Today in class we will talk about the state and its main component - politics. Let's find out what “politics” is and what its role is in society. Let's get acquainted with the concept of “political power”. Let us try to understand the importance of studying politics.

Topic: Man. State. Right

Lesson:What is politics?

The word itself "policy" is of Greek origin and means the art of government.

Rice. 1. Government ()

These concepts are absolutely inseparable. Imagine how politics could exist in a pre-state society? The state is the stage that had to be reached. And with the advent of states, politics appeared. Until this moment, no art of managing what does not exist existed. How modern science examines the questions of what is politics and what is its essence?

Thus, some scientists believe that politics is a way of relationships between states, between classes, social groups on the issue of seizing and maintaining power, as well as on the issue of interstate relations. Therefore, based on this definition, we can conclude that politics is a rather tough phenomenon. It requires the seizure of power, control over power, and therefore very strict control over people.

Other scientists believe that politics is the relationship between political parties, classes, and public organizations on the issue of their cooperation in order to streamline relationships in society. If we are talking about cooperation (from the English “cooperation”), it means that we interact with each other and in this interaction we give birth to new forms of association.

And, perhaps, the most concise approach is the approach associated with the fact that politics is the sphere of relationships between individual individuals, historical, political figures, groups, classes, societies, etc. on the issue of mutual relations with the help of political power.

So, the very concept of power is a unique phenomenon in social life.

Power is a special form, and political power is a special subtype of this form. And it is with the help of political power that issues related to politics are resolved.

Term "political power" means a special form of coercion of some by others in order to realize any political desires, aspirations and goals.

But how can it be: some people force others. But if you look at human life, it turns out that our entire society is based on the principle of coercion, sometimes even at the everyday level. For example, your parents guide you in a soft or harsher form, but one way or another, they set some conditions for you: come home before 11 pm; execute homework, and then take a walk, and so on.

This is a form of coercion. The structure of political power is built in exactly the same way. How ruling party, How ruling group, How political personality we set some goals, we say how they will be achieved, and the rest must obey this. And why they do this (why some obey others) is a completely different question. But the fact that this inevitably happens, that in the course of solving political problems with the help of political power, coercion of some by others necessarily occurs - this is an indisputable fact. How important is politics? There is a very interesting saying: “If you are not involved in politics, then politics is involved in you.” How can this happen? This can happen through the laws adopted by government authorities. And power is part of political life. Laws are written for us. Let's say you are students. For you now, the main authority is the Ministry of Education, which issues directives, laws, decrees that directly affect your life. You take the Unified State Exam or write other forms of testing, and are forced to submit to this system, because this is how human society works. If you now have a passive attitude towards this phenomenon, do not want to participate in this process, do not want to think about why power is structured in this way and not another, and do not think about how this can be changed, then you will forever remain a passive consumer of what higher authorities will descend for you. In other words, you will remain a puppet (controlled by a theatrical puppet) in the hands of those in power.

Politics has always been a very important aspect of public life. The fact is that the ancient Greeks, who were just building the basic forms of states that now exist on Earth, even then noticed a very important detail: politically illiterate people create societies in which it is uncomfortable to live, which are dangerous for human life. There have been many examples of this in the history of mankind. For example, in the 20th century we experienced a whole wave of fascist and Nazi regimes.

Rice. 5. Fascism

Fascism is what it is state uniform government, which is based on dictatorship. This terrible phenomenon. It seems tempting because fascism is a society that can mobilize very quickly. And it seems that all the people are marching together, everyone has a butter sandwich, everyone is dressed in a nice uniform, this society is thriving.

But that's not true. History teaches us and shows that all these societies turned into a parody of themselves. That those people who were elevated by such societies as political leaders sooner or later turned into puppets, funny to the outside world. There are practically no such societies left on our Earth, although the remaining examples inspire us only with horror or a sarcastic smile. That is why it is vitally important to engage in politics and study this phenomenon.

1. Kravchenko A.I. Social science 8. - M.: Russian Word.

2. Nikitin A.F. Social studies 8. - M.: Bustard.

3. Bogolyubov L.N., Gorodetskaya N.I., Ivanova L.F. Social Science 8. / Ed. Bogolyubova L.N., Ivanova L.F. - M.: Enlightenment.

