc.);
expressing doubts (hardly, hardly, etc.).

In the Russian language, the concept of particles refers specifically to the service and, at the same time, auxiliary parts of speech, which contribute to greater expressiveness and emotionality of speech.
So a particle can be negative (it is not, and also neither)
The particle can also be formative (let it be, let it be, let it be)
Also modal with an indication (over there), with a question (really, what), with an exclamation (how), with doubt (hardly), with limitation (only, exclusively), with intensification (well, after all).
Here's more about modals:
Particles are part of speech. They can serve to form word forms or add emotional nuances to a sentence.
Can be written separately or hyphenated.
Particles are divided into categories:
- formative (subjunctive),
- modal,
- negative,
- characterizing a sign (action or state).
Particles are classified according to their meaning into primitive and non-primitive.
They are divided according to their composition into compound, simple, indivisible, and dismemberable.
In Russian, particles are one of the parts of speech, namely the service part.
It is customary to divide all particles into three groups, or categories.
1). Shaping particles. They participate in the formation of forms:
a) the verb will command. incl. (let it go, come on)
b) conditional verb forms. incl. (would and b),
c) forms of degrees of adjectives and adverbs (more, less).
2). The well-known particles NOT and NI form a group of negative adverbs.
3). Modal, or semantic, particles are a large group of particles with different shades of meaning.

Examples of sentences with modal particles:
Did you feel bad that you called your mom?
Look how many toys you’ve scattered, are you too lazy to put them away?
What kind of gift?
Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.
Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form the form together with the verb imperative mood, for example: let them run, let us make peace, let there be peace.
Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.
Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into
affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),
negative(no, neither),
interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),
comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)
amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index fingers(there, this, here),
clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)
excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively),
exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),
expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).
Particle- this is perhaps the most morphologically insidious service part speech that is capable of forming new words, forms of words, or introducing new semantic shades into the context. The tricky thing about particles is that in different sentences they can turn into other parts of speech.
Word-forming.
These are particles such as this, either, that, either, not, nor and others. At the school level, they are often considered morphemes: suffixes and prefixes. This is the difficulty.
Form-building.
Come on, let's, let, let, yes, let. They form the conditional and imperative moods of verbs.
And all other particles can be grouped and called meaning-forming. And then, depending on the shades they form, you can again divide them into several small subgroups, which, as a rule, look something like this:
1. interrogative: LI (should I tell you?), UNLESS (doesn’t he understand?), REALLY (should I really tell you again?), A (ah, didn’t understand?);
2. exclamation marks: WHAT THE (what kind of nonsense is this!), WELL AND (what a scoundrel you are!), HOW (how cool, huh!), LOOK HOW (look how she jumps!), WHAT WOULD (well, still he spoke differently!);
3. affirmative: YES (well, yes, of course), SO (so, good), EXACTLY (only in the meaning YES);
4. intensifying: EVEN (look, he doesn’t even think!), SAME (he’s stupid as a cork), AND (yes, even though), VED (that’s impudent), NEI (in the sense of strengthening negation or affirmation);
5. negative: not, not at all, not at all; here everything is visible without examples;
6. demonstrative: HERE (here is our Yegorushka), OVER (behind that pine tree), HERE AND (here the sun came out), THIS;
7. clarifying: just, exactly, exactly, exactly;
8. restrictive: only, almost, only, exclusively;
IN this list not all, but the most common particles.
A particle is, first of all, a part of speech; it does not have an independent lexical meaning, but gives words various shades, such as expressiveness, emotionality or specificity, the concept of a particle is described below,
It should be noted that the particles are also different.
This is an auxiliary part of speech that imparts additional meanings to a sentence, shades of meaning, serves to form the form of a word, and can participate in word formation.
Particles can be negative, reinforcing, formative
Particle- this is part of speech. Has no independent lexical meaning, give words different shades(expressiveness, specificity, emotionality)
Particles do not change. Particles are not members of the proposal(but may be included in other members of the sentence). When parsing a sentence h astitsa is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.
Particles can consist of one word(such particles are called simple) - for example, After all.
or two (very rarely more than two) words(such particles are called composite) - for example, If.
At the same time, some particles can be separated by words (for example, I wish), but some cannot (for example, It’s unlikely).
A particle is a service, auxiliary part of speech that can make speech more expressive and emotional. First of all, particles are divided into categories:
- 1st category: negative particles (not, nor);
- 2nd category: formative particles (come on, let's, let, let, would (b), yes);
- 3rd category: modal particles, they, in turn, come with different shades of meaning:
indication (there, and there, here, and here);
question (is it, is it possible, is it really possible, what (for example: what, is this bad?);
exclamation (how, what);
doubt (hardly, hardly);
limitation/emphasis (especially, exclusively, only, only, almost);
clarification (exactly, exactly);
strengthening (after all, the same, and, even, after all);
and finally, relaxation of the requirement(s).

Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentences,and can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) - add additional nuances to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, the particles are related to in different parts speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.

There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).

In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentences. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.

When parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.

In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may vary among different authors.

Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And formative.
Form-forming particles include let's, yes, let's, let's, let's, let's, let's. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same part of the sentence as the verb: I wouldn’t know if he hadn’t told.

Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.

Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let's make peace, let there be peace.

Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.

Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into

affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),

negative(no, neither),

interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),

comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)

amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),

index fingers(there, this, here),

clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)

excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively),

exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),

expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).

Semantic and negative particles are presented below in table form

Particles	Shades of meaning	Usage examples
not, nor, not at all, far from, by no means	negation	He not far as generous as it seemed
really, really, really	question	Really don't you notice this?
here, there it is	indication	Take it Here this book
exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly	clarification	He exactly the same like his grandfather
only, only, exclusively, almost, solely	restriction, allocation	We only since you saw him
what the, well, how	exclamation marks	Well huge dog you!
even, neither, nor, after all, really, after all, well	gain	Even and don't think about it
hardly, hardly.	doubt	Hardly you can do it

Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, well, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).

It would be difficult for us to refuse anything if it were not for the negative particle. As one of the most commonly used functional parts of speech, it helps us express our attitude to a particular situation. We’ll talk about its role in the Russian language, as well as its varieties, in our article.

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. These include the negative particle. However, this is not the only variety of this group.

There are also the following:

Forming the form: let, would, come on.
Interrogative: really, really, really.
Exclamation marks: how, what.
Requirement: then, ka, s.
Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Nor"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that “not” and “neither” have absolutely different meaning. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write “neither”:

When we want to strengthen the existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn’t see a single fish in the lake.

In the second sentence the negation is stronger than in the first. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the fishermen did not observe any fish at all in the reservoir, absolutely none.

In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent clause.

For example: Wherever I went, I thought about the sea.

I can’t learn the rules, no matter how hard I try.

When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were completed by Petya on time.

There is no predicate. Very often you can substitute the words “impossible” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is reinforcement.

"Not"

This auxiliary part of speech has a slightly different meaning. Usually we use “not” when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Let's consider other cases when “not” is a negative particle:

A double “no” is pronounced when making a statement.

For example: I couldn’t help but say this. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise we also write “not”:

How can you not admire this city! What color did not the sky flicker during a thunderstorm?

It is worth distinguishing between the spellings of “not” and “neither” in pronouns. In this situation, everything depends on the stress. In a strong position we write “E”: no one, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without emphasis: Not at all, NOT for anyone, NOT about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to remember the spelling rules for a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own spelling features. How is the particle “Not” written with participles? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. We immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed precisely from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: not doing - not doing, not sunbathing - not sunbathing.

However, there are cases when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Let's look at an example: To be indignant about the rain - to shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is easiest for students to remember, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, noun, as well as adj. and adverbs have their own pattern of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

Forming an antonym with “not”. For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, handsome - ugly, few - a lot.
Impossibility of using words without “not”: Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

“Not” is written separately if:

There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed by the conjunction "a". For example: The man turned out to be not his friend, but his enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
Denial is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We came not in the evening, but at night.
There is a gain. For example: Our neighbor is not at all tall. My sister is by no means a sneak.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you remember this important feature, then you won’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when a negative particle is written “not” rather than “neither” is when it is used with participles. Many people confuse its spelling with participles. These parts of speech are formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written completely differently.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form phrases using dependent words. In the case when it is used specifically as part of a phrase, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a bad grade. As you can see, the participle “not completed” is written separately from “not”, since it has the dependent word “exercise”. In this case, it is included, which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case where there is no revolution, the participle changes its spelling. Let's look at an example: The exercise remains uncompleted.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the participle does not have any dependent words with it. This means that there is no reason to write it with the particle separately.

Let's change this example in just one word: The exercise remained uncompleted by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms participial(by students). In such a situation, we will write it separately from “not”.

Well, and, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle is not used without this particle, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a revolution or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Conclusion

In this article, we looked at the main cases when “not” is a negative particle, and when it plays other roles. It should not be confused with “ni”: they have different spelling features. However, the main function of “not” is still negation. In some interrogative and exclamatory sentences we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.

Instructions

If you need to learn how to find particles in a text, then first of all remember that this is a service part of speech. Therefore, you cannot pose a question to this word, as, for example, to independent units speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).

