Incomplete sentences –. Complete and incomplete sentences

How to distinguish incomplete sentences from complete ones? Let's try to figure it out!

While studying the topic “Complete and incomplete sentences,” my students ask me to explain with examples the differences between incomplete two-part sentences and incomplete one-part sentences.

If you can find the grammatical basis, you can learn to determine the type simple sentence according to the composition of the main members.

Two-part: She didn't come home. One-part: Noon. I'm walking along the road. I'm thirsty. No one is visible.

Let us take into account the axiom that two-part sentences are more common in book speech, and in colloquial speech incomplete two-part sentences are preferable. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences with one main member - subject or predicate.

Let us give examples of complete and incomplete two-part sentences to clarify our statement.

No one has come here for a long time. Subject NOBODY, predicate DID NOT COME. This is a two-part proposal.

- Has anyone come here?

“I came,” I answered.

- I didn’t see...

The first sentence has both main clauses. But already in the second two-part sentence the subject SOMEONE is missing. The sentence has become incomplete, although its meaning is already clear. In the third sentence you can find the circumstance LONG TIME and restore the remaining missing words: SOMEONE CAME. And finally, in the last sentence we substitute the subject I.

What happens? IN short dialogue, except for the first sentence, all the rest are two-part incomplete sentences.

Let us now deal with one-part sentences. You ask: “Can they be incomplete if they already consist of one main member of the sentence? How is their incompleteness expressed? The fact of the matter is that the most necessary and only main member of the sentence is skipped!

Let's check our conclusion using examples.

-What are you talking about?

- Products.

- Nothing!

In this dialogue full offer is again the first. It is one-part, definitely personal. The rest are one-part incomplete! Let's restore the predicate from the second sentence - I CARRY (what?) products (also definitely personal). Let's add the third: Wow! GOOD (impersonal). The fourth looks like this: THERE IS NOTHING GOOD ABOUT THIS! (impersonal sentence).

It is easy to find replica sentences; they, as a rule, add something new without repeating what is already known, and are more complete in composition than all subsequent ones. Answer sentences depend on the nature of the question and most often carry an additional situational load, accompanied by certain gestures and facial expressions.

From the context, it is possible to restore the missing main and secondary members of the sentence, which are understandable even without naming. But there is a special type of sentences that do not require context - elliptical. For example: Attention! All the way up! What's wrong with you, Mikhail? Terkin – further, the author – following.

In the above examples-dialogues we came across words-sentences. For example: Wow! Nothing! The first phrase contains an interjection expressing a certain assessment, the second is an answer, unclear in content, something between a statement and a denial.

They express affirmation or denial, give an emotional assessment or encourage action. There are several groups of such word-sentences:

Affirmative (Yes. True. Good. Okay. Of course!);

Negative (No. Not true!);

Interrogative (Huh? Well? Yes? Okay?);

Evaluative (Ugh! Ay-ay-ay! Lord!);

Incentive (Shh... Aw! Tchits! That's it!).

The figure of silence conveys some kind of understatement; it is used to interrupt the statement for one reason or another: Wait, wait, what if... Am I... They say that she...

Don't confuse them with incomplete sentences!

Are there incomplete complex sentences? Yes, naturally.

First example:

– What is “where”? Here!

- Where is it?

-Where are we going?

This dialogue presents complex sentences with the omission of the main and subordinate parts.

Second example: In one hand I held fishing rods, and in the other - a cage with crucian carp.

Here compound sentence, the second part is incomplete.

Third example: They moved in different ways: on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, downhill - jogging.

This is a complex non-union sentence, so the second, third and fourth parts are incomplete.

Suggestion from a scientific point of view

The science that studies sentences is syntax. In the history of the Russian language there have been several attempts to define a sentence, among them it is worth noting attempts from the point of view of logic, psychology and grammar.

Members of the sentence

The composition of the subject the subject and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the subject are called (common and non-common definitions).

Likewise, composition of the predicate the predicate and all minor members of the sentence that relate to the predicate are called (circumstances and additions with dependent words).

Types of offers

A sentence does not always express a thought; it can express a question, an impulse, a will, an emotion. Accordingly, proposals are of the following types:

Narrative a sentence reports a fact, action or event or contains a negation of them.
Interrogative sentence encourages the interlocutor to answer the speaker’s question. Interrogative sentences are divided into:
- actually interrogative- contain a question that requires a mandatory answer (Have you done the work? Has it arrived yet?)
- interrogative-affirmative sentences contain information that requires confirmation (So are you going? Has it already been decided?) (see interrogative and incentive)
- interrogative negative the sentences already contain a denial of what is being asked (What could you like here? It doesn’t seem particularly pleasant? So what can you tell us?)
- interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative offers
- interrogative and motivating sentences contain an incentive to action expressed in the question itself (So, maybe we can continue our lesson? Let’s start with the preparation first?)
- V interrogative-rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. Such a sentence does not require an answer, since the answer is contained in the question itself. (Desires... What is the use of wishing in vain and forever?)
Incentive the sentence contains the will of the speaker, expressing an order, request or plea. Incentive sentences are distinguished by: incentive intonation, a predicate in the form of an imperative mood, the presence of particles that introduce an incentive connotation into the sentence (come on, come on, let them)
exclamation point the sentence expresses the emotions of the speaker, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation. Declarative, interrogative, and incentive sentences can also be exclamatory.

