Industries and types of production. Manufacturing sectors

- important component economic complex of the Russian Federation, whose leading role is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with tools and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expansion in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry stands out for its complex and area-forming functions.

In 2008, Russia operated 456 thousand industrial enterprises, where 14.3 million people were employed, ensuring production output in the amount of 20,613 billion rubles.

Russian industry has complex diversified and multi-sectoral structure, reflecting changes in development, in improving the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized by a high level of specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social, many industries, sub-sectors and types of production arose, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. The current industrial classification identifies 11 complex industries and 134 sub-sectors.

Sectoral structure of Russian industry* (% of total)

Industries	1992	1995	2000	2004
Industry - in general	100	100	100	100
Including:	8,1	10,5	9,2	7,6
	14,0	16,9	15,8	17,1
Of which: oil producing	9,0	10,9	10,4	12,1
oil refining	2,3	2,6	2,3	2,1
gas	1,4	1,8	1,7	1,5
coal	1,2	1,5	1,4	1,3
ferrous metallurgy	6,7	7,7	8,6	8,2
non-ferrous metallurgy	7,3	9,0	10,3	10,3
mechanical engineering and metalworking	23,8	0	20,5	22,2
chemical and petrochemical	6,4	19,2	7,5	7,2
forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper	5,0	6,3	4,8	4,3
production of building materials	4,4	5,1	2,9	2,9
light	5,2	3,7	1,8	1,4
food	14,5	2,3	14,9	15,4
flour-grinding and feed milling	4,0	2,0	1,6	1,2

Since 2005, domestic statistics have switched to a slightly different classification of industries, which is designated as dividing the volume of shipped goods of own production, work performed and services into three groups of industries:

mining;
manufacturing industries;
production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

At the same time, 2/3 is accounted for by manufacturing, the share of which is slowly increasing, more than 1/5 is in mining, and approximately 1/10 is in the third division.

The sectoral structure of industry is determined by many social and economic factors, the main of which are: the level of development of production, technical progress, socio-historical conditions, production skills of the population, natural resources. The most significant of them, characterizing changes in the sectoral structure of industry, is scientific and technological progress.

Industry is divided into:

mining, which includes industries related to the extraction and enrichment of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as the extraction sea beast, fishing and other seafood;
processing, which includes enterprises for processing products of the mining industry, semi-finished products, as well as for processing products Agriculture, forest and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the basis of heavy industry.

According to the economic purpose of the product the entire industry is divided into two large groups: group “A” - production of means of production and group “B” - production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the industry structure industrial production, since the natural form of the produced product does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both industrial and non-productive consumption, they are classified into one group or another, depending on their actual use.

The sectoral structure of industry in modern Russia is characterized by:

the predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
low share of light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
high share of branches of the military-industrial complex.

This industrial structure cannot be considered effective. The sectors of the fuel and energy complex, metallurgy and the military-industrial complex are called “the three pillars of Russian industry”, because they determine its face and role in international system territorial division of labor.

During economic crisis 1990s The largest reduction in production was observed in the manufacturing industries, especially in mechanical engineering and light industry. At the same time, the mining industry and primary processing of raw materials increased specific gravity in industrial production in Russia. Changes in the sectoral structure of industry are also due to physical wear and tear and obsolescence of equipment, which affected the upper levels of industry producing technically complex products. At the beginning of 2008, the degree of wear and tear in the group of industries extracting minerals exceeded 53%, in manufacturing - 46%, and in industries involved in the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 52%.

With the recovery from the economic crisis, there has been a revival in almost all industries; mechanical engineering, food, pulp and paper industries and certain chemical and petrochemical industries are developing especially dynamically. And yet today the sectoral structure of industrial production in Russia has much more features of a developing one than a developed one. economically countries.

Forms of territorial organization of industry. The spatial combination of industries and individual industries is influenced by many factors. These include the provision of mineral and raw materials, fuel and energy, material and labor resources. The noted factors are closely related to each other, having a certain impact on the location of enterprises and various sectors of the economy. In the process of placing industrial production, various shapes its territorial organization.

Large economic zones are vast territorial entities with characteristic natural and economic conditions for the development of productive forces.

There are two large economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

Western, which includes the European part of the country along with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the predominant development of manufacturing industries;
Eastern, including the territory of Siberia and the Far East, which is characterized by the presence of large reserves of fuel, energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

This division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the promising territorial proportions of the country’s economic complex.

