The International Organization for Standardization is. International standardization organizations

International organization on standardization, ISO (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) is an international organization that produces standards.

The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1947 by twenty-five national standards organizations, based on two organizations: ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), established in New York in 1926 (disbanded in 1942) and UNSCC (United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee), established in 1944. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of ISO as the legal successor of the USSR. On September 23, 2005, Russia joined the ISO Council.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this it was decided to use the Greek word ισος - equal, which is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has short name"iso".

The scope of ISO's activities concerns standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues.

ISO defines its objectives as follows: promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world with the aim of ensuring the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

The official languages are: English, French and Russian.

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ISO composition

Today, ISO includes 165 countries with their national standards organizations. Russia is represented by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology as an ISO member committee. In total, ISO has more than 100 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (42 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to stay informed international standardization.

Organizational structure

Organizationally, ISO includes governing and working bodies. Governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Management Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TAG).

General Assembly

General Assembly- this is a meeting officials and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers. The 2013 General Assembly was held in St. Petersburg.

Advice directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At meetings of the Council, decisions are made by a majority vote of the committee members of the Council present at the meeting. During the period between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

Seven committees are subordinate to the ISO Council: PLAKO (technical bureau), PROFKO (methodological and information assistance); CASCO (conformity assessment committee); INFKO (committee on scientific and technical information); DEVCO (Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries); KOPOLCO (committee for the protection of consumer interests); REMCO (standard samples committee).

PLACO

PLACO (PLACO - Planning Committee) prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination technical aspects work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

CASCO

CASCO (CASCO - Committee on conformity assessment) deals with the issues of confirming the conformity of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of this activity and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade. -economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with issues of creating general requirements to auditors for accreditation of testing laboratories and assessment of the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and systems.

DEVCO

DEVCO (DEVCO - Committee on developing country matters) studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; Preparation teaching aids on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. In these areas, DEVCO cooperates with the UN. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation international centers training.

KOPOLCO

In March 2008, the amended specification was adopted as the future ISO/IEC 29500 standard. In particular, in Norway, violations of the standardization process were noted. It was later discovered that files saved by Microsoft Office 2007 did not pass tests for conformance to the standard, which violated the standard's Fast-Tracking rules, which require implementations of the standard to exist.

Publication of ISO/IEC DIS 29500 has been delayed pending appeal (30 days).

In July, the heads of ISO and IEC recommended that the Technical Management Board reject the appeals, citing as a reason that the draft standard had been adopted by vote in accordance with ISO/IEC JTC 1 directives.

In August, ISO rejected appeals from countries opposing the adoption of OOXML as a standard because they were unable to obtain the support of the required number of ISO members to suspend adoption of the standard.

At the end of August, government IT organizations in Brazil, South Africa, Venezuela, Ecuador, Cuba and Paraguay published a statement questioning ISO's neutrality.

In Norway, where 21 votes against and two votes in favor resulted in a yes, on September 29, 2008, 13 members of the technical commission resigned from Standard Norge in protest (Norwegian).

According to the ISO/IEC JTC1/SC34 meeting, a subcommittee of ISO/IECJTC1, in early October SC34 sent OASIS an unpublished request to transfer control of the ISO/IEC26300 (ODF) standard, citing a desire to better compatibility between standards. Groklaw also noted that 9 of the 20 people present at the July meeting were Microsoft employees or consultants, or members of ECMA TC45. As a result, suspicions arose of an attempt to seize control of ODF by Microsoft.

Notes

The 3 official full names of ISO can be found at the beginning of the foreword sections of the PDF document: ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004 Standardization and related activities - General vocabulary
The ISO Story - founding(English) . ISO. Retrieved December 13, 2011. Archived February 2, 2012.
How to use the ISO catalog (undefined) . ISO (2010). Retrieved November 13, 2011. Archived February 2, 2012.
ISO - ISO members
Vote closes on draft ISO/IEC DIS 29500 standard(English) . ISO (4 September 2007). Retrieved September 4, 2007. Archived February 23, 2012.

Introduction

Standardization bodies and services- organizations, institutions, associations and their divisions, the main activity of which is the implementation of standardization work or the implementation of certain functions on standardization.

