Properties of linen and cotton fabrics. Obtaining fabrics from plant fibers laboratory work: studying the properties of cotton and linen fabrics

New varieties of textiles appear faster than consumers can remember their names. But natural materials, the history of which goes back centuries, always remain in demand and are considered an indicator of good taste and careful attitude to your health. Linen fabrics are one of them. Despite the fact that flax crops throughout the world are growing in volume every year, they are considered elite and cost a lot. The reason for their popularity lies not only in the environmental purity of flax fibers, but also in the unique biological properties and high performance characteristics.

History of origin

The first mentions of linen fabrics with a smooth surface and matte sheen can be found already in the Bible, and their oldest examples, woven in the 8th–3rd centuries. BC BC, were discovered during archaeological excavations in Switzerland. Today these valuable rarities are kept in many museums around the world. Drawings on ancient frescoes and ancient Greek amphorae tell us how flax was grown in those days, fibers were obtained from it, and fabric was woven.

With the help of primitive technologies, people at that time managed to obtain almost transparent, but very durable canvases. Such fine linen fabric was worth its weight in gold. In Asia, Sumer, and Persia, royalty wore linen clothes. In Egypt, mummies of pharaohs were wrapped in flax bandages. In Greece and Rome, linen clothes were worn mainly by noble women.

We love and honor, flax was also in Rus'. Here not only clothes were made from it, but also fishing nets, sails, ropes, snares for catching animals and birds. And thanks to the appearance of linen fabric made from thick yarn - canvas, many masterpieces of world painting have reached us.

And today flax gives us oil, clothes, bed linen, tablecloths and curtains, strong threads from which the finest lace is woven. All products made from it are characterized by excellent hygienic qualities, environmental friendliness, wear resistance, durability and, despite the considerable price, are always in high demand.

Durable fine linen fabrics in countries Ancient world often replaced money. It is interesting that in Rus' this tradition was practiced until the middle of the 19th century.

Characteristics

Linen is often confused with its main competitor, cotton, which is completely wrong. This is absolutely different plants and the fibers obtained from them naturally also have different properties. Linen yarn consists of bast (fibrous) fibers, pointed at the ends, with a length of 4 cm. Its strength is very high and can reach 70 cN/tex (the system of units in which the strength of threads is measured). For example, the strength of cotton is more than two times lower - up to 28 cN/tex.

The high strength of flax is used in the USA when printing money - up to 25% of it is added to dollars.

Flax is also much more hygroscopic, so it absorbs and releases moisture much better. The heat resistance of these two materials is also different - if for cotton it is 120-130 °C, then for linen it is 160-170 °C. Linen gives a feeling of coolness even in hot weather, and retains warmth in cold weather.

Like cotton linen fabrics, they are resistant to any organic solvents and alkalis. However, if the former are easy to dye, then the latter, due to the presence of a large number of impurities and fatty waxy substances, are much more difficult to dye and bleach.

Fabrics obtained from flax grown in different regions differ slightly in the degree of stiffness. They contain up to 80% cellulose and up to 5% lignin. It is this substance that gives the future canvas rigidity. The highest quality is considered to be light gray fiber with a minimum of its content.

Manufacturing technology

Growing flax is not easy. He feels comfortable only in conditions moderate temperature, good lighting, long daylight hours and sufficient humidity. Not only the quantity, but also the quality of the crop decreases when repeated sowing on the same field, so only a 5-7-field crop rotation is used for it. The technology for manufacturing flax fibers is also more complex than processing cotton, which is why their cost is higher.

Due to these factors, unfortunately, flax is considered an unprofitable crop and there are few farms in our country interested in growing it.

In nature, there are about 100 species of plants of the flax family, but linen fabric is made from only one variety - this is spinning flax, called fiber flax. The technology for producing fabric from it, which has been developed for centuries, has remained almost unchanged, the only difference is that it has become automated.

Unlike growing flax, the process of making fibers from it, and then fabric, is not so much complicated as it is labor-intensive. Here are just its main stages:

  1. Plants are collected and processed into straw using combines;
  2. Then, the straw is spread on the field for 2-3 weeks so that it is saturated with dew, and the fibrous part (trust) can be separated from it;
  3. The straw soaked in dew is collected, dried, crushed and pulled, dividing into fibers into trusta and kostritsa (hard inner part);
  4. The trust is combed out and a ribbon is formed from it, and from the ribbon a loosely twisted thin thread is obtained, called a roving;
  5. Fabric is woven from roving using the plain weaving method;
  6. Finished canvases are bleached and dyed in various colors or left undyed.

Fiber flax is also valuable because the raw materials obtained from it are waste-free: textiles are obtained from combed flax high quality, from the remaining tow, coarse linen fabric (burlap and matting) is obtained, from which bags are sewn; the remaining waste is used in construction and furniture production.

Today, almost all types of linen fabric are made by machine, but among fans of ethnic style, homespun linens made by hand by folk craftsmen are especially valued.

Types of linen fabrics

The type, density and area of ​​application of linen fabrics largely depend on the type of thread weave used in the production process. It happens:

  • linen;
  • jacquard;
  • twill;
  • patterned (small and large);
  • openwork.

All types of weaving are used to produce both 100% linen and mixed fabrics with the addition of cotton, silk, wool, lavsan or polyester fibers.

In turn, depending on the method of weaving, the thickness of the yarn, and the width of the fabrics, linen fabrics are divided into:

  • canteens;
  • towels;
  • costumes and dresses;
  • linen;
  • sheets;
  • embroidery;
  • terraced;
  • decorative;
  • lace.

Technical flax (embroidery and terrace) is not bleached, and it is characterized by a color natural to flax fibers. All other varieties can be either unbleached (clothes made from such fabric are in fashion today), or partially or completely bleached or dyed - plain or printed.

High-quality 100% linen textiles made abroad in Belgium, Italy and Ireland are considered elite and are expensive. Domestic flax is inferior in quality, but is much cheaper and more accessible. The most budget-friendly is blended flax with the addition of synthetic fibers. At the same time, it is very difficult to externally distinguish it from its natural analogue. If we talk about inexpensive and completely natural varieties, then this is semi-linen (linen with the addition of cotton). At very affordable price, this smooth, dense linen fabric is pleasant to look at and, what is especially valuable, is easy to dye.

Pros and cons of linen fabrics

The advantages of linen textiles have been tested not even for centuries, but for millennia. We list only the main ones:

  • Clothing and home textiles made from linen look great, are pleasant to the touch, easily withstand numerous washes, do not turn yellow over time, do not wear out and for many years retain their original presentable appearance.
  • Numerous micropores characteristic of linen fabrics make them “breathable” - air circulates freely through them. Thanks to this property, they perfectly retain heat in cold weather and coolness in hot weather.
  • Linen materials do not irritate the skin and do not cause allergic reactions and products made from it can be safely used by asthmatics and allergy sufferers.
  • Flax is a natural antistatic. It is absolutely not electrified, which is why less dirt sticks to products made from it, and they remain clean for a long time.
  • Even thick linen does not mold. This textile is able to inhibit most pathogenic fungi, bacteria, does not stick to the body, perfectly absorbs moisture and easily releases it to the surrounding air. In clothes made from it, even in hot weather, the smell of sweat will be felt much less.

