The main goal of the social policy of the welfare state. Theoretical aspects of the study of state social policy

Essence, content and principles of social policy

Definition 1

Social politics– this phenomenon is very extensive and multifaceted. If the goal of social policy is to achieve social efficiency, then in a broad sense, social policy can be considered as a way to satisfy social needs, and in a narrow sense, it is reduced to resolving contradictions in the social sphere, an instrument that mitigates the negative consequences of individual and social inequality.

Social policy is the policy of the state, society, political parties, social institutions in relation to public welfare, meeting the material, social, intellectual needs of people, creating an environment of stability.

At the same time, social policy can be defined both as a tool that allows creating conditions for self-realization of all citizens of the country, preserving its cultural and historical values, and as one of the leading directions of the state development strategy, concept social development. It should be realized that before the state turns to solving certain problems in a specific area of ​​the social sphere, general tasks and prospects for its development must be determined. In other words, social policy is a factor in the development of both the state and society.

Picture 1.

Note 1

The goals of social policy are quite easily derived from the definition of the concept of politics in its narrow sense and are defined as the creation of conditions for better satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of all social groups and as strengthening of social justice of the system of economic, political, legal, moral relations. The main goal of social policy is to improve the level and quality of life of the country's population.

Pursuing the goal of improving the standard of living of the population, social policy covers 4 main sectors of society:

• demography (natural reproduction of the population);
• labor (labor market, employment, training and retraining, personnel, labor conditions and safety, social partnership);
• personal income (salaries, pensions, benefits, etc.);
• social infrastructure (housing, schools, preschool institutions, healthcare and cultural institutions, etc.).

In modern developed society there is an increasing tendency towards the development of public institutions that serve self-regulation and self-organization of society. Such institutions are an important element of civil society, their support is characteristic"effective" state. A civilly mature society is able not only to complement the social efforts of the state, but also to carry out their adjustments and the necessary control over them in civilized, non-violent forms.

If we assume that social policy is focused on the formation information society, then it must inevitably contribute to the implementation of the following tasks:

1. rapid growth of human potential as a condition for helping members of society lead productive lives;
2. the formation of a new middle class as the defining social force of society and the main carrier of the nation’s human potential;
3. the development of civil society and the rule of law as an indispensable condition for the expanded reproduction of human potential.

Definition 2

So, subjects of social policy- these are truly independent and, at the same time, actually operating social groups and the bodies, organizations, institutions, and structures representing them.

Identifying the essence of social policy requires consideration of its features and functions. The indicators or characteristics of this category are:

1. objectivity;
2. statehood;
3. multi-subjectivity and objectivity;
4. solidary (redistributive) nature of relations;
5. the specific historical nature of the relationship.

Priority directions of state social policy

The most important priorities of the state social policy in modern conditions are: the creation of optimal social infrastructure and its development; security and safety issues environment; society's income distribution policy; social and demographic policy; problems of employment and social protection of the population. Problems of state regulation of employment will be discussed in the next chapter.

In solving socio-economic problems, the social sphere occupies a decisive position. Without an extensive system of the social sphere and its normal development, it is impossible to achieve successful implementation of social policy. Let us remember that the economy is the life support system for humans and society as a whole. There is also a narrower area of ​​economics directly related to social phenomena, called the social sphere of economics.

Definition 3

Social sphere- the area of ​​​​life activity of human society, in which social activities are realized primarily by the state, as well as public and religious organizations, charitable and public foundations in the distribution of material, spiritual goods and services. In a word, everything related to the well-being of people belongs to the social area of ​​the economy. All types of social security are directly included in the social economy, i.e. monetary support, material assistance provided to individual, most often disabled, layers and categories that do not have their own income and sources of livelihood, or have them to a limited, insufficient extent. The most common type of social security is pensions. There are over 38 million pensioners in Russia, with a population of $147.5 million. Most of them are pensioners by age: women - $55$ years, men - $60$ years. For certain categories of the population, the retirement age is even lower.

Each pensioner is guaranteed a pension payment not lower than the level established by law - the minimum pension, and higher pensions are paid depending on the length of service and level wages. In addition to pensions, various benefits and payments are issued from state and local budgets. They can be permanent, long-term and temporary, it is possible to provide one-time, social assistance.

Social guarantees

Social guarantees are socio-economic standards that guarantee the population a socially recognized level of consumption, that is, ensuring a minimum standard of living in accordance with the capabilities of the economy.

The social guarantee system must meet the following requirements:

• necessary and sufficient volume;
• provision of financial and material resources;
• targeting;
• taking into account territorial features;
• mechanism of delivery to the recipient.