The system of standardization bodies and services includes international, regional and national standardization organizations. Currently, there are more than 400 organizations involved in standardization issues. The largest international organizations specializing in standardization work are ISO, IEC, and International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They are independent and independent of each other.

In Russia, the competent bodies in the field of standardization are Rosstandart of Russia and GosStroy. The fundamental normative document for standardization of Rosstandart of Russia establishes “ State system standardization" (GSS). The set of standards of the State Standards of the Russian Federation is a system of interconnected rules and regulations that define the goals and objectives of standardization, the organization and methodology of standardization work in all manufacturing industries Russia. The GSS establishes the procedure for the development, execution, coordination, approval, publication, and circulation of standards different levels standardization and others regulatory documents, as well as control over their implementation and compliance.

This work examined in detail international and regional organizations, as well as the main standardization bodies Russian Federation. Special attention devoted to the functions of Rosstandart.

International standardization

International standardization- standardization, participation in which is open to the relevant authorities of all countries. Standardization is understood as an activity aimed at achieving order in a certain area by establishing provisions for universal and repeated application in relation to actual and potential problems. This activity is manifested in the development, publication and application of standards.

An international standard is a standard adopted by an international organization. A standard is a document that establishes the characteristics of products, operation, storage, transportation, sales and disposal, performance of work or provision of services. The standard may also contain requirements for terminology, symbols, packaging, markings or labels and rules for their application. In practice, international standards often also mean regional standards and standards developed by scientific and technical societies and accepted as norms different countries peace.

International standardization organizations

1. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

3. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

Let's look at each of them in more detail.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standards organizations, based on two organizations: ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), established in New York in 1926 (disbanded in 1942) and UNSCC (United Nations Standards). Coordinating Committee), established in 1944. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of ISO as the legal successor of the USSR. On September 23, 2005, Russia joined the ISO Council.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. The official languages are: English, French and Russian.

The main task of ISO is to promote the development of standardization in the world in order to ensure the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

ISO organizational structure:

· General Assembly is a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers.

· Advice directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At meetings of the Council, decisions are made by a majority vote of the committee members of the Council present at the meeting. Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

· PLACO - Planning Committee prepares proposals for planning ISO work, organizing and coordinating technical aspects of the work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

· CASCO- The Committee on conformity assessment deals with issues of confirming the conformity of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of this activity and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment.

· DEVCO - Committee on developing country matters studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; preparation of training manuals on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology.

· COPOLCO - Committee on consumer policy studies issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibilities of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs for training consumers in the field of standardization and communicating to them necessary information about international standards.

· REMCO - Committee on reference materials provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards).

International Organization for Standardization (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) is an international organization that produces standards. The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standardization organizations. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of the ISO as the legal successor of the collapsed state. On September 23, 2005, Russia joined the ISO Council. When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this it was decided to use the Greek word isos- equal, which is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has the short name ISO (ISO). The scope of ISO's activities concerns standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues. ISO defines its objectives as follows: promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world with the aim of ensuring the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

The main goal of the Organization is formulated in its Charter: “...to promote the development of standardization on a global scale to ensure international trade exchange and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the fields of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activity.” Official languages ISO - English, French and Russian.

The ISO central secretariat is located in Geneva and has a staff of about 200 people. He organizes the current work of committees, as well as information support ISO members.

Today, ISO includes 120 countries with their national standards organizations. Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation as a committee member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 80 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (there are 25 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization.

General Assembly is a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers.

PLACO(PLACO - Planning Committee) prepares proposals for planning the work of ISO, for organizing and coordinating the technical aspects of the work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the scope of standardization, which is STACO (STACO - Standing Committee for the Study of Principles of Standardization) is obliged to provide methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methods of developing international standards. The committee is conducting a study fundamental principles standardization and preparation of recommendations to achieve optimal results in this area.

STAKO is also involved in terminology and organization of seminars on the application of international standards for the development of trade. Roy should be handled by committees.

CASCO(CASCO - Committee on conformity assessment) deals with issues of confirming the conformity of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of this activity and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade. -economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with the creation of general requirements for auditors for the accreditation of testing laboratories and assessing the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

DEVCO(DEVCO - Committee on developing country matters) studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; preparation of training manuals on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation of international training centers.