If a sentence contains only a subject and a predicate, then it is called undistributed, otherwise - widespread.

The offer is considered simple if it contains one predicative unit, if more - complex.

If a sentence contains both a subject and a predicate, then it is called two-part, otherwise - one-piece.

If a sentence contains all the necessary parts of speech, then it is considered complete, otherwise - incomplete. Both two-part and one-part sentences can be complete or incomplete. In incomplete sentences, some parts of speech are omitted to suit the context or setting.

Literature

“Modern Russian language” Valgina N. S. Rosenthal D. E. Fomina M. I.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what a “Full Sentence” is in other dictionaries:

A sentence that contains all the members necessary for its understanding outside the context and speech situation (cp.: incomplete sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Proposal (offer)- Usually a written statement from the seller about the desire to enter into an agreement under certain conditions. In practice, two types of offers are distinguished: 1) a firm offer (or firm offer) is made by the seller (offeror) to only one possible buyer with... ... Legal Dictionary of Patent and Licensing Operations

Economical categories of commodity production. Demand is social needs, mediated and limited by money (see Economic needs). The bulk of the population’s needs for consumer goods and services comes in the form of... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Aggregate offer- AGGREGATE SUPPLY The total volume of goods and services produced domestically, including both consumer goods and capital goods. Aggregate supply and aggregate demand determine the equilibrium level of national income (see... ... Dictionary-reference book on economics

Banknotes in quotes- throwing out words and sentences that are not necessary for the purposes of quoting, which is permissible only on the condition that the thought of the quoted author is not distorted and that K. in c. are indicated by an ellipsis in place of omitted words and an ellipsis in angle brackets on ... Publishing dictionary-reference book

Qeqchi Self-name: Q eqchi Countries: Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador ... Wikipedia

- (French École sémiotique de Paris) founded by A. J. Greimas in the 1960s. Semiotics in the spirit of the School of Paris, unlike most others, does not define its subject as research sign systems(for this area it is used ... ... Wikipedia

This article or section needs revision. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. This term has other meanings, see Topic. A theme in music is a more or less developed structure expressing a certain ... Wikipedia

ARMENIAN APOSTOLIC CHURCH- [Full name Armenian Holy Apostolic Orthodox Church; Arm. Armenian Church people, one of the oldest in the history of Christianity. Belongs to the family of Ancient Eastern Orthodox... ... Orthodox Encyclopedia

Based on their meaning and structure, sentences are divided into complete and incomplete sentences.

Complete sentences

Complete a sentence is a sentence with all the members necessary for completeness of structure and meaning. For example: I am reading interesting article. Marya Ivanovna solemnly presented the first-graders with bright alphabet books. The forest revealed its dark green groves overgrown with thick mosses before people.

The predicate in this sentence agrees with the subject and also controls the object. The result is a continuous chain that connects all members of the sentence with logical meaning.

Incomplete sentences

Incomplete sentences are sentences in which members necessary for completeness and structure are absent. Missing sentence members in incomplete sentences are often restored from the context. Most often, incomplete sentences are found in dialogues. For example:

In the morning the girl ran up to her mother and asked:

What about the Tooth Fairy? Did she come?

“I came,” my mother answered...

Is she beautiful?

Certainly.

We see that each subsequent replica of this dialogue adds to the topic specified in the dialogue itself. Very often incomplete sentences are one-piece offers.

Petya, what class are you in?

At nine.

Incomplete sentences can be part of complex sentences. For example: The sun warms the earth, but labor warms man.
Incomplete sentences also include sentences with a missing predicate. For example: Our strength is in unity.

Incomplete sentences, as well as complete sentences, are divided into two-part and one-part, extended and non-extended. It should be noted that an incomplete two-part sentence, the predicate or subject in which the missing one remains two-part, despite the fact that only one main member is presented.

Using complete and incomplete sentences

Due to the fact that missing clauses in incomplete sentences greatly simplify the process of communication, such sentences are widely used in colloquial speech, as well as in works of art. IN scientific literature, as well as in business language Predominantly complete sentences are used.