Learn to distinguish a particle from other auxiliary parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions). It is also impossible to ask questions about them, just like particle m. But conjunctions also perform other work in a sentence. If prepositions connect words in syntactic constructions, and conjunctions either simple sentences as part of a complex, then we need particles, for example, in order to form the mood of a verb.

Use the verb "to be friends" in the imperative and in the conditional. You need to use shaping particles for this. Thus, the particles “would”, “b” form the conditional mood “would be friends”. But particles such as “let”, “let”, “yes”, “come on”, “let’s” will help you express some kind of request or order, i.e. use a verb in the form: “let them be friends.”

Keep in mind that particles are also necessary to express your thoughts: to clarify something, to express an affirmation or denial, to point out some detail, to soften a requirement, etc. For example, the particles “not” and “nor” will help you communicate the absence of something, the particles “only”, “only” will help you clarify something, etc. And in the sentence “Over there, behind the mountains, the sun appeared” particle"out" indicates action.

Learn to distinguish the particle “neither” from the repeating conjunction “neither-nor.” For example, in the sentence “I can neither cry nor laugh,” the words “neither nor” are a repeating conjunction, because they tie homogeneous predicates. But in the sentence “Wherever he was, he found friends everywhere,” the word “ni” is a particle, because introduces additional meaning (statement) into a given syntactic construction.

Learn to distinguish the particle "that", which is necessary to soften the requirement, from suffixes in indefinite pronouns or adverbs. So, in the sentence “Did you manage to exercise?” particle“that” helps to add an additional nuance. But in the adverb “somewhere” or in the pronoun “someone,” “that” is a suffix, with the help of which new words are formed. Remember that particle"that" is hyphenated with .

Know that particles are not parts of a sentence, like all other functional parts of speech. But in some cases, for example, when using a verb with particle mi “not”, “would”, “b”, they will play a syntactic role simultaneously with the predicate.

The particle can sometimes be confused with other service particles. Although it is not a full-fledged part of the sentence, it can cause confusion, which can lead to, for example, adding an extra comma. Worth repeating from time to time school curriculum and brush up on the basics to avoid making simple mistakes.

The particle belongs to the auxiliary parts of speech and serves to express various semantic shades of the words and, as well as to form the forms of words. They are not members and do not change. All existing particles can be divided into two categories: semantic and formative.

Although particles are not members of a sentence, in school it is customary to underline a particle not together with the word to which it refers; As a rule, this word is a verb.

Semantic particles, as the name suggests, are necessary to express shades of meaning, subtleties, and nuances. Depending on the meaning, they are classified into the following groups:
1) negative: not, neither, not at all, far from, not at all;
2) interrogative: really, really, whether (l);
3) indicative: here, there;
4) clarifying: exactly, directly, just, exactly, exactly;
5) restrictive / excretory: only, only, almost, solely, then;
6) exclamation marks: what for, how, well (and);
7) intensifying: even, same, neither, after all, really, after all, well;
8) emollients: -ka, -to, -s;
9) with the meaning: hardly (hardly), hardly (hardly).

Shape-forming particles are particles necessary for the formation or conditional mood: would, let, let, let, yes. Such particles are always components of the verb form, and therefore are part of the same part of the sentence as.
Some researchers identify an additional group of particles that do not fall into any of the above categories: supposedly, they say.

Classifications

Particles are also divided into primitive and nonprimitive by origin. The first group includes mainly colloquial and little-used particles like, you see, don’t, they say, I suppose, those, tea, well, sir, in, de, as well as yes, -ka, nor, yet. All other particles belong to the second group.

Please note that many particles in their properties are close to adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and introductory words.

There is a division and: into simple, composite, dissectable and non-dissectable particles. The first includes all particles consisting of one, the second - formed from two or more words, the third - all particles that can be separated by other words (as if not, if only not, even if, rather, if only, at least, almost (was), almost, etc.), to the fourth - those that cannot be separated in any way. There is also a small group of so-called phraseologized particles: whatever (it is), exactly, that’s the case, not otherwise (as), no matter what, that and (look / wait).

Video on the topic

What is a particle in Russian? Previously, particles meant all auxiliary parts of speech. In the 19th century representative of the Kharkov linguistic school A.V. Dobiash began to classify particles as a separate category, which was the beginning of a narrow approach to the issue of particles. V.V. Vinogradov also devoted his work to their research.

Demonstrative particles in the Russian language are included in the category To learn how to correctly identify examples of demonstrative particles in a sentence, it is not enough to learn this list; you need to correctly determine the semantic relationships within a phrase or sentence.

Particle as a separate part of speech

In modern morphology, a particle is an auxiliary part of speech that carries additional semantic, evaluative or emotional meaning of a word, phrase or sentence, and can also serve to form some forms of the word.