Social guarantees can be national, regional, sectoral, and their sources of financing are the federal budget, the budget system of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation and extra-budgetary funds. Social guarantees are provided to citizens of the country in accordance with the Constitution.

In relation to the working population, social guarantees must ensure conditions for labor and business activity, protection of the rights and freedoms of the employee and employer.

For the majority of the population, hired labor is the main source of livelihood, therefore the system of social protection of the working-age population must provide guarantees in the field of employment and wages. For this purpose, the state sets a minimum wage. Most countries have a minimum hourly wage.

In the mid $80s. The UN has issued a recommendation that hourly wages should be at least $3$. It has been established that a salary of less than $3$ per hour leads to a decrease in motivation to work.

In Russia, the minimum monthly wage is set at $1,100 rubles (i.e., about $40 per month, or approximately $0.2 per hour). Such a low level of the minimum wage indicates that the state currently practically does not regulate the level of wages in Russia.

The ideological foundations of social policy were still laid down in the ideas of ancient thinkers about the ideal state. It is social policy that affects vitally important problems for society and people - problems in health care, education, labor, and housing. Social policy directly affects the state and development opportunities of one of the elements of the state as such - the population, therefore, without an effective and successful social policy there cannot be a successful state.

Social policy is the most important component domestic policy state in relation to the formation of the living standard of the population, the reproduction of human capital, the provision of social services and the development of social infrastructure at the federal, regional and local levels.

The term "social policy" has become widely used in English speaking countries after the Second World War, along with the introduction of the concept of “wellfare state” - “welfare state” or “welfare state”. After the collapse of the USSR, following Western countries, Russia in 1993 Art. 7 of the Constitution declared itself “a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people.”

The term "social policy" in scientific literature appeared relatively recently. But it is worth noting that throughout the history of human development, this or other versions of this policy were considered by various types of society and applied by the state. Initially, social policy was based on ideas about justice, formed by morality, religion and enshrined in tradition. However, it must be said that this social policy was more a consequence than a goal of the activities of heads of state and rulers.

To better understand the concept of social policy, it is necessary to consider several points of view on its definition. For example, R. Barker wrote that “social policy is the activity and principle of society, shaping the way in which it intervenes and regulates relations between individuals, groups, communities, social institutions. These principles and actions are the result of the customs and values ​​of a society and largely determine the distribution of resources and the level of well-being of its people."

Soviet sociologist and philosopher P.D. Pavsnok defined social policy as “a certain orientation and system of measures to optimize the social development of society, relations between social and other groups, the creation of certain conditions to satisfy the vital needs of their representatives.”

In modern conditions, the main problem of social policy is to ensure that social relations become more harmonious, ensuring their political stability and civil consent. The significance of social policy is determined by its influence on the processes of reproduction of the labor force, increasing labor productivity, the educational and qualification level of labor resources, on the cultural and spiritual life of society, and the level of scientific and technical development of the productive forces.

Social policy can be defined as the activities of the state, political and social institutions aimed at the progressive development of the social sphere, improving the conditions, way and quality of life of people, ensuring a certain part of their life needs, providing citizens with the necessary social support, assistance and protection using available resources for this purpose. financial and other social potential.

It is obvious that the state’s social policy most directly takes into account social activity and other social institutions, being in various relationships of interdependence with them. There is no doubt that the final result of state social policy is achieved thanks to the activities of not only the state and its institutions, but also other entities that implement their own social policy, which to one degree or another coincides with the state one within the existing legal framework.

The essence of social policy is expressed in the activities of the state, which is aimed at ensuring the well-being and comprehensive development its citizens and society as a whole, to provide the necessary medical and moral assistance, carried out on the basis of the principles of justice. This network is the most important goal of development of any civilized state.

A country cannot develop successfully without investing in human capital and human resources.

It depends on them whether the state can reach new level development, how quickly and efficiently it will develop National economy whether the state will be independent in the international arena.

There are many definitions of social policy. You can often find social policy identified exclusively with social protection of the population. But social protection of the population is aimed at the most vulnerable groups of people, while social policy covers a much wider range of problems.

Social policy is a system of values ​​and goals, government measures, decisions, programs and actions aimed and implemented to achieve the set goals of social development.

Without a clear idea of ​​social policy as a system, without a value-based approach to planning and goal setting, it is impossible to implement social policy. And without it, the growth and development of technology is impossible, which creates an obstacle to building an innovative economy. This, in turn, makes the country weak compared to those who are developing more successfully, and makes it dependent, that is, the country ceases to be sovereign. Growing income inequality, insufficient family support as social institution, deterioration of living conditions can lead to a social explosion or extinction of the indigenous population.

