Outdated words The Russian language lives and develops. Question: Prove, using the example of outdated words and neologisms, that the Russian language lives and develops

The Russian language has a constantly changing vocabulary: some previously frequently used vocabulary is now almost never used, while others, on the contrary, are increasingly used by us. Examples outdated words and neologisms are numerous, which indicates the development of the language.

Such phenomena are closely related to changes public life: a new word appears with the appearance of a new concept, and if people no longer refer to a certain object or phenomenon, then the term that serves to designate it is not used. In this article we will look at obsolete words and their uses, types and features.

Obsolete words: definition

Outdated words are those that in a given period of time are either very rarely used or not used at all (for example, right hand, child, Red Army soldier, mouth, people's commissar).

Word obsolescence is a process, so different concepts may be at different stages. Words that have not yet fallen out of active use, but are used less frequently than before, are called “obsolete vocabulary.”

Neologisms and archaisms are used for different purposes. The latter are used, for example, to name phenomena and objects, that is, they perform a nominative function (for example, in scientific and historical works). In works of fiction devoted to a historical theme, such vocabulary plays a nominative-stylistic role - it serves not only to designate a specific reality, but also creates a certain flavor of a given era.

In a literary text, obsolete words can be used to indicate the time when the action takes place. Archaisms (and neologisms) can also serve a stylistic purpose. They give the text solemnity, being means of expressiveness.

Neologisms: definition

We will answer the question of what neologisms are; we will also try to give examples. These are new words that have not yet become everyday and familiar. Their composition is constantly changing, some of the neologisms take root in the Russian language, while others do not. Thus, the word “satellite” in the mid-20th century was a neologism. Annually funds mass media use tens of thousands of new terms and concepts, but not all of them are in everyday use. Some are used only once in oral speech or any text, while others are included in the linguistic composition and, being used many times, lose their novelty. Certain new terms, not yet having had time to enter the main lexical fund, immediately fall out of use and become obsolete (this is the fate that befell, for example, the vocabulary of the post-revolutionary years: vseobuch, zhendelegatka, businessman, kerenka).

Ways of new words appearing

Outdated words and neologisms in the Russian language are a very interesting phenomenon. It is especially interesting to know how new concepts emerge. They arise in several ways:

Formation of a lexical neologism (new term) from morphemes and words already existing in the language according to existing models: drywall, disk drive, fiber optic;

Borrowing some foreign word with the subsequent formation of new ones from it according to existing word formation models in the language: scanner, scanning, scan;

The formation of a new lexical meaning of a term that already exists in the language (in this sense, words are called semantic neologisms), which occurs, among other things, through tracing the meanings of words in another language: a mouse is both a device for entering information into a computer and an animal; A hard drive is both a device for storing information on a computer and a gun;

The formation of some stable phrases with a new meaning (including calculating ones): motherboard, hard drive.

Archaisms and historicisms

Among the vocabulary that has fallen out of use, archaisms and historicisms are distinguished. Outdated words and neologisms, examples of which are indicated in this article, have different fates.

It is determined by their use in speech, and not by “age”: those naming necessary, vital concepts and terms do not age for centuries, while others quickly become archaic, we stop using them, since the objects themselves denoted by these words disappear. For example, the education system in our country has changed, and therefore terms such as class lady, schoolgirl, realist (meaning “student of a real school”) have disappeared from speech.

The concept of "historicism"

Words that serve as names for concepts, objects and phenomena that have already disappeared are called historicisms. All the above terms refer to them. These words occupy a special position in our language, since they are the only designations for objects that have fallen out of use. Historicisms, therefore, do not and cannot have any synonyms. In works of art, historical literature about the past of a people, they are inevitably used, since thanks to them the flavor of a particular era is recreated. These words add a touch of historical authenticity to the description of the past.

Thus, historicisms are words that we have stopped using due to the fact that the phenomena and objects they designate have disappeared: caftan, bursa, posadnik. They are used mainly in various texts describing the past (both artistic and scientific).

The concept of "archaism"

Archaisms are words that have become a passive stock because the phenomena, objects and concepts they denote, which still exist today, have new names. There are different types of them, depending on which aspect of a particular word is outdated:

Lexical, if the word itself has become obsolete and its sound-letter complex is no longer used, and the meaning is now denoted by a new unit of vocabulary;

Semantic - in the case when the word in modern language exists, but has lost some meaning or several of them (“to deprive the stomach”);

Phonetic - if the sound appearance of a particular term has changed, reflected in its spelling (“eighteen years”);

Derivational - when the word-formation structure of the word itself is outdated (“poison caplet”);

Grammatical - if certain grammatical forms have fallen out of use.

