Standards of the International Organization for Standardization. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) is an international organization that produces standards. International organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standardization organizations. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of the ISO as the legal successor of the collapsed state. On September 23, 2005, Russia joined the ISO Council. When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this it was decided to use the Greek word isos- equal, which is why in all languages ​​of the world the International Organization for Standardization has short name ISO (ISO). The scope of ISO's activities concerns standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues. ISO defines its objectives as follows: to promote the development of standardization and related activities in the world in order to ensure international exchange goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

The main goal of the Organization is formulated in its Charter: “...to promote the development of standardization on a global scale to ensure international trade exchange and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the fields of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activity.” Official languages ISO - English, French and Russian.

The ISO central secretariat is located in Geneva and has a staff of about 200 people. He organizes the current work of committees, as well as providing information to ISO members.

Today, ISO includes 120 countries with their national standards organizations. Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation as a committee member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 80 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (there are 25 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization.

Organizationally, ISO includes governing and working bodies. Governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Management Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TAG).

General Assembly- this is a meeting officials and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers.

PLACO(PLACO - Planning Committee) prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination technical aspects work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the scope of standardization, which STACO (STACO - Standing Committee for the Study of Principles of Standardization) is obliged to provide methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methods of developing international standards. The committee is conducting a study fundamental principles standardization and preparation of recommendations to achieve optimal results in this area.

STAKO is also involved in terminology and organization of seminars on the application of international standards for the development of trade. Roy should be handled by committees.

CASCO(CASCO - Committee on conformity assessment) deals with issues of confirming the conformity of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of this activity and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of ​​CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade. -economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with issues of creating general requirements to auditors for accreditation of testing laboratories and assessment of the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

DEVCO(DEVCO - Committee on developing country matters) studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries Oh; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; Preparation teaching aids on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation of international training centers.

KOPOLCO(COPOLCO - Committee on consumer policy) studies issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs to train consumers in the field of standardization and provide them with the necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by the periodic publication of the List of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative tests of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc. KOPOLCO participated in the development of the guide ISO/IEC on the preparation of safety standards.

REMCO(REMCO - Committee on reference materials) provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). Thus, a reference book on reference materials and several manuals have been prepared: “Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular with OIML- International Organization of Legal Metrology.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)- an international non-profit organization for standardization in the field of electrical, electronic and related technologies. Some of the IEC standards are developed jointly with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The IEC is composed of representatives of national standards services. The IEC was founded in 1906 and currently includes more than 76 countries. The commission was originally located in London, but has been headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1948 to the present. Currently, it has regional centers in Southeast Asia (Singapore), Latin America (Sao Paulo, Brazil) and North America (Boston, USA).

The IEC contributed to the development and dissemination of standards for units of measurement, especially Gauss, Hertz, and Weber. The IEC also proposed a system of standards, which ultimately became SI units. In 1938, an international dictionary was published with the aim of unifying electrical terminology. These efforts continue and the International Electrotechnical Dictionary remains important work in the electrical and electronic industries. IEC standards have numbers in the range 60,000 - 79,999, and their names are of the type IEC 60411 Graphic symbols. The numbers of the old IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding the number 60 000, for example, the IEC 27 standard received the number IEC 60027. The standards developed jointly with the International Organization for Standardization have names of the form ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 Open Systems Interconnection: Basic Reference Model.

International Organization for Standardization(ISO/1SO International Organization for Standardization) was created in 1946 and has non-governmental status. ISO's membership includes more than 120 countries, accounting for more than 95% of global product output.

The main goal of the organization is to promote standardization on a global scale to improve international trade exchange and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities through the development of international standards that meet the world level.

The main objectives of ISO are:

Taking steps to facilitate harmonization of standards various countries;

Development and publication of international standards;

Organization of information exchange and cooperation with other organizations.

Basic principles:

Priority use of international and regional norms and requirements;

Use of modern achievements of science and technology, scientific validity;

Openness and transparency of development processes.

ISO standards have the following features:

They are developed not for all products, but for a certain range of products;

The feasibility of developing standards must be justified in technical committees;

The standards include a limited number of groups of indicators, namely: indicators of product safety for human life and health, environment; indicators of interchangeability and technical compatibility; unified methods for testing products;

The standards are voluntary and can be used in parts or in whole.

ISO standards can be:

Standards developed by ISO technical committees;

The most progressive national standards approved by ISO and accepted as international;

Temporary standards.

Members of 1SO are national standards organizations (no more than one from each country). There is a fee for ISO membership. The annual contribution depends on the share of each country in world trade and industrial production. A full ISO member (committee member) has a casting vote.

Standardization organizations of developing countries have the status of corresponding members and have the right to receive all published international standards.

The structural divisions of 1SO are technical committees, subcommittees and working groups (there are more than 2500 of them) involved in the development of international standards. More than 30 thousand experts participate in ISO work different countries.

ISO's activities cover all areas of industry except electrical and electronics engineering, which is the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations

The International Organization for Standardization has its own publications. These include:

Annual catalog of international standards by areas of application and subject groups;

Thematic collection (Handbook), containing the full texts of all standards in a certain area;

Bibliographic indexes of standards, draft ISO standards in a specific area, including their name and designation;

Separate standards.

In addition, other materials are published, for example, technical reports, non-periodic reference publications, reviews, etc.

The governing body is the General Assembly - a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by the member committees. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers.

The ISO Council directs the work of the ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. He has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the committees with their decision. At Council meetings, decisions are made by a majority vote of the Council members present at the meeting.

Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

There are seven committees reporting to the ISO Council.

Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization (STACO) is obliged to provide methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methods of developing international standards. The committee conducts a study of the fundamental principles of standardization and organizes seminars on the application of international standards for the development of trade.

Technical Bureau (PLAKO) prepares proposals for planning the work of ISO, for organizing and coordinating its technical aspects. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of ​​standardization that the committees should deal with.

Conformity Assessment Committee (CASCO) deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studies the practice of these activities and analyzes information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, for confirming the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. CASCO also deals with issues of assessing the quality of work of accrediting bodies, etc.

Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (INFKO) deals with issues information support standardization work.

Developing Countries Assistance Committee (DEVCO) studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area.

Committee for the Protection of Consumer Interests (COPOLCO) studies issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization, summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs for training consumers in the field of standardization and bringing to them the necessary information about international standards.

Reference Materials Committee (REMCO) provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing relevant guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards).

Issues of international standardization of food products, mainly. is engaged in TC “Agricultural food products” which includes 8 subcommittees, in particular, “Oilseeds and vegetable oils”, “Meat and meat products”, “Flavored products” and others. Each subcommittee has several working groups that develop international standards for certain types of food products.

ISO enjoys worldwide recognition as an honest and impartial organization and has a high status among the largest international organizations.

International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) was created in 1906 at international conference, in which 13 countries participated. The date of the beginning of international cooperation in electrical engineering can be considered 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity took place.

After the Second World War, when ISO was created, the IEC became autonomous organization in its composition. But organizational, financial issues and standardization objects were clearly separated. IEC deals with standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, and instrument making. These areas are outside the scope of ISO.

Most IEC member countries are represented in it by their national standardization organizations. In some countries, special committees for participation in the IEC have been created that are not part of the structure of national standardization organizations (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, etc.

IEC members are more than 40 national committees, representing 80% of the world's population, consuming more than 95% of the world's electricity.

The main goal of the organization is to promote international cooperation on standardization in the field of electrical and radio engineering through the development of international standards and other documents.

National committees of all countries form the Council - the highest governing body IEC.

The main coordinating body of the IEC - the Action Committee - identifies the need for new areas of work, develops methodological documents that provide technical work, participates in resolving issues of cooperation with other organizations, and carries out tasks of the Council.

The structure of the IEC technical bodies that directly develop international standards is similar to the structure of ISO: these are technical committees (TC), subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG). 15-25 countries participate in the work of each TC. Largest number The secretariats of the TC and PC are led by France, the USA, Germany, and the UK.

The Commission has adopted more than 2 thousand international standards. In content, they differ from ISO standards by being more specific: they set out technical requirements for products and their testing methods, as well as safety requirements, which is relevant not only for facilities IEC standardization, but also for certification for compliance with safety standards.

In addition to standardization, the IEC is involved in product certification.

In the field of international standardization, the most representative is the International Standard Organization (ISO), created in 1946 by twenty-five national standardization organizations at a meeting of the UN Committee for the Coordination of Standards.

Since the name “International Organization for Standardization” would have various abbreviations for different languages(“MOS” in Russian, “IOS” in English “OIN” in French), its founders decided to give it a short name so that the abbreviation of the name would sound the same in all languages. They chose "ISO" from Greek isos,What means "equal". That is why in all languages ​​of the world the International Organization for Standardization has the short name “ISO”.

In fact, the work of ISO began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of its governing bodies, twice a representative of Gosstandart V.V. Boytsov was elected president of the organization. The Russian Federation became a member of the ISO as the legal successor of the collapsed state.

Organizations representing countries are divided into three categories: permanent members, corresponding members, and subscriber members.

Permanent members of ISO are the national standardization bodies of the most economically developed countries. For this type of membership, a scale of annual contributions to the ISO budget has been established, which is compiled depending on the share of each individual country in world trade and in industrial production. Permanent members have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the Council and participate with voting rights in meetings of the General Assembly. The Russian Federation is represented as a permanent member of ISO by Rosstandart ( Federal agency on technical regulation and metrology).

Corresponding Members In exchange for a small contribution to the ISO budget, they have the right to receive a set of all published international standards, as well as other information publications. Corresponding members are national standardization bodies that do not have member committees. At meetings General Assembly, technical committees, their representatives are sent only as observers.

Third category of membership – subscriber members– was introduced for countries with poorly developed economies. Subscriber members pay reduced fees, can attend seminars and training courses in accordance with the action plan for developing countries, and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization, because receive basic information (magazines, catalogs, reference books, ISO manuals). However, representatives of subscriber members are not entitled to attend meetings of ISO technical and policy-making bodies.

ISO's funds come from contributions from member countries, sales of standards and other publications, and donations.

The scope of ISO's activities concerns standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues. ISO is a non-governmental organization and enjoys consultative status with the UN.

In Fig. Figure 16 shows the ISO organizational structure.

Rice. 16. Structure of the International Organization

on standardization

The ISO's central body is the General Assembly, a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by its member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers. The General Assembly considers the main issues of ISO policy, elects a president, vice-presidents and a Council, which directs the work of the organization in the period between sessions of the General Assembly. An executive bureau has been created under the Council, which manages ISO technical committees.

Draft international standards are developed directly by working groups operating within technical committees. ISO has approximately 200 technical committees. Technical Committees (TC) are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. General technical technical complexes solve general technical and intersectoral problems. These, for example, include TC 12 “Units of Measurement”, TC 19 “Preferred Numbers”, TC 37 “Terminology”. The remaining TCs operate in specific areas of technology (TC 22 “Automobiles”, TC 39 “Machine tools”, etc.). TCs, whose activities cover an entire industry (chemistry, aviation and space technology, etc.), organize subcommittees and working groups.

The ISO logo is shown in Fig. 17.

Rice. 17. Logo of the International Organization

on standardization

In accordance with the Charter main objectives of ISO are:

Promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world (with the aim of facilitating the international exchange of goods and services);

Development of cooperation in intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities.

To achieve these goals, ISO can:

Take measures to facilitate worldwide harmonization of standards and related areas;

Develop and publish international standards;

Organize the exchange of information on the work of its member committees and technical committees;

Cooperate with other international organizations interested in related issues.

ISO is largest worldwide developer and publisher international standards and other types of documents. ISO documents:

ISO Standard

Publicly Available Specifications (ISO/PAS)

Technical requirements(ISO/TS)

Technical report (ISO/TR)

International Workshop Agreement (IWA)

Guide ISO.

When developing and publishing international standards, ISO takes into account the interests of stakeholders: manufacturers of products (services), consumers, government circles, scientific, technical and public organizations.

