Full and short adjectives. Complete lessons – Knowledge Hypermarket

Adjective.

Adjective - independent part speech that denotes a feature of an object and answers questions Which? what? whose? Adjectives agree with nouns , that is, they are placed in the same gender, number and case as the nouns to which they refer. In a sentence, adjectives are modifiers or part of the predicate.

Adjectives can be extended by nouns or adverbs, forming phrases with them ( weak from illness, very cheerful).

Declension of adjectives.

At the end of adjectives, after sibilants, the letter O is written under stress, without stress - the letter E ( big snow, good rain).

Plural of adjectives.

Distinguishing adjective suffixes in writing -TO- And –SK-.

Suffix -To- is written:

1. in adjectives having a short form

2. in adjectives formed from some nouns with a stem on –k-, -ch-, -ts-.

In other adjectives the suffix is written - sk-.

Sharp (sharp), weaving (weaver). Kyrgyz (Kyrgyz).

Hyphen and continuous writing compound adjectives.

A hyphen is used if the adjective is complex:

1. denotes shades of colors ( yellow-blue)

2. formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen ( Tien Shan)

3. formed by adding equal words, between which you can insert the union AND ( bitter-salty )

They write together compound adjectives, which are formed on the basis of the phrase ( railway – railway).

Classes of adjectives by meaning

Adjectives are divided into three categories:

Quality

Relative

Possessive.

Qualitative adjectives denote such a sign (quality) of an object that may be present in it to a greater or lesser extent (dark cloud). Qualitative adjectives form degrees of comparison and a short form. They can be combined with adverbs very, extremely, too and others. Compound adjectives are formed from qualitative adjectives by repeating them ( pale-pale), adjectives with prefix NOT.

Not all of the listed features are found in every quality adjective.

Relative adjectives denote a feature of an object that cannot be present in the object to a greater or lesser extent ( wooden log). They, as a rule, indicate the material from which the object is made, the object’s spatial and temporal characteristics, and more.

Relative adjectives have no degrees of comparison, no short form and cannot be combined with an adverb Very.

Possessive adjectives indicate that something belongs to a person or animal and answer the question whose? whose? whose? An object cannot have such characteristics to a greater or lesser extent.

When adjectives are used, their meanings may change. Thus, a relative adjective can become qualitative or possessive (fox trail(fox trail - possessive) – fox hat(fox hat - relative) - fox cunning(same as a fox’s - high quality) ) .

Adjectives with the suffix –IN-, -UN-, formed from nouns naming animals, can have not only a possessive, but also a qualitative meaning: donkey stubbornness, swan song.

Full and short adjectives.

Adjectives have full and short forms ( white - white, smart - smart, handsome - handsome, strong - strong).

Qualitative adjectives have two forms - full and short: kind - kind. Short qualitative adjectives change in number and gender, but do not decline (do not change in cases); in a sentence they most often are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate ( He who is neat is liked by people).

Possessive adjectives of all genders in the nominative case have only a short form; in other cases they can have a full and short form ( bear den, grandfather's sheepskin coat).

Relative adjectives have only the full form ( yesterday's).

For short adjectives with a sibilant base bnot written (mighty oak).

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INTRODUCTION

FULL AND SHORT ADJECTIVES

TRUNCATED ADJECTIVES

EXAMPLES FROM 18TH CENTURY TEXTS

CONCLUSION

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Turning to the literary language of the 18th century, it is difficult not to pay attention to the specific use of adjective forms.

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes a non-procedural attribute of an object and expresses this meaning in the inflectional morphological categories of gender, number and case. The adjective has a morphological category of degree of comparison and has full and short forms. According to the nature of the attribute designation, adjectives are divided into two lexical and grammatical categories - qualitative and relative adjectives. Relative adjectives include relative adjectives (possessive and non-possessive), ordinal and pronominal adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote a property inherent in the object itself or discovered in it, often one that can be characterized to varying degrees intensity: white - whiter. Qualitative adjectives have two series of forms - full (attributive) and short (predicative); they form comparative forms (comparative). 1

Full and short adjectives

The study of the history of adjective forms must begin with the Proto-Slavic era. Full adjectives appeared precisely then, by attaching demonstrative pronouns to short ones. This demonstrative pronoun - jь (varying according to gender: zh.r. - *ja, m.r. - *je) - most likely performed a function similar to the role of the article with a noun in other languages (for example, article the in English, it is also a demonstrative pronoun in origin).2 Only in Old Russian they stood postpositive in relation to the adjective and were written together, although they related to the noun.3 First, the presence or absence demonstrative pronoun signaled the definiteness or uncertainty of the noun, that is, it expressed the category of definiteness-indeterminacy of the name. Consequently, in the original system of the Old Russian language, as in modern language, there were full (pronominal) and short (nominal) forms. However, their grammatical functions and relationships to each other were different, that is, there was a different system of adjectives. Now short adjectives act only as the nominal part of a compound predicate (predicate), whereas in Old Russian language they could be both a predicate and a definition. Used as a definition, they declined, but later, having lost the ability to be a definition, they also lost their declension. The differences between the Old Russian system of adjectives are also expressed in the fact that if now relative adjectives can appear only in full form, then in the Old Russian language they appeared in both full and short form. 4

In modern language, short forms are inherent only in those qualitative adjectives that allow the modification of quality and its transformation into a qualitative state that flows over time and is attributed to a person or object. Qualities that are immobile, permanent, timeless properties of objects or persons, or that serve as terminological designations for the characteristics of certain kinds and types of objects, cannot be expressed in the short form of an adjective. Roughly speaking, in the circle of adjectives only temporary epithets, only designations of temporary properties have a full and short form. For example, deaf in the special terminological meaning “tightly closed, solid, without holes and cracks” does not have a short form. And in another terminological meaning, “pronounced without a voice” (voiceless sound), deaf also does not allow a short form. Moreover, in unfree phraseological combinations like a deaf province or a deaf time, you also cannot use the short form instead of the full one (cf. the time was deaf). There are many other qualitative adjectives that are not correlated with short forms or do not have them at all.