Archaisms are not fundamentally different from historicisms. If the latter are the names of some obsolete objects, then the former are the obsolete names of ordinary concepts and phenomena that we encounter in everyday life.

Types of archaisms

Among the archaisms, specific groups of words can be distinguished. Some of them differ from their commonly used synonyms by specific features in sound, incomplete sound combinations (young - young, gold - gold, city - hail, shore - breg, raven - vran; the second words in these pairs sound archaic). These obsolete words are called phonetic archaisms. These include terms such as klob (club in modern vocabulary), number (number), stora (curtain), goshpital (hospital) and other outdated words and phrases in the Russian language that can be found among writers and poets of the 19th century. They often differ from their “rivals” by just one sound, less often by several of them, or by a now obsolete accent.

As you can see from the examples, vocabulary that has fallen out of use is distinguished by the degree of its archaism: some words are still used in speech, for example by poets, while others are known to us only from works of literature of the last century. There are also those that are completely forgotten today.

A very interesting phenomenon is the archaization of a certain meaning of a word.

Its result is the appearance of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words that are used in an outdated, unusual meaning for us. Their knowledge helps to correctly understand the language of classical literature.

How do neologisms appear?

We have already answered the question of what neologisms are; we have given examples of them above. Now let's find out how they arise in the Russian language. What appears faster: archaisms and neologisms? Let's figure it out.

The rate of emergence is different for such layers of vocabulary as obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are offered in this article. The process of replenishing the language with new vocabulary occurs much more intensely and quickly. IN recent years In about 15-20 years, great historical changes have taken place in our country, which directly affected the state of the vocabulary of the Russian language. Neologisms that appeared at this time include such formations that did not exist before not only in the literary language, but also in any other spheres of its use (territorial and social dialects, functional styles). Only with perestroika did the vocabulary include such concepts as agrobank (that is, land bank), corporatization (transformation into joint stock company state enterprise by issuing and selling various shares), targeted (addressed to a specific group of people), anti-market (that is, opponent of the country’s transition to market economy), as well as hyperinflation (inflation that is rapidly developing and threatens economic collapse) and some others.

Types of neologisms

As you have already noticed, neologisms are opposed to outdated words. New units of vocabulary in their design represent either individual words(tenantship, anti-Stalinism, audio cassette, ATM, gang formation), or compound names (NFO - poverty line - a certain level of well-being of the population, ensuring a minimum amount of consumption of basic material goods).

Such neologisms are considered lexical. We can also note here phraseological ones, which represent recently emerged ones, for example: turn on (that is, start additional typing paper money, which is not provided by the production of goods), hang noodles on one’s ears (meaning “to mislead someone”), etc.

Lexical and phraseological neologisms are phraseological units, compound terms and words.

Four groups of neologisms

As you can see, the functions of obsolete words and neologisms are different. We have already mentioned the role of the former. All new words according to their purpose can be divided into four main groups.

The first of them includes the names of concepts and realities that previously did not exist in the life of the people: revivalists are followers of pseudo-patriotic movements of Russia striving for its revival, grant are certain subsidies that are a form of additional financial support scientific research, etc.

The second group of neologisms is created to designate phenomena that already take place in public life, but for some reasons, for example ideological, have not received their designation: returnee - who voluntarily returned from emigration to his homeland, extrajudicial - who is outside the scope of legal proceedings, Leninist, command-bureaucratic etc.

The third group consists of those indicating realities that do not exist in real life, but are possible in fantasies, predicted by further development technology and science: spaceship, nuclear winter, cyborg.

The last, fourth group includes lexical units that duplicate words with a specific lexical meaning. This includes ideographic (full) synonyms, identical in stylistic coloring and meaning: thoughtful - balanced, statesman - sovereign, historical - fateful, servile - loyal.

Interstyle and characteristic neologisms of a particular style of speech

Neologisms in the sphere of use are mainly inter-style, that is, used in all (intergirl, image, case, yogurt, beneficiary, liberal-democratic, drug business, interbank). However certain part they are characteristic of a specific style: journalistic (dissenter, rollback, drug lord, integrator, balance), scientific (dowsaw, aura, ozone hole, radioecology, clone), business (dealer, depository, natural monopoly) or colloquial (photocopy, compromising evidence, cash, cheating, bad luck, strained).

