Abstract: General characteristics of the countries of Southern Europe. Southern Europe

Southern Europe (area more than 1,696 thousand km2, 180 million people) is the second region in Europe in terms of territory (after Eastern Europe) and population.

Most countries of Southern Europe, with the exception of Spain, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Yugoslavia, belong to small European countries, occupying an area of less than 100 thousand km2.

The territory of the region is quite clearly divided into three large subregions in the form of peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine, and Balkan.

Southern Europe also includes the islands of the northern part of the Mediterranean Sea - Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, the Balearic Islands, etc.

Southern Europe is very elongated along the parallel - at a distance exceeding 4000 km, and compressed along the meridian, barely exceeding 1000 km.

In general, the economic and geographical position of Southern Europe is characterized by the following features: 1) the region’s proximity to North Africa. Such proximity has a decisive influence not only natural features, but also the ethnogenesis of the peoples living here, 2) proximity to the countries of South-West Asia, rich fuel and energy resources, which are lacking in Southern Europe, 3) wide extent maritime boundaries with the Atlantic Ocean, with the seas of the Mediterranean basin, in particular the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean, and also western part the Black Sea, has diversified and is influencing the economic activities and beneficial economic ties of the Northern European countries with all continents of the world, 4.) The Mediterranean is an ancient region of human civilization, it is also called the “cradle of European civilization”, because Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome had a decisive influence on the historical fate of neighboring countries and all of Europe.

So, the macroregion of Southern Europe is a special community, determined not only by the typical features of the Mediterranean climate, but also by the similarity of historical fate, culture, traditions and even the level of socio-economic development.

Economic and geographical assessment of natural conditions and resources. Southern Europe, although not territorially compact, is quite homogeneous in terms of morphostructural and climatic characteristics.

Southern Europe is the most mountainous among European macroregions, occupying more than three-quarters of its territory. The highest mountains are mainly located in the north of the region, on the borders with Western and Central-Eastern Europe. Thus, the Pyrenees separate Spain from France, the high Alps are a natural border between Italy, France, Switzerland and Austria, and the Southern Carpathians with their northern slopes fence off the Southern region from Central and Eastern Europe.

The inland regions of Southern Europe are occupied by medium-high mountain ranges - the Iberian Mountains, the Apennine mountain system, Balkan mountains and plateaus, as well as plains.

The mountain system of Southern Europe is located in the Alpine fold zone. The relative youth of these structures is evidenced by geological processes, which continue to this day. Frequent and strong earthquakes, as well as volcanic activity, remind us of this.

Mountain ranges covered with Mesozoic limestones are often exposed, forming bizarre landforms in the form of steep peaks, jagged ridges, etc. Karst phenomena are common here. Where sedimentary rocks (flysch) protrude to the surface, soft forms of mountains are formed, mainly with rich vegetation.

One of the main natural resources Southern Europe has a mild climate, very favorable for human life. Here it is typically Mediterranean throughout much of the region - dry, hot summers, mild, rainy winters, early springs and long, warm autumns. The growing season in the region lasts 200-220 days. And in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and in Sicily - even longer. Here temperature regime promotes plant growth throughout the year.

All this is a good prerequisite for growing two crops: winter season- low heat-loving crops (cereals, vegetables), and in the summer - late varieties of rice, tea, figs, olives, citrus fruits.

The aridity of the climate is most pronounced in summer - in the interior subregions, in particular in Central and Eastern Spain, even in temperate climatic zone Middle and Lower Danube lowlands, in the east of the macroregion.

Marine air masses predominate in winter temperate latitudes. They bring warm, heavy rains from the Atlantic.

In general, there is little precipitation. The level of surface moisture in the macroregion tends to decrease in the eastern and southern directions. This confirms the increase in continental climate.

The territory of Southern Europe is considered to be poorly supplied with water resources. The greatest shortage is felt in Greece, Italy, and Spain. For the latter, this problem has become a priority. Despite this, some mountainous areas with deep, fast-moving rivers have significant water resources. These include the rivers of northern Spain - the Ebro with its tributaries, the Duero, the Tagus, as well as the Dinaric Highlands, the Balkans, etc.

The land resources of Southern Europe are concentrated mainly in river valleys or in intermountain basins. The exception is the Iberian Peninsula, a significant part of which is occupied by a vast plain, but it requires intensive irrigation.

