Participial phrase in English. Participial and adverbial phrases in English

Past tense).

Formation of the present participle

The table below provides examples. To form a present participle from a verb, you need to add the ending -ing to it.

Verb	Verb translation	Present participle / gerund
Run	Run	Running	Running, running, running, running	running
Read	Read	Reading	Reading, reading, reading, reading	Reading
Sing	Sing	Singing	Singing, singing, singing, singing	Humming
Jump	Jump	Jumping	Jumping, jumping, jumping, jumping	Jumping
Swim	Swim	Swimming	Floating, floating, floating, floating	floating
Walk	Walk	Walking	Walking, walking, walking, walking	Walking
Listen	Listen	Listening	Listener, listening, listening, listening	Listening
Open	Open	Opening	Opening, opening, opening, opening	Opening
Wait	Wait	Waiting	Waiting, waiting, waiting, waiting	Waiting

As the above examples show, this simple grammatical construction in English can replace several in Russian at once.

Participial phrase with present participle

How can you translate a participial phrase into English using the Present Participle? Below are some examples.

with present participle

Another very useful function of Present Participle is the formation of participial phrases in English. Examples of such turns are as follows.

Example	Translation
He was telling this story laughing and joking	He told this story, laughing and joking
When walking down the street they observed a crowd of weird people dressed up in emerald-green cloaks	Walking down the street, they noticed a crowd of strange people dressed in emerald green cloaks
Having dinner with my father, don"t forget not to mention your job, or he will never let me see you again	When having dinner with my father, remember: don't mention your work, otherwise he'll never let us see each other again.
Asking him for help, remember to be polite	When asking him for help, do not forget to be polite
He couldn't tell about his weekend without swearing	He couldn't talk about how he spent the weekend without swearing

Formation of the past participle

The past participle in English for regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed. Below are examples.

Verb	Translation	Past participle	Translation (as a participle)	Translation (as a gerund)
Enter	Enter	Entered	entered, entered, entered, entered	Logging in
Decide	Decide	Decided	Decided, decided, decided, decided	Having decided
Create	Create	Created	Created, created, created, created	Having created
Invent	Invent	Invented	invented, invented, invented, invented	Inventing
Prepare	Prepare	Prepared	Cooked, cooked, cooked, cooked	Having cooked

The Past Participle form for irregular verbs can be found in the third column in the list of these verbs. It is impossible to deduce it, but to memorize it is quite possible. Here are some examples.

Verb	Translation	Past participle	Translation (as a participle)	Translation (as a gerund)
Bring	Bring	Brought	Brought, brought, brought, brought	Bringing
Buy	Buy	Bought	Bought, bought, bought, bought	Having purchased
Begin	Begin	Begun	started, started, started, begun	Having started
Put	Put	Put	Put, put, put, put	Putting
Pay	Pay	Paid	Paid, paid, paid, paid	Having paid

Guided by this algorithm, you can easily find your own examples of past participles in English.

Participle phrase with past participle

What are some examples? This design looks like this:

Participial phrase with past participle

Such an adverbial phrase in English can be formulated by analogy with any of the following examples.

There is a rule: in English there are no commas. Despite the fact that intonation requires a pause, English punctuation here is significantly different from Russian.

In conclusion

Participial and adverbial phrases in English are formed in two ways, quite similar to each other. This is not a difficult algorithm, and it is easy to master if you analyze and identify the pattern between the corresponding visual examples.

, Present Participle I And Past Participle II respectively. If you have forgotten something, I recommend looking at the already mentioned article again to remember the ways of forming these participles and cases of their use.

