What special standard was developed by an international organization. International organizations for standardization and product quality

Option No. 9

1. International organizations on standardization

Literature

International standardization organizations

International Organization for Standardization, ISO (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) is an international organization that produces standards.

The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standardization organizations, based on two organizations: ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), established in New York in 1926 (disbanded in 1942) and UNSCC (United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee), established in 1944. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of ISO as the legal successor of the USSR. On September 23, 2005, Russia joined the ISO Council.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this, it was decided to use the Greek word ισος - equal, which is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has short name"iso".

The scope of ISO's activities concerns standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues.

ISO defines its objectives as follows: to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world in order to ensure international exchange goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

Today, ISO includes 164 countries with their national standards organizations. represents Russia Federal agency on technical regulation and metrology as a committee member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 100 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings General Assembly. Corresponding members (45 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to stay informed international standardization.

Organizationally, ISO includes governing and working bodies. Governing bodies: General Assembly (highest body), Council, Technical Directive Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TAG).

General Assembly

The General Assembly is a meeting officials and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers. General Assembly 2013 years will pass in St. Petersburg.

The Council directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At meetings of the Council, decisions are made by a majority vote of the committee members of the Council present at the meeting. Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

Seven committees are subordinate to the ISO Council: PLAKO (technical bureau), PROFKO (methodological and information assistance); CASCO (conformity assessment committee); INFKO (committee on scientific and technical information); DEVCO (Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries); KOPOLCO (committee for the protection of consumer interests); REMCO (standard samples committee).

PLACO (PLACO - Planning Committee) prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination technical aspects work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

CASCO (CASCO - Committee on conformity assessment) deals with the issues of confirming the conformity of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of this activity and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade. -economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with issues of creating general requirements to auditors for accreditation of testing laboratories and assessment of the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

DEVCO (DEVCO - Committee on developing country matters) studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; Preparation teaching aids on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation international centers training.

COPOLCO (COPOLCO - Committee on consumer policy) studies issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs for training consumers in the field of standardization and communicating to them necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by periodical A list of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative tests of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc.

COPOLCO participated in the development of ISO/IEC guidance on the preparation of safety standards.

REMCO (REMCO - Committee on reference materials) provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). Thus, a reference book on reference materials and several manuals have been prepared: “Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular with OIML - the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

The International Electrotechnical Commission was created in 1906 by international conference, in which 13 countries most interested in such an organization participated. The date of the beginning of international cooperation in electrical engineering is considered to be 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity took place. Later, in 1904, government delegates to the Congress decided that a special organization was needed to standardize the parameters of electrical machines and terminology in this area.

After World War II, when ISO was created, the IEC became autonomous organization in its composition. But organizational financial questions and the objects of standardization were clearly separated. IEC deals with standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, and instrument making. These areas are outside the scope of ISO.

Most IEC member countries are represented in it by their national standardization organizations (Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation); in some countries, special committees for participation in the IEC have been created that are not part of the structure of national standardization organizations (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, etc. ).

International organizations involved in international standardization

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) is an organ of the UN ECOCOC (UN Economic and Social Council). It was created in 1947, first as a temporary organization to provide assistance to countries affected by the war. But in 1951, the UN ECOSOC decided to extend the powers of the WEC for an indefinite period, defining the main directions of its activities as development economic cooperation states within the UN. In addition to the EEC member states (there are about 40 of them), any UN member countries can participate in its work as observers or consultants. The main task of the UNECE in the field of standardization is to develop the main directions of standardization policy at the government level and determine priorities in this area.

The UNECE, in cooperation with ISO, IEC and other international organizations, publishes the “UNECE List of Standardization”, which defines priorities in this area. The purpose of this publication is to help the governments of EEC member countries in solving problems of national standardization, as well as to accelerate international standardization in priority areas and coordinate the efforts of all countries involved in standardization issues.

In this regard, the EEC recognizes the need for:

Promoting the implementation of international standards;

Use of uniform terminology;

Removing technical barriers to trade based on international standards;

Establishing close contacts between organizations developing international standards for the same product (service);

Unification of the design of international and regional standards in general or in individual elements, which, according to EEC experts, should serve to accelerate their implementation.

The EEC recommends measures for coordinating standardization activities at the national and international levels of standard development. At the national level, the following are recommended: the appointment of one body or official responsible for coordinating government standardization policies; government assistance to standardization in priority areas in accordance with the EEC List of Standardization; government support for public procurement carried out in accordance with international (regional) standards or national regulatory documents harmonized with them.