International Standards (IS) ISO are not mandatory, i.e. Each country has the right to apply them in their entirety, in separate sections, or not at all. However, in conditions of intense competition in the global market, product manufacturers, trying to maintain the high competitiveness of their products, approve MS as mandatory at the national level or within individual enterprises. According to foreign experts, the advanced industrialized countries of the world apply up to 80% of the entire stock of ISO standards.

ISO only develops standards for which there are market demand. ISO standards retain their position as a reflection current state science and technology. ISO standards are technical agreements among experts in a given field that provide a framework for internationally compatible technology. They are designed to be globally relevant – useful to the whole world.

Since its inception, ISO has developed more than 18,500 International Standards and publishes approximately 1,100 new International Standards each year. The range of technical areas in which ISO works can be assessed from the list of international standards available on the official ISO website.

Users can browse this list to find bibliographic information about each standard and, in most cases, an abstract. The online list of ISO standards includes the ISO Catalog with published standards and the ISO Technical Program with standards under development.

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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was created in 1946 at a meeting of the UN Committee for the Coordination of UN Standards. That same year, at a meeting of the General Assembly

The ISO Charter was adopted, which determined the status of the organization, its structure, the functions of the main bodies and methods of work.

The purpose of ISO is to promote the development of standardization on a global scale to facilitate international trade exchange and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities.

ISO has two types of membership - member committees and corresponding members.

The member committees are national standardization bodies that are the most representative in the field of standardization. For this type of membership, a scale of annual contributions to the ISO budget has been established, which is compiled depending on the share of each individual country in world trade and in industrial production.

Corresponding members, in exchange for a small contribution to the ISO budget, have the right to receive a set of all published international standards, as well as other information publications. Corresponding members are national standardization bodies that do not have member committees. Their representatives are sent to meetings of technical committees only as observers.

ISO's governing bodies include the General Assembly, which is the supreme body, the Council, the Executive Bureau, the Technical Bureau, the technical committees of the Council, and the Central Secretariat (Fig. 4.1).

The officers of the ISO are the President, Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary General.

The General Assembly is the highest governing body of ISO, consists of representatives of all national organizations of member committees and decides all the main issues of ISO activity, meets once every three years. At its sessions, the ISO president is elected for a term of three years. During the General Assemblies, discussions are organized the most important problems and trends in international standardization with the participation of leading industry experts.

During the period between sessions of the General Assembly, the leadership of the ISO is carried out by the Council, headed by the president. The Council consists of 18 member committees elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years. The Council meets at least once a year and decides all issues related to ISO activities, in particular, issues of the structure of technical bodies, publications

Central Secretariat Technical Committees

Subcommittees

Working groups

Rice. 4.1.

international standards, appoints members of Council bodies, as well as chairmen of technical committees, etc.

The Executive Bureau, on behalf of the Council, considers financial issues, as well as issues of organization and management of ISO technical activities. The Executive Bureau consists of the Vice President (Chairman of the Council) and nine representatives of the member committees.

Other bodies of the Council are the Technical Bureau, consisting of a chairman and nine persons appointed by the Council, the Conformity Assessment Committee (CASCO), the Committee on the Protection of Consumer Interests (COPOLCO), the Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries (DEVCO), the Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (INFCO), Committee on Reference Materials (REMCO) and Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization (STACO).

The Council's Technical Bureau makes recommendations to the Council on the organization, coordination and planning of ISO technical activities. The Bureau considers proposals for the creation of new and dissolution of existing technical committees, prepares proposals for amending the Directives on technical work, on behalf of the Council, approves the names of technical committees and determines the scope of their activities, assigns the management of the secretariats of technical committees to member committees, etc.

Since 1970, ISO has moved to developing international standards instead of recommendations. In the same year, it was decided to create a Committee for Certification of Product Conformity to International Standards (SERTICO). In 1985 it was renamed the Conformity Assessment Committee (CASCO). At this time, national certification systems and networks of independent testing laboratories (centers) began to be created. CASCO was entrusted with developing a unified approach to solving certification issues.

Membership of this Council Committee is open to any ISO member committee. Currently, 28 member committees take part in its work and 24 countries participate as observers.

CASCO works in the following areas:

• - studying ways to assess the conformity of products and quality assurance systems to standards or specifications;
• - preparation of guidelines for testing, inspection and certification of products, processes, services, as well as for the assessment of testing laboratories, inspection organizations, certification organizations and quality assurance systems;
• - promoting mutual recognition of national and regional quality assurance systems, as well as the use of international standards for testing, inspection, certification, and quality assurance.

CASCO is working to create ISO guidelines in the field of harmonization of national certification systems, mutual recognition of test results on a bilateral and multilateral basis, and the creation of a methodological basis for the development and accreditation of national certification systems.

In addition, CASCO periodically conducts an analysis of all existing national, regional and international certification systems in order to timely take measures to organize, if necessary, international product certification systems for compliance with ISO standards.

Recently, CASCO, together with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), has prepared a number of guides on the main aspects of certification. These documents are widely accepted in ISO and IEC member countries. In a number of countries, they form the basis of national certification systems, and at the level of regional trade and economic cooperation they are used as a basis for developing agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products.

Currently in work program CASCO has included a new topic concerning the preparation of general requirements for the certification and registration of inspectors operating in the factory control system and experts for the certification of testing laboratories, as well as general requirements and criteria for the areas: accreditation of testing laboratories, assessment of the quality of work of accrediting bodies, principles for concluding bilateral And multilateral agreements on mutual recognition of test and control results of products and product certificates.

Committee for the Protection of Consumer Interests (COPOLCO). COPOLCO's task includes studying the following issues:

• - ways to assist consumers in obtaining the maximum effect from the standardization of products of interest to the general consumer, as well as measures that need to be taken for greater consumer participation in national and international standardization;
• - development of recommendations (from the point of view of standardization) aimed at providing consumers with information, protecting their interests, as well as programs for training them in standardization issues;
• - generalization of the experience of consumer participation in standardization work and the application of standards for consumer goods; on other issues of national and international standardization of interest to consumers;
• - maintaining contact with various ISO bodies whose activities affect the interests of consumers.