Industrial areas represent large territories with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic focus on the development of productive forces, with the corresponding existing material and technical base, production and social infrastructure.

On the territory of Russia there are about 30 industrial areas, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country. The highest concentration of industrial districts is observed in the Urals - 7 (Tagil-Kachkanarsky, Ekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Verkhne-Kama, South Bashkir and Orsko-Khalilovsky), in the Center - 4 (Moscow, Tula-Novomoskovsky, Bryansk-Lyudionovsky and Ivanovo ) and in the north of the Volga region (Samara, Nizhnekamsk, South Tatar). In the east of the country, industrial regions are mainly located in the Trans-Siberian Railway zone - Kuznetsky in Western Siberia, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo in Eastern Siberia, South Yakutsk and South Primorsky in the Far East. The Far North is characterized by a focal distribution of industrial regions - Kola in the European North, Middle Ob and Nizhneob in Western Siberia, Norilsk in Eastern Siberia. The specialization of the economy of each industrial region reflects the direction of development of the economy of the region on whose territory it is located.

Industrial agglomerations— territorial economic entities characterized by a high level of concentration of enterprises in various sectors of the economy, infrastructure facilities and scientific institutions, as well as a high population density. The economic prerequisites for the development of industrial agglomeration are high level concentration and diversification of production, as well as the opportunity to maximize effective use systems of production and social infrastructure.

The compact placement of a group of enterprises from various sectors of the economy leads to a reduction in the occupied territory required for industrial construction by an average of 30%, and reduces the number of buildings and structures by 25%. Savings reach 20% of costs for common facilities due to the creation of unified complexes for auxiliary purposes, production and social infrastructure.

The country has large industrial agglomerations: Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, etc. However, excessive development and concentration of production beyond certain limits have a negative impact, significantly reducing economic effect. This is primarily due to security issues environment and development of the social sphere.

An industrial hub is considered as a group of industries compactly located in a small area. Its main feature is participation in the system of territorial division of labor of the country, the presence of production connections between enterprises, the commonality of the settlement system, social and technical infrastructure. Industrial nodes are planned and developed as elements of dissected spatial structures of territorial production complexes and represent a qualitatively new phenomenon in the regulated process of development of the territorial structure of the economy.

Similar forms of territorial organization of the economy are developing not only in old industrial areas (for example, in Zheleznogorsk, associated with the extraction and enrichment of iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly, and in Cheboksary, the development of which was facilitated by the Cheboksary hydroelectric station, a tractor plant and a chemical plant with related industries), but and in areas of new development (Sayanogorsk, which is being formed on the basis of electric power generated by the Sayano-Shushenskaya and Mainskaya hydroelectric power stations, and energy-intensive industries).

Industrial centers for the most part, they do not have technological connections with each other, so such placement reduces the possibilities for developing cooperation, and, consequently, their growth efficiency. Regional centers serve as an example.

Under industrial point understand the territory within which one or more enterprises of one industry are located (small towns and workers' villages).

In recent decades, such forms of industrial organization as technopolises and technoparks have developed in Russia, which can be used to rebuild production on a new technological basis, preserve scientific and technical potential and finance science, and attract investment.

In Russia, technopolises and technoparks are created on the basis of educational and research institutes that maintain close ties with industry. They exist in the form of joint ventures (JVs), joint stock companies(JSC), associations, etc. Such forms of territorial organization of the economy are being developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tomsk. It is planned to create technology parks in Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Chelyabinsk ( closed cities military industrial complex).

National economy- a historically established complex (set) of industries in a given country, interconnected by the division of labor.

- an important part of the economic complex of the Russian Federation.

Russian industry has a complex, diversified, diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in improving the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Industries

Fuel and Energy Complex

One of the inter-industry complexes, which is a set of closely interconnected and interacting sectors of the fuel industry and electric power industry, meeting the needs National economy and the population in fuel and energy resources.

The fuel and energy complex is the most important structural component of the Russian economy, one of the factors in the development and deployment of the country's productive forces. The share of the fuel and energy complex in 2007 reached 60% in the country's export balance.

Fuel industry. Mineral fuel is the main source of energy in modern economies. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of fuel resources.

The fuel and energy complex includes such industries as:

Gas industry
Coal industry
Oil industry
Electric power industry

Gas industry

- the youngest and fastest growing industry. It is engaged in extraction, transportation, storage and distribution natural gas.

Gas production is 2 times cheaper than oil production and 10-15 times cheaper than coal production. About 1/3 of the world's proven natural gas reserves are concentrated in Russia. The European part accounts for 11.6%; the eastern regions account for 84.4%. Over 90% of natural gas is produced in Western Siberia.