We answered the question about what obsolete words and neologisms are. A variety of examples can be given; only a few of them were indicated in this article. In fact, both of them represent a significant layer of vocabulary. There are even special dictionaries in which you can find other examples of outdated words and neologisms.

The vocabulary of a language directly reflects all the changes that occur in social life, culture, science, and production. At the same time, some words gradually fall out of use and become obsolete, while others, on the contrary, appear in the language (neologisms).

I. Obsolete words are divided into two groups: historicisms and archaisms.

Historicisms- these are outdated words denoting former objects and concepts that do not exist in our time (names belonging to the socio-economic relations of the past, household items, tools, etc.), for example: boyar (the highest paid rank of Moscow Rus'), camisole (short men's clothing), plow (agricultural implement), arshin (measure of length equal to 0.71 m), altyn (three-kopeck coin), etc. In modern Russian there are no synonyms for historicisms.

Historicisms are used in different styles(most often in scientific) to designate concepts of a certain era, for example: 1) Sagittarius recruited from the general population and settled in settlements. (E.S.); 2) In the distance, at the Nikolsky Gate, a sable hat could be seen - like a pipe boyar, fur caps clerks, dark kaftans elected the best people. (A.N.T.)

Archaisms(from Greek arhaios - ancient) - these are outdated synonyms modern words, for example: palm (arm), lanita (cheeks), brow (forehead), neck (neck), persi (chest), more (more), zelo (very), velmy (very), thief (thief, robber) and etc. Thus, archaisms, unlike historicisms, name concepts that currently exist, but are designated by other, modern words.

Archaisms are used primarily in fiction to create convincing pictures historical era, for authenticity in conveying the peculiarities of speech of characters in works dedicated to the history of the Fatherland, for example: The Tsar [Peter I]... sent a messenger to Moscow with a letter to Romodanovsky: “... what are you holding our comrades, Fedosei Sklyaev and others? I'm very sad. I was waiting for Sklyaev more than anyone else..." (A.N.T.)

Archaisms can also give speech a solemn character, for example:

...Rise up, prophet, and see, And take heed,
Be fulfilled by my will,
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Verb burn people's hearts... (P.)

Archaisms are often used as a means of irony, ridicule, and jokes, for example: 1) Wise secretary! Congratulations to your radiant person and Chad Happy New Year to you. (Ch.); 2) Thorns glory stuck into the noble foreheads of the travelers. They were roughly pulled out of the car and began to be rocked. (I. and P.)

When describing phenomena of the past, it is important to be clear about the meaning of the outdated word used, so as not to make mistakes. For example, a gross distortion of meaning is made in the following sentence: Mrs. Prostakova treats her people poorly courtiers(it should have been said with courtyards, that is, with serf servants taken to the master's court; the word courtiers means “persons close to the monarch, constituting his inner circle”).

II. Neologisms(from Greek neos - new) - new words that appear in the language. Neologisms serve to designate those new concepts that appear in connection with the development of social relations, science, culture, technology, etc., for example: landing on the moon, lunar rover, video phone, hang glider, airbus, etc. As the phenomena they denote spread or objects, new words can firmly enter into general use and lose the connotation of novelty. These are, for example, the now widely used words computer, tape recorder, astronaut, nuclear-powered ship, simulator and others, which quite recently were neologisms.

New words - neologisms - can be intentionally created by authors for various stylistic purposes, for greater expressiveness of speech, for example:

great joy.

Unsmile

sympathetic faces.

(V. Mayakovsky)

Such neologisms are called individually authored.

As a rule, such neologisms remain only within the boundaries of a given work, being individual feature author's style. However, in some cases they can be included in the general vocabulary of the literary language. Such, for example, is Mayakovsky’s neologism “over-meeting” (people who spend a lot of time on unnecessary meetings).

70. Read it. Indicate obsolete words and note their stylistic role. Determine what style the texts given in paragraph II belong to. Copy it using missing punctuation marks.

I. 1) Let the sky light up with morning glory! (A.B.) 2) With outstretched hand, Polonsky inspiredly read poetry here. (A.B.) 3) I accept the desert weighs and wells of earthly cities! (A.B.) 4) But even under the yoke of dark spells, I painted her tan. (A.B.) 5) In the hands - a crust of bread, in the mouth - cherry juice. (Es.) 6) Restless chickens cluck over the shafts of the plow. (A.B.) 7) There are people (in lately there are even a lot of them), who with dead hands knock on dead chests and with gaping hollows instead of eyes look around: who doesn’t knock on dead chests?.. (S.-Shch.)