In the same adjective, the lexical meanings of full and short forms are differentiated.

Adjectives with the meaning of an emotional-qualitative assessment and with a bright expressive coloring usually do not form short forms. In an emotional attitude towards a person or object, the quality seems to be timelessly inherent in it, characterizing its nature, for example, glorious in the sense of “nice, pleasant”, poor in the sense of “unfortunate”.5

The differences in lexical and lexico-syntactic meanings and shades associated with the predicative use of the same adjectives in articulated and non-articulated forms are very great. Short forms denote a qualitative state that occurs or occurs over time; complete - a sign conceivable outside of time, but in this context referred to a specific time. In essence, with the predicative use of full forms of adjectives, certain objects are subsumed under certain categories of quality or attribute, which determine the differences between the genders and types of things and persons.

An increasingly deeper semantic line is being formed between the short and full forms of adjectives. In the short form of the adjective, the meaning of quality turns into the meaning quality condition. Short forms, under certain conditions, can break away from the full forms of adjectives and move into another grammatical category. Thus, in many cases, the lexical integrity of the adjective name, which previously combined both full and short forms, is destroyed.

This process of grammatical isolation of short forms is not hindered even by the development of predicativeness of full forms, which emerged in the 15th - 16th centuries. and especially intensified from the middle of the 17th century.

The grammatical and lexical difference is deepened by stylistic differences in forms. R. Koshutic drew attention to the fact that in the Russian language of the early 19th century the use of short forms of adjectives is characteristic mainly of book language, and in colloquial speech among the intelligentsia they are usually replaced by complete ones even in the function of a predicate. These thoughts were then developed and deepened by A. M. Peshkovsky: “The short form in its exclusively predicative meaning is a purely literary phenomenon. This gives the short form a shade of greater bookishness, abstraction, dryness, and sometimes categoricalness than is characteristic of the full form.” This great bookishness of the short form was illustrated by A. M. Peshkovsky very a shining example: “In Chekhov’s “Three Sisters” there are three similar lines: Irina says to Masha (in the 2nd act): “You, Masha, are evil.” Olga says to her (in the 3rd act): “You, Masha, are stupid . The stupidest one in our family. I'm sorry, please." Finally, Masha says a little later (not in connection with the previous one) to Olga: "Eh, you're stupid, Olya." All three remarks are by no means hostile. It's in a kindred, friendly way. But you're angry to say , you're stupid is already an insult. You're evil - this is a bare statement of fact, which does not come in a friendly tone and is careless. conversational style. And all this is connected with the exceptional bookishness of this form."6

Turning to the literary language of the late 18th century, we will see that such a situation arises in relation to truncated adjectives.

In the Old Russian language, only short adjectives acted as predicates, that is, within the names of adjectives, full and short were opposed to each other not only as definite and indefinite, but also as attributive and predicative, in other words, there were relations krasn - uncertainty and krasny - definiteness, on the one hand, red is a predicate and an attribute, and red is only an attribute on the other. The second relation gradually prevailed due to the strength of the category of predicativity itself, and short adjectives lost their defining function, which began to be assigned to full forms. But the loss of the function of definition also meant the loss of declension by short adjectives, since in the function of a predicate they acted only in the form nominative case. Acting only as a predicate, short adjectives began to be verbalized - moving away from the name of the adjective, the main function of which is that of definition.7

The grammatical features of short forms of adjectives destroy the semantic and stylistic parallelism between them and full forms. Short forms lack many of the basic meanings of full adjectives and develop their own special meanings, which do not find matches in full forms. Wed: similar (Such a violation of the rules of order is intolerable) and similar.

The semantic and stylistic separation of short forms from full ones, the tendency of short forms to be locked into a special category are due to the uniqueness of their grammatical nature. First of all, they are inflexible. Their four forms are three generic for the singular with endings: zero, -а, -о (-е) and one for the plural: -ы, -и (dobr, -a, dobro, dobry; melodious, -a, - e, -i) - can be called nominatives only in the conditional sense in which this term, for example, is applied to the past tense forms of the verb (I walked, you walked, it walked, they walked). The closeness of short adjectives in this regard to past tense forms in -l is not accidental. After all, they also have forms of gender, number and lexical meaning of time. The similarity of short adjectives to words with tense forms is their distinctive grammatical feature. Short adjectives differ most from full adjectives in tense forms. This difference is associated with the absence of declension in short adjectives. Thus, the morphological and syntactic features of the adjective category in short forms are in a dilapidated state. Without changing by case, short adjectives cannot determine forms of nouns other than the nominative case.

Compare, for example: mother is sick and mother is sick; his nails are dirty and his nails are dirty. “Sick, dirty,” writes academician A. A. Shakhmatov, “mean a sign in time (now, at the present time), sick, dirty mean a constant sign, closely combined with the substance.” According to A. A. Shakhmatov, “it seems likely that such differentiation is caused in part by the influence of new forms of the past tense that arose from participles, active past tense forms in -l and passive in -n, -t.”8

Already A. Kh. Vostokov identified non-articulated forms of qualitative adjectives and passive participles in special group conjugated adjectives, noting that “qualitative rad, much have one conjugated ending.” At the same time, Vostokov decisively distinguishes adjectives with truncated endings from conjugated adjectives (for example, folk poetic ones: white combustible stone, chast broom bush): “These truncated endings should not be confused with the conjugated endings of qualitative names, which differ from truncated endings for the most part in stress ". Vostokov also pointed out the meaning of the category of conjugated adjectives - “to show the state or quality of an object that does not depend on actions.” 9

