A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is. Journalistic style

Week 13. Topic: “Publicistic style and its characteristics. Functions of journalistic style. Style-forming features. Linguistic means that shape journalistic style.”

Target: Formation of students' concept of journalistic style of speech.

Upon completion of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. distinguish between literary and non-literary styles of speech;

2. identify texts of journalistic style according to characteristic features;

3. highlight linguistic means characteristic of the journalistic style;

4. use journalistic texts in accordance with the communicative situation;

5. use glossary words in the process of professional communication.

The word journalism comes from Lat. publicus– public.

The main goal of the journalistic style is to inform, convey socially significant information, influence the reader, listener, convince him of something, instill in him certain ideas, encourage him to take certain actions. Serves a wide area public relations: political, economic, cultural, sports, everyday life, used in socio-political literature, periodicals (newspapers, magazines), radio and television programs, documentary films, some types of oratory (for example, in political eloquence).

Task 1. Make up as many phrases as possible with the words “public” and “public.”

Example: public speech, public library, appreciative public.

Functions of journalistic style

- Information. The main task of a journalistic text is to convey new, relevant information.

- Expressive. Most genres of journalistic style have the goal of influencing the listener or reader.

Task 2. Read the text. Determine what function of the journalistic style is reflected in it. Illustrate your answer with specific examples from the text.

Dog is a friend of the Internet

Today, mail is associated not with envelopes and stamps, but with a dog and a dot. The symbol is used in the address email as a separator between the users' name and the hostname (the computers on which their mailboxes are located).

The modern name of the symbol is “commercial at”. It came from recording calculations. For example, “7 widgets @ $2 each = $14,” which translates to “7 widgets @ $2 = $14.” This symbol was used on business papers, it was on typewriters, and then it was transferred to computer keyboards.

When email creator Tomlinson was asked why he chose the symbol @ , he explained it simply: “I was looking for a sign on the keyboard that could not appear in any name and cause confusion.” The first network address was tomlinson@bbn-tenexa.

Why do Russian-speaking users most often call the symbol @ exactly “dog”? Firstly, the icon really does look like a curled up dog. Secondly, the abrupt sound of the English “at” is a bit like a dog barking. This symbol is also called a frog, a bun, an ear, a ram...

In Germany and Poland the sign @ - this is “monkey tail”, “monkey ear”, “paper clip”, “monkey”, in America and Finland - “cat”, in China and Taiwan - “mouse”, in Turkey - “rose”, in Serbia - “ crazy A”, in Vietnam – “crooked A”. But disciplined Japanese use the English “attomark”. (According to I. Rinev)

Task 3. Pay attention to the words “associate”, “commercial”, “electronic”, “Russian-language”, “disciplined”. Explain why they contain a double consonant.

Task 4. Search work. Find information about other signs and symbols used on the Internet (ampersand, octothorp, etc.). Prepare a short speech in journalistic style about these signs.

The journalistic style is characterized by the following features:

O Accuracy and reliability

O Specificity

O Passion, appeal

O Publicity

O Imagery

O Emotionality

Task 5. Explain how each feature is manifested in a journalistic text. As an example, take a magazine article on a topic that interests you.

Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech

Lexical means

O Socio-political vocabulary: democracy, election campaign, rally, progressive, political party

O Terms (science, art, sports, military affairs): arena of political struggle, information technology, dialogue between countries, innovative discoveries

O Speech stereotypes (clichés): according to information from informed sources, the century of development of communications, the era of the Internet.

O Neologisms: modified, tablet, gadget, newsmaker.

Morphological and word-formation means

Active use of international prefixes: anti-, counter-, neo-, pseudo-, ultra-, etc.: ultra-modern, anti-globalist, pseudo-art.

Words with suffixes -ness, -stv, -eni, international suffixes - qi(ya), izatssh(ya), - ist, - izm, - ant: humanism, informatization, modernization.

Nouns with a collective meaning: humanity, students.

Imperative forms of verbs expressing a call to joint action: must begin, update, let's continue.

Syntactic means

O Rhetorical questions: Who is the hero of our time? We addressed this question to our viewers.

