Lecture material on the Russian language on the topic "orthoepic norm". Orthoepic norms of the modern Russian language

Orthoepic (pronunciation) norms in the Russian literary language regulate the pronunciation individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, as part of certain combinations, in different grammatical forms of the word. The basic orthoepic rules of the Russian language can be divided into those that determine rules for pronunciation of vowel sounds And rules for pronunciation of consonants. In addition, the orthoepic norm determines correct accent placement in a word. It is believed that ignorance of spelling rules indicates a person’s low cultural level.

Pronunciation norms of the Russian language are historically variable. At the beginning of the 20th century. they said ts[r"]kov, ve[r"]kh. And strict adherence to the pronunciation difference between the vowel sounds [e] and [e] was then considered a sign of special education, cultural polish and good upbringing. Even now, in the speech of older people, you can often find the following pronunciation: cr[e]m instead of cream, r[e]ls instead of the correct rails. For example, once in the Russian language there was a word “velb-lyud”, and the pronunciation (and spelling) of this word in its modern form “camel” was considered as incorrect and illiterate as the pronunciation by our contemporaries of “slipping”, “colidor” or "escalator". But that's it more native speakers pronounced it “wrong” - camel. As soon as this pronunciation became familiar to the majority of people speaking Russian, it became “correct”, normative.

The norms developed gradually, and it was a rather long process. First scientific works M.V. Lomonosov wrote about the pronunciation norms of the Russian language. Since the 19th century. orthoepic instructions (for example, stress placement) become an important part of Russian language dictionaries. Stress in the Russian language has certain features. The first feature of the Russian accent is that it

free, that is, it is not attached to a specific syllable in a word. It can also fall on the first syllable (city), and on the second (freedom), and on the third (milk) etc. In other languages, stress is often attached to a specific syllable. For example, in French it always falls on the last syllable. The second feature of the Russian accent is its mobility, i.e. the ability to change its place depending on the form of the word. For example: understand - understood - understoodA. The third feature of the Russian accent is its variability, which is expressed in the fact that over time the stress may change its place in the word and the word will have a new pronunciation option. For example, in a poem by A. S. Pushkin, the word “music” was pronounced with emphasis on the second syllable: "The regimental music is blaring."

IN modern science R.I. Avanesov made a great contribution to the language: he is the author of a guide to modern Russian orthoepy - the book “Russian Literary Pronunciation”. Modern literary pronunciation was formed on the basis of the so-called Moscow dialect, the oral speech of Moscow residents. Maybe that’s why there is a saying in Russian: “From Maskva, from Pasada, from Kalashnava row.” It says “beard”, but you have to read and pronounce it “barada”. We write the conjunction “what,” but in oral speech a literate person pronounces “what.” Why do some people make spelling mistakes in their speech? Imagine a person who has recently learned to read and has little knowledge fiction. And for the first time he came across a word printed in a book. It is likely that this person will read and pronounce this unfamiliar word incorrectly, since his pronunciation may be affected by the written form of the word. It was under the influence of the spelling of words that illiterate people, who nevertheless sought to emphasize their newly acquired “education,” made gross mistakes in pronunciation. This is how, for example, the illiterate pronunciation of the word chu[f]stvo appeared instead of the correct chu[s]tvo, [h]to instead of [w]to, pomo[sh]nik instead of pomo[sh]nik. But orthoepic norms do not always approve only one of the pronunciation options. In some cases, orthoepy allows various options pronunciation. Both the pronunciation of e[zh'zh']u with a soft long sound [zh"] and e[zhzh]u with a hard long sound is considered literary, acceptable and correct; it is correct to say both do[zh"zh"]i and before[zh]i, p[o]poetry and p[a]poetry, etc. Orthoepic norms supported by spelling rules (spelling rules).

Orthoepy(from Greek orthos– “correct” and epos- “speech”) is the science of correct literary pronunciation. Currently, for any specialist, no matter what field he works in, mastery of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to competently and correctly formulate the sound of speech are an urgent necessity.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian language have evolved over centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Rus' the entire population who spoke Russian, ocalo, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables(similar to how this happens today in the dialects of the North and Siberia: v[o]da, d[o]va, p[o]ll go etc.). However okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the 16th–18th centuries. accepted many people from the southern provinces and absorbed features of southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a]da, d[a]va, p[a]going. And this happened precisely at a time when the solid foundations of a unified literary language with its norms were being laid.

Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, centers of economic, political and cultural life in Russia, it so happened that the literary pronunciation was based on Moscow pronunciation, on which some features of St. Petersburg were subsequently “layered.”

Deviation from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture. Working on your own pronunciation and improving your pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated aspect of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all. As a rule, we are uncritical in assessing our own pronunciation and are sensitive to comments in this area. The rules and recommendations for spelling, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to many of us to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless. However, this is not true. Hardly a mispronunciation (* means,*catalog) will help create a positive image of a person.

To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which should be mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: full recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. Full style characterized by 1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards, 2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, 3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress, 4) moderate tempo, 5) correct speech pauses, 6) neutral intonation. At incomplete style pronunciation is observed 1) excessive reduction of words, loss of consonants and syllables: * right now(Now), * thousand(thousand), * kilogram of tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc., 2) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, 3) excessive emphasis on words (including service words), 5) inconsistent tempo of speech, unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation

Some difficult cases of vowel pronunciation

Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of a number of words due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text e And e , since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e . This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors. There are two sets of words to remember:

1) with a letter e and the sound [" uh]: af e ra, be e , live e , Grenada e r, op e ka, os e long, idiot e native, foreigner e ny, w e non-hater;

2) with a letter e and the sound [" O]: hopeless e payment e capable, man e vry, white e syy, bl e cool, w e personal, w e lch (option - w e lie), alone e ny.

In some pairs of words different meaning accompanied by different sounds of the stressed vowel: ist e kshiy (term) – but: ist e kshiy (blood), screams like a loud voice e nal – but: decree, announced e in the morning, etc.

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of consonants

1. According to old Moscow standards, the spelling combination -chn- should always have been pronounced like [ shn ] in words: bakery, on purpose, cheap, fiddling, creamy, apple and under. Currently, the pronunciation has been preserved only in some words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party. The vast majority of other words are pronounced [chn], as they are written: toy, creamy, apple, flour, snack bar, glass etc.

Pronunciation [ shn] preserved today also in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikitichna, Ilyinichna etc..

According to old Moscow standards, the combination -wha- pronounced as [pcs] in the word What and in words derived from it: nothing, something etc.: currently this rule remains unchanged (except for the word something[Thu]). In all other words the spelling is - th- always pronounced as [thu]: mail, dream, mast.

2. In words man, defector on site zhch, in the form comparative degree adverbs tougher, harsher(And more scathingly) in place stch, as well as in place of combinations zch And sch customer, sandstone, cost accounting etc. pronounced [ sch]: mu[sh]ina, pere[sch]ik, zhe[sh]e etc.

3. When several consonants accumulate in some words, one of them is not pronounced: ucha[s"n"]ik, ve[s"n"]ik po[zn]o, pra[zn]ik, conscientious[s"l"]ivy, maximal[ss]ky etc. .

4. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

a) necessarily softens n before soft ones h And With: face[n"z"]iya, pretension[n"z"]iya;

b) n before soft T And d softens: a["n"t"]ichny, ka[n"d"]idat.

Ppronunciation of borrowed words

Many borrowed words have spelling features that need to be remembered.

1. In some words of foreign language origin, unstressed O sound is pronounced [ O]: bO mond, threeO, bO ah, kakaO , biO stimulant, vetO , grossO , noO , adviceO , O Azis, RenO meh. Pronunciation of words nO ezia, creedO etc. with unstressed [ O] optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [ O] as a variant of literary pronunciation: ShO pen, VO lter, SacramentO etc.

2. In some borrowed words, after vowels and at the beginning of the word, the unstressed [ uh]: uh guide,uh revolution, duuh lant etc.

3. In oral speech, certain difficulties are caused by pronouncing a hard or soft consonant before a letter in borrowed words e: t[em]p or [t"e]mp? bass[se]ine or bass[s"e]yn? In some cases, a soft consonant is pronounced.

Soft Pronunciation:

akade Mia[d"e]

de wet[d"e]

inthose llekt[t"e]

cofe [f"e]

Tore m[r"e]

muze th[z"e]

ABOUTde ssa[d"e]

nre ssa[r"e]

nre ssing[r"e]

those rmin[t"e]

fede ral[d"e]

jurisprudde nation[d"e]

take T[b"e r"e]

shiNot l[n"e]

pioNot r[n"e]

de but[d"e]

de on foot[d"e]

computerthose ntny[t"e]

corere ktny[r"e]

pathose nt[t"e]

Decre T[r"e]

conkre thick[r"e]

In other cases, before e a hard consonant is pronounced.