In order to coordinate the activities of various international organizations involved in the standardization of consumer products, the ISO Council has established a Coordination Committee on International Standards for Consumer Products, in which representatives of the International Electrotechnical Commission, the International Center for Quality Assurance and other organizations participate.

The Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (INFKO) was created in 1967 with the purpose of providing the Council with recommendations on methods of collecting and disseminating information and forms of promoting standardization, as well as organizing the work of national standards funds.

The objectives of the ISO Council Information Committee are:

• - ensuring the functioning of the ISO information network using computer technology on issues within the competence of ISO;
• - coordination of the work of information centers of ISO member countries on standards and related issues;
• - development of recommendations for the classification and indexing of standards and other normative and technical documents (NTD) for the purpose of their automated processing;
• - promoting the application of international standards in information systems for scientific and technical documentation.

All member committees are admitted to membership in INFCO either as active members or as observers.

INFKO has developed a manual for indexing regulatory and technical documentation; a manual for library workers on processing foreign documents; trilingual (English, French and Russian) thesaurus, which is necessary for organizing automated information search.

Under the auspices of INFCO was created automated system information about standards - the ISONET network.

ISONET is a network covering national information centers for standardization and communication channels between them, it includes Information Center ISO in Geneva. Any country may be represented in ISONET by one and only one national member.

The ISONET Governing Council is the highest executive body of ISONET. The ISONET Council is responsible for administering administrative, procedural and financial issues, and for the implementation of policy decisions.

The Committee for Assistance to Developing Countries (DEVCO) was created in 1961. Its purpose is to organize and improve the activities of national standardization bodies.

The main functions of DEVCO include:

• - identifying needs and providing assistance to developing countries on standardization issues and related areas (for example, quality control, metrology, certification, etc.);
• - creating conditions for broad discussion of all aspects of standardization and activities in related areas in developing countries and for the exchange of experience between industrialized and developing countries.

Reference Materials Committee (REMCO). The result of REMCO's work is the preparation of guidelines for ISO technical committees, which make references in international standards to reference materials; Reference book on standard samples.

An important place in the activities of REMCO is occupied by the coordination of ISO activities in the field of reference materials with other international organizations, in particular with the activities of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML).

The Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization (STACO) was created in 1952 to assist the ISO Council on the principles and methods necessary to achieve optimal results in the field of international standardization.

All work of STAKO is carried out within working groups, for example, on the principles of standardization, its effectiveness, the application of international standards in countries, etc.

Much work is being done within the working group on STAKO terminology. A guide to terms and their definitions in the field of standardization, certification and accreditation of testing laboratories has been prepared and published. The STACO terminology guide was also approved at the intergovernmental level by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Currently, STAKO is mainly engaged in organizing international seminars on the prospects for the development of international standardization and the application of international standards for the development of trade between countries.

Technical bodies and SOs, development of international standards. ISO's main activity is the development of international standards. Main structural unit organizations are technical committees.

ISO international standards are not mandatory; each country applies them in whole or in separate sections, or not at all. However, product manufacturers seeking to maintain high competitiveness of their products are forced to apply the standards of ISO and other international organizations.

The development of standards is included in the program of technical bodies only if these standards are necessary to expand trade between countries, if they are aimed at ensuring the required level of human safety, health protection, and environmental protection.

In the practice of international standardization, the main emphasis in the development of product standards is on the establishment of uniform test methods for products.

In addition to establishing these requirements, international standards define requirements for products in terms of their safety for human life and health, environmental protection, interchangeability and technical compatibility.

The entire scope of ISO's activities is divided between technical committees, which have developed over 7,000 International Standards. Today there is virtually no technical field other than the standards developed by the IEC in which ISO standards have not been developed.

The development of standards in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and communications is carried out by the IEC in accordance with the agreement in force between these two international organizations.

Each technical committee (TC) has a scope of activity approved by the ISO Council. Technical committees are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. The activities of general technical committees are aimed at solving general technical and intersectoral problems.

Examples of such committees are TC 10 “Technical drawings”, TC 12 “Values, units, designations, conversion factors and tables”, TC 37 “Terminology”, etc.

In the ISO structure there are TCs that represent an entire industry (TCs on aviation and space technology, chemistry, etc.). In such cases, subcommittees are created within the TC that carry out work in narrower areas of activity.

The development of information technology has set ISO and IEC the task of creating a joint technical committee "Information technology" (JTC I), which included ISO/TC 97 "Information processing systems", IEC/TC 83 "Information technology" and IEC/SC 47 B "Microprocessors".

IN recent years in all countries great attention is devoted to the issues of creating at enterprises modern systems ensuring product quality, which would maximally guarantee the consumer full compliance of the products with the requirements of the standards. In a number of industrially advanced countries of the world, national standards have been developed and approved, containing recommendations for the creation of such systems at enterprises (USA, France, UK, etc.). In order to develop a uniform approach to solving product quality issues at enterprises, it was decided to create TC 176 “Quality Management and Quality Assurance”, whose task is to standardize the fundamental principles of quality systems (9000 series):

• - ISO 9000 "General quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for selection and application";
• - ISO 9001 "Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in design and (or) development, production, installation and maintenance";
• - ISO 9002 "Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in production and installation";
• - ISO 9003 "Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in final inspection and testing";
• - ISO 9004 "Total quality management and elements of a quality system. Guidelines."

A trilingual dictionary of terms and their definitions in the field of product quality assurance (ISO 8402) has been developed.

Enterprises implementing product quality assurance systems can include all stages life cycle products, starting from its design (development) and ending with its operation (ISO 9001 standard), or only part of them, for example, quality control of the final product (ISO 9003 standard). At the same time, the ISO 9000 standard provides recommendations for choosing the quality assurance system at an enterprise that is required depending on specific conditions.

The most comprehensive product quality assurance system is the system recommended by ISO 9001. It notes that the requirements for product quality assurance systems are established when the manufacturer is able to design, manufacture and service the product well.

The procedure for developing international standards, the functions of ISO bodies and their secretariats are determined by Directives approved by IEC/ISO.