II. 1) Not only the warriors of Prince Alexander Nevsky, but all the Novgorod people came out to lay down their bellies for the Russian land and met on the loose spring ice Lake Peipsi with the crusaders they beat them in a slaughter so brutal “that the ice on the lake was no longer visible, everything was covered in blood.” (A.N.T.) 2) The bed had a disorderly appearance and indicated that the owner spent the most restless hours of his life on it. How long have you been living like this anchorite, asked Ostap. (I. and P.)

71. Read and tell us about the origin of the highlighted words. Match them with words of the same root and make sentences with two of them. Using the “Concise Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by N. Shansky, V. Ivanov, T. Shanskaya or any other etymological dictionary, using the example of 3-4 words, prove the validity of the statement that the spelling of a word is its biography.

From the biography of words

A) Charm- original from Old Russian babble(speak). The word originally meant “to bewitch with words.” From babble - tale, talk, fable(ba-sn-ya, like pe-sn-ya; originally fable- fairy tale, story), as well as bye- bayushki, lull;

b) sense of smell- borrowed from Old Church Slavonic - about + stink(smell) - from the word stink(not a stink!) - smell in general; cf.: incense, stench; Wed stench- stink);

V) strike- from common Slavic times(hit), strike(hit, hit); hit- strike;

G) obsession- an incomprehensible phenomenon, a deception of feelings - from na + vaditi(to instigate, to slander, to inspire), 1st l. - I matter; in dialects - vadit(slander, slander someone).

72. Prepare a report on the topic “The use of historicisms and archaisms in the works of A. S. Pushkin.”

73. Read it. Indicate new words that have appeared in our language in connection with the development of science and technology, and individual neologisms.

1) Our nature is sadder, more lyrical, more Levitanistic. (Ch.) 2) The forge mountains are burning, and the sea is turning blue. (Lighthouse.) 3) An important stage in the development of television technology was the creation of a cosmovision system. (Gas.) 4) A lot of good will come out of your play bakery. (Ch.) 5) The squad of star pilots who have already been in space is constantly growing. (Gas.) 6) The colorful, brightly lit showcases of the Expo Center attract the attention of many Muscovites and guests of the capital. (Gas.) 7) Funds received from sponsors will be used for the development of mass sports. (Gas.)

74. Write down 6-7 new words that have recently appeared in the language. Show that the Russian language is a developing phenomenon.

75. Copy, replacing unsuccessfully used obsolete and modern words, as well as words that are formed incorrectly.

1) Mrs. Prostakova treated her serf owners rudely. 2) All the rich courtyards and owners of the surrounding estates came to the ball. 3) Denisov, Do-lokhov and other comrades led the partisan struggle during the Napoleonic invasion. 4) The landowners forced the servants to work on weekends. 5) Mitrofan is an undeveloped person, a real dumbass. 6) Chichikov’s purchases caused great trouble for officials. 7) Individualists and self-lovers are condemned by M. Gorky in the legend of Lappe. 8) On the head of Ilya Muromets steel helmet, on the chest - iron chain mail, on the hands - mittens.

OBSOLETE WORDS AND NEOLOGISMS (NEW WORDS). 6TH GRADE.

Hot Saida Khazretovna,

teacher of Russian language and literature.

VOCABULARY FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF USE ACTIVITY.

Active composition

dictionary

Passive composition of the dictionary

Words of the Russian language that speakers not only understand, but also use and actively use

Words that are relatively rarely used in the language of everyday life.

Outdated words

New words - neologisms

Outdated words

Historicisms

Archaisms

words naming objects or phenomena that do not exist in modern life

Examples: boyar, hussar, knight, chain mail

these are words denoting the names of existing objects that have been superseded by other words.

Examples: cheeks (cheeks), disgrace (theater), vedat (know)

A penny is a coin equal to half a penny.

This is historicism, because the concept is history

Finger is the former name for a finger.

This is archaism, the object has not disappeared!