Academician A. A. Shakhmatov in his “Essay on the Modern Russian Literary Language” follows in the footsteps of Vostokov. It includes short "conjugated" adjectives and participles in the verb system. Shakhmatov compares predicative nominal forms in -o (it’s fun here, I’m sick, he’s in pain) with impersonal verbs. A. A. Shakhmatov finds in these categories of words the categories of person and time. The present tense of nominal conjugated words is determined by the absence of an auxiliary verb form: they are cheerful, he is touched, she is wounded. Their past and future tenses are determined by the presence of the conjugated word auxiliary verbs in the forms of the corresponding tense" (he was touched, he will be touched, we were happy about this event). Thus, A. A. Shakhmatov recognized the forms of tense and the syntactic function of predication in connection with them as a grammatical feature of this category of words. A. A Shakhmatov applies the term “predicate adjectives” to short forms of adjectives. These predicate adjectives are characterized by facial forms. About this, A. A. Shakhmatov, following A. Kh. Vostokov, wrote: “In the conjugation of adjectives and participles, ten persons are distinguished, seven - for the singular and three - for the plural, and in the singular there are three masculine persons, three feminine persons and one (third) neuter person. The differences between these forms are formed by adding eight pronominal forms to the adjectives and participial forms (I - for masculine and feminine, you - for masculine and feminine, he, she, it, we, you, they)."10

At the same time, A. A. Shakhmatov emphasized the formal differences of this type of words from the forms of the past tense of the verb, consisting of: 1) in the absence of forms of all three tenses, 2) in the plural ending -ы (cheerful, plump), denoting a passive state, in difference from -i (had fun, plump), denoting an active-personal action.

This same view was clearly reflected in “Syntax of the Russian Language” by A. A. Shakhmatov. Pointing out that the non-member form of the adjective (not counting the possessive) is almost exclusively in the function of the predicate, A. A. Shakhmatov added: “That is why the non-member forms of the adjective in the nominative case are called the conjugated form; it is grammatically similar to participles in -l, which have received the meaning of personal verbal forms of the past tense, as well as with passive participles in -н, -т, which are used in the same way as personal verbal forms. The difference between a predicate-adjective in the non-member form and the member form depends on the fact that the adjective is in the member form. evokes the idea not only of the presence of a combination of a feature at one time or another, but also that this feature is characteristic of the subject in general, why it can be expressed as its definition.”

Thus, A. A. Shakhmatov was inclined to see a special grammatical category in the short forms of the adjective. But the influence of A. A. Potebnya and F. F. Fortunatov directed subsequent grammarians along a more traditional path.

Determining the grammatical functions of short, non-member, predicative adjectives in the Russian language (compared to German), A. A. Potebnya came to the conclusion that in non-member forms the main feature of the category of the adjective name is preserved - agreement: “When the language destroys agreement, then thereby he abstracts the attribute from the subject. Speaking a priori, in Russian such a abstraction could occur in two ways: either by transforming the adjective into a noun, or by moving the center of its gravity from the subject to the predicate, i.e. by classifying the attribute into the category of an adverb. we find to a comparative extent (snow whiter than paper like paper whiter than snow) and in gerunds."11 But Russian short forms, without losing agreement, remain within the category of the adjective.

A. M. Peshkovsky, Characterizing short forms as adjectives without case and linking (i.e., used only in the meaning of the predicate), noted that the short adjective is “predicative itself, by its very form, morphologically predicative.” “And neither the order of words, nor the rhythm, nor the intonation, nor any other auxiliary features play any role here. In combination, for example, and was equal to an unequal dispute, the full form would create nonsense.”12

A. M. Peshkovsky noted the following signs of predicability in short forms of adjectives:

) combination with “circumstance” (he was so kind, but he was so kind; cf.: how kind he was, but how kind he was);

) development of prepositional methods of control: he was ready for anything; he was capable of deception, etc.;

) shades of time meanings: “In combinations, he was capable, he was sick, etc. the tense form in the connective indicates an entire period of activity of the subject, but cannot indicate a separate moment of this activity. The combinations were sick, was capable, etc. etc. are equally suitable for both: one can say that he was sick and he was sick at that moment; this means that the full adjective, with its adjective, its passivity, reduces the activity of the tense form in the connective, but the short adjective does not have such an influence.”

An analysis of the syntactic functions of short forms leads Peshkovsky to the conclusion that a short adjective is “articulated”, but not “verbalized”. “In combination was lazy, the adjective of the word lazy makes itself felt powerfully... Just as a man flying on an airplane with the help of an extraneous force invested in his machine does not turn into a bird, but remains the same heavy person, incapable of flight, so and the adjective, supported by the verbal force of the word was, remains the same adjective, with the same meaning of constancy and immobility."13 But, on the other hand, in the same forms A. M. Peshkovsky saw other grammatical horizons: "Here the language begins to emerge beyond the limits of verbality and begins to express in his thoughts the relation of coexistence, usually discovered only by supra-linguistic thinking." So A. M. Peshkovsky finds a new grammatical category in the short forms of the adjective. Prof. L.V. Shcherba called the category to which short forms of adjectives tend to be the category of state. Thus, most scientists noted the duality of grammatical features in short, or non-member forms of adjectives. Some of these features (word formation techniques and forms of agreement) are common to short and long forms and are inextricably linked with the category of the adjective. Other grammatical features (indeclinability, proximity to the verb in methods of syntactic use) sharply distinguish and distance non-articulate, short forms from the category of the adjective. It is clear that those short forms in which these differentiating features are predominant fall away from the category of the adjective and form an independent grammatical class. Such are, for example, the words much, glad (cf. the absence of articulated forms like much, glad) and others like that. Other short forms, which retain their connection and correlation with members, do not fall out of the category of adjectives, although they are located on its periphery, far from the center. They are a grammatically hybrid category of forms in which the syntactic properties of the adjective are not only limited, but also complicated by the growth of new functions. Most short adjectives do not cease to be forms of the same word as full adjectives. In addition to the correlation in the stems, in the forms of gender and number, they are kept within the category of adjectives by the ability to be “isolated” by a definition to a noun. In this function, short forms are closely associated with the corresponding full ones. Moreover: the full, articulated forms themselves, acting as semi-predicative, isolated words, seem to approach short forms. The following parallels in the use of long and short forms serve as an illustration:

And the sun, round and soulless,

Like the yellow eye of an owl,

Looked from heaven indifferently

To the grave torment of a widow.