The disadvantages of flax compared to its advantages are few and relative:

  • Linen wrinkles quickly and can be difficult to smooth out. But the “bruising” of such textiles has become a fashionable highlight today. It is perceived positively by most consumers, as it clearly demonstrates the natural origin and high cost of the fabric.
  • Some rigidity, compared to other types of natural fabrics, is also increasingly valued by designers as an advantage. It allows you to show your imagination and create products with clearly defined shapes.
  • The only significant drawback of linen fabrics is high fraying. When working with it, you have to pay special attention to the processing of seams.

Where is it used?

World-famous designers devote entire collections to this fabric. Dresses and shirts, blouses and skirts, linen bags go perfectly with jeans, wool, knitwear, silk or chiffon and, of course, cotton. Shoe uppers and lining fabric are also made from flax.

IN pure form, almost without impurities, linen is used mainly for making tablecloths. He is also considered one of best options for sewing bed linen. True, in this case, to obtain a softer fabric, it is mixed with cotton.

Linen curtains are always popular. Contrary to popular belief, they fit perfectly into any residential and office interior, not just kitchen interiors. They are especially good because they can withstand the effects sun rays and endure many washes.

Eco-friendly flax is used for wall upholstery. Its neutral colors serve as the perfect backdrop for other furnishings. It is also used for upholstering panels of beds, sofas, chairs, making furniture covers, lampshades and all kinds of accessories.

Linen fabric is subject to shrinkage, so you should not buy clothes made from it back to back - you need to take things a little larger size. This should also be taken into account when sewing bed linen and curtains.

Care of linen products

No matter how strong and durable linen is, when caring for it, follow a few simple rules:

  • Undyed and bleached items can be washed at high temperatures up to 90 ° C, and if necessary, boiled.
  • The maximum washing temperature for dyed linen is 60 °C.
  • It is better not to use bleaching products. Under the influence of aggressive oxidizing agents, the pigments of flax fibers can change.
  • Dry linen fabrics and products made from them in a straightened form, avoiding additional creasing.
  • Ironing should be done when the fabric is still slightly damp or using the steam function.
  • Store linen clothing and home textiles in bags made of cotton fabric or paper. To prevent them from becoming saturated with foreign odors, they are periodically taken out and ventilated.

[Rated: 3 Average rating: 5]

Goals:

  • systematize and supplement students’ knowledge about natural fibers of plant origin;
  • teach to distinguish fibers by their composition;
  • cultivate aesthetic taste and attentiveness;
  • strengthen interdisciplinary connections (literature, history, botany, geography, music);
  • instill neatness skills.

Tasks:

  • Educational– broaden the horizons of students; introduce the production and structure of cotton and linen fabrics; introduce the history of fabric production.
  • Developmental– develop thinking abilities, the ability to compare and draw conclusions.
  • Educational– promote the development of interest in the subject.
  • Practical– teach to identify the type of fabric by its characteristics.

Teaching methods: conversation, story (accompanied by presentation), visual and illustrative, generalization and consolidation of acquired knowledge; independent (practical work), observation, independent work of students.

Object of labor: cotton and linen fibers, cotton and linen fabrics.

Equipment and materials: collections of obtaining cotton and linen fabrics, fabric samples, projector, screen, needle, glue, scissors, magnifying glass, report form, task cards with practical work, crossword puzzle.

Lesson type: Combined.

Forms of work: Frontal, group.

Lesson progress

1. Lesson organization. Checking students' readiness for the lesson. Mark those who are absent.

Topic: “Classification of textile fibers. Brief information about cotton and linen. Properties of cotton and linen fabrics.” Slide No. 1

2. Studying new material.

How do you think? What is the name of the science of materials in any field of production?

(Hint on the board. Materials Science.)

Sewing materials science is a science that studies the structure and properties of materials used for the manufacture of garments. Slide No. 2

Fiber is thin, flexible, strong threads, the length of which is several times greater than their transverse size. Slide No. 3

Textile fibers - fibers that are used to make yarn, threads, fabrics and other textile products are classified into two groups: natural and chemical. Let's take a closer look at them.

The guys write down the table “Classification of textile fibers” in a notebook. Slide No. 4

In 5th grade we will become familiar with natural fibers. plant origin and fabrics made from them.

Plant fibers are divided into two groups: bast (produced from plant stems) and seed fibers. Slide No. 5

From ancient times to late XIX century, the only raw material for producing textile materials was natural fibers from wild plants. The fibers were produced from plant stems and were called bast. In many literary works confirmation of this fact can be found. Let's remember...

Let's play and guess... Slide No. 6

1. In what story did the girl save her brothers from the evil spell of the sorcerer with the help of a chain mail shirt made of plant material?

2. What is the name of this material?

3. Which group of plant fibers does it belong to? ?

Yes, that's right - nettle.

What kind of plant is this? Let's find out a little more about him. Slide No. 7

Nowadays, it is difficult to believe that such a common weed as nettle was used as a spinning plant in the distant past. Moreover, nettle fiber was used to make not only high-quality clothing for a variety of purposes, but also durable sails for fishing boats.

Nettle fibers were made from fibers that are not afraid of moisture and sunlight ropes and ropes, and also wove fishing nets that had served well for decades.

There is another plant in our area that grows in wastelands and burnt areas - narrow-leaved fireweed, popularly called fireweed. Slide No. 8

Quite often they use another fibrous plant that grows in wastelands and burnt areas - narrow-leaved fireweed, popularly called fireweed. Carefully remove the skin from fireweed stems harvested in the fall, separate it into fibers, dry it and put it away for storage. Part of the prepared material is painted black with a decoction of rusty moss collected in the swamp, containing iron oxide. To give the fibers gloss, fish oil is added to the dyeing solution.

In the old days, ropes were made from fireweed fibers, matting, horse harness, burlap and much more were made. People often called the plant wild hemp. This emphasized the similarity of its fibers with hemp fibers, cultivated in our country since the 9th century, called hemp. Slide No. 9

Indeed, in our time, hemp is indispensable in the manufacture of marine ropes, canvas, tarpaulins, and fire hoses. But due to the narcotic substances contained in the plant, hemp fell into disgrace. In our country, hemp was grown on an industrial scale; at VDNKh there is even a composition of the fountain “Friendship of Peoples”, which represents 16 figures of girls standing in a circle, symbolizing the republics of the USSR. In the center is a golden sheaf of wheat, sunflower and hemp. Our country is rich in these cultures. Slide No. 10

In this lesson we will study two types of plants that are most often used to make clothing. Guess what kind of plant it is? Slide No. 11

Blue eye, golden stalk,
Modest in appearance, all over world famous,
She feeds, clothes and decorates the house.