Firm pronunciation:

barthose r[te]

businessmeh n[meh]

childrenasset [dete]

aboutthose ction[te]

tande m [de]

re yting[re]

de -juro[de]

computerthose r[te]

summarymeh [meh]

inde xation[de]

inthose vomited[te]

inthose I'm tearing up[te]

code ks[de]

laze r[ze]

mode l[de]

sellse r[se]

Renaultmeh [meh]

those mp[te]

uhNot rgy[ne]

meh nejer[meh]

those zis[te]

those st[te]

de -fact[de]

boothose rbrod[te]

enNot Ksia[ne]

inthose naive[te]

Gre ipfruit[re]

de gradate[de]

dispanse r[se]

Andde antique[de]

4. Currently, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of words:

de inform[d"e/de]	bassse yn[s"e/se]	Tore to[r"e/re]
Xie Russia[s"e/se]	de when[d"e/de]	progre ss[r"e/re]
de fis[d"e/de]	de press[d"e/de]	de kan[d"e/de]
prethose nzia[t"e/te]

Both hard and soft pronunciation is possible.

In borrowed words starting with prefixes de- before vowels dis-, and also in the first part difficult words, starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard are observed d And n:

5. In foreign-language proper names, it is recommended to firmly pronounce consonants before e: De cart, Flobe r, miNot lly,"De Cameron",Re ygan.

6. In borrowed words with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains hard before e: gene zis[g"ene], relay[rel"e] etc.

7. Solid [ w] is pronounced in words pairshu T[shu], broshu ra[shu]. In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [ and"]. Names are pronounced just as softly Julien, Jules.

8. When pronouncing some words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. Should be pronounced:

incident, Not incident;

precedent, Not precedent;

compromise, Not compromise;

competitive, Not competitive;

emergency, Not h[e]extraordinary;

institution, Not institution;

future, Not future;

thirsty Not thirsty

Difficulties and features of Russian accent

Accent- This is the highlighting of a syllable in a word. In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement.

The features (and difficulties) of Russian stress include: 1) non-fixation and mobility, 2) the presence of professional and stylistically colored types of pronunciation of words, 3) the presence of accentological variants, 4) fluctuations in the placement of stress, 5) stress in proper names, etc. Let's consider this is based on specific examples.

1. In some languages the stress is fixed (for example, on the last syllable in French). Russian accent unfixed (various) And movable(moves in different grammatical forms of the same word: boardsA – dO ski). As a result, pairs of words may arise in which one has normative stress and is used in literary language, and the other has stress found in professional speech, for example:

alcohol O l – A alcohol, spr And tsy - syringe s (from doctors);

To O MPA - computer A s (for sailors);

To e ta – ket A (from fishermen);

ext s cha – d O bull, ore And k–r at bottom (for miners);

chassis And – w A SS (for pilots);

And skra - spark A (at the drivers).

2. Words belonging to different styles of speech (colloquial, neutral, bookish) have different stress:

cl A graveyard (neutral) – cemetery And more (obsolete, poetic);

dev And tsa (neutral) – d e vitsa (folk-poetic);

w e lacquer (neutral) – silk O vy (folk-poetic);

St. e cla (neutral) – beets A (simple);

m at language (neutral) – music s ka (obsolete)

Remember! Professional, colloquial and obsolete options are not normative.

In Russian there are words with so-called double stress, this is accentological options. Sometimes they equal rights, For example: pizzae Riya And pizza makerAnd I. But more often than not, one option becomes preferable to the other. For example:

creation O g – main (preferred) option, TV O horn – additional;

no cottage cheese A – no TV O horns (extra);

T e fteli - teft e whether (add.);

And sparkling - sparkling And sty (add.);

LOL A rusty e t (add.);

To And rza – kerz A (extra);

b A rust - barge A (extra);

cooking – cooking (additional)

4. In many words today they are observed fluctuations in stress placement:jAnd new - jeansO vyy, metallurgistAnd I am metalat rgy, byO lnam - wavesA m, pe aphid - loopI , WithA zhen – soote no.