O Repetitions: We often don’t even know all the capabilities of our gadgets, we don’t know and don’t want to find out.

O Exclamation sentences: Which amazing world opens up to a person who “experienced” the Internet for the first time!

O Messages: Dear listeners! Today we will talk about new products in the field of IT technologies.

Task 6. Read the text. Note the features characteristic of the journalistic style. Find all the linguistic means characteristic of the journalistic style.

Make up questions for the text. When writing questions, pay special attention to neologisms related to technology.

Rewrite the text so that it takes the form of an interview (or several interviews with different people). You can add additional information or use only what is given in the text.

InterDa or InterNET?

The first Millennium Technology Award in human history was awarded to Tim Berners Lee, the inventor of the Internet.

While working at the European Nuclear Research Center in the 1980s, Berners Lee invented and implemented a method called hypertext. This method formed the basis for transmitting information over a computer network.

In the fall of 1990, the world's first Internet server and Internet browser appeared - thus the “documented universe” was born, which many scientists of the 20th century dreamed of.

Unfortunately, the World Wide Web has long turned into a global trash heap. Here you can find everything - porn sites, information about drugs and explosive devices, etc. You can insult anyone in any way you like on an Internet forum page and not bear any responsibility for it. Here it is no longer possible to distinguish truth from lies. “Now the anonymity of the Internet borders on chaos,” says the developer antivirus programs Evgeny Kaspersky. – The lack of rules of behavior and supervisory bodies is reminiscent of the situation on the roads, where there are no rules, signs, driver’s licenses, license plates. Moreover, even if 99% of users behave correctly, 1% of hooligans will be able to disrupt the operation of the entire Network.”

The solution can be found either in modernizing the Internet, or in creating Internet-2, parallel and reliably protected. After all, it is a big misconception that the World Wide Web is anonymous. A person goes online and all his movements are recorded by the provider. This means that this information can be used to organize a new World Wide Web, to identify each user (something like driver's license).

However, according to Kaspersky, the Internet – in the form in which it exists now – is living out its last years. There are already viruses that can “kill” it in a matter of hours. It’s just that for the time being they were not released beyond a narrow circle of specialists.

If hackers launch a global attack on the Network and take out
If several superservers fail (this is the basis of the Internet - there are only a little more than ten of them), then the World Wide Web will be torn into pieces. And users from different regions simply will not be able to contact each other. And then we will return to the old ways
communications - mail, telephone and telegraph. We’ll probably also remember the books on the shelves... Is this really possible? (According to D. Pisarenko)

Glossary

Hypertext

Provider

Task 7. Select 20 words from the newspaper that are characteristic of the journalistic style. Ten words should have a positive evaluative connotation, the rest should have a negative evaluative connotation. Words must be given as part of sentences.

For example: Thanks to its compact size and battery power, the digital pen is excellent a companion for a graphic artist or designer, for everyone who likes to draw and draw in their free time.

Task 8. Select at least 10 journalistic set phrases from newspaper and magazine texts. Use their example to show positive-evaluative and negative-evaluative connotations in journalistic contexts.

For example:

Phrases that have a positive evaluative connotation: The world of digital technologies is developing vigorously in various directions: computer, digital, household. Phrases that have a negative evaluative connotation: Today, Internet providers do not try put a spoke in each other's wheels , since this market is practically free.

Task 9. Rewrite the text, adding the missing punctuation marks. Special attention pay attention to sentences with direct speech. Underline the words in the text that name social processes and phenomena; explain the meaning of these words. Write out abbreviations from the text and decipher their meaning.

At the VII Eurasian Media Forum held in Almaty at the session “The Role of the Media in the Conditions of Bilingualism and a Multicultural Society,” one of the speakers, the former Minister of Culture and Information of Kazakhstan, Ermukhamet Ertysbaev, noted that Kazakhstan eventually became one of the leaders of the CIS in the socio-economic market political modernization– bilingualism played a serious role. Currently, 463 newspapers are published in Kazakhstan. Kazakh language, 874 in Russian – significantly more. The Russian language dominates because it is one of the six world languages and no one in Kazakhstan sets the task of infringing on and reducing its influence... Kazakhstan, by the way, is the only country in the world, in my opinion, where from the state budget we finance newspapers published in German, Korean, Ukrainian and Uyghur languages.