Ineffective social policy can lead to the disappearance of the state and makes the country unviable.

IN foreign countries Social expenditures include expenditures on education, healthcare, social protection(social security), labor and employment issues, social transfers, assistance to certain social groups, protection of motherhood and childhood.

In Russia annually greatest number Budget funds are spent specifically on the “social policy” item. In 2012, according to the Ministry of Finance, spending on social policy amounted to 5.6% of GDP, the share of spending on social policy from the total amounted to 34.5%."

In fact, the expenditure item “social policy” represents only part of social policy: social protection and pensions. In developed countries, social policy is not limited exclusively to social protection: within the framework of social policy, education, medicine, culture, snorkeling, housing policy, youth policy, employment policy, combating poverty and social inequality. In Russia, education, healthcare, culture, sports, housing and communal services are separate items of expenditure and different ministries responsible for the implementation of programs for the development of these areas.

Social policy must ensure the development of society. The effectiveness of social policy can be judged by the availability of healthcare and education, housing, reducing poverty levels and reducing the income gap, and demographic indicators.

An indicator of healthcare accessibility can be the number of people per hospital bed, the number of hospitals. The quality of ongoing health care reforms can also be assessed by the incidence rate per 1000 people.

After the healthcare reform, the number of hospitals in Russia on average has decreased by 37.3% since 2005. The reform was aimed at optimizing healthcare, while the population was assured that there would be no increase in the number of people per hospital bed - hospitals were simply being united for better management them. The conclusion suggests itself that the health care reform is aimed at the convenience of managers in this system, and not at the interests of the population. The reduction in the number of hospitals, despite these assurances, has caused an increase in the population per hospital bed, which reduces the quality of care.

Accordingly, people's ability to use health services decreases. At the same time, the incidence per 1000 people increased from 768 people out of a thousand who were diagnosed for the first time in their lives in 2008 to 799 per 1000 people in 2013.

Here it should be said about the decrease in the number of general practitioners, which is also associated with the health care reform: firstly, the number of hospitals has been significantly reduced at the expense of district hospitals, and secondly, such requirements are applied to general practitioners when the doctor cannot provide quality care , since it does not have the opportunity to carry out the necessary diagnostics efficiently.

Health care reform is aimed at solving the problem of queues in clinics, but this decision has caused an outflow of general practitioners.

Instead of building new hospitals, improving working conditions for doctors and increasing wages, attracting young specialists and improving the quality of education in medical universities, temporary standards for examining patients were introduced.

For example, a pediatrician must examine a patient in 9 minutes, a general practitioner in 12 minutes. This directly affects the quality medical care and diagnostics, for which a specific doctor is responsible, which primarily puts the general practitioner himself at risk. As a result, the morbidity rate of the population is growing, which cannot have a positive impact on the living conditions of Russians.

Accessibility and, indirectly, the quality of education can be assessed by the number of children per school, the number of students per teacher, and the percentage of university graduates out of the number of applicants.

The number of children per school continues to grow. This is due to the fact that in Russia the number of schools decreased by 34.2% compared to 2005, but the number of students in general education institutions slowly increased. At the same time, until 2011, the number of teachers per school is decreasing and the workload on teachers is increasing, which, firstly, affects the quality of the education received, and secondly, negatively affects the desire of young specialists to work in schools.

After 2010, the number of teachers per school increased, but this is not connected with the number of graduates of pedagogical universities, but with the reduction of schools. In 2011, the number of schools decreased by 4.5% compared to 2010.

In preschool institutions, there were 105 children per 100 places in 2012. At the same time, in cities and urban-type settlements, 109 children applied for 100 places, and in rural areas 92 children. The number of preschool institutions is decreasing, while the number of children is growing.

The well-being and development of society is indicated by the well-being of a family, a household with a child.

However, in last years the number of low-income households with children only increased, while the number of low-income childless families fell. This suggests that conditions are being created under which people are not ready to have children, and in some cases cannot afford to have children, that is, social policy does not provide adequate support to families with children. As a result, children become a luxury.

It is obvious that despite the program maternity capital, assistance to families with children is insufficient.

The income gap among the population is also widening. Overall, the income gap has only grown since 1995, which has affected the well-being of Russians and the ability to provide for children.