(Nekrasov, "Frost, Red Nose")

Wed: the sun, round and soulless... or: round, soulless sun.

Such semi-predicative use of short forms brings them closer to full ones and is a clear grammatical sign of their adjective nature. As long as the corresponding short form is used not only as a predicate, but also as a qualitative definition (at least verbal and intonationally isolated), it does not yet break ties with the class of adjectives. Only the complete impossibility of using such a form in a function other than predicate is a symptom of its final break with the category of the adjective and its transition to another grammatical category. 14

Truncated adjectives

Truncated adjectives are created artificially by cutting off the final vowel from the full form and are found in the language of poetry of the 18th - 19th centuries. The following differences exist between the short forms of adjectives and the truncated forms: the short form has its own stress different from the full form, while the truncated form always retains the stress of the full form; the short form in modern Russian functions as a nominal part of a compound predicate, truncated forms act as a definition.15

The use of truncated adjectives is considered characteristic feature language of poetry of the 18th century, for example:

Spirits cannot be enlightened

Born from your light,

Explore your destinies.

G.R. Derzhavin. God. 1784

adjective truncated short relative

However, in bookish and literary poetic language, in those genres where Slavicisms, Church Slavonic words and forms carried a certain stylistic load, short qualitative adjectives were still possible in the middle of the 18th century. For example, in Lomonosov’s “Ode for the Capture of Khotin” (1739): “I hear the cheerful cry of heroes,” etc. It is necessary to distinguish short adjectives from truncated full ones (i, e, yu with preceding vowels), which exist only in certain forms and resemble “contracted” forms.

Contracted (in certain case forms) full adjectives, which also should not be mixed with short adjectives: evil dog (from evil< злая), большо село (из большоэ < большое). Эти формы получили широкое распространение в говорах, главным образом, севернорусских. 16

These adjectives were reflected in the philological works of the 18th century poets A.D. Kantemir, V.K. Trediakovsky, M.V. Lomonosov, in scientific XIX literature- XX centuries (for example, in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, G.O. Vinokur, V.M. Zhivov), mentioned in educational and reference literature. Analysis of various points of view allows us to define truncated adjectives as a special kind of full adjectives (going back to ancient nominal adjectives), used in the language of poetry in the attributive function.

The fundamental difference between truncated forms and short ones can be reduced to the following principles. While short predicative forms in modern Russian can be formed only from qualitative adjectives and passive participles, truncated forms are also formed from adjectives of other categories: relative adjectives (paper mountains), superlative forms of adjectives (the clearest day), active participles (the ship is running) . Unlike short adjectives, truncated adjectives are inflected, although they do not have a full inflection paradigm. They tend to retain the stress on the stem, whereas in the short form the stress is transferred to the ending (mp á the night is long, but the night is dark á ). In truncated passive participles, in addition to stress, -nn- can also be retained in the suffix (pierced, crowned á nny). The most important difference is that short adjectives act only in the predicative function, and truncated ones - in the attributive function. In addition, G. O. Vinokur, as one of the proofs of the artificial origin of truncated forms, considers their use in the meaning of substantivized adjectives.

It is these differences that are traditionally cited as features that prove the artificiality of truncated adjectives.

Particularly important is the question of the role that truncated adjectives play in a poetic text. There are two main points of view on this matter. Vinokur considers truncations as one of the poetic liberties, a technical versification device associated with the adaptation of the Russian language to the needs of syllabic-tonic versification and “designed to facilitate the work of the poet.”17 According to the second point of view, truncations are defined as a stylistic device, but researchers often deny the existence of a stylistic functions of truncated forms (V.V. Vinogradov, V.M. Zhivov).

Initially, in the poetic language of the 17th-18th centuries, short attributive forms were used (in origin - ancient nominal forms), natural for the Church Slavonic language and not completely lost in the Russian language, both book and colloquial. And then they were replaced by truncated full ones (ancient pronominal forms).

In the syllabic-tonic poetry of the 18th century, which took into account the traditions of syllabic poetry, truncated adjectives began to be used not only as a familiar element of the language, but also as a versification element, since this was required by a more strict rhythmic organization of the verse. In this regard, truncated adjectives could not carry a stylistic load and were used in works of different genres, although their Church Slavonic origin could give them a bookish character:

Russian honor and heroic actions will be eclipsed,

All my father's troops will honor my father as the father of fathers,

I will conquer the church with weapons to him.

A.P. Sumarokov. Dimitri the Impostor. 1770

Since Church Slavonic language in the life of society gradually lost its former meaning, elements of Church Slavonic origin acquired an increasingly noticeable stylistic coloring - as a result, truncated adjectives gradually became one of the signs of high style.