2. The largest collection of online dictionaries ().

1. Make a test (10 questions with 4 answer options) on the topic “Politics”.

2. Prepare a short report on the political system of our state in a certain period of time.

3. Make a table comparing the benefits and weak points two political regimes of your choice. Explain your findings.

4) *Write a reflective essay on the topic “Why do I need politics?”

Unified State Exam 2017. Social studies. Workshop. Policy. Right. Korolkova E.S.

M.: 2017. - 144 p.

The guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam contains standard exam tasks, comments on them and recommendations on all topics in the “Politics” and “Law” sections submitted for the exam. Comments on assignments take into account numerous difficulties and typical mistakes allowed by students in the exam. The manual contains many tasks at all levels of the Unified State Exam for independent work. Answers are provided for all tasks.

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CONTENT
PREFACE 4
POLICY. RIGHT 5
Brief description of the sections of Codifier 5
Politics 5
Right 5
Tasks in the sections “Politics” and “Law”
in the structure exam paper 6
Preparing for the exam: what to pay attention to 8
What to use when preparing for exam 13
EXAM PREPARATION TASKS 15
Content line “Politics” 15
The concept of power. The state and its functions.
Government bodies of the Russian Federation 15
Political system. Typology of political regimes.
Democracy, its basic values ​​and characteristics 26
Civil society and the rule of law. Political elite. Political parties and movements.
Means mass media in the political system 37
Election campaign in the Russian Federation. Political participation.
Political process. Political leadership 48
Content line “Law” 62
Right in the system social norms. System Russian law. Concept and types of legal liability. Constitution Russian Federation. Fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation 62
Legislation of the Russian Federation on elections. Legislative process in the Russian Federation. Citizenship of the Russian Federation. Subjects of civil law. Organizational and legal forms and legal regime of entrepreneurial
activities. Property and non-property rights 72
Hiring procedure. The procedure for concluding and terminating an employment contract. Legal regulation of relations between spouses. The procedure and conditions for concluding and dissolving a marriage.
Features of administrative jurisdiction 83
Military duty, alternative civilian service. Rights and obligations of the taxpayer. International law (international protection of human rights in peacetime and wartime). Right to favorable
environment and ways to protect it 94
Disputes, the procedure for their consideration. Basic rules and principles of civil procedure. Features of the criminal process. Law enforcement agencies. Judiciary 105
ANSWERS 123
Content line “Politics” 123
Content line “Law” 132

Here is a workshop to prepare for the Unified State Exam in Social Studies. With its help, you will become familiar with all types of tasks that will appear in the exam and their specifics, and also learn about the content of the social science knowledge and skills being tested.
The manual presents two sections of social studies out of five: “Politics” and “Law”. Each section contains tasks for independent work in the Unified State Exam format for almost all units of tested content. These tasks are similar to those that will be presented in the exam.

Policy(from the Greek polis - state) - the art of governing the state. Science offers different definitions of policy. Politics is:

The sphere of social life associated with the distribution and exercise of power;

Activities to regulate relations between social groups in the process of government;

Political activities of parties or individuals to pursue important interests through political power or struggle for power;

The desire for power or to influence the distribution of power;

Political beliefs, principles and ideas;

The body of political science.

Politics can be internal (focused on solving internal problems) and external (international).

Power– the ability and opportunity to exercise one’s will or the will of society. Power involves controlling people through any means. Signs of power: presence of a leader (manager) and subordinates; manifestation of the leader’s will in the form of orders; introduction of sanctions - punishments for disobeying orders; universal submission to the will of the leader. Forms of transfer of power: hereditary (transfer of power by inheritance, for example, after the death or renunciation of the throne of the monarch), constitutional (through legal elections, for example, presidential elections), violent (seizure of power).

Political power- the power of one group of people over another. Political power is obligatory and coercive for all members of society. With the help of laws, society is forced to carry out the orders of the authorities. Types of political power: legislative (issue of laws), executive (execution of laws), judicial (punishments for non-compliance with laws).

Political system– a complex of the following structures: the state and its interaction with political organizations. The political system is a mechanism for governing society and exercising power. Power is exercised through political system. Depending on the political regime, types of political systems are distinguished: totalitarian, authoritarian, democratic. Functions of the political system: determination of goals and ways of development of society; determining the interests of participants in the political process; mobilization and organization of societies to achieve goals and objectives; resource allocation and cash; development of laws and monitoring their implementation; ensuring stability and security of society; involving citizens in politics (participation in elections).