At the international level, governments are encouraged to take measures to comply with certain principles in international standardization activities: before starting work, it is necessary to collect and analyze information on existing standards in this area; if possible, when developing new standards, one should proceed from international level to regional. Exceptions are allowed when regional needs, due to their specificity, cannot be satisfied in this way.

Related information.

In 1946, at a meeting of the UN Committee for the Coordination of Standards, it was decided to create an international organization for standardization (ISO). It began operating in 1947. The USSR was one of its founders and a permanent member of its governing bodies. Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, became a member of this organization. The headquarters is located in Geneva, working languages are English, French, Russian. ISO's activities are aimed at promoting the development of standardization and related activities in order to ensure the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields. The range of standardization objects in ISO is extensive and covers such areas as: product quality assurance systems, mechanical engineering, chemistry, non-metallic materials, ores and metals, information technology, Agriculture, construction, Exceptions include electrical, electronics and radio engineering, which fall under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Issues of information technology, microprocessor technology, certification, etc. are the objects of joint development by ISO/IEC. ISO includes 120 countries with their national standardization organizations. Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation as a committee member of ISO. Organizational structure ISO is shown in Fig. 1.5. The supreme governing body is the General Assembly. During the period between sessions of the General Assembly, the work of the organization is managed by the ISO Council, which includes representatives of national standardization organizations. Seven committees are subordinate to the ISO Council: STACO, PLACO, CASCO, DEFCO, COPOLCO and REMCO.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) In 1881, the first International Congress on Electricity was held, and in 1904, the government delegations of the congress decided to create special organization on standardization in this area. It began working as the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1906. The Soviet Union has been a member of the IEC since 1922. Russia became the legal successor of the USSR and is represented in the IEC by the State Standard of the Russian Federation. The Russian side takes part in more than 190 technical committees and subcommittees. The headquarters is located in Geneva, working languages are English, French, Russian. The main objects of standardization are: materials for the electrical industry (liquid, solid, gaseous dielectrics, copper, aluminum, their alloys, magnetic materials); electrical equipment for industrial purposes ( welders, engines, lighting equipment, relays, low-voltage devices, cable, etc.); electrical power equipment (steam and hydraulic turbines, power lines, generators, transformers); electronics industry products (integrated circuits, microprocessors, printed circuit boards, etc.); electronic equipment for household and industrial purposes; power tools; equipment for communication satellites; terminology. The main coordinating body is the Action Committee, subordinate to which are the following committees and advisory groups: AKOS - advisory committee on electrical safety of household appliances, electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc.; ASET - the advisory committee on electronics and communications issues, like AKOS, deals with electrical safety issues; KGEMS – coordination group on electromagnetic compatibility; KGIT - coordination group for information technology; working groups for size coordination. International standards (ISO, IEC, ISO/IEC) are the most widely used throughout the world; represent a carefully developed version of the technical requirements for a product (service), which greatly facilitates the exchange of goods, services and ideas between all countries of the world. ISO's largest partner is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). They maintain close cooperation with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). In general, these three organizations cover all areas of technology with international standardization; in addition, they consistently interact in the field of information technology and telecommunications. International standards ISO, IEC and ISO/IEC do not have mandatory status for all participating countries. Any country in the world has the right to apply or not apply them. The decision on the application of an international standard is mainly related to the degree of participation of the country in international division labor and the state of its foreign trade. In their content, ISO standards are less concerned with the requirements for specific products. The bulk regulatory documents concerns safety requirements, interchangeability, technical compatibility, product testing methods, as well as other general and methodological issues. Thus, the use of most ISO international standards assumes that specific technical requirements to the product are established in contractual relations. In terms of content, IEC standards differ from ISO standards in that they are more specific: they set out technical requirements for products and their testing methods, as well as safety requirements, which is relevant not only for objects IEC standardization, but also for the most important aspect of confirmation of compliance - certification for compliance with the requirements of safety standards. To ensure this area, which is of current importance in international trade, the IEC develops special international standards for the safety of specific products. The structure of the IEC technical bodies that directly develop international standards is similar to the structure of ISO: these are technical committees (TC), subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG).IEC collaborates with ISO, jointly developing ISO/IEC Guides and ISO/IEC Directives on topical issues standardization, certification, accreditation of testing laboratories and methodological aspects.

International standardization is a set of standardization organizations and the products of their activities: standards, recommendations, technical reports and other scientific and technical products.

This page provides information about the main international ( ISO, IEC, ITU, EOC) and regional ( SEN, SENELEC, ETSI) standardization organizations.

International Organization for Standardization ISO (ISO) created in 1946. It is non-governmental in nature. When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this it was decided to use the Greek word isos - equal. That is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has the short name ISO (ISO).