Student's speech: The message is flax. Slide No. 12

Flax is an annual herbaceous plant that produces the fiber of the same name. There are three types of flax: long-lasting flax, curly flax, and mezheumok flax. Fiber flax is grown to obtain fibers. Its stem is straight, up to 1 meter high and 3-5 mm in diameter. Being the strongest plant fiber, flax is used to make awnings, tablecloths, bed linen and clothing. This long, silky fiber is often bleached to white, since linen is difficult to dye. High-quality flax has a smooth and shiny structure and fibers up to 60 cm long. Linen tow is a short, ragged fiber that is often mixed with other fibers. Flaxseed oil is also obtained from flax seeds.

Watch the clip: Ensemble “Guest” - FLAX Slide No. 13

Sequence of flax processing: Slide No. 14

  1. Flax harvesting and threshing.
  2. Soaking.
  3. Drying.
  4. Washing, scrubbing.
  5. Carding.
  6. Receiving sliver and roving.
  7. Spinning.
  8. Weaving.
  9. Finishing.

Properties of flax: Slide No. 15

  • color of flax fibers, from light gray to dark gray;
  • linen has a characteristic shine, as its fibers
  • have a smooth surface;
  • the threads are not uniform in thickness;
  • type of thread break in the form of a tassel;
  • linen tolerates greater heat from the iron;
  • flax fibers are always cool and hard to the touch;
  • flax has high hygroscopicity;
  • flax burns with a bright yellow flame, forming gray ash;
  • During combustion, the smell of burnt paper is felt.

Advantages and disadvantages of linen fabrics: Slide No. 16

Physical education minute: During the lesson it is very important that the children do not get tired, so we conduct physical education. One girl goes to the center to demonstrate exercises, and the rest are in their seats. Fizkultminutka from the site infourok.ru Slide No. 17

It's time to learn about the second type of plant, which is indispensable in textile production. Let's try to guess what it's called? Slide No. 18

In a high palace
Small caskets.
Who opens them?
White gold is mined... (That's right, cotton).

Cotton is the fiber that covers the seeds of the cotton plant. That is why it is called seed fiber. Let's find out: where does cotton come from? Slide No. 19

Cotton is the fluffy fiber that envelops the cotton seed. There are many types of cotton fiber: smooth, shiny, hard, rough and soft - they all have different shades of color: from pure white to dark green and bluish. Cotton was found in both Asia and America and has been cultivated since time immemorial. Due to the wide variety of types of cotton, it can be made into any thread. When spun by hand, it makes a wonderful yarn for knitting and weaving. It can be soft enough for children's clothing and durable enough for household purposes. In addition, cotton is a good absorbent and is very pleasant to wear in hot weather.

Cotton growing process:

Cotton plants like warm, dry climates, but require a lot of moisture for their roots. Therefore, it is grown in the Central Asian republics on irrigated fields, as well as in Kazakhstan. Slide No. 20-24

Sequence of cotton processing: Slide No. 25

  1. Raw cotton collection.
  2. Drying.
  3. Cleaning from impurities.
  4. Combing.
  5. Making cotton ribbon.
  6. Making rovings.
  7. Spinning.
  8. Weaving.
  9. Finishing production.

Cotton properties: Slide No. 26

  • cotton color white or cream;
  • cotton fibers have no shine;
  • the surface of the cotton fabric is rough;
  • the thread in the fabric is uniform in thickness and fluffy;
  • thread breakage in the form of fleece;
  • the fibers are soft and warm to the touch;
  • under the influence of sunlight, cotton gradually loses its strength;
  • cotton fibers burn with a bright yellow flame, forming gray ash;
  • during combustion, the smell of burnt paper is felt;
  • cotton is highly hygroscopic (quickly absorbs moisture and dries quickly);
  • cotton is widely used in the production of fabrics, knitwear, sewing threads etc.

Advantages and disadvantages of cotton fabrics: Slide No. 27

“+”
  • excellent hygienic properties (absorbs moisture well, breathable, pleasant to the touch);
  • high strength;
  • sufficient resistance to stretching and bending;
  • resistance to repeated washing and ironing;
  • the fabric spreads well, does not move and is easy to cut;
  • low shedding of sections;
  • slight movement at seams.
 “-”
  • does not have dimensional stability;
  • abrasion resistance is less than that of synthetic fabrics;
  • practically does not heat. The thermal insulation properties of cotton fabric can be increased by brushing (for example, a flannel);
  • high creasing;
  • gives greater shrinkage when shearing;
  • special processing (refinement) makes cotton less wrinkled and non-shrinkable.

3. Execution practical work: “Introduction to natural fibers of plant origin. Slide number 28, Appendix No. 1

Practical work: “Identification of cotton and linen fabric.” Slide No. 29

For students who quickly completed the practical work, a crossword puzzle is given. Appendix No. 2

4. Homework . Draw up collections of cotton and linen fabrics on A4 format and sign their names.

5. Summing up the lesson (reflection). Slide No. 30

Yes No Question
1. For cotton fabrics, are plant stems the raw material?
2. Is cotton grown in countries with cold climates?
3. Are cotton fabrics used to make summer clothes?
4. Are the flax fibers soft and warm to the touch?
5. Fiber is thin, flexible, strong threads, the length of which is several times greater than their transverse size.
6. Fibers of plant origin, burn with a bright yellow flame, forming gray ash?
7. Does linen fabric have a shiny surface?
8. Is thread breakage in the form of a tassel typical for cotton thread?
9. “Kudryash” is a type of flax?

Riddles: Slide No. 31

A grade is given for the work in the lesson: the correctness of the practical work, the accuracy of the design of the table and collection of fabrics, and the students’ oral answers are assessed.

M-3 OBTAINING FABRICS FROM FIBERS OF PLANT ORIGIN

LABORATORY WORK: STUDYING THE PROPERTIES OF COTTON AND

LINEN FABRICS.

Visual aids and equipment:

Input control test No. 2 visual aid“primary processing of cotton” visual aid “primary processing of flax” sample design of laboratory work laboratory box test of final control No. 3 information block “fibers of plant origin”, “fabric properties”.

The lesson motto on the board: “Like the fiber, so is the linen”

Purpose: preparing students for work in class

Attendance control

Checking the availability of workwear

Preparation of duty stations

As a result of work in the lesson, students should

Know: the origin of cotton and flax fibers; stages of primary processing of cotton and

flax; properties, signs of identification of fibers of plant origin.

Be able to: compare and analyze the properties of cotton and flax fibers, write a summary,

complete laboratory work.

Goal: to update students’ knowledge of materials science

a. input control test 2

3) the teacher distributes tests, controls the independence of completing tasks.

4) students complete test tasks (you can use notes), exchange

answer – one point).