KOPOLCO(COPOLCO - Committee on consumer policy) studies issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs to train consumers in the field of standardization and provide them with the necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by the periodic publication of the List of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative tests of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc. KOPOLCO participated in the development of the guide ISO/IEC on the preparation of safety standards.

REMCO(REMCO - Committee on reference materials) provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). Thus, a reference book on reference materials and several manuals have been prepared: “Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular with OIML- International Organization of Legal Metrology.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)- an international non-profit organization for standardization in the field of electrical, electronic and related technologies. Some of the IEC standards are developed jointly with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

The IEC is composed of representatives of national standards services. The IEC was founded in 1906 and currently includes more than 76 countries. The commission was originally located in London, but has been headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1948 to the present. Currently, it has regional centers in Southeast Asia (Singapore), Latin America (Sao Paulo, Brazil) and North America (Boston, USA).

The IEC contributed to the development and dissemination of standards for units of measurement, especially Gauss, Hertz, and Weber. The IEC also proposed a system of standards, which ultimately became SI units. In 1938, an international dictionary was published with the aim of unifying electrical terminology. These efforts continue and the International Electrotechnical Dictionary remains important work in the electrical and electronic industries. IEC standards have numbers in the range 60,000 - 79,999, and their names are of the type IEC 60411 Graphic symbols. Old numbers IEC standards were transformed in 1997 by adding the number 60,000, for example, the IEC 27 standard received the number IEC 60027. The standards, developed jointly with the International Organization for Standardization, have names like ISO/IEC 7498-1:1994 Open Systems Interconnection: Basic Reference Model.

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Deepening and expanding international cooperation in all areas human activity ensured the transfer of work on international standardization to more high level. At the same time, high quality new stage in the field of standardization on a multilateral basis is characterized by noticeable quantitative, structural and functional growth. Today, out of 4.5 thousand of all international organizations, more than 400 are involved in considering issues related to standardization.

The beginning of international cooperation in the field of standardization dates back to 1921. Official organizations in international system standardizations include:

ISO – International Organization for Standardization.

IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission.

ITU – International Telecommunications Union.

In 1946, under the auspices of the UN, it was created International Organization for Standardization (ISO – International Standards Organization). ISO is a non-governmental organization that develops international standards and international cooperation in the field of standardization (headquarters in London). More than 120 countries participate in ISO's work. Main goal ISO – promoting the development of standardization on a global scale in order to simplify international trade and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities. ISO's terms of reference include:

Taking measures aimed at simplifying and improving methods for harmonizing standards in all areas of their application on a global scale;

Development, adoption of international standards, their information support;

Organization of internal information flows;

Establishing cooperation with other international organizations to jointly resolve related issues.

The highest body of ISO is the General Assembly. B period between sessions General Assembly The activities of the organization are managed by a Council headed by the ISO President. Review and preparation of decisions on specific issues are dealt with by permanent and temporary committees of the Council. An additional bureau has been created under the Council, which manages ISO technical committees. Draft international standards are developed directly by working groups operating within technical committees.

Technical committees (TC) are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. General technical technical complexes (there are 26 of them in ISO) solve general technical and intersectoral problems. These, for example, include TC 12 “Units of Measurement”, TC 19 “Preferred Numbers”, TC 37 “Terminology”. The remaining TCs (more than 200) operate in specific areas of technology (TC 22 “Automobiles”, TC 39 “Machine tools”, etc.). TCs, whose activities cover an entire industry (chemistry, aviation and space technology, etc.), organize subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG).

Depending on the degree of interest, each ISO member determines the status of their participation in the work of each TC. Membership can be active and as observers. A draft international standard is considered adopted if it is approved by a majority (75%) of the active members of the TC.