The main goal of ISO is to promote standardization on a global scale to facilitate international trade and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activity by developing international standards. ISO members are not governments, but national standards organizations. The main structural divisions of ISO are technical committees, subcommittees and working groups that carry out the main activity - the development of international standards.

International Electrotechnical Commission IEC (IEC) created in 1906. The purpose of the activity is to promote international cooperation on standardization issues in the field of electrical engineering, radio electrical engineering and communications. Unlike ISO, IEC consists of national committees, which represent the interests of all industries. National standardization organizations act as such national committees.
An agreement has been concluded between ISO and IEC on the delimitation of areas of activity. The ISO and IEC budget comes from contributions from countries and from the sale of international standards.

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is an international organization coordinating the activities of government organizations and commercial companies for the development of telecommunication networks and services in the world. The roots of ITU go back to the 60s. XIX century, when the first International Telegraph Convention was signed (1865). A major achievement of the ITU is the adoption in 1999 of the Recommendations on the High Definition Television System. It records the basic parameters (number of expansion lines, frame format, scanning system) of 21st century television. The fleet of ITU standards is 1500 units.

European Organization for Quality EOC (EOQ) established in 1957. Although it is regional in name, it is actually a global international organization. The goal of the activity is both inter-industry quality problems (quality management system, quality assessment methods, etc.) and quality problems in relation to the industry (aviation, automotive, food, etc.).

European Committee for Standardization CEN (CEN) created in 1961. The main goal of SEN is to promote the development of trade in goods and services through the development of European standards (Euronorm, EN). Other goals: uniform application of ISO and IEC international standards in CEN member countries, cooperation with all European standardization organizations, provision of certification services for compliance with European standards (European norms).
One of the principles of SEN's work is the mandatory use of ISO international standards as the basis for the development of European standards or the addition of the results achieved in ISO.

European Committee for Standardization in Electrical Engineering CENELEC (CENELEK) created in 1971. The main goal of the organization is to develop standards for electrical products. CENELEC standards are a necessary means for creating a single European market.

European Telecommunication Standardization Institute ETSI (ETSI) started its activities in 1988. The main task of the organization is to search for common standards for creating a comprehensive telecommunications infrastructure. This infrastructure is designed to provide full compatibility any equipment and services offered to consumers. By its status it is non-profit organization, whose activities are regulated by French law (based on the location of the institute).

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ural State Economic University

Essay

on standardization, certification, metrology

Topic: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Performer: student gr. KD-99-I

Pavlov A.

Head: Ph.D., Associate Professor

Bushuev R.V.

Ekaterinburg

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ............... 3

1. Main goals and objectives................................................... ........................................................ ............................. 4

2. Organizational structure................................................................... ........................................................ ................. 7

3. The procedure for developing international standards.................................................... ............ 12

5. Future tasks of ISO.................................................... ........................................................ ................... 16

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ........................................................ ....... 19

List of used literature........................................................ ............................................. 20

The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standards organizations. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of the ISO as the legal successor of the collapsed state.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this, it was decided to use the Greek word isos - equal, which is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has the short name ISO (ISO).

The scope of ISO concerns standardization in all fields except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues.

ISO defines its tasks as follows: promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world in order to ensure the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

Main objects of standardization and number of standards (in % of total number) characterize the wide range of interests of the organization.

The remaining standards relate to healthcare and medicine, environmental protection, and other technical areas. Issues of information technology, microprocessor technology, etc. - these are objects of joint development by ISO/IEC. IN last years ISO places a lot of emphasis on standardizing quality assurance systems. The practical result of efforts in these areas is the development and publication of international standards. When developing them, ISO takes into account the expectations of all interested parties - manufacturers of products (services), consumers, government circles, scientific, technical and public organizations.

Today, ISO includes 120 countries with their national standards organizations. Russia is represented by the State Standard of the Russian Federation as a committee member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 80 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (there are 25 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization.

Strong national organizations in ISO member countries provide the backbone for its functioning. Therefore, only those organizations that are recognized as member committees the best way reflect the position of their country in the field of standardization and have significant experience and competence required for effective international standardization activities.

National organizations are the conductors of all ISO achievements in their countries, as well as exponents of the national point of view in the relevant technical committees of the organization.

Rice. 1. ISO organizational structure

Organizationally, the ISO includes governing and working bodies (Fig. 1). Governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Management Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TAG).

General Assembly - it is a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers.

Advice directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At meetings of the Council, decisions are made by a majority vote of the committee members of the Council present at the meeting. Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

There are seven committees subordinate to the ISO Council: PLACO (Technical Bureau), STACO (Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization); CASCO (conformity assessment committee); INFKO (committee on scientific and technical information); DEVCO (Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries); KOPOLCO (committee for the protection of consumer interests); REMCO (standard samples committee).