The affordability of housing can be judged by the average price per square meter living space. On average in Russia, this figure, but compared to 2000, on the primary housing market increased by 5.5 times, on the secondary housing market, the price per square meter increased by 8.5 times. Over the seven years from 2005 to 2012, the price per square meter of housing in the primary market increased by 2.5 times, in the secondary market - almost doubled. Moreover, in 2012, every fifth family with children under 18 years of age intended to improve their living conditions.

The housing conditions of Russians are improving slowly. The number of residential buildings with wear and tear of more than 31 to 65% is gradually decreasing, but in 2012 there were still more than half of such residential buildings. The number of housing with wear and tear above 66% is also growing slowly. These indicators indicate that the government is making some attempts to change the situation in better side, but they are clearly insufficient and the situation requires a quick and active response, large investments and attention. The widening gap between people with low levels of income and people with high levels of income, difficulties in obtaining education, health services, and housing have become one of the reasons for the deterioration of people’s psychological state and regular stress, which has “become normal.”

Since 2009, the number of emigrants has been growing, but a particularly sharp jump was observed in 2012: the number of emigration tripled compared to 2011. In 2013, the number of people leaving the country exceeded the same figure in 2000. This indicates unfavorable living conditions for Russians.

Now it is very difficult to imagine a state that would not set itself the goal of becoming social. First of all, the ego is associated with the severe consequences of the Second World War. On December 10, 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted - a document declaring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen the highest value of the state. The General Assembly of the United Nations proclaims “this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the goal to which all peoples and nations should strive, so that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive through education and training to promote respect for these rights.” and freedoms and to ensure, through national and international progressive measures, their general and effective recognition and implementation both among the peoples of the Member States of the Organization and among the peoples of the territories under their jurisdiction.”

From that moment on, many developed countries, such as Germany, the USA, and Great Britain, set themselves an important task - the creation of a state in which a person, his rights, freedoms and interests were the highest value of power, and violation of which would be punished.

Thus, now, in the 21st century, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Italy, Ireland, Canada, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, and the Gulf countries proclaim themselves to be social states. , Slovakia, USA, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Estonia, Japan.

However, in addition to the above countries, there are also those that have just outlined their path to achieving social state: in their constitutions, these countries determine that their policies are aimed at creating conditions that ensure a dignified life and the free development of people. This policy is called social.

Goal of social policy- creation of a favorable social climate in society and social harmony, conditions ensuring the satisfaction of the basic living needs of the population. The social policy of the state can be considered as its specific activities aimed at realizing the right of every citizen to freely participate in all spheres of socio-economic, labor, spiritual life of society, aimed at satisfying the essential needs of a person, the interests of social groups with constant identification and consideration social consequences economic, political, ideological transformations.

Subject of social policy as sciences are properties, patterns, meaningful relations of society, as well as processes and forms of social practice, which represent the interaction of social groups regarding their social status.

Kapitsyn V.M. Social policy and law: essence and interdependence // Russian Journal of Social Work. 1998. No. 8.

Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 04/14/2014, No. 15, art. 1691.

Atamanchuk G.V., Matirko V.I. Public service: human resources. -M.: Delo, 2012. P. 234.

2 Grigorieva I.A. Social policy and social reform in Russia in the 90s. SPb., 2015. P. 123.

The main goal of the social policy of the Russian state at the present stage is to create for every able-bodied citizen conditions that allow him, through his work and enterprise, to create his own well-being, and to organize targeted support for weakly protected groups of the population.

Social policy is aimed, on the one hand, at eliminating the leveling system and the distribution of material and spiritual benefits, and on the other, at stimulating the motivation of a person’s economic activity, creating conditions for the manifestation of his initiative, energy and abilities, and opportunities to ensure a decent standard of living with his work.

The long-term strategic goal of the state is related to the formation of the middle class, ensuring high living standards and a high level of quality of life. The quality of life includes: the scale and nature of employment of the population, working conditions, level of education and literacy, provision of housing and its improvement, social security system, environmental living conditions.

Quality indicators include quality parameters of the population itself and the state of the gene pool, which include not only physiological, but social moral characteristics population.

Since the mid-80s, the UN has used the Human Development Index (HDI). This index has been regularly published since 1990 for 174 countries. This index consists of:

• v life expectancy;
• v level of education;
• v per capita gross domestic product.

According to this methodology, in terms of quality of life, our country ranks: in 2009 - 111th place, in 2010 - 69th place Antonova N.B. Public Administration/N.B. Antonov. - M.: Academy of Management, 2002. - 775 p. .