Elements of the political system– the parts that make up the political system: the state, political organizations(political parties and movements), public organizations(trade unions, religious organizations, etc.), political norms (law), Political Views and traditional political relations. Political relations– relationships between people in the process political activity; relations between state and society, between parties, classes and social strata.

The task-task of the One state exam- a task of a high level of complexity that tests the ability to applyWith socio-economic and humanitarian knowledge in the process of solving cognitive problems on current social problems.

The task requires: analysis of the presented information, including statistical and graphical; explanations of the connection between social objects and processes; formulation and argumentation of independent evaluative, prognostic and other judgments, explanations, conclusions.

For complete and correct execution assignments are set3 points . In case of incompleteCorrect answer – 2 or 1 point.
A cognitive task has a certain structure: condition ( problematic situation, social fact, statistical data, problematic statement, etc.) and requirement (question or system of questions, any indication for interpreting the condition).
AT KIMOHThe Unified State Examination presents various tasks. They can be classified according to a number of indicators:

condition models (problem situation, social fact, statistical data, problematic statement, etc.)

according to the design of the requirement (question or system of questions, some decreeinstruction on the interpretation of the condition)

The classification can be supplemented with new types of tasks.

This work presents assignments - tasks with answers on the topic “Politics”

Algorithm for solving cognitive problems

1) Read the task carefully and remember the question. If necessary, clarify the meaning of unclear terms using dictionaries, reference books or a textbook.
2) Match the questions or instructions formulated in the problem with its condition:

determine what information useful for solving the problem is contained in the condition;

think about whether the given conditions of the problem contradict each other (it is the contradiction of the data that can suggest a solution).

3) Think about what additional knowledge should be used to solve the problem, what sources to turn to:

identify the area of ​​knowledge in the context of which the question (requirement) of the task is posed;

Narrow this area down to a specific problem that needs to be recalled;

Correlate this information with the data of the problem conditions.

4) Outline the expected answer according to the question or prescription.
5) Think through the arguments that support each step of your decision.
6) Make sure the answer you receive is correct:

does the answer correspond to the essence of the question (instructions) of the task;

if the problem contains several questions, is the answer given to each of them;

are there any contradictions between your arguments;

is there any data in the problem statement that contradicts the solution you propose;

Do any other conclusions follow from the problem statement besidesabout those that you have planned.

Is this qualification consistent with the values ​​of a democratic society?

Give three reasons

the age limit does not contradict the values ​​of a democratic society;

For example:

age limit applies to

all citizens of the appropriate age, i.e. the principle of equality is not violated;

the age limit does not exclude other opportunities for teenagers and young people to participate in the political life of the country;

age limit is appropriate due to

terms of political socialization of adolescents and youth

2

Many modern political scientists write about the illusory nature of the freedom to express the will of citizens at polling stations during elections. Thanks to the massive influence of the media, public consciousness determines its priorities, people vote under the influence of the position of the media, and not own views and beliefs.

Suggest three ways to increase the political maturity and responsibility of the voter and protect his right to free choice

citizens need to become acquainted with as much as possible wide range opinions and points of view on the programs of candidates and parties, study analytical materials

citizens need to improve their level of both general and political culture and literacy, learn to distinguish populism from real demands and promises;

citizens should not accept on faith, uncritically, the statements and promises of politicians, they must strive to receive additional information from various sources

In the country of N., the government is formed by the political party or bloc of parties that won the elections. Deputy seats

(mandates) in the People's Assembly are distributed among political parties depending on the votes they receive, provided that these parties have overcome the 9% electoral threshold.

1) Indicate any principle of democratic voting rights.

2) What type is it? electoral system countries N.

3) What is the other type of electoral system called?