PLACO prepares proposals for planning ISO work, organizing and coordinating the technical aspects of the work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

STAKO is obliged to provide methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methods of developing international standards. The committee is conducting a study fundamental principles standardization and preparation of recommendations to achieve optimal results in this area. STAKO also deals with terminology and organizes seminars on the application of international standards for trade development.

CASCO deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of these activities and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade. -economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with the creation of general requirements for auditors for the accreditation of testing laboratories and assessing the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

DEVCO studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; preparation of training manuals on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation of international training centers.

KOPOLCO is studying issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs to train consumers in the field of standardization and provide them with the necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by the periodic publication of the List of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative tests of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc.

COPOLCO participated in the development of ISO/IEC guidance on the preparation of safety standards.

REMCO provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). Thus, a reference book on standard samples and several manuals have been prepared:

“Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular with OIML - the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

Direct work on the creation of international standards is carried out by technical committees (TC); subcommittees (SCs, which can establish TCs) and working groups (WGs) for specific areas of activity.

According to data for 1996, international standardization within the ISO is carried out by 2832 working bodies, including 185 TCs, 636 PCs, 1975 RGs and 36 task groups.

All secretariats of the TC and PC are maintained by 35 member committees, including 10 TC, 31 PC and 10 RG assigned to Russia.

In addition to maintaining secretariats, interested member committees can be active members of any TC or PC; as well as observers. For the first case, the ISO has the status of member P, and for the second - the status of member O. Russia is an active member in 145 TC, and an observer in 16 TC.

official languages ISO - English, French, Russian. About 70% of the entire body of ISO international standards has been translated into Russian.

The process for developing an international standard is as follows: an interested party, represented by a member committee, a technical committee, a committee of the General Assembly (or an organization that is not a member of ISO), submits an application to ISO for the development of a standard. Secretary General in agreement with the member committees, submits a proposal to the Technical Management Bureau for the creation of the appropriate TC. The latter will be created under the following conditions: if the majority of member committees vote in favor and at least five of them intend to become members of the R in this TC, and the Technical Steering Bureau is convinced of the international significance of the future standard. All issues in the work process are usually resolved on the basis of consensus of member committees actively participating in the activities of the TC.

After reaching consensus on the draft standard, the TC submits it to the Central Secretariat for registration and distribution to all member committees for voting. If the project is approved by 75% of voters, it is published as an international standard.

IN technical work ISO is attended by over 30 thousand experts from different countries peace. ISO enjoys a worldwide reputation as a fair and impartial organization and has high status among the largest international organizations.

ISO standards are the most widely used throughout the world, there are more than 15 thousand of them, and 500-600 standards are revised and adopted annually. ISO standards are a carefully developed version of technical requirements for products (services), which greatly facilitates the exchange of goods, services and ideas between all countries of the world. This is largely due to the responsible attitude of technical committees to achieving consensus on technical issues, for which the chairmen of the TC are personally responsible. In addition to the principle of consensus when voting on a draft international standard, ISO also intends to ensure mandatory transparency of the rules for developing standards that are understandable to all interested parties.

ISO's business contacts are very wide: about 500 international organizations maintain contact with it, including all specialized UN agencies working in related areas.

ISO maintains ongoing working relationships with regional standards organizations. In practice, members of such organizations are simultaneously members of ISO. Therefore, when developing regional standards, the ISO standard is often taken as a basis even at the project stage. The closest cooperation is between ISO and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

ISO's largest partner is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In general, these three organizations cover all areas of technology with international standardization. In addition, they consistently interact in the field of information technology and telecommunications.

ISO international standards do not have the status of mandatory for all participating countries. Any country in the world has the right to apply or not apply them. The decision on the application of the international ISO standard is mainly related to the degree of participation of the country in the international division of labor and the state of its foreign trade. The ISO standard, if used, is introduced into the national standardization system in the forms described above, and can also be used in bilateral and multilateral trade relations. About half of the international ISO standards have found application in the Russian standardization system.

Development of a draft standard in technical bodies ISO is always associated with the need to overcome certain pressure from representatives of individual countries (often this largest producers and exporters of goods) on technical requirements and standards that should be included in the content of the future international standard. The highest achievement for a national member committee is the adoption national standard as an international one. However, it should be noted that when planning work in ISO for inclusion in the standardization program, they take into account following criteria: the impact of the standard and the expansion of international trade, ensuring the safety of people, protecting the environment. A strong justification for the proposal must be provided based on these provisions.