Goal: perception, comprehension of initial knowledge about fibers of plant origin.

1) The teacher's word. Cotton is one of the oldest spinning plants. The first mentions of cotton can be found in manuscripts dating back to the 15th century. BC e. In Europe they learned about cotton much later and about its origin for a long time The most fantastic stories were circulating. It was even believed that there were “cotton sheep” that produced cotton wool. This was also believed at the end of the 17th century, when a book was published describing the cotton plant - a vegetable lamb. India is the birthplace of cotton growing.

Flax was known in Assyria and Babylonia, from where it spread to Egypt. The natural conditions of the Nile Valley contributed to the cultivation of flax in Egypt. The skill of weavers in this country has reached incredible perfection. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus mentions how the Egyptian king Amasis brought linen fabric as a gift to Athena of Rhodes, each thread of which consisted of 360 finest threads. This fabric was literally worth its weight in gold. In the Egyptian burials of the pharaohs, many linen fabrics of excellent manufacture were discovered. A stone bas-relief depicting a primitive horizontal loom without a shuttle was also found there. The burial of Beni-Hassan schematically shows the processes of processing flax and making linen. Egyptian priests wore clothes only made of linen. It was considered a symbol of purity, light, and fidelity. In Rus', flax has long been the subject of national craft and trade. Along with furs, lard, honey, and wax, products made from it were sold at auction and sold abroad. People have a belief: if a person is tired on the road or during hard work, he needs to put on linen underwear, and his strength will be restored and his mood will improve.

Flax is an amazing plant, it has no waste: everything goes into use. Oil is produced from flaxseeds; from coarse flax fiber - tow - they make rope, twine, paths; Wax is obtained from the remains of integumentary tissue. The chaff and cakes remaining after pressing the seeds are valuable, nutritious feed for livestock...

Linen is a world record holder: it has the longest bast fiber. But flax fibers are much more difficult to extract than cotton fibers, since they are hidden in the stem itself. Flax fibers and the shell are glued together with a pectin substance, so it is quite difficult to separate the fiber from the flax straw. It is because of this that the primary processing of flax is much more difficult, and costs approximately twice as much as processing cotton.

2) work with the information block “plant fibers”

3) Teacher's task. Find answers to the questions in the text of the information block:

What is the primary processing of cotton?

What type of flax is used to produce linen fabrics?

Why are flax fibers called bast fibers, and cotton fibers called seed fibers?

Monitors answers and organizes student activities.

4) Students work with the text, find answers to questions, and make short notes in their notebooks.

Purpose: to study the properties of cotton and flax fibers.

1) information block “fibers of plant origin”, envelopes with samples of cotton and flax fibers are distributed to the tables.

2) The teacher's word. What does the proverb that became the motto of the lesson say? The properties of fabrics depend on the properties of the fiber from which they are made.

3) “Study of cotton and flax fibers” under the guidance of a teacher.

Draw a table of practical work in your workbook. Analyze the information block data, compare samples of cotton and flax fibers, answer the questions:

Fiber color and shine;

Fiber length;

Crimp and fineness of fibers;

Fiber strength in comparison;

Fiber stiffness;

Fill in the characteristics of cotton and linen fabrics yourself.

5) Students perform laboratory and practical work “Study of cotton and flax fibers,” work with the text, find answers to questions, and fill out a table in a notebook. Then compare the results with the sample:

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

PROPERTIES OF COTTON AND LINEN FIBERS

Goal: get initial knowledge about the properties of fabrics.

1) Block of independent cognitive activity of students “Properties of tissues”.

2) The teacher's word. For the correct and rational use of sewing materials, it is necessary to know what properties they have and to be able to determine these properties. All properties of fabrics can be divided into physical-mechanical, hygienic and technological:

* physical and mechanical properties are determined depending on how the material reacts to the action of various external forces. Under the influence of these forces, the material is deformed: its dimensions and shape change (strength, wrinkleability, rigidity, drapability),

* hygienic properties are properties aimed at preserving human health. (hygroscopicity, breathability, heat-shielding properties),

* technological properties are the properties that the fabric exhibits during the manufacturing process of the product (fraying, shrinkage, sliding).

Strength fabrics can be determined by removing one single thread from each sample, breaking it and comparing their strength. Knowledge of this property is used when selecting fabric for a product and its purpose.

creasing tissue can be determined by crumpling each sample in your hand and holding it for 30 seconds, and then straightening it. This property influences the choice of product style - it is better to sew products of a simple style from highly wrinkleable fabric, without complex finishing.

Rigidity(softness) of a fabric is the ability of a fabric to resist changes in shape. Rigid fabrics do not drape well, are easy to cut, and do not warp when sewing.

Hygroscopicity

Breathability

Shatterability You can recognize the threads from the sections of fabric in the samples if you try to remove several threads together from the sample using a needle. The fabric from which it is separated more threads, has greater shedding. High shedding of threads makes processing of products difficult.

Shrinkage

Your task: to get acquainted with the properties of fabrics and make their classification.

3) students listen to the teacher’s explanations, work with the independent cognitive activity, write down basic concepts in a notebook.

Purpose: to check the degree of knowledge acquisition.

2) intermediate control test “Vegetable fibers”

3) the teacher distributes tests, monitors the independent completion of test tasks (it is allowed to use notes)

4) perform test tasks, exercise self-control, mutual control.

Purpose: summing up, analyzing the work in the lesson

Analysis of typical errors, ways to correct them.

Filling out the rating scale, self-assessment.

Giving grades for each student.

Cleaning workplaces

Homework orientation.

M-3 FIBERS OF PLANT ORIGIN, THEIR PROPERTIES.

Laboratory work: “Study of cotton and flax fibers”

know: fibers of plant origin, the process of obtaining cotton and flax fibers, their properties and characteristic features.

be able to: recognize cotton and flax fibers, complete laboratory work, compare indicators, analyze results, and draw conclusions.

Target: remember the knowledge necessary to study a new topic.

Listen to the teacher’s instructions and the conditions for completing the test task.

perform input control test No. 2

exchange tests, perform mutual testing.

Target: get acquainted with the process of obtaining plant fibers, the origin of cotton and flax fibers.

1. listen to the teacher’s explanations.

2. read the text of the information block “Plant fibers”

3. answer the questions:

What part of the plant does cotton fiber come from?

What part of the plant does flax fiber come from?

What is the primary processing of cotton?

What type of flax is used to produce linen fabrics?

Why are flax fibers called bast fibers, and cotton fibers called seed fibers?

Target: study the properties of cotton and flax fibers.

2. Find in the text of the information block “Vegetable fibers” the properties of cotton and flax fibers.

3. carefully consider the proposed samples of cotton and flax fibers,

4. complete the steps described in the laboratory work, points 1-6.

Target: study the characteristics of identifying cotton and linen fabrics.

1. listen to the teacher’s explanation of

performing practical work.