The south-European macroregion is dominated by brown (Mediterranean) soils, rich in mineral reserves and characterized by a significant humus content. More humid northern areas, for example, Portugal and northern Italy, have brown soils, but are depleted in carbonates, so they should be fertilized to obtain high yields. The forest resources of Southern Europe are insignificant. Only a few areas are of industrial importance. Thus, the Iberian Peninsula is rich in cork oak forests, which allows Spain and Portugal to be the main exporters of cork products in the world. The forests on the Balkan Peninsula are well preserved, especially in the Dinaric Highlands and the Southern Carpathians. But in general, forest cover in the South is very low. In some countries it does not exceed 15-20%, in Greece - 16%. In addition, the forests of the south are often devastated by fires.

Very valuable and promising for use are recreational resources South of Europe. Natural conditions, as well as the diversity of vegetation cover, landforms, the presence of sea beaches, unique historical monuments create favorable conditions for development various types tourism and recreation.

Among mineral resources greatest wealth South-European countries ores of ferrous, non-ferrous metals and non-metallic materials. The main deposits of iron ore are located in Spain, which has its own iron ore base. The ores of Spain contain 48-51% metal, while the high-grade ores of Sweden and Ukraine contain 57-70% metal.

Significant reserves of aluminum raw materials include bauxite in Greece, copper reserves in Spain, mercury in Spain and Italy, and potassium salts in Spain.

The energy resources of southern European countries are represented by hard coal, brown coal (Spain, Italy), oil (Romania, Slovenia), uranium (Spain, Portugal), but not all of them are of industrial importance.

Southern Europe is famous throughout the world for its building materials, in particular marble, tuff, granite, clay, raw materials for the cement industry, etc.

Population. Southern Europe is home to approximately 180 million people, representing more than 27.0% of Europe's total population. It ranks second in Europe in terms of population. Among Southern European countries the largest number population, three countries stand out: Italy (57.2 million people), Spain (39.6 million people) and Romania (22.4 million people), which are home to two-thirds of the population, or 66.3% total number living in the region.

In terms of population density (106.0 individuals/km2), Southern Europe exceeds the European average by 74%, but is inferior among internal European regions to industrialized Western Europe, where the population density is 173 individuals/km2; in the countries of Central-Eastern Europe this figure is significantly lower - more than 94 individuals/km2. Among individual countries, the industrially developed and long-status countries of Italy (190 osib/km2) and Albania (119.0 osib/km2) stand out with the highest population density. Such countries of the Balkan Peninsula as Croatia (85.3 individuals/km2), Bosnia and Herzegovina (86.5 individuals/km2), Macedonia (80.2 individuals/km2) and Spain (77.5 individuals/km2) stand out with lower density. . So, the center of Southern Europe - the Apennine Peninsula - is the most densely populated, in particular the fertile Padanian Plain and most of the coastal lowlands. The least densely populated areas are the highlands of Spain, where there are less than 10 people per km2.

In the South European macroregion, the birth rate is almost the same as in the Western European macroregion - 11 children per 1000 inhabitants and is second only to Northern Europe, where this figure in 1999 was almost 12%. Among individual countries, Albania ranks first in this indicator, where the birth rate reaches 23 people per 1 thousand inhabitants per year, and the natural increase is 18 people. In second place is Macedonia, where these indicators are 16 and 8, respectively, and in third and fourth places are Malta, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In industrial developed countries ah, the South's birth rate is much lower. So, in Italy - 9% with a minus growth rate (-1), in Slovenia - 10 people with zero natural growth. Infant mortality is slightly higher in southern European countries compared to Western and Northern Europe, but four fewer deaths per 1,000 births compared to Eastern Europe. Among individual countries, it is most in the Adriatic-Black Sea subregion, in particular in Albania, Macedonia, Romania and former Yugoslavia- respectively 33, 24, 23, 22 and 18 child deaths per 1000 births. Thus, mortality is highest in post-socialist countries with a low standard of living.

In recent years, the average life expectancy of the population in the region has increased to 70 years among men and 76 years among women. Men live longer in Greece (75 years) and in Italy, Andorra, Malta, respectively, 74 years, and women live longer in Italy, Spain and Andorra, respectively, 81 years. According to UN forecasts, over the next ten years, the average life expectancy of men and women in southern Europe is expected to rise to 73 and 79 years, respectively.