The particles themselves do not express lexical meaning, but they can be homonymous to some significant words.

Compare:

She hasn't arrived yet (yet - adverb). When else will she arrive? (also a particle)
The summer was cold (was - verb). She went, but came back (it was a particle).

The main difference between particles and prepositions and conjunctions is their inability to express grammatical relationships. What makes them similar to other function words is their immutability and lack of a syntactic role (that is, they are not members of sentences). However, it is worth noting that the word “yes” as an affirmative particle, and the word “no” as a negative particle, no can become independent indivisible sentences. But at the same time, one should not confuse the particle “no” and the negative word “no”, which is used in impersonal sentences. For example: “No, just listen to how she sings!” (no - particle). “I don’t have time” (no is a negative word). During parsing a particle can be highlighted together with the main word on which it depends, or not highlighted at all.

Types of particles depending on their composition

Based on their composition, particles are divided into simple and compound. Simple ones consist of one word (would, whether, zhe), and compound ones consist of two (rarely more) words (that would be, however, unlikely). Compounds, in turn, can be disjunctive, when in a sentence it is possible to divide a particle in other words.

I wish I could go to Moscow.
I wish I could go to Moscow.

And indivisible, when dividing a particle in other words is impossible. Indivisible particles also include phraseologized particles, those combinations of function words, the semantic connection between which has currently been lost original meaning(not otherwise, just look at it, it’s the same thing).

Particle functions

In spoken and written speech, particles perform the following expression functions:

incentive, subjunctiveness, convention, desirability;
subjective modal characteristics and assessments;
purpose, questioning, affirmation or negation;
action or state depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.

Particle discharges

In accordance with their functions, all particles are divided into categories:

Formative (let, yes, let, would, etc.). They are used to form the imperative and conditional moods (let him run, would he run).
Negative (no water, no bread; does not bring, not at all funny).
Expressing a sign (action, state) depending on its course in time, its completeness or incompleteness, the result of its implementation.
Modal particles. Carry additional semantic connotations or express feelings.

Types of modal particles

The group of modal particles is quite extensive and can be divided into several types:

Demonstrative particles (here, there).
Interrogative particles (is it, is it, really).
Clarifying particles (precisely, exactly).
Excretory-restrictive particles (only, simply, if only).
Reinforcing particles (even, after all, after all).
Exclamation particles (like, what for, well, right).
Particles expressing doubt (hardly, hardly).
Affirmative particles (exactly, yes, yes).
Particles expressing mitigation to the requirement(s).

Demonstrative particles

The discharge of a particular particle can only be determined in context, since many of them are homonymous. Therefore, it is necessary to know what values the particles of each category have. Demonstrative particles are those that point to objects, actions and phenomena of the surrounding reality, and also connect and demonstratively emphasize words. The most common examples of this type: this, here, there, it, colloquial - in, some others. According to some studies, a postpositive particle is also adjacent to demonstrative particles - in combinations like: then, there, the same, the same, in the same place, where it is connected to pronouns using the agglutination method. Examples of demonstrative particles: “Here is my house”, “There is my garden”, “What kind of song is this?”

Some features of demonstrative particles

The specifics of the use of demonstrative particles can be considered using the example of the demonstrative particle - out. The fact is that in the process of using this particle in various contexts, a shift in emphasis is observed from it. For example, in the sentences: “There he goes” and “There it is,” an intonation difference is clearly visible.

You can more clearly trace the relationship of the remaining particle categories with the index ones in the table.

Modal (express semantic shades and feelings)	index fingers	this, there, here, here and
	clarification	just, exactly, almost
	interrogative	really, really, really
	exclamation marks	just, what the, well, straight
	excretory-restrictive	only, at least (would), only, just only, simply, just
	amplifiers	after all, only, after all, even
	affirmative	yes, yes, exactly
	express doubts	hardly, hardly
	express a relaxation of the demands	Ka (come on)
Form-building	form the imperative mood	yes, come on, let's, let, let Let there be light!
Form-building	form a conditional mood	I would like to ride on horseback.
Negative
	complete negation when used before a predicate	Mom didn't come.
	partial negation when used before the rest of the sentence	It wasn't mom who came.
	for approval in exclamatory and interrogative sentences	Who have I met!
	inside stable combinations	almost, not at all, almost
	with double negative
	to enhance when negative	There are no songs or poems. Neither fish nor meat, neither this nor that.
	to strengthen the statement in subordinate clauses with a concessionary connotation	Wherever you go, remember home.

Particles are used quite often both in oral and written speech, so to use them correctly you need to be able to determine their meaning and category. To practice this skill, you can look for examples of demonstrative particles or other discharges in works of art with daily reading.