B lately in all developed countries, efforts are concentrated on the development and implementation at enterprises modern systems quality. In a number of countries Western Europe and introduced in the USA national standards, defining the parameters of these systems. In 1979, TC 176 “Quality Assurance Systems” was created, whose tasks include standardization and harmonization of the fundamental principles of quality assurance systems. In 1987, the first version of the four ISO 9000 series of standards was published, aimed at a uniform approach to addressing product quality issues in enterprises. ISO 9000 series standards have been adopted as national standards in various modifications in more than 100 countries around the world. For example, in the USA they are known as ANST/ASQC 090, in Japan – JIS 9000, in England – BS 5750, in Denmark – DS/EN 29000, in Germany – DIN/ISO 9000, in France – NF X50.121. In all cases, the content of the standards is almost the same, and they all include requirements for the company's quality system as the main condition for achieving stable quality of products.

The other bodies of the ISO Council are the Technical Bureau and seven committees: STACO, PLACO, CASCO, DEVCO, COPOLCO and REMCO.

STAKO provides methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methodology for developing international standards. He studies the fundamental principles of standardization and prepares recommendations for achieving optimal results in this area. STAKO also deals with terminology and organizes seminars on the application of international standards for trade development.

PLACO prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination of technical aspects of the work.

CASCO deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment.

DEVCO studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area.

KOPOLCO is studying issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization, as well as providing them with the necessary information about international standards. The manuals he publishes play a big role in this: “Comparative testing of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc.

REMCO is developing guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

The work of ISO is currently carried out within the framework of 185 TC, 636 PC, 1975 RG. ISO's strategic partner, with whom it largely coordinates its activities, is the World trade organization(WTO).

In general, Russia's representation in ISO working bodies is significantly smaller than Germany, Great Britain, the USA and France. This circumstance cannot but affect the country's leadership in the development of international standards. Unfortunately, in recent years there has been a sharp decline in the role of Russia in the activities of ISO and other international standardization organizations.

Another, no less authoritative organization is International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – develops standards in the field of electrical engineering, radio electronics, and communications. It was created in 1906. The different times of formation and the different focus of IEC and ISO determined the fact of the parallel existence of two large international organizations, taking into account the common tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplication of activities of individual technical bodies. An agreement has been concluded between these organizations to delimit and coordinate the scope of their activities.

Our country has been a member of the IEC since 1922. The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, in which all national committees. The main coordinating body is the Action Committee, which has subordinate committees and advisory groups:

AKOS - advisory committee on electrical safety of household appliances, radio-electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc.;

ASET - Advisory Committee on Electronics and Communications; deals with electrical safety issues, just like AKOS;

KGEMS – coordination group on electromagnetic compatibility;

KSIT – coordination group for information technology;

Size Coordination Working Group.

The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, consists of contributions from member countries of this organization and revenues from the sale of international standards. The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as ISO: technical committees, subcommittees and working groups. There are 80 technical committees operating in the IEC, some of which (as in ISO) develop MS of a general technical and intersectoral nature, and the other develop MS for specific types of products (household radio-electronic equipment, transformers, electronic products).

The IEC collaborates with ISO, jointly developing ISO/IEC Guides and ISO/IEC Directives on topical issues standardization, certification, accreditation of testing laboratories and methodological aspects. The Joint ISO/IEC Program Committee divides the responsibilities of the two organizations on issues related to related technical fields and plans work.

The results of cooperation between the two largest international organizations are aimed at increasing efficiency and practical significance international standards, accelerating their adoption as national ones, increasing the interest of all participants in the international exchange of goods and services in standardization as a way to promote trade development and eliminate non-tariff barriers. One of the most significant results is the IEC system for testing electrical equipment for compliance with safety standards, designed to facilitate international trade in electrical equipment for the final consumer sector, namely: household electrical equipment, electronic computing equipment, lighting products, etc.

With common interests in standardization, ISO and IEC agreed to join forces, creating a single body in 1987, Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1), designed to formulate a comprehensive system of basic information technology standards and their extensions for specific areas of activity. . This committee works closely with International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ITU, classified as an official international organization, is an intergovernmental organization specializing in the field of telecommunication standardization. It unites more than 500 governmental and non-governmental organizations. The main task of the ITU is to coordinate the development of harmonized international level rules and recommendations intended for the construction and use of global television networks and their services.