The development of the gas industry is closely related to gas pipeline transport. For gas transportation in Russia, a one system gas supply. Most often gas pipelines lead from the territory western Siberia to the west.

Russian gas pipelines:

Brotherhood
Northern Lights
Yamal-Europe (connects gas fields in the north of Western Siberia with end consumers in Western Europe)
Blue Stream (under the Black Sea to Turkey)
South Stream (under the Black Sea to Italy and Austria)
Nord Stream (on the bottom Baltic Sea to Germany)

Oil industry

— engaged in oil production and transportation, as well as associated gas production.

Russia has quite large proven oil reserves (about 8% of global reserves, 6th place in the world)

Largest oil fields:

Samotlorskoe
Ust-Balykskoe
Megionskoe
Yuganskoe
Kholmogorskoe
Varyegonskoe

Coal industry

- is engaged in the extraction and primary processing of hard and brown coal and is the largest branch of the fuel industry in terms of the number of workers and the cost of production fixed assets.

Coal mining. China USA Germany, India

Coal mining in Russia:

Kuznetsk coal basin (Kuzbas) ( Kemerovo region) (55%)
Kansk-Achinsk coal basin - open-pit mining and the lowest cost. Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk - cities of consumption (one seventh)
The South Yakut coal basin (9%) is mined by open pit mining and has high quality(mined hard coal) a significant portion of coal is exported to Japan,
The Pechersk corner of the basin is located on the territory of Yakutia, its share accounts for 7 - 8%, coal is very expensive and is mined using the mine method. Used in skull metallurgical plant)
Eastern wing of the Dombass. Mine production. Coal is expensive in terms of production costs. the rock is very thin

Local type coal basins:

Carboniferous (Kizelovsky Irkutsk, Burinsky Alexandrovsky)
lignite (Moscow basin, Chelyabinsk, South Ural, Nizhnezeysky)
Prospective basins (those basins that are not being developed) (Lensky in the Lena River basin and Tungussky in the Yenisei basin)

Electric power industry

— part of the fuel and energy complex, ensuring the production and distribution of electricity and heat.

Russia ranks fourth in the world in electricity production after the USA, China and Japan.

Electricity production is carried out by thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants.

TPP

Thermal power plants provide two thirds of the energy in the Russian Federation

They are built relatively quickly and at lower costs and are located either in areas of fuel production or in areas of consumption.

The following is used as fuel:

Coal: Nazarovskaya, Irsha-Borodinskaya, Berezovskaya (in the Kansk-Achinsk basin)

Mazut: group of Surgut power plants

Gas: Konakok

Peat: Ivanovskaya

A type of TPP is TPP, which are located only in areas of consumption since their radius of action does not exceed 25 kilometers.

NPP

14% electricity

They are built in areas of consumption where there are no energy resources of their own, since one kilogram of uranium replaces 2,500 tons of coal.

The highest density of nuclear power plants is in the European part of Russia.

Russia is a pioneer in the development of nuclear energy.

Nuclear power plants in Russia:

Kola
Leningradskaya (40 km from St. Petersburg)
Kalininskaya
Smolenskaya
Kursk
Novovoroneskaya, Rostovskaya
Balakovskaya
Beloyarskaya
Bilivinskaya (in Chukotka)

hydroelectric power station

15% of total electricity generation.

Hydroelectric power stations are being built on large rivers. We have the most powerful hydroelectric power plants. The most powerful former Sayano-Shushenskaya)

Sayano-Shushenskaya 6.4
Krasnoyarsk
Bratskaya 4.5
Ust-Ilimskaya 4.3

These are located on the Yenisei. We built less powerful ones on the Volga River. They have different capacities (maximum 2.2 million kilowatts per year)

A type of hydroelectric power station is TPP (tidal power station). It is most profitable to build in rocky areas (for example, on the Kola Peninsula, called Kislogubskaya).

A new type - geothermal power plants - generate electricity from the internal heat of the earth, near volcanoes, for example, in Yakutia, the Paurzhetskaya hydroelectric power station, and the recently launched Maynutnovskaya hydroelectric power station.

Metallurgical complex

The metallurgical complex includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy includes a full cycle (cast iron > steel > rolled metal) - this is full-cycle metallurgy, and there is also a pigment metallurgy, which does not contain cast iron (steel > rolled metal).