Radik Vatyrshin, chairman of the Mir TV and Radio Company, said in the countries of the former Soviet Union there is a common media market... The unified Russian language in our common information space is not a disadvantage but a competitive advantage.

Another problem uniting the former Soviet republics is the fight against extremism, terrorism, cross-border crime and drug trafficking. added This opposition to world evil is one of the really operating mechanisms. And if there had not been the CIS instrument and a whole series of signed agreements on the fight against terrorism, many issues would have been much more difficult to resolve, the Foreign Minister is sure.

Valery Ruzin, vice-president of the Eurasian Academy of Television and Radio, said the Media Forum is a landmark phenomenon. For many journalists, not only Russian but also from foreign countries, it has become a calling card of Kazakhstan. Because here, as a rule, current interesting controversial issues are discussed and in the struggle of opinions, points of view collide very interestingly.

(Based on materials from the Khabar TV and Radio Broadcasting Company)

The word journalistic is derived from Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.

The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, current topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics).

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

Logic,

Imagery,

Emotionality,

Evaluativeness,

Callability

and their corresponding linguistic means.

It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.

Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.

On the other hand, for journalistic speech characteristic passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.

M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.

Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and their ability to speak.

Lexical features of journalistic style

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.

In the journalistic style, the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, raz(s), with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, - ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-. Complex and compound words and stable figures of speech are widely used in the genres of journalism.

Emotional means of expressiveness in journalistic style of speech

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning words, words with a bright emotional connotation.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means artistic style speeches with the difference, however, that their main appointment becomes not the creation of artistic images, but namely influencing the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressive language may include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation.

Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not so much... but).

This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

Emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of the revival of previously known words, but which have acquired a new meaning. These are, for example, the words: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.

Syntactic features of journalistic style of speech

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns in the genitive case are often used in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form often act as predicates imperative mood, reflexive verbs.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participial phrases, complex syntactic structures.

Sample text of journalistic style

As our correspondent reports, yesterday over the central regions Penza region An unprecedented thunderstorm passed. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of lightning strikes.

Added to this one more thing natural disaster: Heavy rain caused severe flooding in places. Some damage done agriculture. Rail and road communications between neighboring areas were temporarily interrupted. (Information note in the newspaper)

Journalistic style

Plan

I . Introduction.

II . Journalistic style.

3. Genres of journalism.

III . Conclusion

I . Introduction

The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This highest form national language, defined the whole system normal They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.

Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.

Speech styles

Spoken Book

(scientific, official business,

journalistic, style

fiction)

The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:

the purpose pursued by the speech utterance ( scientific style used to communicate scientific information, explanation scientific facts; journalistic - to influence words through means mass media and directly speaking; official business – for information);

area of use, environment;

genres;

linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;

other style features.

II . Journalistic style

1. Characteristics of journalistic style.

Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. – public).

The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.

The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on her emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author’s attitude towards events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.

2. Features of journalistic style.

Sphere of use of journalistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).

The main function of works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.

Objectives of speech in journalistic style : transmission of information about current issues of modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.

Characteristics of the utterance : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.

Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.

Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.

Style Features : logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.

Language means : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with emphatically positive or negative value, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.

Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

3. Genres of journalism.

Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many are permeated with journalistic pathos. biblical texts, works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day. The literature of Ancient Rus' included genres of journalism. A striking example works of journalism ancient Russian literature" - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (the genre of journalism is the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.

The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here is a report, and notes, and chronicles, and interviews, and an editorial, and a report, and an essay, and a feuilleton, and a review, and other genres.

1) Essay as a genre of journalism.

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Essay – a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.

A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events about which we're talking about. In an essay, as in a work of fiction, we use visual arts, an element of artistic typification is introduced.

Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.

2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.

Oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.

An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such a speech it is acceptable colloquial expressions, active use of oratorical speech techniques: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.

It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.

3) Report as a genre of journalism.

The most difficult form of oral presentation isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the report you can read bright quotes, demonstrate graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to listeners).

4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.