This material is dedicated to independent participial phrase in English. Its second name is The (Nominative) Absolute Participial Construction. Sometimes it is called an absolute or independent participial phrase, and sometimes even complex, because this is precisely the function it performs in a sentence. An independent participial phrase should not be confused with a simple participial phrase. In such a participle phrase, the action expressed by the participle refers to the person or thing designated in the sentence. Therefore, such participial phrases correspond to our participial phrases. For example:

Having done his homework, he listened to music. – After doing his homework, he listened to music. (having done - gerund; subject is one - he - and did homework and listened to music)

Knowing Japanese well, she managed to negotiate with our foreign customers. “Knowing Japanese well, she was able to negotiate with our foreign buyers. (knowing; the subject is one - she knows the language and she negotiated)

While writing down her new novel, she often used a dictionary. – While writing down her new novel, she often used a dictionary. (writing down - gerund; subject is one - she wrote down the novel and looked in the dictionary)

Having tested the new equipment, they agreed to sign a contract. – After testing the new equipment, they agreed to sign a contract. (having tested - gerund; subject is one - they tested and signed a contract)

And what participial phrase do we call independent in English? How does it differ from those in the examples? Let's figure it out.

What is an independent participial phrase in English?

Unlike previous participial phrases, which have one subject, in an independent participial phrase in English there will be two subjects. One is in the main sentence, and the second is in the form of one of the components in the participial phrase. Since an independent participial phrase consists of a noun in the general case or a personal pronoun in the nominative case and a participle of any kind, it is the noun or pronoun that will serve as the subject. And the predicate will be the action expressed by the participle. What do we get? Two separate subjects, two predicates, and therefore two separate sentences. This is the peculiarity of the independent participial phrase in English.

An independent participial phrase is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. But its location can be different: most often it is at the beginning of the sentence, but options are not excluded at the end, and sometimes in the middle of the sentence. An independent participial phrase in English corresponds to the Russian or or independent clause. This turnover is most common in technical, legal, economic and fiction literature.

Types of circumstances whose function is performed by an independent participial phrase

I have already mentioned that an independent participial phrase performs the function of a complex circumstance in a sentence. As we know, circumstances are different, and their classification is quite extensive. What circumstance can this turn be in various sentences? It can perform the function:

Circumstances of the time.
Therainhavingstopped, she went to the shop to buy all necessary stuff for the trip. After the rain stopped, she went to the store to buy everything she needed for the trip.

Thearticlebeingpublished, I got my author's fee. – When the article was published, I received my royalties.

Theworkfinished, we went home. – When the work was finished, we went home.

In this function, the independent participial phrase in English corresponds to the subordinate clause of time. And in colloquial speech the presented sentences would look like this: After the rain had stopped, she went to the shop to by all necessary stuff for the trip. The article was published and I got my author’ fee.

By the way, between a noun and a participle in an independent participial phrase in English there can be defining words. For example:

The question having been settled, he went to bed. – When the issue was resolved, he went to bed.

The question about his participating in this meeting having been settled, he went to bed. – When the question of his participation in this meeting was resolved, he went to bed.

In some independent participial phrases, the participle I of the verb may be omitted to be – being. But it is easy to guess the meaning:

Thelesson (being)over, the teacher left the school. – When the lesson ended, the teacher left the school.
Circumstances of the reason. And this turnover will correspond to the subordinate clause of the reason in Russian.
Her sister being too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. “Her sister was very nervous, it was difficult to talk to her.

My brother having lost his international passport, we couldn’t go abroad. – My brother lost his passport, and we couldn’t go abroad.

This is what these phrases look like in the form of subordinate clauses: As my sister was too nervous, it was difficult to speak to her. As my brother had lost his international passport, we couldn’t go abroad.

The place of the subject in an independent participial phrase in a sentence can be taken by the introductory there or formal subject it. For example:

Therebeingnobodyatwork, I decided to have a nap. – There was no one at work, and I decided to take a nap.

It being Monday, the shop opened at half past nine. - Since it was Monday, the store opened at half past nine.
Associated circumstances and circumstances of the course of action. In this situation, the independent participial phrase always stands at the end of the sentence.
He looked at me hiseyessparklingwithjoy. “He looked at me, his eyes shining with joy.

The wood was placed in the warehouse, the wood shredding being forwarded to the factory. – The wood was placed in a warehouse, and the sawdust was sent to the factory.

And the full sentences will be like this: He looked at me and his eyes were sparkling with joy. The wood was placed in the warehouse and the wood shredding was forwarded to the factory.

In the function of an accompanying circumstance, one can also find a prepositional independent participial phrase in English - The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. It is introduced by a preposition with.