Poneva ─ is a skirt consisting

from three panels of woolen or half-woolen fabric,

tied at the waist with a narrow woven belt - a gasket;

only married women wore it

Kaftan is a long-skirted men's clothing. Kuchersky caftan

Onuchi ─ wrappings for a foot under a boot or bast shoe

Kichka (kika) ─ ancient

Russian headdress for married women

(mainly in the southern provinces).

A cap with a hard front part in the shape of horns or a shoulder blade.

A splinter is a thin long sliver of dry wood. To obtain splinters, the log was split, that is, divided into chips. To get more light, several torches were burned at the same time. They were secured in a light.

Ochep ─ a pole attached to the ceiling in a hut, on which a cradle was suspended.

Endova, ─ s, zh. In the old days: large open round glassware for wine

tsar

merchant

boyar

knight

barge haulers

serfs

vigilante

ranks, classes, positions, professions old Russia: stableman, footman, steward, zemstvo, landowner, constable, officer, farrier, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter;
phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, quitrent, cuts, purchase;
species production activities: manufactory, horse-drawn carriage;
Types of disappeared technologies: tinning, mead making

Words that arose during the Soviet era also became historicisms: budyonnovets, food detachment, committee of the poor, educational program, lichenets, NEP, NEPman, surplus appropriation system, Makhnovist.
Historicisms are used in those texts that talk about objects and phenomena of the past. It could be like educational literature as well as a work of art. Historicisms help the author create the speech flavor of the era being described.

Actor ─ actor

guilty ─ obliged

to speak ─ to speak

only ─ only

bark ─ shout

cunning ─ cunning

beauty ─ beauty

unknown ─ unknown

student ─ well

sukhmen ─ drought

plump ─ generous

uskan ─ hare

gloomy ─ cloudy

The dictionary includes historicisms and archaisms, some outdated ones are presented phraseological units, forms polite treatment, job titles. The dictionary reveals the meanings of these words, gives their grammatical and stylistic characteristics, using examples ─ The illustrations show how they functioned in speech.

Altyn─ three-kopeck coin. Arapchik─ Dutch chervonets. Arshin─ Russian measure of length equal to 0.71 m; ruler, a bar of such length for measuring. Please─ try, care, assist. Get sick─ undress. Ramenier─ a large dense forest surrounding the field; edge of the forest. Expand─ spread out, spread out, split, bare teeth. Zealous─ heart.

FIND THE EXTRA WORD (MEANINGS OF OBSOLETE WORDS CAN BE FOUND IN THE DICTIONARY BY CLICKING ON THE WORD)

Video game

barn

warrior

archer

privatization

Spool

decrees

clerk

diskette

galley

Barber

chain mail

player

Sundress

box

DICTIONARY

BARN(Turkic) - the simplest granary.
GALLEY(Italian galera) - a wooden rowing military vessel created in the 7th century. Venetians. Length up to 60 m, width up to 7.5 m, draft 2 m, one row of oars (up to 32 per side). Crew with soldiers up to 450 people.
SECRETARY(from the Greek diakonos - servant) - head and clerk of the office of various departments in Russia until the 18th century.
GOLDEN- Russian premetric measure of mass (weight), equal to 96 shares (4.266 g).
CHAIN MAIL- armor, shirt made of iron rings. Appeared in the 1st millennium BC. e. in Assyria. In the Middle Ages, widespread in Europe and Asia.

Back

DICTIONARY

ARCHERS- in ancient times and in the Middle Ages, foot and horse warriors armed with bows.
LUCHINA– a thin long sliver of wood used as a lamp
PRIVATIZATION(from Latin privatus - private) - transfer of state or municipal property(land plots, industrial enterprises, banks and other financial institutions, means of transport, communications, mass media, buildings, shares, cultural values etc.) for a fee or free of charge into the ownership of individuals or groups.
RATNIK– warrior; V Tsarist Russia: private of the state militia.

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DICTIONARY

SORAFAN(from Persian serap - honorable clothing) - Russian folk women's clothing; usually a sleeveless dress worn over a shirt. In the 14th-17th centuries. A sarafan was also called men's outerwear.
BOX– a large box with a hinged lid for storing things.
DECREE- in a number of countries normative act head of state.
BARBER- a hairdresser who also knows basic healing techniques.

Back

Historicisms

Tricorne hat, spindle, caftan, chain mail, queen, serf.

Archaisms

Brow, voice, fisherman, sail.