Fig.1. World map UN Human Development Index

The main objectives of social policy are:

• v Harmonization public relations, coordination of interests and needs separate groups population with long-term interests of society, stabilization of the socio-political system.
• v Creating conditions for increasing the material well-being of citizens, creating economic incentives for participation in social production, ensuring equality of social opportunities to achieve normal level life.
• v Ensuring social protection of all citizens and their basic state-guaranteed socio-economic rights, including support for low-income and vulnerable groups of the population.
• v Ensuring rational employment in society.
• v Reducing the level of criminalization in society.
• v Development of sectors of the social complex, such as education, healthcare, science, culture, housing and communal services, etc.
• v Ensuring the country's environmental safety.

The main directions of the state’s social policy are:

• 1. Improving the standard of living of the population - The standard of living is understood as the provision of the population with necessary material goods and services, the achieved level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs. The monetary value of the goods and services consumed by the average household is the cost of living. Four levels of life can be distinguished:
  • v prosperity - a level that ensures comprehensive development;
  • v normal - ensuring the restoration of physical and intellectual strength;
  • v poverty - at the level of maintaining working capacity;
  • v poverty - maintaining viability according to biological criteria.

Poverty is already considered an unacceptably low standard of living. The most important components of the standard of living are the income of the population and social security. The United Nations has developed a system of indicators of living standards, which includes (the following indicators): fertility, mortality, sanitary and hygienic living conditions, food consumption, housing conditions, employment, education, culture, recreation, vehicles, human freedom (legal protection) .

2. An important direction of the state’s social policy is the formation of an effective social protection system. The poorest segments of the population, which, as a rule, include those who are already or are not yet able to independently provide a minimum level of life activity - the sick, disabled, old people, large families, need primarily social protection from the state. Cheap municipal housing funds are being created in the country, free public schools are operating, students from low-income families receive special scholarships, discounts on tuition fees, targeted loans for the period of study, persons with low incomes or with certain diseases are provided with free or discounted medical care, assistance in purchasing necessary medications. A program has been developed for the social integration of disabled people, the adaptation of military personnel, providing them with employment and housing, etc. Work is underway to create a network of comprehensive social service centers and social assistance departments at home. Every citizen, regardless of his income level, is also provided by the state with a certain minimum of vital benefits.

The country operates one system benefits to support maternity, paternity and childhood. Benefits are divided into five types: for pregnancy and childbirth; women registered in medical institutions in early dates pregnancy; at the birth of a child; for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of 1.5 years; child benefit. The procedure for assigning and paying these benefits is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

• 3. The social policy of the state necessarily includes such an area as labor Relations and employment. The state must guarantee equality of subjects in the labor market, free choice of profession, sphere and place of employment. For this purpose, there is a publicly accessible system for obtaining secondary, specialized and higher education, socially acceptable working conditions, the level of minimum wage, length of the working week, vacation are regulated by law, and the rights of workers when hired or fired are determined. Regulation of employment is part of social policy aimed at improving the level and structure of employment, creating favorable working conditions, and improving the characteristics of the workforce. These include: development and implementation of programs to create new jobs, both in the state and non-state sectors of the economy; employment programs for people with disabilities, obliging enterprises to provide people with disabilities a certain percentage of their total number work places. Programs to combat unemployment and help the unemployed are being developed. The implementation of such programs is usually carried out by labor exchanges, whose functions include studying the labor market, determining which specialists are in demand at the present time and what changes in the labor market are possible in the future. In accordance with this, training, retraining, retraining and movement of labor must be planned and carried out. In addition, labor exchanges pay benefits to the unemployed.
• 4. Regulation of migration processes . In recent years, migrations have been important factor social development. The Federal Migration Service has been operating since 1992. The problem of internally displaced persons and refugees is especially acute. The number of internally displaced persons and refugees with official status reached 1.2 million people. The main source of migrants is North Caucasus(in total there are 68 zones in Russia interethnic conflicts). Big problem also constitutes labor migration.
• 5. Improving the pension system . Currently, attempts are being made to reform it to prevent a crisis and improve reliability. The main content of the reform is the transition from a general distribution system to a mixed one, with a significant share of funded elements. In total, three types of pension provision are proposed:
  • v state pension insurance (based on length of service) - financing is carried out through contributions to the budget of the State Pension Fund;
  • v pension provision for those without the necessary length of service and for military personnel - funding will be provided from the federal budget;
  • v additional pension insurance, both voluntary and compulsory for those who take early retirement.

It includes a statistical survey of the contingent, clarification of the use of individual coefficients, experiments on cumulative pension insurance, on the implementation of professional pension systems. Projects developed federal laws“On the basics of the pension system in the Russian Federation”, “On state pensions”, “On professional pension systems”.