2. carefully examine samples of cotton and linen fabrics,

3. complete the tasks of laboratory and practical work, paragraphs 7-9, fill out the table.

Target: get acquainted with the properties required of fabrics.

2. read the text of the block of independent cognitive activity “Properties of tissues”

3. draw up a scheme for classifying the properties of fabrics.

Target: check the degree of knowledge acquisition on the topic of the lesson.

1. Complete the “Plant fiber” test task

Target

3. do overall rating lesson:

How was the goal of the lesson achieved? (on your own, with the help of classmates, with the help of a teacher)

Where can the acquired knowledge be used?

Causes of errors when completing tasks (inattention, lack of knowledge, the meaning of the task or question is unclear)

4. fill out the rating table if you scored

up to 27 points score – 9, up to 24 points score – 8,

up to 21 points score 7, up to 18 points score 6,

up to 15 points an additional lesson is required,

5. give a grade for the lesson

6. cleaning workplaces

Listen to the teacher's story and answer the questions orally.

Check that the table with the teacher's sample is filled out correctly

Mutual control.

Write down the basic concepts in your workbook.

Summary table of ratings


INFORMATION BLOCK

Fibers of plant origin.

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IN various countries exists large number plants from which bast fibers are obtained - flax, hemp, jute, nettle, rope, kendyr, ramie, kenaf, etc. The fibers of these plants are hard and coarse. They are used to make ropes, ropes, burlap, cheap upholstery fabrics, canvas, and sailcloth. For example, hemp fiber (hemp) is similar to flax fiber, both in color and in other characteristics. However, it is not so soft, so it is used to make canvas, twine, and burlap.

2. The thinnest, softest and most flexible among them are fibers flax. There are three main varieties of this plant: long-lasting flax, mezheumok flax, and curly flax. The most long fibers obtained from fiber flax (80-100cm) - it is a high-quality, durable fiber. Curly flax is cultivated primarily to obtain valuable linseed oil, used in the paint and varnish industry.

Ripe flax stems are pulled out of the ground along with the roots to preserve the length of the fiber. This process is called tugging. Flax stems are freed from seeds on flax threshing machines, and straw is obtained. The straw is soaked in ponds or special pools, it turns out trust. Part of the flax stem is the bast, which is located under the bark (brome). It contains bast fibers in the form of thin bundles. The soaked stems are dried and mechanically processed. They are crushed and crushed to separate the fiber from the wood of the stem and other impurities.

The color of the fibers ranges from light gray to dark. Linen has a characteristic shine because the fibers have a smooth surface. Flax contains 80% cellulose and 20% impurities. These are fatty, waxy, mineral substances, lignin - a product of cell lignification. Lignin gives fibers rigidity. The length of the fibers used in spinning is 35-90cm. The tensile strength of flax fibers is superior to that of cotton. Hygroscopicity of flax at normal conditions 12%. Linen quickly absorbs and releases moisture.

LABORATORY PRACTICAL WORK

STUDY OF COTTON AND LINEN FIBERS

Logistics: samples of cotton and flax fibers, scraps of cotton and linen fabric, scissors, PVA glue, sample design of laboratory work.

Work order:

1. Carefully examine the fibers of cotton and linen samples by appearance, comparing the shine and color of the fibers.

2. Analyze the data in the information block, compare the length of the fibers of cotton and flax.

3. Carefully examine the individual fibers and determine the crimp and fineness of the fibers by comparison.

4. Determine the hardness (softness) of the fibers by touch.

5. After analyzing the length and properties of the fibers, draw a conclusion about their strength.

6. Write the results of observations and research in the table.

7. Fill in the signs of cotton and linen fabrics yourself

taking into account the motto of the lesson: “Like the fiber, so is the linen”

8. Check the table data yourself


BLOCK OF INDEPENDENT COGNITIVE ACTIVITY

"FABRIC PROPERTIES"

All properties of fabrics can be divided into physical-mechanical, hygienic and technological:

* physical and mechanical properties determined depending on how the material reacts to the action of various external forces. Under the influence of these forces, the material is deformed: its dimensions and shape change (strength, wrinkleability, rigidity, drapability),

* hygienic properties– these are properties aimed at preserving human health. (hygroscopicity, breathability, heat-shielding properties),

* technological properties– these are the properties that the fabric exhibits during the manufacturing process of the product (fraying, shrinkage, slipping).

Strength fabrics can be determined by removing one single thread from each sample, breaking it and comparing their strength. Knowledge of this property is used when selecting fabric for a product and its purpose. Strength depends mainly on the strength of the fibers and the twist of the yarn.

During wear, some products develop wrinkles and small folds, i.e. the fabric wrinkles. Degree creasing tissue can be determined by crumpling each sample in your hand and holding it for 30 seconds, and then straightening it. The creaseability of fabrics depends on the properties of the fibers, as well as the structure of the yarn and fabric. This property influences the choice of product style - it is better to sew products of a simple style from highly wrinkleable fabric, without complex finishing.

Rigidity tissue is the ability of a fabric to resist changes in shape. Rigid fabrics do not drape well, are easy to cut, and do not warp when sewing.

Softness fabric - its ability to easily change its shape and form soft folds. The fabric is softer if the fiber is thin and the yarn has little twist if the fabric is not dense.

Hygroscopicity– the ability of fabric to absorb moisture from environment. Linen fabrics must be hygroscopic and wet.

Breathability– the ability of the fabric to allow air to pass through and ensure ventilation of products.

Thermal protection – the ability of fabric to retain heat generated by the human body.

Shatterability lies in the fact that the threads are not retained in the fabric along the cut edges and slip out, forming a fringe. Fraying depends on the fiber type, fabric density and finish. Fabrics made from smooth, highly twisted yarn fray more than fluffy and weakly twisted ones. High shedding of threads makes processing of products difficult.

Shrinkage- this is the ability of fabric to decrease in size after soaking, washing or wet-heat treatment.

Assignment: fill out the proposed diagram

Properties of fabrics
Koll href="/text/category/koll/" rel="bookmark">a collection of cotton and linen fabrics, labels with textile care symbols.

The lesson motto on the board: “Where there is learning, there is skill”

Purpose: to prepare students for work in the lesson

Checking student readiness

Preparation of duty stations by training and methodological complex.

Purpose: to identify the topic and goals of the lesson

During the lesson, students should

Know: basic properties of fabrics, positive and negative properties

cotton and linen fabrics, rules for caring for cotton and

linen fabrics;

Be able to: analyze, characterize, systematize properties and characteristics

fabrics, draw your own conclusions.

Students write down the topic and motto of the lesson in their notebook.

Goal: to update students’ knowledge about plant fibers.

2. repetition of the material covered, oral questioning.

3. The teacher asks questions and controls the answers.

Name the production stages of fabric production.

What is the structure of the fabric?

What is a weave?

Name the methods of finishing fabric.

What do the properties of fabrics depend on?

What properties of fabrics are taken into account when making garments?