4) State one difference between the two electoral systems

1) the principle of democratic suffrage:

principle of equality

principle of universality

adversarial principle

2) in the state – a proportional electoral system;

3) another type - majority

4) Differences: When proportional system voters vote for party lists; in the case of a majoritarian system, they vote directly for the candidates’ personalities; in a proportional system, mandates are distributed depending on the number of votes; in a majoritarian system, the candidate who receives the statutory majority of votes is considered the winner

3

In the state of N., curiae of large farmers, townspeople, and working peasants are created to elect representatives. Representatives are elected by assemblies consisting of electors from each curia. Thus, the agricultural curia elects 50% of the electors. At the same time, the share of large farmers in the country does not exceed 10% of the population.

What percentage of democratic suffrage is violated in this case?

Give two more principles of suffrage in a democracy and reveal their essence

the principle of suffrage was violated - equal suffrage

the other two principles: universality of suffrage, its alternative nature, direct election of representatives, secrecy of voting;

two principles: universality suffrage means that all capable citizens who have reached the age of majority have the right to participate in elections

alternativeness elections involves the nomination of at least two candidates for one seat

4

In the parliamentary elections in the country, N., many had no doubt that success was guaranteed for the leader of the conservative party, Prime Minister P. However, the democratic party won the elections. Its leader A. looked like an insignificant figure next to P., but unlike him, he offered voters a broad and specific program for reforming the country.

1.What area of ​​public life are we talking about in this passage?

2.What type of electoral system is described in this passage?

3.Using social science knowledge, indicate any three features of this type of electoral system

Sphere of public life – political

type of electoral system – majoritarian

signs of a majoritarian system

in elections to representative bodies

authorities, the entire territory of the country is elected into territorial units - electoral districts

in every district if possible

equal number of voters

another candidate

a deputy is considered elected

who received the majority of votes in a given constituency

5

Many modern political scientists write about the illusory nature of the freedom to express the will of citizens at polling stations during elections. Thanks to the massive influence of the media, public consciousness determines its priorities, people vote under the influence of the position of the media, and not their own views and beliefs.

Suggest three ways to increase the political maturity and responsibility of the voter, and protect his right to free choice.

1) citizens need to get acquainted with the widest possible range of opinions and points of view on the programs of candidates and parties, study analytical materials;

2) it is important for citizens to find out the “track record” of candidates, what they have actually done, and get acquainted with the opinions of independent, possibly foreign experts;

3) citizens need to improve their level of both general and political culture and literacy, learn to distinguish populism from real demands and promises;

4) citizens should not take on faith, uncritically, the statements and promises of politicians, strive to obtain additional information from various sources, etc.

6

A single national district has been created in the country of K. The government is formed by the bloc of parties that wins the elections. Deputy seats (mandates) in the legislative assembly are distributed among political parties depending on the votes they receive, provided that these parties have overcome the 10% electoral threshold.

What type of electoral system is country K?

State one advantage and disadvantage of this electoral system.

type of electoral system – proportional

Advantages:

involves vigorous activity political parties, including opposition

stability of political elites

stability of the pursued political course

Disadvantages of this type of electoral system:

lack of personal responsibility of parliamentarians to voters, no mechanism for recalling deputies by the population;

As a rule, small parties that are unable to overcome electoral barter are not represented in parliament

the emergence of new political leaders and the renewal of elites is difficult;

7

In State N, representative bodies of government are created in accordance with the “Winner takes all” rule. To be elected, a candidate must receive an absolute majority of the votes cast.”

1) What type can the electoral system of state N be classified as?

2) By what criteria did you determine this?

3) Name the advantages and disadvantages of this type of electoral system

Majority system (absolute majority)

Signs:

one deputy, one constituency

the winner of the election is the one who won 50% + one vote

Advantages:

ease of determining results;

the elected MP will represent; absolute majority of voters

direct acquaintance of deputies with their constituencies;

awareness of voters about the personality of the deputy and his political qualities;

Flaws:

not all political forces can be represented in parliament (as a result, up to 49% of the votes may be lost);

Virtually eliminates the possibility of a small party winning elections;

At majoritarian system 2nd round possible this system is more expensive;

It does not always reveal the political mood as a whole.

8

In the country of R., the government is formed by the bloc of parties that won the elections. Deputy seats (mandates) in the legislative assembly are distributed between lists of candidates if these parties have overcome 5% barter.

What type of electoral system is the country of R.?

What is the other type of electoral system called?

Name the difference between these two systems.

Name any common feature of electoral systems in democratic society

Type of electoral system – proportional electoral system

Another type is the majoritarian electoral system.