However, in the overwhelming majority of cases in common nouns, only one pronunciation option is normative: agronO miya, alphavAnd t, pointsA t, shaftsO th, religionse tribute, citizenA nststvo, defAnd s, dispensarye r, blindsAnd , managerAnd bottom, froms sk, ische sleep, rollO g, kat hone, garbage chuteO d, use thinking, providinge nie, make it easierAnd t, wholesaleO vyy, pA restless, anticipatingAnd tit, prinat dit, concentrateO reading, wede dstva, tableI r, deepenAnd ugh, stolenAnd English, ex.O hair dryerO men, moveA mystery, pricesA I, ChristiansAnd n, shave l, expe Hg

Remember! Valov O th (income, product);

mouth A public (fund, capital);

wholesale – wholesale – wholesale O vyy – wholesale And To;

flow rate O r – debtor, debit O Russian debt (amount of debts);

d e bet is the left side of the ledger accounts.

5. You should remember the correct pronunciation of well-known proper names, such as WITHe rgy RA Donezhsky, SalvadO r DalAnd , PicasseO , AlexAnd th, FalconO v-MikitO in, BalazsAnd ha, VelAnd cueU Stug, KAnd zhi, StavropO Lsky region, NikarA gua, Perat , Quebe k, sAnd days, Sri LankaA etc.

Variable stress is allowed in some proper names: Nhyu tone – NewtO n, Re mbrant – RembreA nt, LAnd ncoln – LinkO flax etc. In proper names of foreign origin the stress is usually fixed, for example: MoriA to - at Mori'sA ka. At BalzA ka, in PO know.

In cases where one proper name refers to two (or more) persons, objects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning of this word and, using dictionaries, find out correct accent. For example, George WA shington(first US President) – WashingtonO n(capital of the USA); Makbe T(a character from Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name) – MA kbet(the title of N.S. Leskov’s story “Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District”).

6. In nouns of foreign origin, you can correctly place the emphasis if you know the origin of the word. For example, poolO ver, because the word came from English ( pullover– “sweater, any knitted clothing pulled over the head”), nouveauAnd w– from French ( nouveauriche– lit. "new rich man") Compare also: impAnd chment, defAnd s, sA mmit, mA marketing, dispensarye p, xA OS(mess), necrolO g, quartA l, Ge nesis, biogene h, hairdryerO men, expe rt, catalO G.

7. In verbs - And to sleep the option with emphasis on And (suffix -ir- goes back to German – iren). In words that entered the Russian language only in the last century, the stress often falls on the last syllable. Compare:

blockAnd mark - markA t;

nationalizationAnd to rove - premiumA t;

privatizationAnd ration - standardizeA t;

exportAnd to kill - bombersA t.

8. In a Russian word, as a rule, there is one stress. But in complex words, especially in professional speech, there are often two stresses: The main thing And secondary, i.e. collateral (on the first part of a long compound word): kartO felekopA lk,Withat peroblO zhka, ene rgosiste ma, te forwardA cha, ne fteprovO d, mashAnd nostroe nie, wede daysat accurate, bookAnd goizda telskiy

Remember! Oil (pipe, gas) wireO d(action name), but: prO water(wire).

Among the compound words there are also single-stressed ones: selfI body, interrepublicsA English, inAnd tse-preme r etc.

9. Stress in the Russian language can perform semantic and grammatical functions. It helps to differentiate homonyms(words of different meanings, identical in spelling, but not in pronunciation): And rice - ir And s, s A mok - deputy O k, torment A – m at ka, at naked - ug O linen, A tlas – atl A s, hl O pok - clap O To, O rgan – org A n. Incorrect placement of stress entails a distortion of meaning. Compare: ice And k (in the mountains) – l e day (cellar); n A rip (turnip) – steam And t (in the clouds); refl e ctor (from reflector) – reflection O rn (from reflex); naked O ( hold checkers) – n A golo (cut); Bron I (protective lining made of steel) – br O nya (assigning something to someone); view e nie (ghost) – in And view (point of view); proclus I thy (hated) – pr O cursed (cursed); choir s (balcony at the top of the hall) – x O ry (singing groups); languages A I (preparation) – language O vaya (sausage); busy O y (person) – s A rented (house).

Stress in individual grammatical forms

Today, a certain difficulty (even for an educated person!) is the correct placement of stress in individual grammatical forms. Please note the following basic rules.

1. The emphasis in short forms of adjectives and passive past participles is always on the stem. And only in singular form feminine it moves to the end:

With O built - created A - With O built;

vz I t – taken A – vz I You;

h A nyat – busy A – s A nyats;

n A chat - started A – n A chats.

2. In many verbs in the past tense only in the feminine form, the emphasis is on the ending:

rel I th – O took away - took away A – O pulled;

Mon I t - p O nyal - understood A – p O hired;

beginning A t - n A started - started A – n A chali;

but: put – put – kl A la – cl A whether.