She was listening to me, with her mouth (being) pursed. “She listened to me, her lips were pursed.
Circumstances of the condition. In this situation we usually encounter participles from verbs to permit- let; to fail- fail, fail.
Weather permitting, we will start planting potatoes. – If the weather permits, we will start planting potatoes.

Timepermitting, I'll visit you next month. – If time permits, I will come to you next month.

The independent participial phrase in this function will correspond to the subordinate clause of the condition in Russian: If the weather permits, we will start planting potatoes. If the time permits, I’ll visit you next month.

Translation of independent participial phrases into Russian

In conclusion, I would like to say a few words about the translation of independent participial phrases into Russian. As you understand, for the most part, they are translated by subordinate clauses of the type that corresponds to a certain circumstance. These can be subordinate clauses of time (with conjunctions - when, after), reasons (with conjunctions - since, since), conditions (with conjunction if). Examples are listed above.

They can also be translated as an independent sentence with conjunctions: a, while, and. Pay attention to the example about wood. And they can be translated as an independent sentence with the conjunction “and”, or without any coordinating conjunction at all.

The first day after the holidays was very profitable, over one hundred bottles of mineral water being sold in the afternoon. – The first day after the holidays was very profitable. In the afternoon, more than a hundred bottles of mineral water were sold.

Present participle ( Present Participle) in an independent participial phrase in English, we translate with a verb in the present tense, if the predicate is expressed by a verb in the present tense, and, accordingly, with a verb in the past tense, if the predicate is also in the past tense. Why? Participle I expresses an action performed simultaneously with the action of the predicate verb. But this participle can also denote an action that coincides with the moment of speech, regardless of the tense in which the predicate is expressed. Then we can observe the combination “present tense (participle) – past tense (verb-predicate)”. For example:

The car couldn't enter the garage, itsheightexceeding 2meters. – The car could not enter the garage because its height exceeded (exceeded) 2 meters.

Past participle ( Participle II) we always translate with a verb in the past tense, since with the help of this participle we express the action that preceded the action of the predicate verb.

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An independent participial phrase is a combination of a noun in the general case (or a pronoun in the nominative case) with a participle, in which the noun (or pronoun) acts as the subject of the participle without being the subject of the entire sentence:

The weather being fine, the airplane started. => Since the weather was good, the plane took off (lit.: the weather being good, the plane took off).

The subject of the predicate verb (started) is the noun the airplane, while the noun the weather acts as a subject only in relation to the participle being.

There is no similar construction in Russian. Russian adverbial adverbial phrases, like English dependent participial phrases, refer to the subject of the sentence in which they are included.

Coming to Leningrad I went to the Hermitage. => Arriving in Leningrad, I went to the Hermitage.

Participle having arrived in a Russian sentence, just like the participle coming in an English sentence, refers to the subject of the sentence - I (I):

I arrived and I went (I came and I went).

Thus, the pronoun I (I) is the subject of the sentence and at the same time plays the role of the subject in relation to the gerund (or participle - in an English sentence).

This is the difference between the dependent participial phrase and the independent participial phrase in English.

An independent participial phrase may include a participle in any of its forms.

Note. An independent participial phrase is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

In relation to the main part of the sentence, the independent participial phrase plays the role of any member of the sentence, mainly the circumstances of time, reasons or conditions.

An independent participial phrase is translated into Russian: 1) by an adverbial clause; 2) a simple sentence, part of a complex sentence and introduced by the conjunctions and, and, and; 3) a simple sentence included in a complex sentence by means of a non-conjunctive combination:

All preparations being made (= when all preparations were made), the party sat down. => When all the preparations were done, everyone sat down.
All doors having been locked (== as all doors had been locked), they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor's home. => Since all the doors were locked, they were forced to spend the night at a neighbor's house.
Weather permitting (= if the weather permits), the airplane starts early in the morning. => If the weather permits, the plane will depart early in the morning.
Chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased. => Once chromium was added, the strength and hardness of the steel increased
The article deals with microwaves, particular attention being paid to radio location.=>
They went to the winding shaft, two of the men carrying a stretcher. => They went to the lift shaft; two of the workers carried a stretcher
Hydrogen is the simplest substance, atoms of other elements having a more complex structure. => Hydrogen is the simplest substance; the atoms of other substances have a more complex structure.