ISO standards differ in their content in that only about 20% of them include requirements for specific products. The bulk of regulatory documents concern safety requirements, interchangeability, technical compatibility, product testing methods, as well as other general and methodological issues. Thus, the use of most international ISO standards assumes that specific technical requirements for a product are established in contractual relations.

ISO has defined its objectives for the rest of the century and the beginning of the new millennium, highlighting the most relevant strategic areas of work:

· establishing closer connections between the organization’s activities and the market, which should primarily be reflected in the choice of priority developments;

· reduction of general and time costs as a result of increased efficiency of the administrative apparatus, better use human resources, optimization of work process, development of information technology and telecommunications;

· providing effective assistance to the World trade organization by introducing a program focused on the gradual processing of technical conditions for the supply of goods to ISO standards;

· stimulating the “self-supporting” elements of the above program: encouraging the creation of new standards for industry, developing relationships with the WTO on the terms of providing the necessary technical assistance. In particular, it is intended to promote in every possible way the inclusion of requirements for supplied products by states into international ISO standards, which should have a positive impact on the recognition of conformity assessment;

· concern for improving the quality of national standardization activities in developing countries, where the main focus is on equalizing the levels of standardization.

In the future, ISO plans to expand the scope of technical services provided. It identifies three priority opportunities: promoting the adoption of widely used industrial standards developed outside ISO as international normative documents; identifying priority standardization needs related to special areas; increasing the flexibility of planning work to create standards in response to changing market conditions and countries.

In addition, services continue to be a fairly rapidly growing area of international standardization, where 9000 series standards will be increasingly used.

Several governments large countries transfer responsibility for developing and implementing standards used for government procurement (especially defense agencies) to the private sector. In this regard, ISO is exploring opportunities for international standardization in the non-governmental sector. In the future, the importance of cooperation between ISO and IEC will increase and complement the activities of these organizations and contribute to the implementation of effective standardization programs in the field of information technology and telecommunications. Consumers view this collaboration as positive and conducive to efficient work three major international standardization organizations well into the next century.

Well, we've looked at it.

1. Krylova G.D. Fundamentals of standardization, certification, metrology: Textbook for universities. – M.: Audit, UNITY, 1998. – 479 p.

Data as of the end of 1997

The procedure for developing international standards, the functions of working bodies and their secretariats are determined by the joint ISO/IEC Directives.

The main international organizations operating in the field of international standardization are ISO and IEC.

1. International organization for ISO standardization(ISO)

Created in 1946, the abbreviation is used from the Greek isos - equal, which sounds the same in all languages. ISO deals with standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering. ISO includes 120 countries, Russia is represented by the State Standard of the Russian Federation as an ISO member committee. The organization consists of governing and working bodies.

ISO's objectives are to promote the development of standardization and related activities in order to ensure the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

The main objects of standardization: mechanical engineering, chemistry, ores and metals, information technology, construction, medicine and healthcare, environment, quality assurance systems.
The result of ISO's work is the development and publication of international standards, which is carried out by technical committees and working groups by activity. There are more than 10 thousand ISO standards, 500-600 standards are adopted annually. They do not have the status of mandatory documents. More than half of ISO standards are applied in the Russian Federation.

2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

It was created in 1906 and its main goal is to promote international cooperation in standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, instrument engineering through the development of international standards and other documents.

IEC members are 40 national committees, representing 80% of the world's population. The official languages of the IEC are English, French and Russian.

IEC standards can be divided into two types of standards: general technical (terminology, standard voltages and frequencies, types of tests, etc.) and technical requirements for specific products (this type of standards covers the range from household electrical appliances to satellites).

More than 2 thousand IEC standards have been adopted; they are more specific than ISO standards and more suitable for direct application. Great importance The IEC attaches importance to the development of safety standards - main goal standardization in the field of security is the search for protection against various types danger. The scope of activities of the IEC includes: traumatic hazards, electric hazards, explosion hazards, equipment radiation hazards, incl. and from ionizing radiation, biological hazard, etc.

In addition to ISO and IEC, other international organizations also participate to a lesser extent in international standardization. Such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World organization health care (WHO), etc.

Regional standardization organizations include the European Standards Committee (CEN), the Inter-Scandinavian Organization for Standardization (INSTA), the Pan American Standards Committee (COPANT), etc.

In the CIS, to work on standardization, metrology and certification, the Interstate Council of the CIS Member States (ISC) was created in 1992, which represents all national standardization organizations of these states. MGU accepts interstate standards.

In 1995, the ISO Council recognized the IGU regional organization on standardization in the CIS countries.