3. Verbs formed from adjectives usually have an accent on the ending:

deep - go deep And t;

light - make it easier And t;

cheerful - cheerful And yea, cheer me up And t.

4. The place of stress in verbal nouns usually coincides with the place of stress in the original verb:

provide é provide - provide e reading;

concentrate ó focus – concentrate O reading;

control ó read - exercise O reading;

emphasis I finish - emphasis I daughter

5. Place of stress in the form genitive case The plural can be different - at the end or based on:

1) region - region e th; statement - statement e th; step - steps e th (in the development of something); but: stupa e her (in the stairs);

2) board – dos O To; orphan - sire O T; industry – O branches; power – m O properties; profit – pr And past; bottom - d O nyev; cake – t O mouths; port - p O mouths

Remember! Wednesday A – Wed e yes - on Wednesdays A m.

Familiarize yourself with the types of most common spelling errors.

As a result of studying the chapter, the student should:

know

features of Russian accent and pronunciation;
a system of special marks used in spelling dictionaries to indicate pronunciation options;

be able to

determine the reasons for the appearance of variants of stress in words, as well as the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations;
identify cases of erroneous pronunciation of words and offer replacements in accordance with the norms of the literary language;

own

norms of literary pronunciation;
skills in analyzing options for placing stress in words and pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations using dictionaries and reference books on speech culture.

Orthoepic norms

Orthoepic norms and deviations from literary pronunciation norms

Orthoepia (from ancient Greek. oithos - straight, correct and epos - speech) establishes rules for the uniform pronunciation of words. Orthoepy fixes the norms of pronunciation of sounds, combinations of sounds in certain phonetic positions. Orthoepic norms are rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in words.

Orthoepic norms include two types of pronunciation norms: accentological norms (norms for placing stress (with a broad understanding of the term - the pronunciation of a stressed sound refers to orthoepy)) and actually spelling standards (norms for pronunciation of individual sounds).

Due to the fact that orthoepic norms regulate the rules of use linguistic units literary language, they are also called literary pronunciation norms. Norms for the pronunciation of sounds develop simultaneously with the formation of the national language.

Historical background

Russian literary pronunciation developed under the influence of historical factors. In the 17th century, during the period when Moscow became the center of the Russian state, the unifier of Russian lands, a cultural center, many features of the Moscow dialect were perceived as exemplary and were actively adopted (the Moscow dialect was formed on the basis of northern Great Russian dialects under the strong influence of southern Great Russian dialects, i.e. it reflected the features of linguistic variants fixed in different territories). As a result, such features of the Moscow dialect as akanye - pronunciation - became established as an orthoepic norm in the literary language O in an unstressed position as [a |, - the norm of pronunciation of a letter combination chn as [sh] in a number of words, etc.

In the 19th century the historical and cultural situation is changing. St. Petersburg actively determines not only political, economic, social, but also cultural trends. The nature of the pronunciation of sounds began to be strongly influenced by the St. Petersburg dialect, which manifested itself, in particular, in the pronunciation of the letter combination chn like [chn], in pronunciation in borrowed words e after consonants like [e], etc. The speech of St. Petersburg residents of that time was characterized by orthoepic variants, close to the written form of the word, i.e. the word was pronounced close to how it was written: i[sh, h IR - box, |sh'ch]n - cabbage soup, [w]hat.

Many modern norms for pronunciation of endings of adjectives, endings and suffixes of verbs, letter combinations chn etc. appeared under the influence of spelling: modern pronunciation options like long>.go[dya|t, gathered, tapping, felt established themselves instead of historical ones dol|go th, hotsut, collected] With], tap]wat, felt

After the revolution of 1917, due to active social changes and a large influx of population to the capital cities, the differences in the speech of Muscovites and St. Petersburg residents began to gradually disappear and by the end of the 20th century. have practically disappeared.

Pronunciation variants, which were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century, reflect some features of both Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation. These pronunciation variations have become established as a national norm.

Deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation are caused by two main reasons. The first is due to the fact that the unified orthoepic norm is influenced by pronunciation features traditional for a certain territory. Even if the orthoepic norms of the literary language are observed, there are some differences in the pronunciation of individual sounds, characteristic of representatives of different regions.