Friendship
Pioneer
Governor
Secretary

Land
eke out
Computerize
Run away

Silver
Gold
Beauty
Snow-white

Clerk
Paper
Writer
Excerpt

Medic
Doctor
Healer

Vulgar
Culinary
Oblyzhny
Coastal

Knowingly false, deceptive. Lying speeches.

Appearance:

1) By word formation

sweetener

2) Borrowing

computer, monitor

3) Ambiguity of homonymy

key, scythe

Bonus ─ reward

Cartridge ─ this is a device for refilling printer ink

Consulting ─ activities on consulting manufacturers, sellers, buyers on a wide range of issues

Spam ─ a message sent en masse to people who have not consented to receive it

Storage cash clients in the safe depositories bank indicating their amount in the agreement.

Dress code ─ dress code required to attend certain events.

Inauguration ─ inauguration ceremony

NEOLOGISMS ARE NEW WORDS THAT APPEARED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ART, SOCIETY, AS WELL AS NEW MEANINGS OF MULTI-SECONIC WORDS.

dealer, manager, marketing, telefax, bionics, file, website, joystick, CD, TV show

Many new formations are neologisms for a very short time: having become widespread in speech, they become the property of the entire people and become part of their active vocabulary. Thus, such words, which have now become commonly used, did not remain neologisms for long, such as

computer,

mobile phone (mobile phone),

privatization, etc.

Let's write down the statement of V.G. Belinsky:

“Strictly speaking, a language is never completely established: it constantly lives and moves, developing and improving... Language goes along with the life of the people...”

Using the example of archaisms known to you, prove the validity of V. G. Belinsky’s thought.

What new words have appeared in recent years?
What caused this?

FROM THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE TEXTBOOK 1973:

Nuclear-powered ship
Astronaut
Lunnik
Moonlight
Aquanaut
Rocketeer
Scuba diver

These words were neologisms in 1973, but now they are....

Indicate which forms of the genus

highlighted nouns

are outdated.

He was sitting by piano and leafed through the notes. (A. Chekhov.)
- And to the submissive piano hands laid down powerfully. (A. Blok.)
2) Branch poplars I already threw away the pale yellow ones sticky notes. (B. Polevoy.)
- For poplar high up I see a window there.

(M. Lermontov)

3) The hot sun looks into the greenish sea, as if through a thin gray veil.(M. Gorky.)
- Anna's face was covered veil(L. Tolstoy.)

Vocabulary is the most variable and mobile, developing part of the language as a whole. Mobility and development are explained by the conditions in which language exists as a means of communication. The economic, political and cultural development of the country, the expansion of its ties with other countries are reflected in the language, as in a mirror. Words in a language can become obsolete, since they no longer meet the needs of society at a certain stage of its development; gradually such words go into passive storage; they only sometimes remind us of their existence, or rather, they appear mainly on the pages of works of art in certain stylistic functions. Thus, a layer is formed in the tongue outdated words.

Obsolete words are heterogeneous in their origin, and therefore two groups are distinguished among them: historicisms And archaisms.

Historicisms- these are words that denote outdated concepts that have passed from our lives (names of items of clothing, types of weapons and labor, social relations between people, etc.) for example: arshin, nobleman, sleeping bag, kissing bag. There are no synonyms for such words in the modern Russian literary language, since there are no realities themselves.
Historicisms are currently used to name concepts of a certain era, i.e. are used as a means of creating color and identity of the era about which we're talking about in a work of art dedicated to any historical theme of past years.
Archaisms- these are outdated names, which were replaced by new names of the same objects and phenomena, i.e. archaisms are outdated synonyms of modern words, for example:

neck(neck), mouth(lips), cheeks(cheeks), Percy(breast), barber(hairdresser), hand(palm), eyes(eyes), verb(speak), this(this), actor(artist), packs(again) and so on.

Archaisms, like historicisms, are used in works of fiction to convincingly depict a historical era, as a means of verbal characterization of a historical image. In addition, archaisms are mostly used to create a solemn coloring of speech, i.e. perform the function of high-style vocabulary.

Neologisms- these are new words and expressions that have arisen in the language to name new objects and phenomena that have appeared in our lives, for example: blogger, cell phone, copier, security officer, defense worker, office, voucher, microblog, TV image, space base, summit, image, demotivator, glamor...

As the phenomena and objects they denote spread, neologisms become part of the commonly used vocabulary, losing their connotation of novelty, for example, such words have now become: TV, VCR, intercom…

Thus, the emergence of new words in the language is due to the development of social relations, science, technology and culture.