Russia ranks first in the world in ferrous metallurgy and fourth in mining.

The first place in production in Russia is the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.

Factors that influence the location of iron and steel industry:

availability of raw materials
Availability of fuel
availability of water
availability of electricity

In accordance with this, metallurgical plants are located either in raw material extraction areas (Lipetsk, Stary Oskol) or in fuel extraction areas (Novokuznetsk) or between them (Cherepovetsk).

On the territory of Russia it has developed three metallurgical bases. One of the bottom Ural- the most powerful 45% of the metal, and the oldest in terms of time of occurrence. There are four full-cycle metallurgical plants operating here (Chelyabinsk Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk Nizhny Tagil); all of them are located in the eastern part of the Urals. Conversion plants are located on the western slopes of the Urals (Zlatoust, Chusavoy, Serov).

Central metallurgy produces 37% of metal and allocate two subzones(southern— there is iron ore here, coal is nearby, but the water problem is acute (Lipetsk and Stary Oskol) and northern the subzone is the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant, where iron ore comes from Karelia and coal from Pechora.

Conversion plants are located in Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyksa, and Kulebaki.

Third metallurgical base - Siberian(18% ferrous metals) there are two full-cycle plants - West Siberian and Novokuznetsk.

Raw materials in CM have two features:

low metal content in ore
multicomponent composition

Production of non-ferrous metals includes:

production
enrichment
concentrate production
rough metal production
refining

Factors for placement of non-ferrous metals:

raw material
fuel and energy

By physical properties CMs are divided into two groups:

light metals (aluminium, titanium, magnesium)
Heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin)

Depending on this classification, CM is divided into two sub-sectors:

metallurgy of light metals;
metallurgy of heavy metals

Metallurgy of light metals

The raw materials for aluminum production are bauxite and nickelite.

Aluminum production includes two stages:

alumina production, which is located near the raw materials.
production of aluminum metal, which is very electrically intensive and is located near large sources of cheap electricity. (these are Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Sayano-Gorsk, Shelekhov - all four of these plants are located in eastern Siberia, Volgograd, Volkhov, Nadvoitsy, Kandalaksha, all of these plants are based on hydroelectric power plants, but Novokuznetsk, Kamensk-Uralsky are based on thermal power plants, which ensure their work.

Metallurgy of heavy metals

Very material intensive. and is usually located near sources of raw materials (the production of one ton of copper requires 100 tons of ore, one ton of tin requires 300 tons of ore)

Copper industry

The main copper deposits are located in the Urals, areas of eastern Siberia and the northern region.

Nickel-cobalt production.

The main reserves are the north of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and the Murmansk region.

Aluminum copper and nickel - Eastern Siberia, the Urals and the northern economic region - they are all produced only here. Tin wests are located in the north 85%.

polymetallic ores (lead and zinc) polymetallic ores are located in mountainous areas along the southern borders ( North Caucasus, northern Ossetia, south western Siberia, south eastern Siberia and in the Primorsky region in the Far East.)

Mechanical Engineering placement factors:

Specialization and cooperation of production
Availability of highly qualified labor resources
Availability of consumer
Availability of raw materials
Transport-geographical location

Automotive industry

Everything except raw materials has a decisive influence on placement. First place in terms of production volume: economic regions of Togliatti, Ulyanovsk, Engels, Naberezhnye Chelny, second place Volgovyatsky district - Nizhny Novgorod, Pavlovo, third place central areas— Golitsino, Likeno, Serpukhov, Ivanovo, last place Ural - Izhevsk, Kurgan, Miass, new centers.

Car manufacturing

Determining factors:

raw materials
transport-geographical location

Types of cars:

Freight cars: Abakan, Novoaltaysk
Passenger cars - Tver, Korolev
Tram cars - Ust-Katav,
Cars for the metro: Mytishchi, Leningrad plant named after Egorov
Electric trains: Riga, Denyukhova district

Locomotive engineering is divided into electric locomotives and diesel locomotives.

Historical factors are added to the factors of placement of electric locomotives. in the USSR the largest was Tbilisi, now Novocherkassk.