What properties of fabrics need to be taken into account when using and caring for garments?

4. Students answer questions, control the answers of classmates, clarify, and supplement the answers.

Purpose: to study the basic properties of cotton and linen fabrics

2. work with the information block “Properties of cotton and linen fabrics”

3. The teacher's word. In the last lesson, we got acquainted with plant fibers and fabrics made from them, their distinctive features. We learned what properties fabrics have, how these properties affect the production and use of garments made from these fabrics. Today we will learn more about the properties of cotton and linen fabrics; it will be useful for you to know them distinctive features, rules for caring for them, since they are widely used in the manufacture of table and bed linen.

The teacher organizes work in pairs to study the topic, explains the task, draws

attention to mutual training and mutual control when performing work.

4. study the material of the information block, highlight the main points, compose reference summary.

Goal: learn to carry out experimental research and make analytical conclusions.

1. laboratory and practical work “determining the properties of cotton and linen fabrics”

2. The teacher provides introductory instructions on the sequence and techniques for performing the study of tissue samples, explains the conditions for recording the results obtained, and organizes work in pairs.

3. Students study the instruction card for performing laboratory practical work, carry out experimental research, document the research results in a notebook, and draw conclusions.

Purpose: to gain an understanding of the range of cotton and linen fabrics, the rules for caring for cotton and linen fabrics.

2. work with the information block “Assortment of fabrics”, a collection of cotton and linen fabrics;

3. Teacher’s word: according to their purpose, cotton and linen fabrics are divided into household and technical. Household fabrics include moisture-absorbing ones (towels and handkerchiefs), as well as decorative ones, used for upholstery and making curtains. The teacher points out the variety of fabrics in composition and purpose, introduces the range of cotton and linen fabrics, and helps formulate conclusions about caring for products made from these fabrics:

The same products are used for cleaning and washing cotton and linen fabrics, which is explained by the plant origin of the raw materials, however, the wet-heat treatment of linen fabrics is performed with a hotter iron, since the bast fibers are coarser and more resistant.

4. Students write down the main fabrics and their characteristics in a reference note, compile a collection of fabrics of plant origin, and develop recommendations for the care of products made from cotton and linen fabrics.

Goal: to consolidate and systematize students’ knowledge about tissues of plant origin, their properties and assortment.

2. Final control test “Assortment of fabrics of plant origin”

3. The teacher distributes tests, controls the independence of work.

4. Students complete test tasks, perform mutual control and evaluation of the test task.

Purpose: summing up the lesson and evaluating it

2. reflection, answers to questions:

Which practical significance have the knowledge gained in the lesson?

What was the most interesting part of the job?

What caused the difficulties?

3. analysis of typical errors,

4. filling out the rating scale, marking,

5. homework orientation.

Target curriculum for student activities in the lesson.

M-4 PROPERTIES OF COTTON AND LINEN FABRICS

RANGE OF COTTON AND LINEN FABRICS

TRAINING MATERIAL WITH ASSIGNMENTS

GUIDE TO LEARNING MATERIAL

know: properties of cotton and linen fabrics, weavings used for the production of cotton and linen fabrics, characteristic signs of burning of fabrics of plant origin.

be able to: recognize cotton and linen fabrics, draw up rules for caring for these fabrics, complete laboratory work, compare indicators, analyze results, and draw conclusions.

Target: repeat the knowledge necessary to study a new topic.

1. Select a test option.

2. Perform intermediate control test

3. Check the correctness of the answers, exchange tests, perform mutual testing.

Target: independent verification of data and consolidation of the studied material.

2. read the text of the information block “Properties of cotton and linen fabrics”

3. answer the questions:

What hygienic properties do cotton and linen fabrics have?

What technological properties of cotton and linen fabrics should you pay attention to?

Which fabrics are more durable?

Is creasing of fabrics a positive property?

4. Working with the information block.

Target: study the properties of cotton and linen fabrics.

1. Listen to the teacher’s instructions on how to complete the laboratory work.

2. carefully consider the proposed fabric samples.

3. follow the steps described in the laboratory work “Studying the properties of cotton and linen fabrics.”

4. Exchange opinions on the type of fabric the samples under study belong to.

5. draw a conclusion based on the results of the laboratory work.

Target: get acquainted with the range of cotton and linen fabrics.

1. carefully examine the collection of fabrics, discuss with a friend the characteristics of the fabrics in terms of density, weave of threads, colors, etc.

2. From the proposed scraps of fabric, select samples of cotton and linen fabrics.

3. compose and design a collection of fabrics.

Target: get acquainted with the rules for caring for products made from cotton and linen fabrics.

1. read the text of the information block “Assortment of cotton and linen fabrics”

2. create an algorithm for caring for a product made from the proposed fabric sample.

3. become familiar with textile care symbols.

4. Create a care label for the product.

Target: check the degree of knowledge acquisition in the materials science section.

1. Perform the output control test task.

2. check the answers are correct

3. Check the correctness of the desk neighbor test.

4. Check the correctness of the answers with the control copy.

Target: summing up the lesson, its evaluation.

1. compare the acquired knowledge with the given goal

2. listen to the analysis of the mistakes made

3. fill out the rating table if you scored

up to 45 points score – 9, up to 40 points score – 8,

up to 35 points score 7, up to 30 points score 6,

up to 25 points an additional lesson is required,

4. give a grade for the lesson

5. cleaning workplaces

Write down the topic and motto of the lesson in your workbook.

Read the lesson objectives carefully.

Complete the task in writing workbook. For each correct answer one point.

Answer the questions orally.

Work in pairs. Complete the laboratory work in your workbook.

Pay attention to the design samples of fabric collections.

Work in pairs. Self-control. Mutual control.

Write down the product care symbols in your workbook.

Self-control, mutual control, self-esteem (correct answer – one point).

Be objective when assessing yourself.

Homework is individual.

Summary table of ratings

OPTION 1

Plant fibers include:

A) nylon, lavsan, linen, cotton B) linen, cotton, hemp, jute

B) cotton, silk, jute, wool

2. Cotton fibers are:

A) villi from 40 to 80 mm long

B) villi of medium length and large thickness

B) short villi from 5 to 40 mm long

3. Flax fiber is produced from ... part of the stem of the annual herbaceous plant flax:

A) cereal B) bast C) root

4. Roving differs from yarn in that it contains fibers:

A) not twisted B) twisted C) twisted and wound on a reel

5. Primary processing of raw cotton consists of the following operations:

A) dust removal, pressing, winding

B) separation from seeds, cleaning from small impurities, pressing

C) cleaning of leaves, pressing, dyeing

6. The ability of fabric to absorb moisture from the environment is called:

A) heat protection B) breathability C) hygroscopicity

7. The best varieties of drying oil (oil varnishes) are produced from seeds:

A) hemp; B) cotton; B) flax.