Southern Europe is the least urbanized European continent. Here, 56.1% of the population lives in cities. The largest cities in the region are Athens (3662 thousand), Madrid (3030), Rome (2791), Belgrade, Zaragoza, Milan, Naples, Bucharest, etc. Most southern cities were founded a very long time ago, back in the pre-Christian era. Many of them preserve monuments from the ancient period and later eras (Rome, Athens and dozens of other equally famous southern cities).

Southern Europe is fairly homogeneous racially. The population of the region belongs to the Mediterranean or southern branch of the Caucasian great race (white). Her characteristic features are short, dark wavy hair and brown eyes. Almost the entire population of Southern Europe speaks Indo-European languages language family. The population of Italy, Spain, Romania, and Portugal belongs to the Romance peoples, speaking languages that are derived from ancient Latin. Their largest groups are Italians, Spaniards, and Romanians. In the high alpine regions of Italy live Ladinos, Friuls, who speak Romansh, and in Spain - Catalans and Galicians. Portugal is settled by the Portuguese. The South Slavs live on the Balkan Peninsula. These include Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Macedonians. South Slavic peoples belong to the Mediterranean race. In addition to the Slavs, Albanians and Greeks live here. The Albanian language and culture have a strong South Slavic influence. Ethnic Greeks are the descendants of the ancient Hellenic Greeks, who were heavily influenced by the Slavs. The anthropological type of modern Greeks differs from ancient Greek, their speech has changed.

The non-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula live the Basques, who inhabit a small area of northern Spain. These are the descendants of the Iberians - an ancient population who have preserved their language and elements of culture. The majority of Romania's population are Romanians, who were formed in one nation from two close peoples - the Vlachs and the Moldovans.

Southern Europe- a region located in southern Europe. The countries that make up this region are located mainly on the Mediterranean coast. The population is approximately 160 million people.

List of Southern European countries: Albania, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican City, Italy, Spain, Macedonia, Malta, San Marino, Portugal, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro.

The most big country Italy, whose population is 61 million people, and the smallest is San Marino, whose population is just over 30 thousand people. The population density is quite high, on average 10 people per km2.

The countries of Southern Europe mainly have a subtropical Mediterranean climate, the average summer temperature is +25 degrees, and in winter – +8 degrees. The fauna and flora of this part of Europe is represented by species that were not affected by the glacier. You can meet roe deer, horned goats, servals, monitor lizards, foxes, badgers and raccoons, and from the fauna: holm oaks, olives, myrtles, cypresses, junipers, chestnuts and other amazing plants. Every year the pleasant Mediterranean climate attracts millions of tourists from all over the world.

The economy of Southern Europe is based on mining, livestock farming, farming, machinery, leather, textiles, citrus fruits and grapes. Tourism is highly developed in autumn, Spain is in second place in the world in tourism, after France. And yet, the main branch of specialization, if we exclude tourism, is agriculture; olives, grapes, grains and legumes, as well as fruits and vegetables are grown in Southern Europe. And in the north of the region there are industrial cities such as Turin, Geno and Milan.

Southern Europe is the homeland of the greatest ancient civilizations (Greek, Roman, Gaul, etc.), the homeland of the greatest defender of Christian Europe, the homeland of the greatest explorers and conquerors, and not least, the homeland of great scientists and athletes. Southern Europe has great history, many evidences of which have survived to this day, in the form of architecture and the greatest works of art.

Southern Europe - geographical region, which, as a rule, includes countries located on the coast, regardless of their culture and history. Thus, in addition to those powers that are included in the social concept of Europe, the western part of Turkey is often equated to this region, although this issue still remains controversial.

Countries in this region

The states that are located in this region are well known to everyone, so now we will briefly list them, and also name their capitals:

Albania - Tirana.
Serbia - Belgrade.
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo.
Cyprus - Nicosia.
Macedonia - Skopje.
Slovenia - Ljubljana.
San Marino - San Marino.
Croatia - Zagreb.
Portugal - Lisbon.
Spain - Madrid.
Montenegro - Podgorica.
Monaco - Monaco.
Italy - Rome.
Andorra - Andorra la Vella.
Greece - Athens.
Vatican - Vatican.
Malta - Valletta.

In addition to Turkey, there is another “disputed” country that some geographers include in this area - France. However, the majority does not accept this version, based on the fact that the climate in this state is too cold.