This procedure allows all countries, without exception, participating in the work of technical bodies to take part in meetings of these bodies, submit proposals for the development of international standards to other member committees, submit comments and vote on draft standards. The draft international standards themselves are developed by working groups, in which experts from leading countries in each area under consideration take part. Depending on the level of interest, each ISO member committee determines the status of its participation in the work of each technical committee. Membership can be: active (members "P"), as an observer (members "O").

Active membership obliges to send representatives to meetings of technical committees, take part in the development and consideration of draft international standards, and vote on the documents under consideration.

Members of the "O" enjoy the right to receive one copy of all working documents of the TC and can participate in meetings as observers.

The following stages of development of standards are provided:

• - proposals are being considered to include the development of one or another international standard in the TC work program. All proposals are sent by the TC secretariat or subcommittee (SC) to all member committees receiving active participation in the work of this committee (subcommittee) along with the rationale for the feasibility of developing a standard. If a positive decision is made on the proposal, the development of a working draft of the document begins;
• - in most cases, working drafts of documents are developed by working groups specially created for these purposes, the members of which are, as a rule, leading experts in this field of interested countries. Working drafts may also be submitted to the TC or PC for consideration by a separate member committee (in most cases, such drafts represent national standards of countries). This method of presenting working drafts is widely used by the most industrially advanced countries due to the fact that the adoption of further project as an international standard, it will not require changes or revision of the national standard, and therefore will not be associated with additional costs in production. If the developed working draft is approved either at a meeting of the TC or SC, or through correspondence with members of the TC or SC, it is registered with the ISO Central Secretariat as a draft proposal for an international standard and is assigned a registration number;
• - the draft proposal is sent by the secretariat of the TC or PC to all active members of this body for comments, and after receiving them, an international meeting is convened at which the technical content of the project is considered. As a rule, the input of one meeting cannot be achieved general solution, therefore, after each meeting, a revised draft is prepared (first draft, second draft, etc.), which is considered at the meetings. However, the development of no more than three projects is allowed, after which the feasibility of further development of such a standard is considered due to the impossibility of reaching a compromise solution;
• - in case of general approval by the meeting, the draft under consideration is sent to the Central Secretariat for registration as a draft international standard and for its distribution for voting by the active members of this TC or PC. Once the draft is approved, it is sent for voting to ISO member committees, i.e. national standardization organizations.

This procedure is due to the fact that in a number of cases the opinion of specialists in working bodies may differ from the opinion of the national standardization organization, which only has the right to adopt final decision regarding the draft international standard. However, to reduce the time required for approval of the standard, a combined vote is provided, when the project is simultaneously sent to active members of the TC or PC and national standardization organizations;

• - a draft international standard is considered approved if two-thirds of the votes of the active members of a given TC or PC are for it and no more than a quarter of the total number of votes of the member committees that took part in the voting are cast against it;
• - publication of an international standard by the ISO Central Secretariat is carried out in English and French, i.e. in the working languages ​​of the organization. However, a number of publications, in particular terminological standards, are also published in Russian.

The process of developing international standards in ISO is quite lengthy, therefore lately ISO is considering proposals to significantly reduce the time required to develop standards, in particular through the adoption of progressive national standards individual countries as international standards, the introduction of so-called temporary ISO standards, etc.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education vocational education

"Southwestern state university»

(SWSU)

Department of Computer Science

Abstract

on the topic:

International standardization organizations

Completed by: student of group IB-21b

Mezentseva Natalya

Checked by: Rev. Titov D.V.

Kursk 2014

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ........................3

1. International standardization organizations................................................... .......4

2. International Electrotechnical Commission.................................................... .......10

3. International Telecommunication Union.................................................... ........................12

4. Application of international and regional standards in domestic practice.................................................... ........................................................ ................................13

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ ...............15

References........................................................ ........................................................ ......16

Introduction

Standardization is a tool to ensure not only competitiveness, but also effective partnership between the manufacturer, customer and seller at all levels of management.

Today, it is not enough for a supplier to strictly follow the requirements of progressive standards; it is necessary to support the release of goods and the provision of services with a certificate of safety or quality. The greatest trust among customers and consumers is a certificate for a quality system. It creates confidence in the stability of quality, in the reliability and accuracy of measured quality indicators, and indicates a high culture of processes for producing products and providing services.

In the future, for a number of goods and services, confirmation of compliance with established requirements will be carried out not only through certification, but also by the manufacturer of the product or service provider himself, i.e. first side. Under these conditions, the role and responsibility of organizational leaders in the competent application by staff of the rules of standardization, metrology and certification increases.

Compliance with metrology rules in various fields commercial activities (trade, banking, etc.) allows you to minimize material losses from unreliable measurement results.

The issue of harmonizing domestic rules of standardization, metrology and certification with international rules is very urgent, since this is an important condition for Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and further activities countries within this organization. The problem of harmonization is currently being solved primarily through the adoption of laws in the field of technical legislation. December 27, 2002 President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin signed the accepted State Duma Federal law dated December 27, 2002 No. 184-FZ “On technical regulation”. This Law comes into force on July 1, 2003. Its adoption marked the beginning of the reorganization of the standardization and certification system, which is necessary for Russia’s accession to the WTO and the elimination of technical barriers to trade.

The country's transition to market economy with its inherent competition, the struggle for consumer trust will force commercial specialists to make wider use of methods and rules of standardization, metrology and certification in their practical activities to ensure high quality goods, works and services.

The main goals of standardization are:

1. increasing the level of safety of life and (or) health of citizens, property, physical or legal entities, environmental safety, life safety and (or) health of animals and plants and assistance in compliance with the requirements of technical regulations;
2. increasing the level of safety of facilities, taking into account the risk of emergency situations natural and man-made;
3. ensuring scientific and technological progress;
4. increasing the competitiveness of products, works and services;
5. rational use resources;
6. achieving optimal technical and information compatibility;
7. ensuring comparability of research (test) and measurement results, technical and economic statistical data;
8. achieving product interchangeability.

1. International Organization for Standardization

In the field of international standardization, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) work.