Production of diesel locomotives - Kolomna, Lyudinovo, Udelnaya, Murom, Bryansk

Shipbuilding

placement factors:

specialization and cooperation are the most important
labor resources

Marine shipbuilding

Large factories: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg, in the north Severodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

River shipbuilding - on the Volga - Nizhny Novgorod Volgograd Astrakhan, on the Ob Tyumen, on the Yenieye Krasnoyarsk, on the Amur Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Tractor manufacturing

Placement factors:

raw materials
consumer

Tractors are produced:

agricultural - Lipetsk, Chelyabinsk, Volgograd, Rubtsovsk,
industrial - Kirovets (St. Pererburg) Cheboksary.
skidding tractors - the city of Petrozavodsk (where there are forests)
potato harvesters - Ryazan
flax harvesting - Bezhevsk, Tver region

Agricultural engineering is located at the consumer but taking into account the specifics of agriculture in a given territory. Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Krasnoyarsk.

Timber industry complex

Peculiarities:

predominance of coniferous species (90%)
predominance of mature and overmature forest stands (60 years for deciduous trees, 100 years for coniferous trees)
uneven placement

The forestry industry consists of three branches: Logging located in forested areas:

northern region(Arkhangelsk region, Republic of Komi and Karelia)
Ural region ( Perm region and Sverdlovsk region)
Western Siberia (south of the Tyumen region and Tomsk region)
eastern Siberia (southern Krasnoyarsk region, Irkutsk region and Far East(Amur region, Kharabovsky and Primorsky territories)

Wood industry

It is located in logging areas, in the lower reaches of rafting rivers, at the intersection of rafting rivers with roads, and in consumption areas.

Pulp and paper industry placement factors:

availability of raw materials
availability of electricity
availability of water

Paper production:

The first place in production is occupied by the northern region - it produces more than half of all paper - Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Syktyvkar, Segezha, Kandapoga.
The second place in paper production produces paper - they produce special paper - stamp paper - Solikamsk, Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishevsk, Novaya Lyalya,
Third place is occupied by the Volgo-Vyatka economic region - Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk
Fourth place - northwestern region - Svetogorsk
Fifth place is Eastern Siberia - Bratsk and Ust-Ilinsk. and the Far East. Amursk city

but in Western Siberia there is no pulp and paper industry.

Chemical complex

Mining chemistry

This is the extraction of chemical raw materials - apatite of the Kola Peninsula (first place in the world in extraction)

Basic Chemistry

Production of mineral fertilizers, acids, alkalis and soda

Mineral fertilizer industry, production potash fertilizers- placed near the raw materials.

Berezniki, Solikamsk, (Perm region, Ural region)

All types of fertilizers are produced in the Ural ecological region.

Phasphate fertilizers, are placed with the consumer since all units of finished products are obtained from one unit of raw materials.

Production of nitrogen fertilizers

It has the freest nature of placement since coal is used as a raw material (Kemerovo)

waste from metallurgical production (sulfur dioxide) Cherepovetsk, Lipetsk, Magnitogorsk, and the third type of raw material is natural gas - the city of Nevinnomysk in the northern Caucasus, Novomoskovsk ( Tula region) Velikiy Novgorod. Novgorod region, its budget is mostly replenished from mineral fertilizers.

Agriculture and agro-industrial complex

Three areas of education:

industries providing agriculture and processing industries with means of production
the second sphere is agriculture
third area - industries that process agricultural raw materials (food industry)

Economy modern state divided into industries. It includes manufacturing sectors and non-production activities. The concepts of “production” and “non-production” spheres are the largest structural characteristics of the economy.

1. The non-production sphere (or service sector) includes activities that do not create a material (material) product. As a rule, the following non-production sectors are distinguished:

Department of Housing and Utilities;
non-production types of consumer services for the population;
health, physical education and social welfare;
public education;
finance, credit, insurance, pensions;
Culture and art;
science and scientific service;
control;
public associations.

2. The production sphere (“real sector” - in modern terminology) is a set of industries and activities, the result of which is a material product (goods). The branches of material production usually include industry, agriculture, transport, and communications.

The division into industries is determined by the social division of labor.

There are three forms of social division of labor: general, private, individual.

1. The general division of labor is expressed in the division of social production into large spheres of material production (industry, agriculture, transport, communications...).

2. The private division of labor manifests itself in the formation of various independent branches within industry, agriculture and other branches of material production. For example, in industry there are:

electric power industry;
fuel industry;
ferrous metallurgy;
non-ferrous metallurgy;
chemical and petroleum chemical industry;
mechanical engineering and metalworking;
forestry, wood processing and pulp and paper industries;
construction materials industry;
light industry;
food industry...

In turn, each of them consists of highly specialized industries, for example, non-ferrous metallurgy includes copper, lead-zinc, tin and other industries.

3. A single division of labor takes place in an enterprise, institution, or organization between people of different professions and specialties.