The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, discussing any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.

III . Conclusion

The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features journalistic style should be called the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical at this moment social life, ways of presenting material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of the word characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has significant influence on the development of language norms.

Literature used

1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. Basic level. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.

2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.

3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M.Verboom-M, 2005

4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.

The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author’s attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.

A feature of the journalistic style is its wide coverage of the vocabulary of the literary language: from scientific and technical terms to words of everyday colloquial speech. Sometimes a publicist goes beyond the literary language, using in his speech slang words However, this should be avoided.

One of the important functions of journalism (in particular its newspaper and magazine variety) is informational. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible could not but be reflected in the nature of communicative tasks and in their verbal embodiment. However, this historically original function of the newspaper was gradually pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda - or otherwise - influencing. “Pure” information content remained only in some genres, and even there, due to the selection of the facts themselves and the nature of their presentation, it turned out to be subordinate to the main, namely agitation and propaganda, function. Because of this, journalism, especially newspaper journalism, was characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence, or expressiveness. These two main functions, like linguo stylistic features, implementing them, and today are not dissected in newspaper speech.

Journalism is also rich in expressive resources. Like fiction, it has significant power of influence, uses a wide variety of tropes, rhetorical figures, and a variety of lexical and grammatical means.

Another main stylistic feature of journalistic speech is the presence of a standard.

It should be taken into account that a newspaper (and partly other types of journalism) is distinguished by a significant uniqueness of the conditions for linguistic creativity: it is created in the shortest possible time, which sometimes does not provide the opportunity to bring the processing of linguistic material to the ideal. At the same time, it is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who often prepare their materials in isolation from one another.

The main stylistic principle of V.G.’s journalism Kostomarov defines it as unity, a combination of expression and standard, which constitutes the specificity of newspaper speech. Of course, in a certain sense, the combination of expression and standard (in certain “doses”) is characteristic of all speech in general. However, it is important that it is in newspaper journalism, unlike others speech varieties, this unity becomes the stylistic principle of organizing the statement. This is the main meaning and, undoubtedly, the value of V.G.’s concept. Kostomarova. Meanwhile, the first component still has priority in this unity.

The style of journalistic, especially newspaper, speech is strongly influenced by the mass nature of communication. A newspaper is one of the most typical media and propaganda. Here both the addressee and the author are massive. Actually, the newspaper and a specific correspondent do not speak on behalf of any one person or narrow group of people, but, as a rule, express the position of millions of like-minded people. In this regard, one of the characteristic stylistic features of journalistic, especially newspaper, speech is a kind of collectivity, which is expressed in the peculiarities of meaning and functioning. linguistic units. Collectivity as a linguistic feature of newspaper style is embodied both in the uniqueness of the category of person (the use of the 1st and 3rd person in a generalized sense), and in the relatively increased frequency of the pronouns we, you, our, your and in the peculiarities of their use.

The other side of the above-mentioned style-forming unity - the information function - is embodied in such features of the journalistic style that are associated with the manifestation of the intellectuality of speech. These style features are:

1) documentaryism, manifested in objectivity and verified factuality of presentation, which in stylistic terms can be defined as emphasized documentary and factual accuracy of expression; documentary and factual accuracy is manifested in the terminology of speech, the limited metaphorization of terms (except for the generally accepted one), and the widespread use of professionalisms;

2) restraint, formality, emphasizing the importance of facts and information; these features are realized in the nominal character of speech, the originality of phraseology (clichés), etc.;

3) a certain generality, abstraction and conceptuality of presentation as the result of analyticity and factuality (often in unity with figurative concreteness of expression).

The newspaper is also characterized by the search for biting and accurate assessments that require unusual lexical combinations, especially during polemics: a giant trust of deception; suspected of loving freedom.

The figurative use of words is also characteristic of journalism: metaphors, metonymy, especially personification. Here is an example of a metaphor: “And suddenly the roar of guns split the silence, the House of Lords raged”; personifications: “It’s not for nothing that slander and hypocrisy go hand in hand all your life”; “The news is in a hurry, running into each other.” Journalistic speech is characterized by the metaphorical use of terminology: atmosphere, climate, pulse (of time), rhythm (of time), dialogue, etc.