General feature:

alternative nature of elections;

candidates provide information about their income.

9

In State J. there is a hereditary transfer of power. However, the ruler's power is limited by the laws of the country and parliament. Parliamentary elections take place regularly, on an alternative basis. Citizens have full rights and freedoms, and civil society institutions are active. State J includes 33 territories that do not have political independence.

Based on the facts below, draw a conclusion about the form of the state J. First specify the elements of the state form, and then specify them for state J

form of government – ​​constitutional monarchy

political regime – democratic

10

In the state of Kazakhstan, legislative power is exercised by parliament, and the popularly elected head of state forms the government and heads the executive branch.

1) What is the form of government in the state and its type?

2) To whom is the government responsible in the country?

3) Can parliament express a vote of no confidence in the government?

Can the head of state dissolve parliament?

type of government – ​​presidential republic

the government in the country is responsible to the president

parliament cannot express a vote of no confidence in the government

The president does not have the right to dissolve parliament

11

In Country O, the head of state is elected by popular vote. All citizens are obliged to adhere to the national ideology, there is constant state control over all spheres of citizens’ lives, and extrajudicial persecution of opposition movements is carried out. The Ottoman state includes territories that do not have political independence.

Based on the given facts, determine each of the three components of the O. state form (be sure to first name the component of the state form, and then specify each of them for the O. state.

form of government - republic

form government system– unitary state

political regime - totalitarian

12

The Legislative Assembly of one of the republics of the Russian Federation approved a bill proposed to the government of the republic. According to this law, in order to combat capital flight, the republic introduced its own monetary unit.

Does the legislative body of the republic have the right to approve this bill?

Give two arguments to support your position

The legislative body of the republic does not have the right to approve a bill regarding the introduction of its own currency;

in order to preserve state integrity, the Constitution of the Russian Federation reserves the right to establish currency regulation to the state;

The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the unity of the economic space, the free movement of goods, services and financial resources.

13

State Z was a presidential republic before the adoption of the new constitution, and after its adoption it became a parliamentary republic. However, the presidency was retained.

Who will head the executive branch of Z?

What powers will President Z retain? (Indicate any one authority.)

To whom will the government be responsible?

The executive branch will be headed by the head of government;

The government will be responsible to parliament.

The following powers of the President can be named:

He promulgates laws

Issues decrees, awards,

Formally appoints the head of government (only the head of the party or bloc of parties that won the elections), has the right to amnesty those convicted,

Retains representative functions;

Has the right to formally approve the composition of the Cabinet of Ministers;

The right to open the first meeting of the new parliament.

14

The Constitution of the Russian Federation states: The Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people” (Article 7)

Based on social science knowledge and social experience, indicate any three such conditions

labor and health of people are protected;

a guaranteed minimum wage is established;

provided government support family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood;

a system of social services supporting disabled people and elderly citizens is being developed;

state pensions are established;

benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established

15

In the state of Palestine, the government is formed by the party that wins the elections to the Legislative Assembly and is responsible to it; The Prime Minister is the head of the executive branch, the head of state is elected by the Legislative Assembly. Elections to the Legislative Assembly are held regularly, on an alternative basis. Citizens have full rights and freedoms, and civil society institutions are developed. The state of Palestine includes territories that do not have political independence.

Based on the given facts, draw a conclusion about the form of the state of P. (First, indicate the elements of the form of the state, and then specify each of them for the state of P.

form of government – ​​parliamentary republic

form of government - unitary state

political regime - democratic

16

Article No. 47 Basic state laws Russian Empire (1906) read “ Russian Empire governed on the firm basis of laws, statutes and institutions, from autocratic power outgoing"

What form of government is enshrined in the given fragment of laws?

Bring two characteristic features this form of government

Absolute monarchy

Signs

Supreme power is unlimited by law

The supreme power itself is the source of law

The monarch has full legislative, administrative and judicial power.

17

Is it by chance that different peoples developed different forms of government and territorial government systems?

What factors contribute to the formation of a certain form of state?

Give at least three factors

The following factors can be cited as factors contributing to the formation of a certain form of state:

historical traditions;

the culture of the people, their civilization; religion;

social and national composition of the population; geographical conditions;

economic features, etc.