By the end of the 18th century, attention to genres of the middle style began to increase, interest in national culture arose, folklore stylizations began to appear (the poetry of P. Yu. Lvov, Yu. A. Neledinsky-Meletsky, M. N. Muravyov), and the language of poetry began to change. If V.K. Trediakovsky in his philological works spoke about the impossibility of using folk expressions like “white tent” in the language of serious poetry, then Lomonosov already brought truncated adjectives closer to folk-poetic constant epithets (such as red-hot arrow). It is interesting that the short forms very quickly ceased to differ in the source of borrowing (cf. “red maiden”, “fierce grief” and “red Flora”, “fierce memories”). For example, in the language of folklore stylizations of the late 18th - early 19th centuries, both traditional folklore epithets of a quiet, bright month, across the blue sea, and, undoubtedly, literary truncations of fragrant flowers, gentle birds are used.

Further in its development, poetry was increasingly opposed to prose, which was reflected in the language: thus, by the end of the 18th century, truncated adjectives began to be considered as poetism, as distinguishing feature language of poetry.18

A tit flew to the shore

From across the midnight sea,

Because of the cold ocean.

They asked the guest if I was coming,

What rituals are there overseas?

A.P. Sumarokov. Another chorus to the wrong light. 1762-1763

Another thing worth mentioning outstanding writer XVIII century - G. R. Derzhavin. D. N. Matveev writes about him: “He boldly diversified genres, introduced everyday scenes and words of “low” style into “high” genres, brought together classicist forms with sentimental ones and even with emerging romantic ones. “His syllable is so large,” wrote N.V. Gogol, noting one of the main features of Derzhavin’s poetry, “like none of our poets. If you open it with an anatomical knife, you will see that this comes from an extraordinary combination of the most high words with the lowest and simplest, which no one would dare to do except Derzhavin. Who else would dare, besides him, to express himself the way he did? ..."»19

Indeed, Derzhavin’s language contains various forms of adjectives that he uses for stylization. This is especially evident in the ode “Felitsa” of 1782:

Godlike Princess

Kirghiz-Kaisak horde!

Whose wisdom is incomparable

Discovered the right tracks

To Tsarevich young Chlorus

Climb that high mountain.

Truncated adjectives occupy a significant place in poetry - wisdom is incomparable, the mountain is high.

Examples from 18th century texts

Truncated forms of adjectives:

.Drive away the restless time,

Take away the burden you have placed on me,

Change, having laid down this heavy stone,

Your coldness into the flame!

A.P. Sumarokov. Ode sapphic. 1758

In this example, truncated adjectives restlessly and entrustedly perform a versification function and serve to maintain the rhythm of the verse. But one cannot help but notice that this is an ode, that is, high style, therefore, these adjectives also carry a stylistic load, giving the poem a syllable height.

.Turn my sorrows into joy,

Sorrows turn into sweetness!

An example from the same ode by Sumarokov. The phrase fierce sadness emphasizes the high style of the ode.

3.The Fox saw a piece in her mouth,

And she thinks: “I’ll give Crow juice!

Although I won’t get up there,

I'll get this piece

The oak tree is as tall as it is.”

A.P. Sumarokov. Crow and fox

And this is an example from a fable, here the truncated adjective high reflects a low style, and also serves to maintain rhythm (piece - juice - high).

4.On enemies who torment impudently,

Letting out a groan into the village far away,

The heart of complaint will contribute sadly.

A. P. Sumarokov. Against the villains. 1759

The truncated adjective distant here serves to rhythmize the verse and harmoniously combine with the adverbs impudently, sadly.

.Chaos being before time

From the abyss you called to eternity,

And eternity, born before the age,

In yourself you founded...

G. R. Derzhavin. God. 1784

Adjectives in the truncated form, pre-temporary, born, have a clear connotation of high style, which is confirmed by the high theme contained in the name - God.

.The evil fury in my heart gnaws in confusion,

A villainous soul cannot be at peace.

A. P. Sumarokov. Dmitry the Pretender. 1770

The truncated form of evil serves to rhythmize the verse, and the combination of evil fury gives the tragedy a bookish character.

.My chest is tight and trembling,

The universe is trembling now;

The giant places mountains in the sky, -

Open the door to Jupiter.

The adjective cramped in the truncated form fucks the high style of ode.

.Will I wait until the game becomes disgusting to you?

A. P. Sumarokov. Epigram. My brother was a player. 1755

The truncated form has the function of rhythmizing the verse.

Full forms of adjectives:

.The Lord is also a son, although he eats sweeter

And he often glorifies his nobility,

That he would put a whole regiment of people on the line.

A. P. Sumarokov. Satire. About nobility. 1771

The adjective master is in its full form and has a neutral stylistic connotation.

.Some call this grief natural, and some call it supernatural.

A. P. Sumarokov. A letter about some contagious disease. 1759

The highlighted adjectives are in prose text and stand in the full form, instrumental case.

.Neither a whirlwind nor a fleeting thunder will break it,

And time's flight will not crush it.

G. R. Derzhavin. Monument. 1795.

The adjective fleeting has a neutral stylistic connotation.

.There I see the formidable Pluto,

In the darkness I see a gloomy gaze.

A. P. Sumarokov. The ode is nonsense. 1759

The full adjectives formidable and gloomy are in accusative case and have a neutral style color.

.Appear before us, appear quickly,

Big silver mug!

G. R. Derzhavin. Mug. 1777

The full adjective silver reflects the middle style of the poem.

Short forms of adjectives:

.May you always be kind to us,

We will begin to live

G. R. Derzhavin. Mug. 1777

The short adjective good reflects the average style of the poem.

CONCLUSION

Based on the work done, the following conclusions can be drawn. In the literary language of the 18th century, truncated adjectives predominated as versification forms of pronominal - full - adjectives; they carried a stylistic connotation of high style. In works of the middle style there are full, unmodified adjectives. Short adjectives more often characterized poetry of a reduced style, and also appeared in prose.

List scientific literature

1.V.V. Ivanov. Historical grammar of the Russian language. M. 1990. - 353 p.