These seemingly insignificant discrepancies lead to the fact that the pronunciation style of the residents of Samara and Arkhangelsk, Rostov-on-Don and Irkutsk, Voronezh and Yekaterinburg has distinctive features. For example, in the south of Russia there will be a noticeable pronunciation on the spot [g| special sound - [y], paired in deafness/voicing with the sound [x|. This sound is characteristic of southern dialects: |y|orod, [y]tin, |y|say, but it will also be found in a less vivid version in the speech of those who generally master the norms of orthoepy. In the north of Russia, Okanye is a stable dialect feature. Okanye in pure form may be lost as a result of mastering literary norms, but in place of the unstressed | about | in speech educated people, living in northern territories, a sound close to fuzzy [e] is often encountered: water - [veda], home - [demoy], Then - [pet|. According to the norms of literary pronunciation, a vague [a] should be pronounced in the indicated positions: [vada], [dama], [patom]. In Moscow, on the contrary, in similar positions in place of the fuzzy |a| a clear, open sound |a| is pronounced, which leads to akan. The speech of the inhabitants of the Ural region is characterized by a kind of “patter”, which arises as a result of rapid speaking, “swallowing” of consonants, and shortening the duration of vowel sounds. It loses the melodiousness characteristic of the literary language and often becomes difficult to understand.

Thus, pronunciation features traditional for a particular territory may varying degrees expressiveness manifest itself in the speech of native speakers of a literary language and in some cases cause violations of orthoepy norms.

The second reason for deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is due to the fact that There is not always a correspondence between the letter and sound form of a word. For example, words are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation it corresponds to the sound [sh|: of course, but, boringly, mo, - or written with a letter G, in place of which it is pronounced [v]: legally va], legally va|; is written resume, de jure, computer, and is pronounced summary [me], [deyure], computer[te]r. Letter G, in particular, can be pronounced as [G]- annual, [To] -forgery, pledge, [in| -legal, lawful, [X] -God, [h] -accountant, bookkeeping, bookkeeping.

IN indefinite form verb in place -tsya According to the literary norm, a long sound is pronounced ts - |zza|:engage - busy tsa],develop - develop[tsa, strive - striving[sha] etc. Under the influence of dialects, they often mistakenly speak as they write - engage], develop], strive [to]. In common parlance, in place of letter combinations - there is , -tsya An erroneous pronunciation often occurs, which is characterized by the absence of a long sound [ts|:I don't like it - don't like it[ tsa] instead of the correct one don't like it. No need to be afraid - battle[ tsa] instead of the correct one battle[ 1 sh]a.

Suffix -xia used in verbs after consonants: laughed, washed his face. After vowels the variant -съ is used: laughed, washed. Other pronunciation - laughed, washed - is colloquial.

There are quite a lot of various inconsistencies between letters and sounds, letter combinations and sound combinations in the Russian language, and it is in these cases that spelling errors often arise: we can often hear incorrect pronunciations of words: boring, trivial, computer, producer at er, buhtalteria, boro]a] etc.

The throat sound [h] - the middle one between the sounds [g] and [x] - is not typical for Russian pronunciation; it can be found in interjections, yeah, wow. This sound can be heard in southern dialects.

Studying pronunciation norms orthoepy. Orthoepy means correct pronunciation. Russian orthoepy is a branch of the science of the Russian language that studies the norms of literary pronunciation. In Russian orthoepy, a distinction is made between “senior” and “younger” norms in the pronunciation of individual sounds, sound combinations, words and their forms. The “senior” norm retains the features of Old Moscow pronunciation. The “younger” norm reflects the features of modern literary pronunciation. The listener tries to perceive the meaning of what is said. Errors in the pronunciation of certain words hurt the ear, distract from the essence of the presentation, and can cause misunderstanding and indignation.

By the way a person speaks, how he puts emphasis, one can determine, for example, his place of birth or residence. There are such dialect features as “akanye” or “okanye”, etc. In any case, the correct pronunciation of words is an indicator of the level of education of the speaker.

Among the pronunciation norms, two of the strongest can also be distinguished. First norm– this is a quantitative and qualitative reduction of vowel sounds in an unstressed position. This norm excludes the so-called okanye, i.e. pronouncing the sound [ O] in an unstressed position. You can’t say [milk?, dear?y, z?loto], etc. You need to say: [melak?, dear?y, z?lta].

Attention should be paid to difficult cases of reduction.

After soft consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable in place of letters a, e, i pronounce the sound [ ie]: watch. This is called "hiccupping". It is found in neutral and colloquial styles. “Ekanye” (pronunciation of the sound [ hey]) characterizes stage speech: V[ hey]nets, t[ hey]new. Pronunciation h[ And]sy- outdated, h[ A]sy– dialectal.