Geographical location

The southern part of Europe is conveniently located on peninsulas, whose shores open into the waters of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. For example, Spain and Portugal, as well as Andorra, are in Italy, San Marino and the Vatican are in Apennine, and Greece is in the Balkan. Powers such as Cyprus and Malta completely occupy separate islands located in the Mediterranean basin. It is precisely due to the fact that all these countries are facing the waters of this warm sea, the climate here is very mild and warm. This is what they call it - Mediterranean, and depending on the latitude, the name changes from subtropical to tropical. Southern Europe is a very mountainous area. In its western part, Spain was separated from France by the Pyrenees, in the central Alps they clearly border Italy, and in the east the Southern Carpathians approach the region.

Territory and population

The historical region of Southern Europe contains a variety of nature, terrain, cultures and people, as well as many mysteries and secrets. Its area is 1033 thousand square meters. km., and the total population is over 120 million people. However, it is impossible to say anything general about the culture of the entire region. Differences can even be seen in the fact that some countries are too urbanized, while the inhabitants of others prefer to live in villages. For example, in Spain the percentage of urbanization is 91%, in Italy - 72%, and in Portugal - only 48%. What is noteworthy is that almost all of Southern Europe is inhabited by the indigenous inhabitants of this area - Mediterranean Caucasians live here. Many countries have a minimal percentage of natural population growth. Therefore, this race is considered one of the aging on earth.

Local climate and tourism

Everyone knows that the southern cities of Europe are a real magnet for any traveler. Some people come here for sightseeing, but most people come to Mediterranean resorts to enjoy the local warmth and sun. The most important thing is that in the summer months it is not stuffy or sultry, but simply very warm. The air temperature rises to 28-30 degrees, and the coolness that comes from the sea fills the air with moisture, which makes it much easier to bear the heat. Such famous resort cities as Genoa, Malaga, Barcelona, Lisbon, Cadiz, Athens, Naples and many others annually attract millions of tourists from different corners planets.

Nature and economics

Southern Europe is a rich region. A lot of minerals are concentrated in its depths - mercury, copper, aluminum, uranium, gas, sulfur, mica and much more. Therefore, it is well developed here. In regions remote from cities there are numerous farms, and therefore most of rural population Europe is engaged in livestock farming. Each of the above countries receives a significant share of income from tourism. This region is considered one of the most visited in the world, so there are hotels and restaurants to suit every taste and budget. But still, agriculture is considered the most important, and most importantly, the most ancient in Southern Europe. Nature has decreed that it is here that olives, grapes, citrus fruits, dates, legumes, and, of course, a wide variety of vegetables and fruits grow best.

Conclusion

The region of Southern Europe is not only an attractive and picturesque corner of the world, but also a historically important territory. A significant part of world culture originated here, which later spread to other areas of the planet. The great heritage of Greece and Rome, the barbarism of Gaul and other regions of the Iberian Peninsula - all this came together into one whole and became the basis for our today's traditions.

The video tutorial allows you to get an interesting and detailed information about the countries of Southern Europe. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Southern Europe, the characteristics of the countries in the region, their geographical location, nature, climate, and place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about the main country of Southern Europe - Italy. In addition, the lesson provides interesting information about a tiny country - the Vatican.

Subject: Regional characteristics peace. Foreign Europe

Lesson:Southern Europe

Rice. 1. Map of subregions of Europe. Southern Europe is highlighted in green ()

Southern Europe- a cultural and geographical region, which includes states located on the southern peninsular and island parts of the region.

Compound:

1. Spain.

2. Andorra.

3. Portugal.

4. Italy.

5. Vatican.

6. San Marino.

7. Greece.

8. Croatia.

9. Montenegro.

10. Serbia.

11. Albania.

12. Slovenia.

13. Bosnia and Herzegovina.

14. Macedonia.

15. Malta.

16. Cyprus is sometimes included in Southern Europe

Southern Europe is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

The climate in most of Southern Europe is subtropical Mediterranean.

Almost the entire territory of Southern Europe is located within rigid-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs.

The region's population exceeds 160 million people.

Countries in Southern Europe with the largest populations:

1. Italy (61 million people).

2. Spain (47 million people).

3. Portugal and Greece (11 million people each).

At the same time, the population of the Vatican is less than 1000 people, and the population density is almost 2000 people. per sq. km.