18

In accordance with the act of the highest legal force of the Russian Federation, the bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in the Russian Federation in Russia is its multinational people.

What is the name of the act of the highest legal force in Russia?

What is the essence of the principle of democracy in Russia?

Indicate two forms of implementation by the people as a source of power of their powers

The act of the highest legal force is named: the Constitution.

The essence of the principle of democracy: the people are the source of power; the people are the bearer of sovereignty

Named forms:

participation in a referendum (plebiscite)

participation in elections of federal local legislative bodies

participation in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation

19

The next parliamentary elections in the country of N. led to an expansion of the representation of the opposition party. One of the first items on the agenda was the issue of the government report and adoption of the budget for the coming year.

1) What type of political regime does this situation correspond to?

2) Specify two signs by which you determined this?

3) Based on social science knowledge, give one more feature that characterizes the political regime you named

Political regime: democratic

signs of a political regime:

presence of parliamentary elections

presence of an opposition party in parliament

important state functions of a representative body of government

additional topic: freedom of the media

20

In country Z, there is only one political party, which is called “state”, because it acts as an instrument for the comprehensive control of the authorities over society and the behavior of citizens.

What type of political system is country Z?

Give two reasons to support your answer.

The type of political system is totalitarian.

Arguments:

There is only one political party in the country;

The party controls state power:

The state controls all areas of society.

21

Check out the description of the political regime: “The head of state was more interested in political passivity and obedient submission of society than in the active involvement of the people in his plans. The leader and his supporters did not have a clear and coherent ideological theory, and the media and economic activity were to some extent autonomous from government regulation"

Can this political regime be classified as totalitarian?

Give at least three arguments to justify your position.

If you think that this regime is not totalitarian, determine its type

This political regime cannot be classified as totalitarian. The following can be cited as arguments:

totalitarianism strives in every possible way to attract the masses in politics, however, as a controlled and obedient subject of political action;

In a totalitarian state, ideology is the official theory that provides answers to all questions in the field of human life;

The ideologization of all public life under totalitarianism necessarily requires a monopoly of power on information and complete control of the media;

The economy and production under a totalitarian state are under strict centralized control, since it ensures the power of the state.

Thus, the signs given in the description of the political regime do not correspond to a totalitarian regime.

22

Comment on the statement of King Henry 5 from one of Shakespeare's plays: “The duties of every subject are the duties of the king, but the soul of every subject is his personal property.”

The essence of what political regime is expressed in this statement?

Why? Give at least 4 signs of this political regime

Signs:

Concentration of power in hands political leader or a specific group;

The state has only key and decisive levers of influence on public life;

Refusal to interfere with privacy;

Lack of pervasive nature of state influence on society;

Greater autonomy of the political system of society in relation to the economic one;

23

By studying the types of leadership in State Z, scientists learned that heads of state delegated their powers to their eldest sons, created laws, and served as the supreme cleric.

What type of leadership existed in State Z?

Give two facts that allow us to assert that state Z is an unlimited monarchy.

type of leadership - traditional.

The following facts may be stated:

Power is inherited;

The monarch makes laws;

Is the head of the church

24

In the political scientist’s lecture, the idea was expressed that political parties act as a link between civil society and the state.

Give three arguments to support this opinion.

organizing opposition to government bodies, putting pressure on them if they

the policy does not reflect the interests of those layers that the party represents;

Provides mediation between civil society and political authorities;

Training and promotion of personnel for the state apparatus;

They serve as spokespersons for the interests, needs and goals of certain social groups.

25

stronghold and business card This ideological movement is Great Britain with its careful attitude to traditions, primness and gentlemanliness, according to which each “Lord Baskerville and servant Barrymore” are, first of all, representatives of their families, living for centuries under the roof of one house.

What ideological current are we talking about?

Indicate four signs by which you determined this

It's about about conservatism.

Signs:

Respect for traditions

Primness and gentlemanliness

Continuity (they live for centuries under the roof of one house

Hierarchy (“Lord Baskerville and servant Barrymore”)

26

Read the description of the party “The party arose in the process of evolution from the mid-19th century from parliamentary groups. It is small in composition and consists of professional politicians.

What type of party are we talking about?”

Please provide at least three characteristic features

(in addition to those indicated) of this batch?