In a few words of foreign language origin, not completely assimilated by the Russian language, in place of the letter O, in contrast to the Russian orthoepic norm, in an unstressed position the weakened [ O], i.e. without reduction: for the sake of [ O]. Too distinct [ O] is perceived as mannered, on the other hand – a distinct pronunciation [ O] in “Russified” book words ( sonata, short story) is also undesirable, as it gives the pronunciation a colloquial connotation.

Causes difficulty in the functioning of the sound [ O], indicated on the letter by the letter e. Letter e proposed to use the Russian historian N.M. Karamzin, simplifying the complex design of a letter that previously existed in the alphabet. However, the letter e Now we can only find it in primers and textbooks for foreigners studying the Russian language. The absence of this letter in books and periodicals leads to incorrect pronunciation of words. You should pay attention to words in which the vowel [ O], designated by the letter e, sometimes mistakenly replaced with percussion [ uh], whitish, maneuvers pronounced as whitish, maneuvers. Sometimes, on the contrary, the drum [ uh] is mistakenly replaced with [ O] e: grenadier, scam pronounced as grenadier, scam. This pronunciation is not normative.

Second strongest pronunciation norm- This is a softening of hard consonants before soft ones and before front vowels.

After the hissing [ and] And [ w] and sound [ ts] unstressed vowel [ A] is pronounced like a short [ A]: jargon, kings, but before soft consonants - like the sound [ ee]: regret, thirty. In rare cases [ ee] is also pronounced before hard consonants: rye, jasmine.

Consonants ts, f, w– hard sounds, after them in place of the letters And pronounced [ s]: revolutionary[ s]i, f[ s]zn, w[ s]ry.

There are also a number of rules that regulate correct use(application), i.e., pronunciation of consonants (most often combinations of consonants). Let's list some of them.

In masculine nouns – edit consonant [ h] is pronounced firmly in all cases, including when softening the final consonant in D.p. and pp.: under capitalism.

Voiced consonants at the absolute end of a word and before voiceless consonants are deafened: shares[ With], pre[ T] acceptance.

Consonant [ G] can be pronounced like [ G] – year, [ To] – enemy, [ ? ] – God(r-fricative), [ X] – God, [ V] – whom.

Sound [ ? ] within the modern literary norm is pronounced in a limited number of words, but the pronunciation [ G]oh my God, a[ G]a, o[ G]o can be considered a variant of the norm.

In the Russian language there is a tendency towards adaptability of the sound appearance of borrowed words from e after a hard consonant, many such words have “Russified” and are now pronounced with a soft consonant before e: museum, cream, academy, overcoat, plywood, Odessa. But a number of words retain a hard consonant: antenna, business, genetics, detective, test. Variant pronunciation allowed: dean, claim, therapy, terror, track. The hard or soft pronunciation of a consonant is determined in dictionary order.

According to old Moscow standards, the spelling combination chn pronounced like [ shn]. Currently [ shn] is stored in words: of course, boring, scrambled eggs, on purpose, birdhouse, trifling and in female patronymics on – ichna: Fominichna, Kuzminichna. In a number of words, double pronunciation is allowed: bulo[ chn]naya and boo[ shn]naya, although the latter is becoming obsolete.

According to the “senior” standard, the combination Thu pronounced like [ pcs] in a word What and words derived from it: nothing, something etc. Currently, this rule is maintained for all specified words, except something[ Thu]. In all other words, spelling Thu always pronounced like [ Thu]: mail, dream.

Combination railway in a word rain and its derivatives were pronounced according to the “senior” norm as [ w'f'] (at the end of the word – [ sh’sh’]). Modern pronunciation [ zh'] (at the end of the word – [ pcs’]) is assessed as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the “senior” standard, spelling combinations zzh And LJ(yeast, later) worn out like [ w'f'] – long and soft hissing. Currently on site zzh And LJ pronounced hard hissing [ LJ]. And this pronunciation is assessed as a variant of the literary norm.

According to the rate of speech, complete and incomplete pronunciation styles are distinguished. The full style is characterized by a slow tempo and correct articulation. Sounds are pronounced clearly and clearly, for example: "Hello!" The incomplete style is characterized by fast pace, unclear pronunciation of sounds is allowed, for example: “Hello!” The incomplete style is appropriate for everyday, interpersonal communication.