The activities of ISO and IEC as the largest international standardization organizations are discussed below and given brief information about ITU.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been in operation since 1947. The scope of ISO activities covers standardization in all fields, with the exception of electronics and electrical engineering, which fall under the purview of the IEC. As of January 1, 2001, 138 countries participate in ISO. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization. ISO funds are made up of contributions from member countries, sales of standards and other publications, and donations. The bodies of ISO are the General Assembly, the ISO Council, Council committees, technical committees and the Central Secretariat; ISO's highest body General Assembly.

During the period between sessions of the General Assembly, the work of the organization is led by a Council, which includes representatives of national standardization organizations. An executive bureau has been created under the Council, which manages ISO technical committees.

Draft international standards are developed directly by working groups operating within technical committees.

Technical committees (TC) are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. General technical technical complexes (there are 26 of them in ISO) solve general technical and intersectoral problems. These, for example, include TC 12 “Units of Measurement”, TC 19 “Preferred Numbers”, TC 37 “Terminology”. The remaining TCs (about 140 in number) operate in specific areas of technology (TC 22 “Automobiles”, TC 39 “Machines”, etc.) TCs, whose activities cover an entire industry (chemistry, aviation and space technology, etc.), organize subcommittees ( PC) and working groups (WG)

Depending on the degree of interest, each ISO member determines the status of their participation in the work of each TC. Membership can be active and as observers. A draft international standard (IS) is considered adopted if it is approved by a majority (75%) of the active members of the TC.

By the beginning of 2000, approximately 13 thousand ISO MSs were in operation. 75% ISO MS fundamental standards, or standards for test methods.

In the practice of international standardization, the main emphasis in developing product standards is on establishing uniform product testing methods, labeling requirements, terminology, i.e. on those aspects without which mutual understanding between the manufacturer and the consumer is impossible, regardless of the country where the product is produced and used. The MS also establishes requirements for products in terms of their safety for human life and health, the environment, interchangeability and technical compatibility. As for other requirements for the quality of specific products, it is not advisable to establish them in MS; specific quality standards for specific products for different categories of consumers are regulated through prices directly in contracts.

Considering the results of the activities of general technical and intersectoral technical committees, it should be noted as significant achievements of ISO the development of an international system of units of measurement, the adoption of the metric thread system, a system of standard sizes and the design of containers for the transportation of goods by all modes of transport. Currently special attention I am attracted by the work of TC 176 “Quality Assurance Systems”, created in 1979. Its task is to standardize and harmonize the fundamental principles of creating quality assurance systems. In 1987, the first version of the four ISO 9000 series standards, aimed at a uniform approach to addressing product quality issues in enterprises, was published, in 1994 the second version, in 2000 the third version.

The other bodies of the ISO Council are the Technical Bureau and six committees. Let's briefly look at the activities of the Committee for Assessing Product Conformity to Standards (CASCO), the Committee on Consumption Issues (COPOLCO), and the Committee on Information Systems and Services (INFCO)

Rice. 1 Organizational structure ISO

CASCO was created in the early 70s. due to the rapid development of certification in all countries of the world. This body is entrusted with the development of international recommendations for countries on all aspects of certification (organization of testing centers in countries, requirements for them, labeling of certified products, requirements for bodies managing certification systems, etc.).

The tasks of KOPOLCO include studying ways to assist consumers in obtaining the maximum effect from product standardization, as well as establishing measures that need to be taken for wider participation of consumers in national and international standardization, developing, from the standpoint of standardization, recommendations aimed at providing information to consumers and protecting their interests , as well as their training programs on standardization issues,

generalization of experience of consumer participation in standardization work, application of standards for consumer goods, and other standardization issues of interest to consumers.

The result of COPOLCO's activities is the publication of lists of national and international standards of interest to consumer organizations, as well as the preparation of guidelines for assessing the quality of consumer goods. Let's point out some of them:

Guide 12, Comparative Testing of Consumer Products;

Guide 14, Product Information for Consumers;

Guideline 36, Development of Standard Methods for Measuring the Performance of Consumer Products.

The tasks of INFCO include: management of the activities of the ISO information network (ISONET); coordination of the activities of organization members in the field information services; advising the ISO General Assembly on the development of policies in the field of harmonization of standards.

The activities of the ISO information system (ISONET) are aimed at achieving the following priority goals: ensuring the exchange of information on international and national standards, other documents and literature on standardization; establishing contacts with information systems of other international organizations (UN, UNESCO, etc.); creation of a thesaurus (explanatory dictionary).

An urgent task for ISO is to improve the structure of its standards fund. In the early 90s. standards prevailed in the field of mechanical engineering (about 30%), chemistry (about 12.5%). The share of standards in the field of health and medicine accounted for only 3.5%, environmental protection 3%. A relatively small share (about 10.5%) was occupied by standards in the field of computer science, electronics and information support. In the future, social spheres (environmental protection, healthcare), as well as information technologies should become priorities in ISO activities.

Intense competition in the world market of countries and companies that are global manufacturers of specific products begins and manifests itself at the stage of MS development. In regional and international standardization organizations there is a constant struggle for leadership, since economically developed countries quite rightly see the corresponding national standard in the project of a particular MS and fight to reflect their national interests in this project. It is no coincidence that total number More than 70% of ISO MS developed by all TCs correspond to national or proprietary standards of industrialized countries of the world. For our country, such an example was the ISO standards adopted within the framework of TC 55 “Lumber and saw logs”, where the corresponding Russian standards were taken as the basis for the MS in their development.

The leadership of a country in the development of MS is largely determined by the degree of participation of its specialists in the activities of the working bodies of ISO, IEC, MST TC, PC, RG.

ISO's work is currently carried out through 200 technical committees. At the beginning of 2002, the Russian Federation was assigned the responsibility for the secretariats of 2 TCs, 11 PCs and 9 RGs. In general, Russia's representation in ISO working bodies is significantly smaller than Germany, Great Britain, the USA and France. This circumstance cannot but affect the country's leadership in the development of MS. This implies the urgent task of Gosstandart and interested ministries (departments) involved in international standardization work: to ensure broad representation of the country in international standardization organizations in order to occupy leading positions in a particular field of technology and economics. Unfortunately, in recent years there has been a sharp decline in Russia's role in the activities of ISO and other international standardization organizations due to a catastrophic shortage of foreign currency.