The most numerous peoples of Southern Europe:

1. Italians.

2. Spaniards.

3. Portuguese.

The region's religious composition is diverse. In general, the southwestern countries of the region profess Catholicism, the southeastern ones - Orthodoxy, Albania and partly in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Islam.

Rice. 2. Map of religious denominations in Europe (blue - Catholicism, purple - Protestantism, pink - Orthodoxy, yellow - Islam). ()

According to the form of government, Spain, Andorra, and the Vatican are monarchies.

The most powerful economies in the region are Italy and Spain.

Characteristic for all countries of Southern Europe modern type population reproduction.

The highest levels of urbanization are in Spain (91%) and Malta (89%).

In most countries, mining, agriculture, mountain pasture husbandry, the production of machinery and instruments, fabrics, leather, and the cultivation of grapes and citrus fruits are widespread. Tourism is very common. Spain and Italy occupy leading places in the world in tourism. The main branch of specialization, in addition to international tourism, is agriculture, in particular, this area is rich in grapes, olives, quite high rates in the cultivation of grains and legumes (Spain - 22.6 million tons, Italy - 20.8 million tons), as well as vegetables and fruits (Spain - 11.5 million tons, Italy - 14.5 million tons). Despite the predominance of agriculture, there are also industrial areas, in particular the cities of Genoa, Turin and Milan are the main industrial cities in Italy. It should be noted that they are located mainly in the north, closer to the countries of Western Europe.

Italy. Population - 61 million people (4th place in overseas Europe). Capital - Rome.

The full name is the Italian Republic. It borders with France in the northwest, Switzerland and Austria in the north, and Slovenia in the northeast. It also has internal borders with the Vatican and San Marino. The country occupies the Apennine Peninsula, the Padana Plain, the southern slopes of the Alps, the islands of Sicily, Sardinia and a number of small islands.

Italy has a variety of mineral resources, but their deposits are mostly small, scattered throughout the territory, and are often located in an inconvenient location for development. Italy is a developed industrial-agrarian country. It is characterized by a combination of highly developed industry in the north and backward agriculture in the southern regions. The economy is dominated by powerful industrial and banking monopolies. In agriculture, especially in the south, remnants of feudalism are strong and backward forms of agriculture dominate. A lot of land still belongs to large landowners. Peasants rent tiny plots of land and pay for it up to half of the harvest. Italy is poor in coal and iron ore, but in its depths there is a lot of mercury, pyrites, gas, marble, and sulfur. About 40% of the electricity consumed by Italian industry comes from hydroelectric power plants. The most powerful of them are built on northern rivers. Italy became the first country in the world to widely use the heat of groundwater to produce electricity. Several nuclear power plants have been built. Mechanical engineering occupies a leading place in industry. Italian factories produce cars, motorcycles, airplanes, and sea vessels.

Over the past twenty years, 6 million Italians have left in search of work in other countries. The army of the unemployed is constantly replenished by bankrupt peasants. In Italian agriculture, the leading place belongs to agriculture. Dairy and beef farming is developed only in northern regions. Among the grains, the most common are wheat and corn.

Grapes are grown everywhere. The area occupied by vineyards is greater here than in any country in the world. Italy exports a lot of wine, as well as oranges, lemons, and vegetables. There are many large industrial cities in the north. The most significant of them is Milan. It is the economic capital of Italy. Industrial areas surround the city in a continuous ring. Milan's plants and factories belong to several trusts that control a significant part of the country's industry.

On the shores of the Ligurian Sea, in Northern Italy, the largest seaport in the country is located - Genoa. Genoa is a large industrial city. The country's largest shipyards, oil refineries, metallurgical and machine-building plants are located here.

Of all developed countries, Italy has the sharpest territorial contrasts in the level of industrialization. In Southern Italy, less than 15% of the economically active population is employed in industry, while in the North-West it is about 40%. The vast majority of the most advanced high-tech industries are also concentrated here.

The regional policy pursued by the Italian government and the EU is aimed at eliminating the economic backwardness of a number of Central and Southern regions of the country. The industrialization carried out in these areas involves the construction of small enterprises in the light and food industries in small and medium-sized cities in Central and Southern Italy. There is an accelerated development of coastal industrial centers (Ravenna, Taranto, Cagliari in Sardinia, etc.) based on the use of imported raw materials, in particular oil.