According to another classification of styles, there are high, neutral and conversational styles. The choice of pronunciation style depends on the appropriateness of its use in a particular situation. IN colloquial speech you can pronounce words "only" like [toko], words "What"[che], etc. Obviously, on public speaking or in official communication, such liberties are unacceptable.

You should also pay attention to the placement of the accent. Stress in Russian is not fixed, it is flexible: in different grammatical forms of the same word, the stress can be different: end - final - finish.

In most cases, it is necessary to refer to the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. R.I. Avanesov, which gives the pronunciation of the word. This is the best way to learn the above norms: before using any word that causes difficulties in practice, you need to look into a spelling dictionary and find out how it (the word) is pronounced.

These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Rus' the entire population who spoke Russian was Okala, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (similar to how this happens today in the dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, d[o] va, p[o] I’m going etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many people from the southern provinces and absorbed features of southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, d[a] va, p[a] I’m coming. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.

To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:

1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

3) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which radio and television announcers, masters should master artistic word;

4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

5) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The complete style is characterized by:

1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards;

2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;

3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress;

4) at a moderate pace;

5) correct speech pauses;

6) neutral intonation.

With an incomplete pronunciation style, the following is observed:

1) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and whole syllables, for example: shchas (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram of tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;

2) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;

3) inconsistent tempo of speech, unwanted pauses.

If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

Some difficult cases of pronunciation of vowels and consonants

Pronunciation of vowel sounds

In the pronunciation of a number of words like scam, guardianship, grenadier, fur, faded etc. Difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e/e in printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors.

List of words with stressed vowel [e]:

af e ra

breve started

being

head

holole ditsa

potted

grenada r

single-, foreign-, single-, tribal (but: multi-, multi-tribal)

hagiography

expired (year); but: drained (blood)

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra

perplexed

guardianship

ose long

produced

List of words with stressed vowel [o]:

bl damn

why lie; iron (additional [zhe])

same forehead

oblivion

manyo vr; manyo loyalty

nothing much

eponymous

tip

named

tenyo ta

lye

In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.

Pronunciation of consonants

According to Old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -chn- was pronounced as [shn] in the words bulo cheap, deliberate, cheap, trifling, creamy, apple etc. Currently, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, egg, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, girlish. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -chn- is pronounced [ch’n]: igrushe chalky, creamy, apple, snack, glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the letter combination -chn- has always been pronounced and is pronounced as [ch’n] in words of book origin, for example: al eternal, eternity, carefree, as well as in words that recently appeared in the Russian language: otli chn ik, camouflage etc.

The pronunciation [shn] today is preserved in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinichna etc.

The letter combination -ch- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced as [pcs]: [pcs] about, something [pcs] about, [pcs] something, not [pcs] about. The word something sounds [ch’t].

Combinations of the letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound [zh’zh’] in accordance with the Old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh’] and, dro [zh’zh’] and, later - by [zh’zh’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh’] in such words is being replaced by hard [zhzh]: in [zhzh] and, dro [zhzh] and, later - by [zhzh] e etc. Soft long [zh’zh’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.

In the pronunciation of the word rain, the predominant variant is before [pcs’] with persisting but becoming obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian the sound combination [zh’] has been fixed: before [zh’] I, before [zh’] and.

Pronunciation of borrowed words

In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka[d’e] miya.

Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words that have been fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, shine el etc.

Remember the pronunciation of the following words!

List of words with soft consonants before E (aka [d'e] mia, [b'er'e] t etc.):

ah re ssion

Academy Miya

disinfection

de pressia

de kan [d "e] and [de]

de fis

competence

congress ss

museum

Ode ssa

pathe nt

pressa

pre ssing

progress ss

se yf

service

se ssia [s"e] and [se]

those rmin

federal

the bus

express ss

jurisprudence

List of words with firmly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism etc.):

A de quatny

antise bird

ate ism

business s, business change n

sandwich

degradation

de qualification

décolleté

de cor

de mping

dete rminism

dispensary

indexation

computer

conse nsus

mene jer (additional [m "ene])

nonce nose

desk

pretentious

producer r

protection

rating

requiem

stre ss

those zis

those ICBMs

those mp

trend

thermos

extrase ns

energy

P.S. In borrowed words starting with the prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of complex words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard din are observed:

devaluation [d"e and de]

disinformation [d"e and de]

neocolonialism [neo and additional. n"eo]

IN foreign-language proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: De Cartes, Flouber, "De Cameron", Rembrandt etc.

Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute [shu], brochure [shu]. In the word jury it is pronounced soft hissing [w"]. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced softly.