In ISO publications since 1999, the abbreviations PAS, TS, TTA have become increasingly common. It's about about new types of documents adopted by ISO. Their appearance is a reaction of an international organization to market demands to quickly develop regulatory documents, including for certain industries. Their preparation time is reduced compared to the development time of standards, and the requirements for achieving consensus for adoption are reduced.

The ISO Information Center provides the following Russian equivalents for the names of new types of documents:

1. PAS (Publicly Available Specifications) public specifications;
2. TS (Technical Specifications) technical specifications;
3. ITA (Industry Technical Agreements) industry technical agreements.

The different titles of these documents reflect different degrees of agreement: between technical experts of an ISO working group for PAS; between ISO technical committee members for TS; a special technical agreement reached during a public workshop for ITA.

Specification documents accepted for publication are assigned the PAS category if they were approved by half of the members of the relevant committee who participated in the voting, and the TS category if they were approved by 2/3 of the committee members who participated in the voting. Let us recall that for the publication of international standards, the approval of their drafts by at least 3/4 of the member committees taking part in the vote is required.

An ITA is a document developed at an industry workshop outside the ISO technical structure, but with the administrative support of a designated ISO member committee. Thus, the PA is the result of the consensus of the workshop participants and not of the technical committee members.

PAS and TS can only be published in one language. They are reviewed every three years to determine whether to extend the existing status for a further three-year period, move the document to a new stage, or cancel it. After six years, PAS and TS are either converted to an international standard or withdrawn.

An example of TS is the development by the International Automotive Industry Task Force (IATF), together with representatives of ISO/TC 176, of the document ISO/TU16949 “Quality systems. Suppliers of products for the automotive industry. Industry requirements for the application of ISO 9001:1994, published on March 1, 1999.

As for the ITA, it is more informative than normative document, which at a later stage can also be translated into a full-fledged international standard.

With the approval of the ISO Technical Steering Committee at its meeting in Milan in September 2000, the Canadian Standards Association International (CSAI) and Standards Canada (SCC) organized a workshop to develop guidelines for the application of ISO 9004:2000 in health care, which was carried out in January 2001 in Detroit (USA).

The main derivative document of this seminar was the first published industry recommendations for the development of quality management systems in healthcare organizations. This document has been assigned the status of the first industry technical agreement ISO/GGA1. It is intended to be used in the development or improvement of quality management systems in healthcare.

2. International Electrotechnical Commission

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) develops standards in the field of electrical engineering, radio electronics, and communications. It was created in 1906, i.e. long before the formation of ISO. The different periods of formation and different orientations of the IEC and ISO determined the fact of the parallel existence of two large international organizations. Taking into account the commonality of tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplication of activities of individual technical bodies, an agreement has been concluded between these organizations, which is aimed, on the one hand, at delimiting the scope of activities, and on the other, at coordinating technical activities.

The number of IEC members (about 52) ​​is smaller than that of ISO. This is due to the fact that many developing countries have little or no developed electrical, electronics and communications technology. Our country has been a member of the IEC since 1922. The highest governing body of the IEC Council, in which all national committees. The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, consists of contributions from member countries of this organization and revenues from the sale of international standards. The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as ISO: technical committees, subcommittees and working groups. The IEC has 80 technical committees, some of which (as in ISO) develop MS of a general technical and cross-industry nature, and others develop MS for specific types of products (household radio-electronic equipment, transformers, products electronic technology). Russia maintains two TC secretariats and two PC secretariats (at the beginning of 2002).

Currently, more than 3 thousand IEC MS have been developed. It should be noted the importance of the work carried out by the IEC to establish safety requirements for household electrical appliances and machines. Due to the different approaches to ensuring safety in different countries, TC 61 “Safety of Household Electrical Appliances” has issued more than 40 MS, establishing requirements for almost all electrical household appliances and machines. The development of MS in this area is especially important in connection with the creation in the IEC of a certification system for electrical household appliances and machines for compliance with their IEC MS.

In the future, according to the forecast of some experts, the activities of the IEC and ISO will gradually converge: at the first stage this is the development of uniform rules for the preparation of MS, the creation of joint technical committees (we have such experience in information technology issues), and at the second stage a possible merger, especially that most countries are represented in ISO and IEC by the same bodies - national standardization organizations.

An urgent task is to reduce the preparation time for ISO and IEC MS, since currently their development takes an average of 45 years. The trend towards reducing the obsolescence of products and the need to quickly respond to the demands of international trade in standards pose the task of sharply reducing the time required to develop MS. The procedure for discussing MS projects through teleconferences is becoming increasingly common. Unlike traditional meetings of working bodies on standardization, to which specialists from different countries are sent, teleconferences can be held more often, more organized and more quickly. According to experts, teleconferences save 80% of the money and 60% of the time spent on MS development using traditional procedures.

In foreign practice, the processes of “electronization of standards development procedures” may eventually lead to a complete abandonment of the traditional stages of standards development: instead of the “project, review, review of reviews” chain, it is planned to work in the mode of real multilateral participation of all interested parties directly in developing the editions of standards.

The globalization of the world market, characterized by the erasing of borders on the free movement of people, goods, capital and information, requires the transition of countries to common standards. Bye average ISO member countries' use of international standards in total number national 22%, in countries with more high level development 40%. The principle of a single standard has been put forward as an ideal; unified tests; certificates recognized everywhere. This principle was implemented in the ISO project, proposed in 2001 as “Dream 1/1/1” (1/1/1 “Dream”). The purpose of the project is to eliminate diversity in standards and eliminate duplication in testing and confirmation procedures. There are examples of the implementation of the “Dream”: on the world market, such standardization objects as container transportation, credit cards, shipbuilding, meet standards and are assessed according to uniform compliance procedures.

3. International Telecommunication Union

International Telecommunication Union ITU (ITU) International Telecommunication Union) is an international organization coordinating the activities of government organizations and commercial companies for the development of telecommunication networks and services in the world. The roots of ITU go back to the 60s. XIX century, when the first International Telegraph Convention was signed (1865). A major achievement of the ITU is the adoption in 1999 of the Recommendations on the High Definition Television System. It fixes the basic parameters (number of expansion lines, frame format, scanning system) of television in the 21st century. The fleet of ITU standards is 1.5 thousand units.