Some independent participial phrases begin with the preposition with. Such participial phrases are translated in the same way as independent participial phrases with the same meaning without a preposition:

The article deals with microwaves, with particular attention being paid to radio location. => The article is devoted to microwaves, with special attention paid to radar.
With chromium having been added, strength and hardness of the steel increased. => After (since) chromium was added to the steel, its strength and hardness increased.

An independent participial phrase can be preceded by an introductory particle there. Such an independent participial phrase is usually translated by an adverbial clause:

There being no other traffic on the road, we drove rather fast. => Since there were few cars on the road, we drove quite quickly.
A body can move uniformly and in a straight line, here being no cause to change that motion. => A body can move uniformly and in a straight line if there is no reason that can change this movement.

A participle with words dependent on it can serve as an introductory member of a sentence in a sentence. Usually such participial groups have a modal meaning and relate to the entire sentence as a whole: strictly speaking strictly speaking; generally speaking, generally speaking, etc.:

Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors. => Generally speaking, metals are excellent conductors.

Communion refers to non-personal forms and has the characteristics of both an adjective (sometimes an adverb) and . The verb characteristics of a participle are its ability to have a direct object, be determined by an adverb, and have forms of tense and voice. But the time expressed by the participle is relative in nature, i.e. it correlates with the action of the predicate sentence and expresses either simultaneity or precedence of this action.

Participles in English are divided into I (Participle I) and II (Participle II).

PARTICIPLE FORMS
VOICE	PARTICIPLE I	PARTICIPLE I PERFECT	PARTICIPLE II
ACTIVE	asking	having asked	asked
PASSIVE	being asked	having been asked	asked

Participle I is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem: working working, working.

SPELLING CHANGES WHEN ADDING- ING
№ p/p	RULE	EXAMPLE
	The final unreadable letter -e is discarded	to do that e take - taking
	However, the readable trailing -e is not discarded	to see see - s ee ing to be - b e ing
	The combination of letters -ie is contracted into the letter y	to lie - l y ing
	The final -y is always preserved when adding -ing	to copy - cop y ing
	If the last syllable is short and stressed, and the word ends with one consonant, then this consonant before -ing is doubled	to sit sit - si tt ing to commit - commi tt ing
	If the last syllable is not stressed, then the final consonant is not doubled	to differ - diffe r ing to limit limit - limi t ing


№ p/p	FUNCTION	EXAMPLE
	Definition Used before the defined (left definition) or after it (right definition). This is translated into Russian by the active participle of the present tense. The right definition is often expressed by the participle I with words related to it and in this case is translated into Russian by the participial phrase	growing trees growing trees Look at the trees growing in our garden. Look at the trees growing in our garden.
	Circumstance Used at the beginning or end of a sentence. In this case, I is usually translated into Russian by a gerund ending in -(а)я	Reading an English book he wrote out many new words. While reading an English book, he wrote down many new words.
	Part of the predicate

The form of participle II (past participle) of standard (regular) coincides with the form of past tense of these, i.e. is formed by adding the suffix -ed to the stem with the appropriate spelling changes: to solve solve - solved decided - solved decided (-th, -oe).

The form of participle II non-standard (irregular) is formed in different ways and corresponds to the 3rd form of these: to speak - spoke - spoken, to make - made - made, to go - went - gone.

№
p/p

FUNCTION

EXAMPLE

Definition

RULE

EXAMPLE

Unreadable final -e discarded

to plac eplace -

placed posted

If the word ends in-y, and there is one consonant before it, then-y changes to -i-

to cr ycry-cr i ed cried

If before -ythere is a vowel, then-y does not change

to pla yplay- pla y ed played

If a word ends with one consonant and is preceded by a short stressed syllable (usually one stressed vowel), then the final consonant is doubled

to sto pstop -sto pp ed stopped

Disyllabic or polysyllabic verbs ending on a single consonant preceded by a short vowel sound double the final consonant only if the stress falls on the final syllable

to permi tallow-permi ttedallowed;

But:to limit tlimit- limi t ed limited(last syllable unstressed)

Participle I perfect is formed from the I auxiliary participle to have - having and the II semantic participle: having translated, having done having done. The negative form is formed by adding the negative particle not before the perfect participle: not having translated without translating, not having done without having done.