8. To prevent fabric shrinkage:

A) drape B) decorate C) stretch

9. The physical and mechanical properties of fabrics include:

A) elongation, wrinkleability, drape;

B) hygroscopicity, dust holding capacity, electrification;

C) slipping, crumbling, shrinkage.

10. Cotton gray fabric in appearance:

A) matte, rough, with a yellowish tint

B) matte, smooth, grayish

B) shiny, smooth, grayish.

OPTION 2

1. Textile fibers include:

A) wool, linen, jute B) linen, cotton, wool C) kenaf, cotton, linen

2. Flax fibers have a length:

A) from 50 to 70mm B) from 40 to 50mm C) from 15 to 40mm

3. When the fruits (bolls) of cotton ripen, you get:

A) raw cotton B) fiber cotton C) cotton

4. Process fabric production is determined by the following stages:

A) spinning, weaving, weaving B) spinning, weaving, finishing

B) weaving, spinning, bleaching

5. Flax stems after scratching the seed pods:

A) crush, comb, twist B) wet, stretch, dry

C) wet, dry, crumple

6. The ability of fabric to form soft folds is called:

A) flexibility B) wrinkleability C) drapeability

7. In low-density fabrics during wear, the following occurs:

A) shrinkage B) shear of threads C) heat retention

8. Wet strength of cotton:

A) decreases; B) increases; B) no change.

9. What properties should a fabric used for summer clothing have:

A) dust holding capacity; B) breathability; B) water resistance.

10. According to the type of threads, gray cotton fabrics:

A) soft, cold B) uniform, soft

B) uniform, rigid.

LABORATORY PRACTICAL WORK

STUDYING THE PROPERTIES OF COTTON AND LINEN FABRICS

Material and technical equipment of the lesson: scraps of cotton and linen fabrics, PVA glue, scissors.

Work progress:

1. Look at samples of the proposed fabrics and determine the type of fabric by appearance.

2. Take the pieces of fabric by the corner, compare the angle of fall and the shape of the folds. Determine which pattern drapes better.

3. squeeze each sample individually in your hand and determine by touch the degree of warmth (coldness), softness (hardness)

4. Squeeze each sample individually in your hand, place it on the table, straighten it, smooth it with your hand. Assess the degree of creasing.

5. Separate several threads from each sample in different directions, compare the degree of slip, comparing the degree of slip and fraying of the threads. Examine the elongated threads for tensile strength and determine their strength.

6. examine fabric samples in two directions (warp, weft) for tension. Determine which fabrics stretch less.

7. write the research results in a table

8. conclude:

Which piece of cotton fabric from the proposed samples

what piece of linen fabric?

For example: sample No. 1 - linen, sample No. 2 - cotton.

Give reasons for your choice.

How can these properties of fabrics be used practically?

INFORMATION BLOCK

Caring for items made from cotton and linen fabrics

The durability of a product depends not only on the wear resistance of the fabric, but also on the design of the product, the quality of its manufacture, the nature of wear and from proper care behind him. Clean the product in a timely manner, wash it, iron it - this will help the product stay in good condition longer. appearance. Each item has a label that provides information on how to care for this product.

Use the table of textile care symbols.

Products made from cotton and linen fabrics are washed separately from other fabrics. Colored and white linen should not be washed together, as colored linen may fade.

Cotton and linen fabrics wash soap or in solutions of various detergents intended for this purpose, at a solution temperature not exceeding 60 ° C. Before soaking, check the pockets, they should be empty, cleared of debris, the corners clear of accumulated threads, fluff, etc. Wash lightly soiled white items first, then heavily soiled white items, and finally colored items.

Kitchen towels and white bed linen can be washed at 95C0 in a washing machine
. Colored linen - at 60C0, delicate colored linen - up to 40C0. If you need to bleach very washed laundry, you should soak it for a day in a solution containing 2-3 tablespoons of detergent for washing cotton fabrics and the same amount of turpentine per 10 liters of water, or soak the items in water with a temperature of 30-40C0 with the addition of vinegar (1 teaspoon per 1 liter of water). For white fabric, any universal powder is suitable, but for colored fabric, use a mild detergent without bleach.

Products dried, turning it inside out so as not to fade in the sun. Linen can be dried in a clothes dryer, but the linen sometimes shrinks.

Products made from cotton fabrics with an enriched finish should be hung wet to dry, and then, when dry, ironed with the thermostat set to the “wool” position. However, you can set the thermostat to “cotton”, but in this case, pre-moisten the product or use an iron with a humidifier.

If you singe light linen fabric with an iron, you can soak the product overnight in equal amounts of water and sour milk, and the scorch marks will disappear. Iron linen with a very hot iron with a humidifier or through a damp iron.

Clean cotton and linen fabrics with ammonia, acetone and other cleaning agents.

Despite the abundance of all kinds of synthetic and artificial fabrics, interest in products made from natural fibers does not decrease, but on the contrary, it increases. When choosing materials for summer clothes or bed linen, usually only two options are considered - linen and cotton. These fabrics are natural and have similar properties, but there are also differences. What is the difference and which should you prefer?

Both flax and cotton are obtained from plants that have been cultivated since ancient times. Flax is an annual herbaceous plant with blue flowers up to 60cm high; in the south it grows even higher. The stems are used to make long and strong fiber.

Cotton is similar to cotton wool and covers the seed pods of the cotton plant, a branched plant up to 2 meters high. Cotton is grown in Asia, America, and countries temperate climate it doesn't mature.

Linen yarn can be of different thicknesses and strengths. Thin fibers of combed flax are used to make bed linen, towels, and clothing; tarpaulins, fire hoses, and bag fabrics are made from coarse fibers.

Cotton, its international designation Cotton, produces a more delicate and fine fiber from which cotton fabrics and cotton wool are obtained. The fabric may consist only of cotton fibers or contain admixtures of artificial or natural fibers for strength.

What do linen and cotton fabrics have in common?

The main properties are due to their natural origin:

  • Breathability. It is easy to walk in clothes made of linen or cotton summer heat, bed linen made from such fabrics allows air to pass through well, does not cause sweating, and is well suited for both winter and summer.
  • High hygroscopicity. The ability to absorb moisture well is especially valued when used as bed linen, towels and summer clothing.
  • Strength. Both cotton and linen produce durable fibers that produce high-quality fabrics that can withstand heavy loads and last a long time.
  • UV protection. Clothing made from natural fabrics protects well in summer from ultraviolet rays, which is especially important in the south.
  • Not electrified. Natural materials do not accumulate electrostatic charge during use.

These properties of linen and cotton have made them the most popular and in demand in the manufacture of natural fabrics. Summer clothing and bed linen are the main areas where linen and cotton fabrics have no competition.

Linen fabrics, as well as cotton fabrics without treatment, wrinkle easily. They are treated with special substances to increase their wrinkle resistance. In addition, the addition of synthetic fibers increases their strength.

Caring for cotton and linen fabrics is approximately the same. They can be washed and ironed at high temperature.