Which party is the antipode to the species in question?

We are talking about a personnel party.

The characteristic features of this batch can be given:

has free membership;

operates exclusively for the purposes of election campaigns;

there is no procedure for joining the party;

is not centralized and relies on the financial support of privileged sections of society.

The antipode to the type in question is a mass party

27

In Japan, until 1993, the invariably ruling Liberal Democratic Party was always twice or more ahead of the second most important party (the Socialist Party), which received about 20% of the vote. Due to the fact that other parties represented in parliament had very little in common with the socialist ones, the liberal democrats did not encounter any difficulties in organizing the work of the cabinet of ministers and approving their bills

Can we say that Japan had a one-party system?

If not, how would you characterize this system? Justify your position

It is impossible to state that there was a one-party system in Japan. In this country there are many parties that can really influence the political life of society, which is completely inconsistent with the essence of a one-party system, characterized by the functioning of one party, which over time removes all competitors from political life

The party system in Japan can be characterized as "atypical multiparty" or quasi-multiparty

In a one-party system, the formation of opposition and other parties is prohibited

28

The essence of what ideological direction is revealed by the following statement: “Man is the only creature in the Universe capable of realizing his freedom, therefore only he can measure and evaluate it”?

Give reasons for your point of view.

Give 4 characteristic features of this ideological direction

The above statement reveals the essence of liberalism, since the root of its views lies in the ideas about the self-sufficiency of the individual, the naturally inherent freedom as a quality of being. Freedom within the framework of liberal ideas is an unconditional category, which is an initial value in itself.

The characteristic features of this ideological direction can be given:

commitment to the parliamentary system;

negative attitude towards the expanded economic and social functions of states;

the need for separation of powers;

political pluralism and the rule of law;

ensuring fundamental political rights and freedoms of citizens

respect for the dignity of the human person;

compromise; consensus in solving major political problems;

liberal ideology focuses on the idea of ​​individual freedom, defending the natural human rights to life

political pluralism, freedom of thought, speech

priority of private property, ideals of a market economy

29

Analyze the following situation

A scientific recluse, defending moral and ethnic principles, is persecuted by government agencies, which attracts the attention of the world community to the problem of observance of human rights and freedoms

An energetic journalist, at his own risk, investigates corruption and mafia connections of government officials, making this phenomenon public.

What concept do these situations reveal?

What two conclusions can be drawn based on the analysis of these situations?

The concept reveals “political participation”. Based on the analysis of these situations, we can draw conclusions that political participation, firstly, can manifest itself at different levels, and secondly, it can affect political process and even change it

What is power? Approaches to resolving the issue of the nature of power Class concept: Power is the organized domination of one class over others (K. Marx) Elite: Power comes from the division of society into the elite (minority) and the masses (majority) Structural-organizational: Power comes from universality Hierarchical structure of the organization of political life. Power-social concentration of command Behavioral: Power, the desire for it is the dominant feature of the Human psyche and consciousness

Power is: Interpretations of power As influence: the ability to influence people's behavior As authority: an attitude expressing voluntary consent to obey the orders of the ruler As coercion: influence characterized by high level pressure As power: the ability to use all types of influence to influence the behavior of others

Types of power 1. By degree of institutionalization: government, city, school 2. By subject of power: class, party, people's, presidential, parliamentary 3. By mode of government: democratic, authoritarian, despotic 4. By legal basis: legal-illegal, legal -illegal 5. By number of individuals: collective, personal 6. By sphere of influence:

Types of power (by sphere of influence) Economic: control over economic resources, ownership of property Social: control over the distribution of statuses, positions, benefits and privileges Cultural-informational: control over the media Political: control in the sphere of management

Political power is the right and ability to defend and implement certain political views, guidelines and goals. Signs: 1. Only it has the right to use force within the country 2. Characterized by the existence of a single common state center for making political decisions 3. Has the ability to use a wide variety of means (coercive, economic, social, cultural, informational) 4. Acts on the basis of the right from on behalf of the whole society

Types of political power (according to M. Weber) Charismatic power - the country is governed by outstanding personality capable of influencing society as a whole with authority. Traditional power is based on customs, traditions, faith in the reliability and steadfastness of existing orders. Legal power - legalized, based on legal standards that need to be carried out.