The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films. In various textbooks on stylistics, the journalistic style was also called newspaper-journalistic, newspaper style, and socio-political style. The name “journalistic style” seems more accurate, since other versions of the name more narrowly define the scope of its functioning. The name "newspaper style" is explained by the history of the formation of this style: its speech features took shape precisely in periodic printed publications, and above all in newspapers.

However, today this style functions not only in print, but also in electronic media: it would also be fair to call it a “television” style. Another name - socio-political style - more accurately indicates the close connection of the style under discussion with social and political life, but here it is worth remembering that this style also serves non-political spheres of communication: culture, sports, activity public organizations(environmental, human rights, etc.). The name of the journalistic style is closely related to the concept of journalism, which is no longer linguistic, but literary, since it characterizes the substantive features of the works attributed to it.

Journalism is a type of literature and journalism; examines current political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical and other problems of modern life in order to influence public opinion and existing political institutions, strengthen or change them in accordance with a particular class interest (in a class society) or social and moral ideal. The subject of the publicist is everything modern life in its greatness and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the press, art, document. This definition is given in the Brief Literary Encyclopedia. If we omit the mention of class interest, then this definition quite accurately reflects the place and role of journalism among works of literature and journalism, and will also allow us to further understand the stylistic features of journalistic works.

In another encyclopedic publication we find the following definition. Journalism is a type of work dedicated to current problems and phenomena current life society. It plays an important political and ideological role, influences the activities of social institutions, serves as a means of public education, agitation and propaganda, and a way of organizing and transmitting social information. Journalism exists in the following forms:

Ш in verbal (written and oral),

Ш graphically pictorial (poster, caricature),

Ш photo and cinematography (documentary films, television),

Ш theatrical and dramaturgical,

Ш verbal-musical.

Journalism is often used in artistic and scientific works. The concepts of journalism and journalistic style, as can be seen from these definitions, do not completely coincide. Journalism is a type of literature, a journalistic style - functional variety language. Works of other styles may differ in their journalistic focus, for example, scientific articles devoted to current economic problems. On the other hand, a text that is journalistic in style may not belong to this type of literature due to its purely informational nature or the irrelevance of the problems being discussed.

TOPIC 5.PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE

§ 1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)

IN Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism. Journalism- this is a special type of literary work that highlights, explains current issues socio-political life, moral problems are raised.

The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.

Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of the journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).

Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.

Journalistic style is represented by many genres:

1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;

2. television– analytical program, information message, dialogue in live;

3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;

4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;

§ 2. Functions of journalistic style

One of important features journalistic style is a combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).

Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society.

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. So, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about the economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens.

The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).

In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

§ 3. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech

Lexical features

1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech clichés), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these cliches often turn into boring (erased) cliches: radical changes, radical reforms.

Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.

Numerous examples of speech cliches are part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.

2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on politicalarena , behind the scenes struggle,role leader,dramatic events famous in politicstrick , nightmarescenario etc.

3. A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality.

4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice, army, fatherland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.

5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its own way. direct meaning, but figuratively (texts containing these words can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).

6. As an evaluative means in journalism, words of passive vocabulary – archaisms – can be encountered. For example: Dollar and his healers . Military profits grow.

Morphological characteristics

We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:

1) singular number of a noun in the plural meaning: Russian man always had endurance; Teacher always knows student ;

2) genitive case of a noun: timechange , plastic bagproposals , reformprices , exit fromcrisis etc.;

3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!

4) present tense of the verb: in Moscowopens , April 3begins ;

5) participles on - washed:driven, weightless, attracted;

6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.

Syntactic features

The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:

1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?

2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!

3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);

4) headings of articles and essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is a hot season.

Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.

Questions and tasks

1. Where is the journalistic style of speech used?

2. Name the genres of journalism.

3. Tell us about the functions of the journalistic style (informative and expressive).

4. What are the linguistic features of the journalistic style of speech (lexical, morphological, syntactic)?

5. What technique do journalists use in the headlines of articles and essays?

Structural and logical diagram of "Genres of journalistic style of speech"