What is the difference between cotton and linen?

Cotton is inferior to linen in strength, but retains heat better. Cotton clothing allows the body to breathe in the summer, but in winter it is also very comfortable, such underwear is warm. Many cotton fabrics are thinner and softer than linen, making them good for children's clothing.

Cotton absorbs moisture better than linen. Cotton terry towels are always the best choice.

Flax has bacteriological properties - neither fungus nor bacteria can live on it. Linen fabric is considered a natural antiseptic. Our ancestors knew this - wounds healed much faster under flax bandages. In linen clothes, as opposed to cotton, unpleasant odors sweat won't bother you. The reason is due to the antibacterial properties of flax. This smell appears due to bacteria that quickly multiply where there are secretions from the sweat glands.

Flax is considered the most environmentally friendly product. Cotton growing uses a lot of pesticides. Cotton diseases can only be prevented by using chemical treatments. There is conflicting information about how pure the fiber is after processing.

What to choose?

The choice depends on the purpose of the fabric and personal preference. It is important to understand that linen or cotton is only a fiber from which threads are made, and threads are used to make fabrics. There are different types of fabrics. It depends on the thickness, twist, way of weaving these threads, as well as other production technologies. For example, terry cloth can be made from cotton bath towel and a thin sheet, soft baby socks and denim. In the old days, the most delicate cambric was made only from flax; now there are cotton and linen cambric. Most often, linen fabrics are produced with plain weave, but there can also be fabrics with jacquard, openwork, and satin.

If you look at the types of natural fabrics that Ellitex fabric store offers, it becomes clear that the price and quality of the fabric must be taken into account when choosing. Other factors are also important, such as color fastness. And if non-natural fibers (lycra, for example) are added to materials based on flax or cotton, the products become more flexible and stretchy, and wrinkle less. Such additives, as a rule, increase the strength of the fabric, but almost do not deteriorate the original properties of the natural material.

For bedding, it is better to choose purely natural fabric without additives. What clothes are made from is a controversial issue. Either natural, but wrinkled, or with artificial additives and easier to care for. However, fashion is changeable and models often appear on catwalks in outfits that look like they just came out of the washing machine.

Both cotton and linen are always good choice for health and comfort.

Linen fabrics are a high-strength material made from plant fibers. The smooth surface of the fibers explains that they practically do not become dirty and are easy to wash. In addition, the distinctive characteristics of flax are:

  • hygroscopicity, which is successfully used in towels and sheets;
  • thermal conductivity - this has found application in underwear and summer clothes;
  • low elongation allows them to be used in the form of cushioning materials, for example, edging.

But the poor elasticity of linen fabrics is a disadvantage; because of this, they wrinkle a lot. In addition, the disadvantages include:

  • significant shrinkage after washing (therefore, the fabric must be moistened and dried before cutting);
  • severe crumbling on cuts;
  • the need to make efforts to cut the fabric;
  • lack of dimensional stability.

Most often, linen fabrics are produced with the addition of cotton and chemical fibers. The production of semi-linen blended fabrics is due to economic reasons, reducing their cost (flax fiber is expensive and labor-intensive), improving the aesthetic appearance and performance properties. When mixed with cotton yarn, flax improves its appearance, ability to be dyed, and its price decreases.
When viscose fibers are added to the mixture, the appearance of linen fabric and its dyeability improves, linen wrinkles less, the color becomes richer, and its drapability improves.
Dacron fiber is widely used in the manufacture of linen fabrics. In the mixture it is introduced from 33 to 66%. This significantly increases the elastic properties of flax, which means it reduces creasing - the only disadvantage of linen fabrics. IN modern world production of fabrics from a mixture of flax, viscose, and lavsan has been launched. Fabrics obtained from this mixture drape well, are beautifully dyed, they are wear-resistant and wrinkle little.

Classification of fabrics by type of finish

According to the types of finishing, linen fabrics are:

  • harsh - a canvas with a matte surface, formed by threads of a rough structure, with small compactions;
  • boiled - treated with alkaline solutions with the addition of special substances at high temperature. Waxy impurities and fats are removed from the surface of the fabric, which improves the hygroscopicity and appearance of the material;
  • sour. As a result of exposure to a sulfuric acid solution, tissues become softer and acquire a gray tint.
  • Linen fabrics become semi-white and bleached as a result of treatment with alkalis. The fabric becomes white, foreign impurities are removed.
  • Fabrics become plain-dyed after dyeing in the mass.
  • variegated - as a result of weaving yarn different colors and shade;
  • melange - if the weave involves threads of several different colors and shades;
  • Linen fabrics become printed after dyeing the finished fabric.

Classification by purpose of linen fabrics

Linen fabrics can have different widths and degrees of bleaching. They are used in the manufacture of bedding and underwear sets. Here they use mainly semi-linen with the addition of cotton fibers, viscose or lavsan. Fabrics 80-110 cm wide are used for table napkins, small pillowcases, underwear; wide fabrics from 140 to 220 cm are used for bed linen and tablecloths. Linen for table textiles has a jacquard weave with a floral, geometric or thematic pattern. Fabrics with plain weave are used for bed linen, some with jacquard; fabrics for underwear have plain weave and low density.

Linen fabrics for suits and dresses- a constantly evolving group of fabrics. Their range is updated annually by approximately 40%. Suit fabrics have a weave density of 250-290 g/sq.m., fabrics for dresses have a weave density of 250-220 g/sq.m. They are produced mainly in mixtures with cotton, viscose, and chemical fibers. Dresses, blouses, shirts, suits, trousers, jeans, clothing sets for youth and children in recent years The range of these linen products is growing steadily.

Fabrics for furniture and decorative purposes their composition is semi-linen with the addition of cotton, lavsan and viscose. These are curtain and furniture fabrics, fabrics for bedspreads, etc. They are produced in jacquard or finely patterned weave.

Linen for towels presented in fabrics up to 75 cm wide. Crepe, jacquard, terry, satin towels have surface density approximately 200-300 g/sq.m. Canvas for towels can be smooth, jacquard (or damask), or crepe.
Linen fabrics for special purposes have plain weave, can be harsh, variegated, can have colored and harsh stripes, for example:

  • fabrics for plain weave covers, having narrow longitudinal stripes of bleached yarn;
  • mattress fabrics are multi-colored fabrics with longitudinal stripes of semi-white and colored gray yarn, twill or plain weave.;
  • harsh, rough canvases (theater, tent, canvas for painting, etc.), which are made from low-grade yarn;
  • packaging and bagging and fabrics for soft packaging and other technical purposes;

Linen and fabrics mixed with cotton or other fibers are successfully used in knitwear. Created by European and domestic fashion houses, knitwear models are valued by the most sophisticated fashionistas. The most widespread so far has been woolen knitwear, popular in the cool season. The use of linen yarn in knitwear makes it possible to wear knitted outerwear in the summer, even in countries located in warm climate zones.



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