The ITU structure includes three sectors:

Radiocommunications is a sector that includes general functions the Radiocommunications Committee, as well as the tasks performed by the Frequency Registration Council;

Telecommunications standardization is a sector that has taken over the functions of the committee on telegraphy and telephony, as well as the functions of the committee on radio communications related to the access of radio communications to networks public use;

Telecommunications development is a sector that determines issues of strategy and policy for the development of telecommunication systems.

The highest level of organizational management of ITU is the General Conference, which determines strategic decisions, related to the areas of activity and structure of the organization, as well as forming the executive body - the Council, which carries out the implementation of the tasks outlined by the conference. The highest governing body of each sector is the world conference of the appropriate (for this sector) thematic focus.

The following five classes of membership are defined for organizations:

Class A – national ministries and communications departments;

Class B – large private corporations operating in the field of telecommunications;

Class C – scientific organizations and enterprises producing communications equipment;

Class D – international organizations, including the ISO organization;

Class E – organizations from other fields of activity, but interested in working in this sector.

Much of the standard development work is carried out by research groups, each with its own focus. Compound research groups quite stable. It was selected on a thematic basis in such a way as to ensure complete coverage of all current areas of Telecommunication Technologies.

A significant result of this cooperation is the agreement on a common text for ISO/IEC standards. In other cases, this cooperation manifests itself in the adoption by one organization of the text of a standard developed by another organization. Another form of cooperation is the joint development of standards.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) – multilateral agreement, containing the principles, legal norms and rules that guide the participating countries in mutual trade relations. This is international economic organization, the predecessor of the WTO, which regulated the rules of international trade according to the principle of liberalism. GATT remained the only instrument for regulating international trade until a specialized World Trade Organization in 1995

The WTO, as the successor to the GATT, is designed to regulate the trade and political relations of the organization's participants in the field of international trade on the basis of a package of agreements. The agreement establishing the WTO provides for the creation of a permanent forum of member states to resolve problems affecting their multilateral trade relations, as well as to monitor the implementation of agreements and agreements. The WTO functions in much the same way as the GATT, but controls more wide range trade agreements and has much more powers. The main task of the WTO is to liberalize world trade by regulating it primarily by tariff methods with a consistent reduction in the level of import duties, as well as eliminating various non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and other obstacles in the international exchange of goods and services.

All WTO member countries are committed to implementing key agreements and legal instruments, i.e. multilateral trade agreements, based on the rules and regulations of which over 90% of global trade in goods and services are regulated.

The highest body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which brings together representatives of all participants in the organization. Conference sessions meet to discuss and make decisions on fundamental issues. The WTO Ministerial Conference establishes the Committee on Trade and Development, the Committee on Balance of Payments Restrictions, the Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration, and the Committee on Trade and Environment.

WTO participants are represented by three groups:

Full participants;

Observers;

International organizations.

Russia is conducting active negotiations on joining the WTO. The need for this is due to the tasks of international integration, conditions for access to world markets, attracting foreign investment in Russian economy. This process is complicated by the fact that Russia intends to obtain the status of a country with market economy, which imposes special conditions on the entry procedure.

CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF METROLOGY

Metrology (from the Greek “metro” - measure, “logos” - study) is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy.

IN modern society Metrology as a science and field of practical activity plays a big role. This is due to the fact that there is practically no area of human activity where measurement results are not used.

Measurements are an integral part of most work processes. The costs of providing and conducting measurements account for about 20% of the total costs of production.

Based on measurements, information is obtained about the state of production, economic and social processes. Measurement information serves as the basis for making decisions about product quality when implementing quality systems, in scientific experiments etc. And only the reliability and corresponding accuracy of measurement results ensure the correctness of decisions made at all levels of management. Receiving unreliable information leads to incorrect decisions, decreased product quality, and possible accidents.

Effective cooperation with other countries, joint development of scientific and technical programs, further development trade relations require growing mutual trust to measurement information, which is essentially the main object of exchange when jointly solving scientific and technical problems, the basis for mutual settlements in trade transactions, concluding contracts for the supply of materials, products, equipment. The creation of a unified approach to measurements guarantees mutual understanding, the possibility of unification and standardization of measurement methods and instruments, mutual recognition of measurement results and product testing in the international trade system.