The I perfect participle shows that the action it expresses occurred earlier than the action expressed by the predicate of the sentence; in a sentence it can only perform the function of an adverbial circumstance, i.e., correspond to the Russian perfect participle.

Participle I Perfect can be used in the function circumstances reasons and time:

1. Having lost the key, the boy couldn't get into the house. Having lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.

2. Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East. After graduating from university, he decided to go to the Far East.

Instead of the perfect participle I in the function of adverbial time, the gerund is often used with the prepositions after and on:

After leaving (= having left) school, John Reed went to Harvard University. After graduating from high school (= having graduated from high school), John Reed entered Harvard University.

Object participial construction is a combination in the general case or in the objective case and a participle (in this construction it can be used as sensory perception:
to hear hear, to see see, to watch watch, watch, to feel feel, to observe observe, to notice notice etc.

She could feel her hands trembling. She felt her hands shaking.

IN A SENTENCE

№
p/p

FUNCTION

EXAMPLE

Circumstance time

This duty completed , he had a leave. When this work was completed, he received leave.

Circumstance

reasons

It being now pretty late, we went home. Since it was quite late, we went home.

Circumstance

conditions

Weather permitting, we'll start tomorrow. If the weather permits, we will move tomorrow.

circumstances

Any moving object is able to do the work, the quantity of kinetic energy depending on its mass and velocity.

Any moving body is capable of doing work, and the amount of kinetic energy depends on mass and speed.

Independent participial phrases are extremely common in scientific, technical and socio-political literature, and since there are no similar phrases in the Russian language, they somewhat complicate the understanding of the text.

In Russian, participial and participial phrases have their equivalents in expanded subordinate clauses, in which the subject coincides with the subject of the main sentence.

When the student translated this article, he encountered many unfamiliar words.
Translating this article, a student I met a lot of unfamiliar words.

It is known that in English Participle I and Perfect Participle as adverbial functions can form participial phrases similar to Russian participial phrases. In these phrases, both Participle I and Perfect Participle express an action related to the subject of the sentence, and the phrase itself is equivalent in meaning *

As can be seen from the examples, The subject of both the main and subordinate clauses is the same.

In English there are phrases in which there is a proper (independent) subject, expressed by a noun in the general case or a personal pronoun in the nominative case.

In this example, Participle I testing has the subject the engineer, which is not related to the subject the committee.

The participle testing plays the role of a predicate in relation to the subject engineer, although the participle cannot be a predicate, since it is an imfinite form of the verb.

So, this turnover, having independent subject(that's why it's called independent participial phrase), most often expresses time, cause or accompanying circumstances. On in Russian this phrase is translated by an adverbial clause. When translating into Russian, subordinating conjunctions are introduced before the subject of the given phrase if, since, since, when, after etc.

This most often happens when the phrase precedes the subject with a predicate expressed in the personal form of the verb.

An independent participial phrase at the end of a sentence is very often found in technical texts, and an English sentence in this case is most often translated into Russian as a compound sentence with coordinating conjunctions and, and, and, but.

(related circumstances)

To recognize an independent participle phrase in a text, you need to pay attention to its formal features:

1) before the participle there is a noun without a preposition or a pronoun in the nominative case;

2) an independent participial phrase is always separated by a comma.

If the action expressed by the Participle of an independent participial phrase preceded the action of the predicate verb of the main sentence, then the Perfect Participle is used:

As can be seen from the last example, an independent participial phrase can also be used with passive participles, both Participle I Passive and Perfect Participle Passive.

This construction can also be used with phrases: there is, there are, and in sentences with the formal subject it:

The participle of the verb to be (being, having been) can be omitted.

Some independent participial phrases expressing accompanying circumstances or reason begin with the preposition with and are translated in the same way as independent participial phrases without a preposition, that is, by a subordinate clause introduced with the help of a subordinating conjunction, or an independent clause introduced by a coordinating conjunction.