In the structure of Italian industry there is a constant increase in the share of manufacturing - the basis of Italian industry. The leading place in the manufacturing industry is occupied by the machine-building complex, whose share exceeds 35%. These include: general mechanical engineering; production of vehicles; production of electrical and electronic equipment; metalworking and production of metal products.

There is some lag in Italy from other industrial countries in terms of scientific potential, so the country in the MGRT specializes in the production of machinery and equipment of medium and low science intensity, supplying a fairly wide range of engineering products to the world market. In particular, it is one of the largest manufacturers of agricultural machinery, electrical appliances, packaging and food processing equipment, machine tools, textile equipment, rolling stock and other vehicles.

Italy is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of consumer goods, distinguished by high quality and exquisite design.

Fuel and energy complex. Italy is extremely poor in energy sources and has an unfavorable energy balance. On average, only 17% of needs are covered from own resources. Almost 70% of the energy balance comes from oil. According to this indicator, Italy is comparable among post-industrial countries only to Japan: about 15% for natural gas, 7 - 8% for coal, hydro and geothermal energy. Own oil production is small - 1.5 million tons per year. Italy purchases 98% of all oil consumed abroad (over 75 million tons). Oil comes from Saudi Arabia, Libya, Russia. Italy has the largest oil refining industry in Western Europe in terms of installed capacity (200 million tons), but its utilization rate is very low. Gas is imported from Russia, Algeria, and the Netherlands. Italy purchases about 80% of solid fuel. Hard coal is imported from the USA and South Africa.

Over 3/4 of the electricity is generated at thermal power plants that use mainly fuel oil. Therefore, electricity is expensive, and imports of electricity from France are high. After the Chernobyl accident, it was decided to work operating nuclear power plants stop and don't build new ones. The main goals of the state energy program are saving energy consumption and reducing oil imports.

The Italian ferrous metallurgy operates on imported raw materials. Own production is insignificant - 185 thousand tons per year. Coking coal is entirely imported from abroad, mainly from the USA. Italy is a major exporter of scrap metal, as well as alloy metal ores.

The import of raw materials for the industry predetermined the location of the largest metallurgical plants in sea coast in Genoa, Naples, Piombino, Taranto (the latter, the largest in the EU, with a capacity of 10 million tons of steel per year).

On the global market, Italy specializes in the production of thin, cold-rolled steel and steel pipes. The main products of non-ferrous metallurgy: aluminum, zinc, lead and mercury.

The country ranks second in the EU and sixth in the world in rolled metal production, accounting for 40% of ferrous metal production in the EU.

The Italian chemical industry specializes in the production of petrochemicals, polymers (especially polyethylene, polypropylene) and synthetic fibers.

The industry is highly monopolized and dominated by large firms. The ENI company ranks first in Europe in the production of acrylic fibers, second in the production of plastics, and third in the production of fertilizers. Montadison provides 1/4 of the country's chemical fertilizer production. SNIA specializes in the production of chemical fibers, plastics, dyes, plant protection products, and medicines.

Italy ranks fifth in the world in drug production.

The oldest and most important district chemical industry- North-West. Due to exacerbation ecological situation, lack of free space, difficulties with power supply, this region specializes in the production of fine chemicals. Large centers are: Milan, Turin, Mantua, Savona, Novara, Genoa.

North-Eastern Italy specializes in the production of bulk petrochemical products, fertilizers, synthetic rubber (Venice, Porto Marghera, Ravenna).

Profile of Central Italy - inorganic chemistry(Rosignano, Follonica, Piombino, Terni and others).

Southern Italy specializes in the production of organic synthesis products, mineral fertilizers (Brenzi, Augusta, Jele, Torto Torres and others).

Mechanical engineering is a leading branch of Italian industry. It employs 2/5 of all industrial workers, creates 1/3 of the total value of industrial products and 1/3 of the country's exports.

The industry is characterized by a high share of transport engineering in production and exports. Italy occupies one of the leading places in the world in car production. The largest automobile company is Fiat (Italian car factory in Turin). It is multidisciplinary and produces locomotives and wagons, tractors, ship and aircraft engines, road transport vehicles, machine tools, and robots. Fiat's capital is Turin, where the Mirafiori headquarters and largest plant are located; automobile factories were also built in Milan, Naples, Bolzano, and Modena. The company has its branches in many countries around the world. In the 1960s participated in the construction of the giant VAZ plant in Togliatti. Fiat is one of the top ten largest car manufacturers, accounting for 5.3% of global production.