.V.V. Vinogradov. Russian language. Grammatical doctrine of words. M., 1972, pp. 200-206

.A. S. Kuleva. Truncated adjectives in Russian poetry. Russian speech, No. 3, 2008, pp. 35-39

.N. Yu. Shvedova. Russian grammar - M.: Nauka, 1980.

.Borkovsky V.I. Historical grammar of the Russian language / V.I. Borkovsky, P.S. Kuznetsov. - Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963. - 512 p.

.Bukatevich N.I. Historical grammar of the Russian language (In Russian) / N.I. Bukatevich, S.A. Savitskaya, L. Ya. Usacheva. - Kyiv: Publishing Association “Vishcha School”. Head publishing house, 1974. - 310 p.

.Vinogradov V.V. Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the 17th - 19th centuries: Textbook. - 3rd ed. - M.: “Higher. school", 1982. - 528 p.

.Vinokur G.O. Heritage of the 18th century in the language of A. S. Pushkin // About language fiction/ G. O. Vinokur; comp. and note. T. G. Vinokur; preface V. P. Grigorieva. - 2nd ed. M.: URSS, 2006. - 325 p. (Linguistic heritage of the twentieth century).

.A.N. Pashkurov. Materials of the international scientific conference, dedicated to the 260th anniversary of the birth of G.R. Derzhavin and the 200th anniversary of the founding of Kazan University. Kazan, 2003.

.Chernykh P. Ya. Historical grammar of the Russian language. Brief essay. Manual for teachers and teaches, Inst. M., Uchpedgiz, 1952. - 336 p.

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Difficulties in using adjectives are associated with the formation of a short form and the formation of degrees of comparison.

1. The short form can only be formed from qualitative adjectives. The short form is formed from the base of the adjective and the endings: zero, -а(-я), -о(-е), -ы(-и).

For example, cheerful. The basis of the oars. Short form of cheerful, cheerful, cheerful, cheerful.

If at the end of the stem there is a combination of consonants with K or N, then when the masculine forms are formed, a fluent vowel appears: full - full, bitter - bitter.

For adjectives with the stem ending in –enn (painful, artificial) in the masculine form, the N is truncated. For example, painful – painful (painful); Artificial - artificial (artificial); Limited – limited (limited).

Only in some cases is the correct form in -enn: sincere - sincere, base - base, frank - frank.

Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary.

Some qualitative adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -n-, -ov-, -l- (comradely, efficient, advanced, skillful), denoting color (blue, lilac), color of animals (raven, bay), a high degree of attribute (tiny, plump), adjectives included in terminological names (deep rear, fast train).

2. Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison (Table 2).

The comparative degree shows that in one or another subject a characteristic is manifested to a greater or lesser extent than in others, for example:

Conversations became louder, more incoherent, more fun. Comparative degree education:

Table 2.

The initial form of the adjective from which it is formed comparative degree.	Comparative degree means of education.	Adjectives in comparative form.
Spicy Interesting Pointless	Simple form-ee(s-)	Spicer(s) More interesting(s) More meaningless(s)
Adjectives with stems g, k, x, d, t, st hot, quiet, dear, young, cool, fat	-e- + alternation of final consonant stem	hotter, quieter, more expensive, younger, cooler, thicker
Adjectives with suffixes -k-, -ok- (-ek-) low, high, long, thin	-е- + truncation of suffixes k-, -ok-(-ek-)	lower, higher, longer, thinner
Tall, big	Po- + -she-(-e-)	higher, bigger
The good, the bad, the little	from other bases	better, worse, less
Hard, weak, sweet	COMPOSITE FORM Words more, less	Firmer, weaker, sweeter

The superlative degree shows that a particular subject is superior to other subjects on some basis, for example: Work is the best, most radical medicine (Table 3).

Formation of superlative adjectives.

Table 3.

The initial form of an adjective from which the superlative degree is formed.	Educational means of superlatives	Adjectives in the superlative form.
Strict, short, quiet, tall	SIMPLE FORM -aysh- + alternating final consonant stem	The strictest, the shortest, the quietest, the highest
Brave, wonderful	-eysh-	Bravest, most wonderful
Tall, handsome	Nai- + -sh- (truncation of the suffix –ok) nai- + -eysh-	The Highest The Most Beautiful
The good, the bad, the little	From other bases	Best, Worst, Less
Solid, approachable, loyal, funny, sad, smart, interesting	COMPOUND FORM The word is the most, the least comparative degree of the adjective + genitive pronouns all – all	The most solid, the most accessible, the most faithful, the least cheerful, the saddest of all, the smartest of all, the most interesting of all

In the formation of short forms of adjectives from full (qualitative only) forms, only the main accentological trends can be outlined, because no strict patterns have been established here; fluctuations at the point of impact are often observed. Stress of the full and short forms in polysyllabic adjectives with unstressed ending-y (as well as parts of two-syllable adjectives) is identical, and in the paradigm of changing short adjectives by gender and number remains fixed on the basis (as in the paradigm of changing full forms). The formation of short forms from adjectives with a one- and two-syllable base (usually non-derivatives) is accompanied by mobility of stress both in word formation and in inflectional terms. In stems with full vowel, the stress in the short form moves to the first syllable of the full vowel combination. In short forms of the neuter gender, the stress for the most part coincides with the forms of the masculine gender, although there are exceptions (dead - dead, light - light, dark - dark, smart - smart, black - black, etc.). Plural word forms are always stressed in the same way as neuter word forms. The greatest stress shifts occur in feminine word forms.

Thus, when forming short adjectives with a one- or two-syllable stem, there is a tendency to move the stress of the full form to the initial syllable of the stem in the masculine word form and to the ending in the feminine word form.