6. In the field of health and social insurance The state ensures universal accessibility of the basic program of state guarantees of free medical care, good quality of treatment services based on patients’ choice of doctors and medical institutions Morozova N.G. State regulation of the economy / N.G. Morozova. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2002. - 255 p. .

Test on the topic “Social policy of the welfare state” in the discipline “Fundamentals of the welfare state”. The humanities test is suitable for both higher and secondary education students. There are only 23 questions in the test. Correct answers are marked with a “+” symbol

1. The main goal of the social policy of the welfare state is
+a) the maximum possible satisfaction of the social needs of members of society
b) maintaining the minimum income of the population
c) providing social assistance to the poor
d) ensuring economic security and financial stability of society
2. The most effective actors in the social policy pursued in Russia today are
a) federal government bodies
+b) local governments
c) commercial organizations
d) regional government bodies
3. The social policy of the Russian state is based on
+a) minimum state social standards
b) state social standards for a decent life for people
c) rational state social standards
d) social standards provided by the resources of business structures
4. Implementation of the basic principles of social policy in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century. is:
a) in improving the standard of living of the vast majority of the population;
b) in improving the quality of life;
c) in the growth of differentiation of incomes of the population;
+d) in the growth of real incomes of the so-called middle class;
e) in weakening the differentiation of incomes of the population;
f) in mitigating social contradictions.
5. Social policy of the state includes:
a) financing of science, education, culture, healthcare;
b) providing financial incentives to private capital;
c) preferential lending for high-tech industries;
d) reduction in the revenue side of the state budget;
+e) regulation of the level of minimum wage.
6. What does the concept of “mainstreaming” mean?
a) Mainstreaming gender equality into policies
+b) Gender pay gap
c) Targeted assistance to those in need
d) Supervisory process in social work
7. Social policy is:
a) measures to help socially weaker sections of the population
b) measures to help socially vulnerable groups of the population
+c) orientation of government measures towards human well-being
d) implementation of social programs
8. The criteria for providing social support are
+a) the average per capita income per family member is below the subsistence level;
+b) the average per capita income is close to the subsistence level
c) difficult life situation is taken into account
d) number of disabled members in the family
9. Social work methods are
a) there is no correct answer
b) organizational and administrative, pedagogical, legal
+c) technical, social, socio-medical
+d) legal pedagogical psychological, social
10. The bodies making decisions on the provision of social support in the city are
a) employers
b) city administration
c) departments of social protection of city districts
d) all answers are correct
+e) there is no correct answer
11. Liberal model assumes:
+a) the market as the most important area for organizing human interaction
b) stable trade unions
c) contractual relations between employers and employees
d) full employment of the population
12. In 1944, at a session in Philadelphia (USA) international Conference Labor adopted..., which clarifies the goals and objectives of the Organization.
+a) Declaration of Philadelphia
b) Magna Carta
c) Bill of Human Rights
13. The goals of demographic development of the Russian Federation are...
a) stimulating the birth rate and strengthening the family
b) migration and settlement
+c) population stabilization
+d) formation of prerequisites for subsequent demographic growth
e) increasing economic growth and labor productivity
14. When developing demographic forecasts, experts can be...
+a) Sociologists
b) Economists
+c) demo economists
+d) medical demographers
e) political scientists
15. Administrative and legal measures of demographic policy include...
+a) legislative acts regulating the position of children in families, child support obligations
b) paid holidays and various benefits for the birth of children
+c) legislative acts regulating conditions of employment and working hours
d) benefits for children depending on their number, age, type of family
+e) legislative acts regulating the social security of disabled working women and mothers
f) benefits for children depending on their number, age, type of family
16. The Concept of Demographic Development of the Russian Federation defines ...
+a) improving health and increasing life expectancy
b) increasing economic growth and labor productivity
+c) stimulating the birth rate and strengthening the family
+d) migration and settlement
e) combating unemployment and illiteracy
17. The most stringent demographic policy in the world, aimed at reducing the birth rate, is carried out in ...
a) Japan
b) India
+c) China
d) Russia
e) Canada
18. Persons actually and permanently residing in a given territory, regardless of their legal registration, are ... the population
a) stable
b) cash
+c) constant
d) legal
e) stationary
19. Replacement of leave for an employee with monetary compensation by the employer is his...
+a) right;
b) duty.
20. Is it permissible to pay an employee in non-monetary form (for example, in the company’s products)?
a) yes
+b) yes, if there is agreement on this issue between the employer and employee, but the share of wages paid in non-monetary form cannot exceed 20 percent of the total wages
c) yes, if the company does not have free funds in its accounts
d) no
21. In accordance with current labor legislation, the duration of the working day or shift immediately preceding a non-working holiday, decreases by…
+a) one hour
b) two hours
c) three hours
22. Normal working hours cannot exceed...
a) 36 hours per week;
+b) 40 hours per week;
c) 48 hours per week.
23. For which of the categories presented below can a test be established when hiring...
+a) civil servants;
b) persons who have graduated from educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education and are entering work for the first time in the acquired specialty;
c) persons elected (selected) to an elective position for paid work.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF
Federal state budget educational institution higher education
"Tula State University"

Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences
Department of Sociology and Political Science

ABSTRACT
by discipline
"FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SOCIAL STATE"
on the topic of:
“The most important goals of the social policy of the welfare state”

Performed:
student gr. 820171

Tula 2018

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3

1.1 History of the formation of social policy……………………………………………………5
1.2 The essence of social policy: main goals, principles, functions......6
Chapter 2 Characteristics of social policy

2.1 The most important goals and objectives of social policy……………………..…...12

2.2 Levels of implementation of social policy goals……..…………...…..14

2.3 Mechanisms for developing social policy goals and their implementation….. 17

Chapter 3 Social policy in Russia: today and tomorrow

3.2 Goals of the social policy of the future of Russia……………………….…….22

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….….25
Bibliography……………………………………………………………...….26

Introduction
Depending on the sphere of social relations, in modern world The internal policies of states have different directions. Scientists are accustomed to highlighting economic, social, national, demographic, environmental policies and many others. One of the most important parts of domestic policy is social policy, which is reflected in its social programs and practice. It is a regulator of socio-economic relations in society in the interests and through the interests of the main social groups of the population.
The definition of “social policy” must include that group of problems that makes it possible to clarify the following: the connection between social policy and general policy; its specificity as a direction of political leadership of society; characteristics of those social phenomena and processes that are the object of influence of social policy; functions, types of social policies and trends in their development in the modern world.

In a broad sense, the concept of “social policy” has been used for a long time and covers all relations of public life. It represents one of the directions public policy; determined by character government structure, goals pursued by the state; formed in the context of the social structure of society; also reflects the state social doctrine or concept of social development of the country; inextricably linked with the ongoing economic policy and depends on it (the economy creates the resources necessary for the implementation of social policy); consists of a system of measures for the distribution of society's resources in the interests of society as a whole;
In a narrow sense, “social policy” is considered as a type of general policy that has its own specifics, and therefore its own object of influence.
The entire complex mechanism for its implementation is oriented towards achieving the goals and objectives of social policy, which is structurally presented as follows.
The main subject of social policy is the state, represented by the totality of all its bodies focused on regulating social relations. For example, government departments and institutions; local government bodies; o off-budget funds; public, religious, charitable or other non-governmental associations; commercial structures and business.
The object of social policy is almost the entire population of the country (with an emphasis on social protection of low-income categories of the population in difficult life situations). From another point of view, the object of social policy is the social processes themselves in society in all their meaningful diversity and various forms manifestations.

The subject of social policy is usually understood as properties, patterns, meaningful relations of society, as well as processes and forms of social practice, which represent the interaction of social groups regarding their social status.
Closely related to the analysis of the essence of social policy is the question of its social function, debates about which continue to this day. Initially, it was believed that social policy functions as a “regulator of labor and consumption.” Subsequently, the “function of improving the welfare of the people” and “the function of providing social services to the population” were added to this function. In recent decades, trends have been such that the scope and content of the social policy function has expanded throughout the world.
The purpose of my work is to search and study the most important tasks that the social policy of the welfare state sets for itself.
In accordance with the goal, I set a number of tasks for the most complete disclosure of the topic of the abstract:
-study of the functions and details of social policy;

Analysis of the main goals of the state's social policy;

Review and introduction to modern social policy in Russia.

Due to the fact that the process of creating a civil society has its own specific characteristics, the problem of a developed social structure and well-functioning social policy of the state is most relevant and acute at the present time.