Rice. 4. FIAT car from 1899. ()

Ferrari is famous for producing racing cars.

Italy's international specialization is the production of not only cars, but also motorcycles, scooters, mopeds and bicycles.

Shipbuilding is a crisis branch of transport engineering; The tonnage of ships launched annually does not exceed 250 - 350 thousand tons. reg. t. Shipbuilding centers: Monofalcone, Genoa, Trieste, Taranto.

There are a variety of products produced by the electrical industry - refrigerators, washing machines, TVs. The industry is characterized by a high territorial concentration in Milan, its suburbs and in the neighboring cities of Varese, Como and Bergamo.

The production of electronics products is growing. Italy produces personal computers and electronic components.

Light industry developed in Italy. The country is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of cotton and woolen fabrics, clothing and footwear, furniture, jewelry and earthenware, etc. Italy ranks second in the world after China in shoe production. Italy is famous for its designer houses.

Rice. 5. Giorgio Armani - Italian fashion designer ()

Service sector. Tourism and banking play a leading role in the industry. The most important source income is tourism. Over 50 million tourists visit Italy every year. More than 3/4 of the total turnover of the Italian tourism business comes from three cities: Rome, Venice and Florence. Almost all tourists arriving in Rome visit the unique state of the Vatican. The so-called shopping tourism is also developing, attracting wholesalers of products from Italian small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as individual consumers of Italian clothing and shoes.

All types of transport are well developed in Italy. More than 90% of passengers and 80% of cargo are transported by cars. The main transport artery of the country is the “motorway of the sun”, connecting Turin and Milan through Bologna and Florence with Rome. In external cargo transportation, sea transport predominates; 80 - 90% of imported goods are delivered by sea. The largest ports: Genoa (cargo turnover 50 million tons per year) and Trieste (35 million tons per year). The main coastal port of the country is Naples.

Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main crops are wheat, corn, rice (1st place in Europe; over 1 million tons per year), sugar beets. Italy is one of the world's largest and Europe's leading producers of citrus fruits (over 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year; over 90% is processed into wine) , olives. Floriculture and poultry farming are developed.

Vatican located on Vatican Hill in the northwestern part of Rome, a few hundred meters from the Tiber. The Vatican is surrounded on all sides by Italian territory. The Vatican has a non-profit planned economy. Sources of income are primarily donations from Catholics around the world. Part of the funds comes from tourism (sale of postage stamps, Vatican euro coins, souvenirs, fees for visiting museums). Most of labor force(museum staff, gardeners, janitors, etc.) are Italian citizens.

Almost the entire population of the Vatican is subjects of the Holy See (Vatican citizenship does not exist).

The Vatican's status in international law- auxiliary sovereign territory of the Holy See, the seat of the highest spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church. The sovereignty of the Vatican is not independent (national), but stems from the sovereignty of the Holy See. In other words, its source is not the population of the Vatican, but the papal throne.

Homework

Topic 6, P. 3

1. What are the features of the geographical location of Southern Europe?

2. Tell us about the Italian economy.

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Materials on the Internet

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The countries of Southern Europe are distinguished by their location on large peninsulas - the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan, which jut deep into the Mediterranean Sea. The largest states in this part of Europe are Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece. In addition to them, in Southern Europe there are several of the smallest, “dwarf” states in the world. (What do you know about them?)

Indicate the main features of the geographical location of the countries of Southern Europe. Find the capitals of the countries named in the text. Remember the main features of nature Ancient Italy and Ancient Greece.

The countries of Southern Europe have much in common in nature and in the economic activities of the population.

Italy is one of ancient states world, standing out for its rich history and typically Mediterranean nature. It occupies the Apennine Peninsula, large islands in the Mediterranean Sea - Sicily and Sardinia, as well as part of the mainland.

Mountains stretch across almost the entire territory of the country. The northern part is occupied by the largest mountain system in all of Europe and Italy - the Alps. Their mountain peaks on the northern border reach almost 5 thousand m (Mount Blanc - 4807 m). This is an area of young folding at the boundary of lithospheric plates. It coincides with the European-Asian seismic belt. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur here. The most famous of the volcanoes is Vesuvius. Mount Etna is located on the island of Sicily. Earthquakes are most frequent in Central and Southern Italy.