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Formation of short forms of adjectives

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2. Lexical and grammatical meaning in the word. Distinctive features of grammatical meaning. Word and word form. Types of word forms (analytical, synthetic).
3. Synthetic, analytical and syntactic ways of expressing grammatical meanings, means of expressing grammatical meanings.
8. Noun as a part of speech. Signs of the morphological class of nouns. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns. Proper and common nouns; real
9. Noun as a part of speech. Signs of the morphological class of nouns. Lexico-grammatical categories of nouns. Concrete, abstract and collective nouns.
10. Nouns, animate and inanimate. The problem of establishing animate-inanimateness, its expression.
11. Category of gender of nouns and its subject-semantic content. Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
12. Category of gender of nouns and its subject-semantic content. Principles of distribution by gender of animate and inanimate nouns. Common nouns.
13. Category of gender of nouns and its subject-semantic content. Gender of indeclinable nouns and abbreviations.
14. Number as a morphological category of a noun, its character. Means of expressing numerical opposition. Types of nouns according to the implementation of numerical opposition.
15. The nouns singularia tantum and pluralia tantum. Reasons for the defectiveness of the numerical paradigm. Basic and figurative meanings of number forms in nouns of different lexical and grammatical categories.
Using the plural form of nouns that do not vary in number
Using the plural form of nouns that vary by number
16. Grammatical category of case for nouns. Ways and means of expressing case meanings.
17. The meaning of case forms, their ambiguity.
18. Russian grammar-80 about the declension of nouns. Types of declension of nouns.
19. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of un in Russian grammar 1980. Qualitative adjectives. Conventionality of semantic and grammatical boundaries between categories of adjectives.
20. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of un in Russian grammar 1980. Relative adjectives.
21. General characteristics of adjectives. Classification of un in Russian grammar 1980. Pronominal adjectives.
22. Degrees of comparison of adjectives. Education, use, stylistic characteristics of simple and analytical forms of degrees of comparison of different parts of speech.
23. Short adjectives. Features of education, meaning, use, stylistic features of short forms. Restrictions on the formation of comparatives and short forms.
24. Numeral as a part of speech. Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals. Compatibility of numerals with nouns.
25. Numeral: features of meaning, syntactic features, system of morphological categories, features of morphemic composition and word formation.
26. Simple, complex and compound numerals. Types of declension of numerals.
27. Pronouns as a special part of speech. Classifications of pronouns by meaning and in relation to other parts of speech. General characteristics of pronouns in Russian Grammar-80.
29. Pronouns-nouns: reflexive, interrogative, indefinite, relative, negative.
30. Verb as part of speech. Question about the boundary of a verb word. Conjugated and inconjugated verb forms. Morphological and syntactic features of verbs.
31. Semantic classification of verbs.
32. Lexico-grammatical categories of verbs. Verbs are transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive.
33. Lexico-grammatical categories of verbs. Personal and impersonal (general characteristics).
34. Person category of the verb. Personal and impersonal forms. Relationship between the category of person and other verbal categories. The figurative use of personal forms.
35. Aspectual-tense system of the Russian verb. General characteristics. The figurative use of aspectual and tense forms.
Using present tense forms
1) Present Historical
2) Present When designating future actions
Using past tense forms
Using future tense forms
I. Significant (by meaning)
II. Pronominals (pronominal words)
I. Significant (by meaning)
1) Motivated:
2) Unmotivated:
II. Pronominals (pronominal words)
49. Question about the status of the state category as a part of speech. The solution to the question of the category of state in Academic Grammar 1980.
50. Lexico-grammatical categories of words of the state category. Formation of words of the state category. Formation of state category words.
Derived words of the state category are formed in a morphological-syntactic way and are correlated:
51. Homonymy of words of the category of state, adverbs and short adjectives of the neuter gender, homonymy of words of the category of state and nouns.
52. Prepositions. Meaning, structure, formation, functions of prepositions.
53. Unions. Structure, functional-semantic types of conjunctions. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, single and non-single. Classification of unions by structure. Analogues of unions.
54. Particles. The boundaries of a given category of words. Semantics of particles. The role of particles in expressing the modal meaning of a sentence. Formal-semantic categories of particles.
55. Modal words, their place in the system of parts of speech. The relationship between modal words and significant parts of speech. Modals and introductory words. Lexico-grammatical categories of modal words.
56. Interjections, their differences from significant and function words. Classifications of interjections. Interjections are primitive and non-primitive, emotional and motivating. Interjections and onomatopoeia.
57. Morpheme as a unit of language. Morpheme and phoneme, m. And word.
Classification of morphemes
59. Morphonological changes in the structure of a word (alternation of phonemes, truncation, superposition of morphemes, interfixation, change of stress).
60. Historical changes in the composition of the word (simplification, re-elaboration). Reasons for historical changes.
61. Concept of basis. Typology of bases: divisible / indivisible, derivative / non-derivative.
62. Derivational and inflectional affixes.
63. The purpose and methodology of performing morphemic analysis / conducting morphemic analysis.
64. Word-formation meaning. The concept of word-formation motivation. Signs of motivated words. Word formant.
65. Word-formation pair, word-formation chain, word-formation paradigm, word-formation nest. The structure of the word-formation nest.
66. The concept of word-formation type. Word-formation types of different parts of speech.
67. Affixal methods of word formation
68. Addition as a way of word formation. Pure addition. Foundation. Abbreviation. Types of abbreviations.
Short form of adjectives
Short form education
Most qualitative adjectives have two forms -
full and brief: talented - talented; noble - good -
native; wayward - wayward; ferocious - ferocious.
In modern Russian, the short form is formed from the stem
full form1 with endings: zero for masculine gender, -а, -о
respectively for female and middle childbirth. Sometimes between the ends
With new consonants of the stem in masculine forms a fluent appears
vowel -o, -e-.
In this case, it is necessary to pay attention to the following: for many
adjectives ending in -native, -native, short
The masculine singular form has a truncated suffix:
characteristic - characteristic; solemn - solemn; essential
ny - essential; painful - painful; related - related, etc.
The formation of precisely forms with a truncated suffix, according to observation,
yam scientists, reflects the development trend of this group of adjectives
nykh in modern Russian language2. Often arising in their absorption
development parallel forms (immoral - immoral, immoral
sensual - insensitive, numerous - numerous, mysterious -
mysterious, etc.) are acceptable, but the option on
En, not na-enen.
Only a small number of adjectives of this group form short
some forms ending in -enen: arrogant, inviolable, inviolable
doubtful, ordinary, frank, heartfelt, respectful, timely
change and no. etc.
Not all qualitative adjectives form a short form1.
They don't have it:
1) adjectives with the suffixes -sk-, -ichesk-, -ensk-, -ov-, -ev-,
a number of adjectives with the suffix -n-: “boorish act”, “ironic-
some notes”, “beggarly wages”, “ordinary employee”, “key pro-
problem", "early morning";
2) some verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: by-
wavy, thawed; as well as many adjectives that are pro-
origination by active participles: outstanding (capable
ty), swollen (face), etc.;
3) many adjectives with suffixes of subjective assessment:
plump, blushing, clean, simple;
4) many adjectives that are relative in origin,
denoting colors: coffee, chocolate, lilac;
5) adjectives denoting the colors of horses: dun, black
noah, bay, savrasy;
6) words: junior, senior, big, as well as some simple ones
river words: lesser, cursed, etc.
There are such qualitative adjectives that use -
sya only in a short form, but do not have a full form: glad, much,
love, necessary.
Some ambiguous adjectives form a short form
not to each of the values. For example, the adjective prominent, has
having three meanings: 1) visible, visible; 2) significant
ny, important; 3) tall, stately, representative, - short
the form exists only in the first meaning: “The house is visible from afar.”
There are adjectives whose full and short forms differ -
are values. For example: imperious - ‘inclined to command, sub-
to inflict on oneself” (“powerful man”) and imperious - “one who has the power to dis-
to order, to command.
Grammatical properties of short adjectives
In modern Russian, short adjectives are not inflected
are changed, but change only in numbers, and in the singular and in
In a sentence, short adjectives appear most often in
role of the predicate: “I like that you are not sick with me, I like-
Xia, that I’m not sick with you” (Color.); “You don’t love me, you don’t regret me,
Aren’t I a little handsome?” (Es.). In the definition function they can
used only when they are isolated. In this role
they are used mainly in poetic speech: “Dika, pe-
calm, silent, like a forest deer, timid, she is in her family
noah seemed like a stranger’s girl” (P.); “Filled with longing and trepidation, Tama-
Ra often sits at the window in lonely thought” (L.); “But, sure, remember-
nude on the fly, as Tashkent burst into flames in bloom, all engulfed in white flames,
hot, smelly, intricate, incredible.”