State power is a type of power where the subject of power is the state (with its bodies, institutions and officials), and the object is the population of the country Signs of state power: 1. Public character 2. Sovereign character 3. Limited territory Political power State power

Principles of stability of political power in modern world Limitation - divided into three branches Legitimacy - public recognition of power, political decisions, leaders, parties, organizations and movements. Effectiveness - the degree of fulfillment of those functions that are assigned to the authorities by participants in political relations Institutionality - have an organized expression

Political activity Public administration (influence on society by force of law and special institutions) Impact of political parties on social processes Various shapes participation of the people in political life (cooperation, alliance, conflict, struggle, etc.)

Political system, its components 1. Organizational = institutional (state, parties, social movements) 2. Communicative (political relations regarding state power) 3. Normative (political norms: customs and traditions; legal; corporate; moral - regulate political relations) 4. Functional (covers forms and directions of political activity, methods of exercising power) 5 .Cultural-ideological subsystem- ( political ideology, political psychology, political culture)

Functions of the political system 1. determination of goals, objectives, paths and programs for the development of society; 2. mobilization and organization of society’s activities to implement them; 3. coordination of interests of the state, society and separate groups, organizations and individuals; 4. development of laws and regulations; 5. control over their implementation; 6. distribution of material and spiritual resources; 7. formation of political consciousness, political socialization and political adaptation of citizens; 8. ensuring internal and external security and stability of the political system.

State: features, functions, forms Features 1. Territory 2. Public power 3. System of law 4. Sovereignty of power 5. Exclusive right to collect taxes 6. Unified monetary system 7. Mandatory membership in the state 8. Availability of symbols Functions 1. Internal: -economic -social protection-taxation -protective (law and order 2. External: -participation in decisions global problems National security cooperation Forms Distinguish between 1. Forms of government 2. Forms of government 3. Forms of state by political regime (democratic, authoritarian, totalitarian)

According to the Form of Government, states are Monarchy (unity) - a form of government in which the source and carrier of the state. power is one person occupying the throne by right of birth. A Republic is a form of government in which the source and bearer of the state. power is the people and elected bodies - parliament and the president Absolute (unlimited) Dualistic Parliamentary: The supremacy of parliament The government is responsible to Parliament The Prime Minister forms and heads the government Presidential: The President is the head of state and government The president is elected by the population or by electors Government responsible to the President Mixed (parliamentary-presidential): Strong parliament and strong president; balance of powers of Parliament

Form of government Unitary state is a form of government. device, in which its parts are administrative-territorial units and do not have the status of a state entity (Japan, Ukraine, Poland) Federation - a form of state. device in which territorial parts are state. entity entities federations (Russia, Germany, USA, Mexico) Confederation is a form of state. devices, a voluntary association of independent countries or republics that retain sovereignty (European Union, CIS, USA until 1865)

Typology of political regimes 1234 As a result of the interaction of the indicated components of the PS, a certain political order or regime is formed, i.e., the way the political system functions. System of methods for exercising power. Democracy. Democratic political regime. Translated from Greek, “democracy” means “power of the people” (demos - people, cratos - power). Authoritarianism. Authoritarian political regime The functions of power are concentrated in the hands of a group of people or one person. Totalitarianism. Totalitarian political regime Political domination of a group of people headed by a leader, total control over the life of society Learn the characteristics of regimes

Democracy and Its Basic Principles Democracy is a political regime in which the people are the source of power - Democracy - The principle of the majority, the will of the majority is revealed through elections and referendums - Respect for the rights of the minority - the right of the minority to opposition - Parliamentarism - state. power in which the leading role belongs to popular representation - parliament -Political pluralism (diversity): multi-party system, diversity of political ideas, media, etc. -Glasnost - openness of the activities of political institutions, accessibility of information, freedom of speech -Rule of law, the basis of which is the rule of law and the guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens

Democracy and Its Forms Representative Direct (immediate) Power is exercised by the people themselves without political intermediaries. How? Elections on the basis of universal suffrage Referendums Gatherings and meetings of citizens Appeals of citizens to government bodies Rallies, demonstrations Exercise of power by representatives of the people - deputies It is necessary to have a representative legislative body - PARLIAMENT Professional politicians participate in the process of representative democracy