In addition to ISO, IEC, ITU (as organizations specializing in standardization work), other organizations participate in international standardization work.

The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) is widely known for its work in standardizing mechanical safety requirements. vehicles. UNECE rules (there are more than 80 of them) have the status of international standards and are the regulatory framework for international and domestic systems of mandatory vehicle certification. UNECE together with ISO have developed MS on universal rules for electronic exchange data in management, trade and transport.

The latest development in the field of consumer goods are meat standards for beef and pork.

International Trade Dad (Mill) is widely known for its work on the unification of trade documentation. "Handbook"

foreign trade specialists was a collection of "INCOTERMS" -International rules interpretation of trade terms.

The Codex Apimentarius Commission operates within the framework of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee. This commission has developed over 300 MS for food products and several dozen sets of hygienic rules. The European branch of the commission determines the possibility of using food additives in products (the Russian consumer is familiar with the additives by the designations on the packaging E 103, E 210, etc., where the letter E comes from the truncation of the word “Europe”).

International standards can roughly be classified as international standards professional associations manufacturers of certain types of products (there are over 40 of them), for example wool, textiles, meat, etc. For example, the activities of the International Wool Secretariat based on the Woolmark company are known (since 1937). It issues licenses to use the Woolmark mark to those manufacturers of wool and wool products that have been able to certify that their product quality meets the regulatory requirements of the International Wool Secretariat. The standards adopted by the London Bullion Market Association (London good delivery) are known on the international market. In particular, the standards of this organization define the requirements for gold, platinum and silver bars.

When developing national standards, the requirements of such organizations as the International Organization of Vine Growing and Winemaking, the International Association of Bottled Water Manufacturers, etc. are taken into account.

There are seven in the world regional organizations on standardization, similar to that discussed in section 4: in Scandinavia, in Latin America, in the Arab region, in Africa, in European Union(EU). The most interesting experience is standardization in the EU.

4. Application of international and regional standards in domestic practice

One of the most important areas for our country’s effective participation in international standardization work is the timely and most complete use of MS in sectors of the national economy.

The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade provides for the full or partial use of international standards as a basis for the development of technical regulations and national standards. State system standardization in Russia regulates various ways use of international standards in domestic standards.

There are three main applications in Russian Federation international, regional, national standards of other countries, depending on the degree of use of the international document and the form of its presentation.

1. Adoption of a state standard representing the authentic text in Russian of the corresponding international document. This option is called the direct method or "cover method". With this method, the corresponding MS is used without any change to the text of the MS. The changes concern only the cover design.

In this case, the designation of the state standard of the Russian Federation consists of: an index (GOST R); designation of the corresponding international standard (without indicating the year of its adoption); separated by a dash of the last two digits of the year of approval of GOST R. Example: GOST R ISO 90012001.

2. Adoption of a state standard representing the authentic text in Russian of the corresponding document with additional requirements reflecting the specific needs of Russia (“direct with addition”).

As you can see, with this method the content of GOST differs from foreign analogue. In this case, under the GOST R designation, the MS designation is given in brackets, for example:

GOST R 5023192

(ISO 717389).

In some cases, the text of the standard identifies (in font or other way) requirements that take into account national characteristics Russia or CIS countries.

3. Adoption of OST, STP, STO on the basis of an international document before their adoption as state standards.

As you can see, this method consists of local use of an international document either within an industry, or within an enterprise, or within a scientific and technical (engineering) society, since government bodies and entities economic activity Russia as a whole is not yet prepared to apply the international standard.

All other options for using MS with to varying degrees Borrowing norms and provisions of international documents should be qualified as using MS as sources of initial information, especially GOST R 1.2 “TCS of the Russian Federation. The procedure for developing state standards obliges developers to take into account international, regional standards and progressive standards of other countries.

Conclusion

The steady expansion of international relations does not allow standardization to be confined to a single state. For the successful implementation of trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation between different countries, international standardization is of paramount importance. The need to develop international standards is becoming increasingly obvious, since differences in national standards for the same products offered on the world market are a barrier to the development of international trade, especially since the growth rate of international trade is 3x4 times higher than the rate of development of national economics

Before acceptance Unified system measures metric system, our country's export of timber to England was associated with great difficulties, since in this country the inch system of measures was used. Therefore, a number of timber sawing enterprises had to specialize in working according to the inch system. It was only when England adopted the metric system that these difficulties were overcome.

In solving international trade problems, the communicative function of standardization is clearly manifested. International standardization facilitates the movement of people, goods, energy and information. It is no coincidence that international standards are compared to the key that opens markets. According to data for 2000, 84% of German companies and firms promote their goods on the world market using international and European standards.

The main task of international scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization is harmonization, i.e. harmonization of the national standardization system with international, regional and progressive national standardization systems of foreign countries in order to increase the level of Russian standards, the quality of domestic products and their competitiveness in the world market.

The need for Russia to join the WTO as soon as possible and to promote domestic goods on the world market require accelerating the pace of harmonization of the provisions of domestic standards with international ones. If in the period 19951997. only 16% of standards were developed on the basis of the corresponding ISO and IEC standards, then in 1998 such standards became about 50%, and by 2000 they should have been about 75%.

References

2. Federal Law “On Certification of Products and Services” as amended on July 31, 1998 No. 154-FZ.

3. ISO/IEC Guide 2 "Standardization and complex species activities: General dictionary", 2000.

4. GSI. Metrology. Basic terms and definitions. MI-2247-93.

5. Krylova G.D. Fundamentals of standardization, certification, metrology. M.: UNITI-Dana, 2003.

6. Lifits I.M. Fundamentals of standardization, metrology, certification. M.: Yurayt, 2002.

7. Mogilevsky D.N. Guarding accuracy. M., 2000.

8. Postyka V.M. Scientific and methodological problems of standardization and ways to solve them. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 2002.

9. Standardization of products in new economic conditions M., 2001.

10. Tseytlin V.T. Metrological assurance of product quality. M.: Standards Publishing House, 2003.