It's an adjective we've known since elementary school. But how it is written in some cases has already been forgotten. Let us remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.

Adjective as part of speech

An adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, and describes what events and states may be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and rich.

The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the noun to which it refers. For example, “big table”: in this case, the noun “table” is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "big" has the same characteristics.

Varieties

There is a full and short form of the adjective. A possessive adjective has only its full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what? what are they? A qualitative adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times only short ones were used in Slavic languages. It is from them that the full, modern forms of parts of speech originate. Currently, in the Russian language, the use of the full form of the word is neutral. And short is mainly used in literary vocabulary.

The short form of the adjective changes in the singular according to gender and number. Take for example the word “beautiful”. IN masculine it has a null ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:

beautiful - feminine singular;
beautiful - neuter singular;
beautiful - plural.

The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have changes in cases in phraseological units. An example of such a change is such expressions as “bare feet”; lines from songs: “I ordered green wine to be poured.” From the point of view of syntactic function in sentences, the short adjective is included in the compound nominal predicate and is its nominal part. For example: he is slim, he is kind.

In this case, we are talking only about a qualitative adjective. Relative in in brief do not meet. You can try making relative words like “copper” or “washing” shorter. Nothing will work out.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -iy are usually in a short form in the singular nominative case (papin, papa vesna). In these cases, the ending coincides with a similar part of the word in nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).

In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to put a soft sign, you only need to determine the form of the adjective. But in the short form, after a hissing consonant, a soft sign is not written: “burning - burning, hot - hot.”

The short form of an adjective is very often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to a verb, in this case there is an adverb. For example: “heavily burdened” and “breathed heavily.” The question of which adjective has a short form can be answered as follows: qualitative with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have the endings -a/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in singular.

Use in text

They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since this is precisely the connotation that adjectives have in short form. This quality is not characteristic of full adjectives, since they significantly soften any quality of the subject. For example, they say about a person that “he is brave.” This sounds affirming, but very soft. But the phrase “the guy is brave” does not tolerate any objections.

Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word “deaf” only the stem should be left, the result is the masculine gender - “deaf” (“When I eat, I am deaf and dumb”).

Shades

The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meaning, emotional connotation, methods of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel sound o-e. You can compare “low” and the “low” derived from it. A similar example: “formidable” - “formidable”.

Which adjective “characteristic” (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the color of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (outdated - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).

The short form of the adjective “peculiar” will have the following types. Singular: characteristic, characteristic, characteristic; plural: characteristic.

Signs

Adjectives have a number of differences and characteristics. The full form determines constancy in the attribute, while the short form expresses only the attribute that manifests itself at a particular moment; moreover, they lack case and declension. You can compare two phrases: sick child, child is sick.

The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in the function they perform in a sentence.