They are divided into complete and incomplete. If none (main or minor member) is not missing - this is the complete sentence: The trees rustled alarmingly outside the window. If one of the necessary members is missing, then such a proposal is called incomplete.

Incomplete sentences, their signs

The main signs of an incomplete sentence are the following:

In an incomplete sentence, the missing members are easily restored from the context by any of the participants in the situation or conversation. So, for example, if a group of people is waiting for someone from their company, then the phrase: “He’s coming!” It will be clear to them. The subject is easily restored from the situation: Artem is coming!
Incomplete sentences are confirmed by the presence in them of words dependent on the missing member: She became prettier, blossomed, just a miracle! The meaning of this construction can only be restored from the previous sentence: I met Anna yesterday.
It is quite common to use an incomplete sentence as one of the parts of a complex sentence: Anton is capable of a lot, you are capable of nothing! In the second part of this complex non-union sentence, an incomplete construction is visible, in which the predicate ( You are not capable of anything.)

Remember that an incomplete sentence is a variant of a complete one.

Dialogue with incomplete sentences

These types of sentences are especially common in dialogues. For example:

What will you be when you grow up?

An artist.

In the second sentence, the meaning will not be clear without the previous phrase. Formally it should sound: I'll be an artist. But the speaker simplifies the structure of the sentence, reducing it to one word, thus making speech more dynamic, which is one of the signs of a conversational dialogic structure. But it is important to remember that there are also unsaid sentences that are not incomplete. This is a thought interrupted for one reason or another: I think I know what to do! What if... No, it won’t work!(In this sentence, the missing word is not restored.)

Incomplete sentences: their options

Both two-part and one-part sentences, common and non-common, can act as incomplete sentences. And the possibility of skipping words, as mentioned before, is explained by the ease of recovering them from the situation of speech, the structure of the sentence itself ( we're talking about about complex sentences) or from the context. Incomplete sentences are typical for spoken language. They should be distinguished from one-part sentences that have one main member. By the way, even such sentences may be incomplete:

Where are you going?

To the party.

In this dialogue, only the first sentence is complete: definitely personal, one-part. And the next two are incomplete one-part ones. Let's add them: I'm going (where?) to a party - definitely personal; (wow!) good - impersonal.

Incomplete sentences: examples of punctuation

A dash often serves as a punctuation signal that we have an incomplete sentence. It is placed in the place of the missing word. As a rule, it is due to the presence of an intonation pause here: My friend was standing on the right, and an unfamiliar guy was on the left.(the word “stood” is missing). On the windowsill there is dried geranium in a pot(the word “was” was missing).

Characterized by incomplete grammatical structure or incomplete composition, due to the fact that it lacks one or more members (major or secondary) that are clear from the context or from the situation.

Contextually incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence that lacks a member named in the preceding text;

This is usually observed in the second part complex sentence and in the connecting structure. The truth remains the truth, and rumor remains rumor (Tvardovsky) (there is no verb connective in the second part of the compound sentence).

The three of us began to talk as if we had known each other for centuries (Pushkin) (there is no subject in the postpositive subordinate clause). Patients were lying on the balconies, some of them were no longer in bags, but under blankets (Fedin) (the predicate is missing in the second part of the non-union complex sentence). You probably know about our work? And about me? (B. Polevoy) (subject and predicate are missing in the connecting construction).

Situationally incomplete sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which a member that is clear from the situation is not named. I will wear this blue one (Fedin) (the setting shows that we are talking about a dress). Wed. also the sentence Here comes, uttered by someone waiting at the station at the sight of an approaching train.

Elliptical sentence.

An incomplete sentence in which the absence of a predicate verb is the norm. To understand such a sentence, there is no need for either context or situation, since the completeness of the content is sufficiently expressed by the sentence’s own lexical and grammatical means. On the table there is a stack of books and even some kind of flower in a half-bottle of cream (A.N. Tolstoy). In the corner there is an old leather sofa (Simonov). Terkin goes further, the author follows (Tvardovsky). To the barrier! (Chekhov), Happy sailing! Happy New Year!

Dialogical incomplete sentences.

Sentences-replicas (sentences-questions, sentences-answers, sentences-statements), closely related to each other contextually and situationally, serving in their structure as a continuation of one another, supplemented by extra-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, plastic movements), which makes them a special type incomplete sentences. They may contain no sentence members at all, and the response may be represented by some particle or interjection. - You have changed a lot. - Really? Or: - Well, how? - Brrr! The norm for question-and-answer sentences in dialogical speech is their incomplete composition. [Neschastlivtsev:] Where and from where? [Schastlivtsev:] From Vologda to Kerch, sir... And you, sir? [Neschastlivtsev:] From Kerch to Vologda (A. Ostrovsky).