The Apennines are inferior in altitude to the Alps and do not exceed 3000 m above sea level. They do not have eternal snow. The Apennines are composed of limestone and sandstone, which is favorable for the formation of caves and grottoes.

There are few lowlands in Italy; they stretch in a narrow strip along the coasts. The largest, the Padan Plain, is located along the Po River valley. This is the main breadbasket of the country, where everywhere orchards and vineyards, crops of grain crops, sugar beets.

Rice. 107. In the mountainous regions of Italy

Italy is comparatively poor in mineral resources, with the exception of mercury ore and sulfur. There are small deposits of polymetallic ores. But there are a lot of different building materials - marble, granites, volcanic tuffs.

Large extent of the country from north to south, security from the north high mountains and the influence of a warm and ice-free sea determine the country's climate. The further south you go, the warmer it becomes. The climate on the Padan Plain is moderately warm, with hot summers but cold and foggy winters.

Most of the country has a Mediterranean climate with long, hot summers and warm, wet winters. Average temperature January above O °C. In winter it often rains and the sky is covered with clouds. Snow falls very rarely on the Apennine Peninsula.

Rice. 108. In the south of the Balkan Peninsula. Greece

The climate of the Alps is typical of the mountains. It varies from the foothills to the peaks, from moderately warm to cold. In the mountains, the snow does not melt for several months, and the tops of the mountains are covered with eternal snow. The Alps receive particularly high precipitation, up to 3000 mm in the western, highest part. They are brought by moist westerly winds.

The rivers of Italy are short, with fast current. Unlike other rivers in Europe, they flood in winter. The longest and deep river- By. It carries a huge amount of suspended particles and forms a delta when it flows into the Adriatic Sea. On the Apennine Peninsula the most large river- The Tiber, on which the capital of the country is located - Rome.

There are many relatively large lakes of glacial origin in the Alps. Resorts of world significance have been created on their beautiful shores.

The soils of Italy are favorable for agriculture, growing fruit trees and grapes.

Italy is located in a zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs, but almost no forests have survived. The hillsides and foothills are covered with dense thickets of evergreen shrubs and low trees. On the plains, the land is used for various agricultural crops.

To protect the flora and fauna in the high parts of the Alps and Apennines, national parks. Floods are common in Italy, causing great damage to the local population. Enterprises located on the coast pollute the Mediterranean Sea.

Population. In terms of population in foreign Europe, Italy is second only to Germany. The main population is Italians, their language belongs to the Romance group. The highest population density is in the north of the country, where there are many cities, and around Naples. Relatively rare population in the mountains. Many Italians live and work in neighboring Switzerland and Germany. More than half the population lives in cities.

Italy is an industrial country. Most of the population is employed in factories and factories. Since our own mineral resources are insufficient, imported raw materials are mostly used. The country produces a variety of cars, among which the production of automobiles stands out; Italy ranks among the first in the world in their production. There are many factories that process oil into fuel and chemical products - plastics, synthetic fibers, fabrics made from them, yarn, varnishes and paints. Almost all oil is imported from abroad, mainly from Southwest Asia and North Africa. Many industrial enterprises are located on the sea coast. Modern ships are being built in port cities. Italian motorcycles and scooters are also known. Italy is the birthplace of motor scooters.

High temperatures in summer and warm, wet winters favor the cultivation of a wide variety of crops. Cereals can produce two harvests a year, but dry summers require artificial irrigation in many places. The main grain crop is wheat. Everyone knows the traditional Italian dish made from wheat flour - pasta, of which there are several dozen types. On the irrigated lands of the Padan Plain large areas occupied by rice and vegetable crops.

Rice. 109. On the Mediterranean coast

Italy is called the “main garden” of Europe, because of the variety of fruits grown - apples, pears, peaches, apricots, cherries, figs. In the southern part of the country and especially in Sicily, there are plantations of oranges, tangerines, lemons, and vineyards everywhere. Italy is second only to Spain in olive harvesting.

Large number sunny days, beautiful nature, warm sea, abundance of historical monuments attract millions of tourists from various countries peace. In Rome, a city with almost three thousand years of history, buildings and ruins of buildings built at the beginning of our era have been preserved. Part of the city is occupied by the “dwarf” state of the Vatican, where the head of the Catholic Church is located.

What changes have the economic activities of the population brought to the nature of Italy?
Find the most popular places on a comprehensive map of Western and Southern Europe major cities countries.
Find areas where grains, rice, and fruits are grown.