Chapter 1 Theoretical basis studying social policy and welfare state
1.1 History of the formation of social policy
The first thoughts about the relationship between the state and society arose in ancient times. Aristotle and Plato were among the first thinkers of Antiquity. Their works were devoted to ideas about social justice and equality. Plato considered the ideal state where each person does his own business, and work is obligatory to achieve the well-being of the entire population. According to Plato's ideas, property should be common, since its private nature leads to inequality and conflict. According to Aristotle, the state exists with the goal of achieving social well-being; it is this goal that unites people into society. The first social policy measures were carried out already in the second half of the first millennium AD as a result of the emergence of masses of poor people after the collapse of the Roman Empire. During this period, charitable activities are carried out by monasteries and churches, which provide social support to the poor population in an amount depending on their social status.
In the Middle Ages, the church retained the responsibility of providing the population with education, as well as providing shelter and hot meals. Thus, we can say that all instruments of social policy were in the hands of the church. For quite some time the situation did not change, as did the situation of poor people. The 17th century was marked by industrial revolutions in Europe, which attracted a significant number of rural residents to manufactories and factories. At the same time, wage growth did not correspond to rising prices, which led to an aggravation of the social situation. In order to alleviate the severity of social conflicts, the state assigned responsibility for workers and their standard of living to itself.
The development of industrial society marked the beginning of the development of social policy institutions, drawing the attention of the state to the social problems of society. The difficulty in developing social policy instruments in the form of social support for those in need was the reluctance of the rich to share their income in the form of a tax, the funds of which were directed to social support, which caused unrest among the working population. As a result, states are beginning to adopt the first regulations in the field of work and life of workers, which allows us to talk about the emergence and formation of social legislation:
In 1834, the Poor Law was passed, workhouses were expanded, and trade unions were legalized.
In 1897, a program for the protection of workers' rights was adopted in Europe, and later the International Association for the Protection of Workers was created.
IN end of XXI century in Germany, Bismarck undertook a whole series of regulations in the field of social insurance, he introduced the concept of professional labor risks, and created a social policy union that was engaged in the study of current social problems.
In 1919, the International Labor Organization was created, which gave social policy an international level.
Further, international organizations in the field of social care and social services are created.
The Second World War had a huge impact on the development of social policy. World War. During this period, existing social problems worsened in many countries, which caused an increase in the population in need of social assistance.
The basic principles of modern social policy of all states were laid down in international acts post-war period. Thus, in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, proclaiming fundamental social human rights. Following it, the main conventions and recommendations of the International Labor Organization are adopted.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, the following approaches to understanding social policy had been formed: T. Marshall's civic approach, according to which the state must guarantee minimal social support for a person for his normal functioning in society; functional approach of T. Parsons, according to which the participation of the state in social policy is necessary to solve social conflicts in society; Marxist approach of K. Marx, the idea of ​​​​general welfare is a factor supporting the development of the capitalist state. In the twentieth century, the main models of social policy were formed, among which the Scandinavian model, the Anglo-Saxon model and the continental one can be distinguished. Two approaches to social policy were also formed: State paternalism, implying the full responsibility of the state for the social security of the population and the level and quality of their life, state financing of social support measures. A liberal approach, which consists in the responsibility of the strong for caring for the weak and the creation of favorable conditions for the development of the strong.
1.2 The essence of social policy: main goals, principles and functions...
Conclusion
Social life of society last period went in two directions. On the one hand, there was freedom to choose goods and services and their forms. But on the other hand, all these social benefits are not available to the overwhelming majority of the country’s residents. Phenomena such as poverty, apparent unemployment, insecurity in old age, and refugees have become widespread. These phenomena were not clearly visible with the old political system. Benefits and various kinds of payments and subsidies do not improve the situation.
All these and other phenomena social life countries negatively affect the economic and political situation of the state. Thus, it becomes obvious that for the normal functioning of a socially oriented market economy And successful creation An effective social protective mechanism requires the immediate adoption and strict implementation of normative and legislative acts aimed at increasing employment and providing the state with social support for the population. Therefore, social policy sets itself the most important goals with the help of which it will be solved serious problems on the way to the establishment of a social state not only in Russia, but throughout the world.
It should be noted that social policy has such positive development trends as increasing the quantity, and most importantly the quality, of human potential. In addition, increasing the level of well-being, overcoming unemployment, and increasing life expectancy, largely related to the above, will be of no small importance in the future. It is also necessary to note the importance of the direction associated with improving housing conditions, which, as the analysis showed, are worsening every year. The area of ​​support for motherhood and childhood is also closely related to the development of human potential. This is due to the fact that the education of “tomorrow’s” personnel must be done today.
Russia historically has the largest spiritual potential in the world. However, our cultural and intellectual heritage, accumulated by the labor and talent of dozens of generations, is being misused, plundered, and becoming scarcer.
After considering and analyzing the tasks that the social policy of a welfare state has, the conclusion suggests itself that for its normal functioning and development it is already necessary to take more specific, serious steps and implement projects that can change the situation in this area of ​​society.

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