The most important branch of material production is industry, which consists of many industries and industries that are interconnected.

Based on the nature of the impact on the subject, industries are divided into two groups:

Extractive industries provide natural resources of mineral and plant origin, and manufacturing industries provide processing of raw materials obtained in the mining industry, as well as in agriculture. Thus, the mining industry includes mining enterprises - the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power stations, forest exploitation enterprises, on fishing and seafood production.
The manufacturing industry includes enterprises producing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled steel, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises industrial products.

When analyzing the sectoral structure of industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of industries that represent inter-industry complexes. An industrial complex is understood as a set of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar (related) products or the performance of work (services).

Currently, industries are united into the following complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical, mechanical engineering, chemical and forestry, agro-industrial, social, construction complex and military-industrial.

The fuel and energy complex (FEC) includes the coal, gas, oil, peat and shale industries, energy, and industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment. All these industries are united common goal- meeting the needs of the national economy for fuel, heat, and electricity.
The metallurgical complex (MC) is an integrated system of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metallurgical, mining engineering and repair facilities.
The mechanical engineering complex is a combination of branches of mechanical engineering, metalworking and repair production. The leading branches of the complex are general mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and radio electronics, transport engineering, as well as computer production.
The chemical-forest complex is an integrated system of the chemical, petrochemical, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper and wood chemical industries, mechanical engineering and other industries.
The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is characterized by the fact that it includes sectors of the economy that are heterogeneous in their technology and production orientation: the agricultural system, processing industries, feed and microbiological industries, agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries. About 80 industries directly or indirectly participate in the activities of the agro-industrial complex. The agrarian-industrial complex can be considered as a set of technologically and economically related units of the national economy, the end result of which is the most complete satisfaction of the population's needs for food and non-food products produced from agricultural raw materials.
The construction complex includes a system of construction industries, the building materials industry, mechanical engineering, and a repair base.
The social complex unites more than 20 sub-sectors of light industry, which can be combined into three main groups: textile; sewing; leather, fur, footwear - producing consumer goods.
The military-industrial complex (MIC) is represented by industries and activities aimed at meeting the needs of the Armed Forces.

Industry– the leading branch of material production.

Despite a slight decrease in recent decades due to the rapid development of the service sector, the share of industry in the structure of GDP (up to 35%) and in the total (500 million people), industry still continues to have a very serious impact not only on, but on everything other parties social development. Over the last century, industrial production has increased more than 50 times, and? This increase occurred in the second half of the 20th century.

Most of the research and development work (R&D) is focused specifically on this sector of the world economy. The dominant importance of industrial goods is noted in the structure of the world.

Modern industry is characterized by the complexity of the composition of industries, productions and connections between them.

Each of the industries and productions is characterized by to varying degrees capital intensity, labor intensity, material intensity, energy intensity, water intensity, knowledge intensity, etc. There are different approaches to classifying industries.

Depending on the time of origin, industries are divided into three groups:

Old (coal, iron ore, metallurgy, shipbuilding, textile industry, etc.). These industries arose during the industrial revolution. These days, their development is slow, but they still continue to have a significant impact on the geography of global industry.
New ones (automotive industry, aluminum smelting, production of plastics, chemical fiber, etc.), which determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the twentieth century. Previously, they were concentrated mainly in developed countries and grew very at a fast pace. Today, their growth rates have slowed down somewhat, but remain quite high due to their spread to developing countries.
The latest (microelectronics, computer technology, robotics, nuclear production, aerospace production, organic synthesis chemistry, microbiological industry and other high-tech industries.), which arose in the era of scientific and technological revolution. Currently, they are growing at the fastest and most sustainable pace and their impact on the geography of industry is increasing. They are typical mainly for economically developed and newly industrialized countries.

Sometimes industries are distinguished according to another principle: heavy and light industry. Heavy industry includes the mining industry, part, energy, metallurgy, etc. “” includes all types of light and.

Very often, industries are divided into two large groups: mining and processing industries.

Mining industry- a set of industries involved in the extraction of various raw materials and fuels from waters and forests. The importance of these industries lies in the fact that they, along with creating a raw material base for manufacturing industries.

The mining industry has different shares in the industry different countries. Thus, in developed countries, extractive industries account for about 8% and manufacturing industries account for 92%. In developing countries, the weight of extractive industries is much higher. In the modern world, a huge amount of raw materials, mainly mineral, is mined. It is known that about 98% of mined raw materials goes to waste in the form of waste rock, soil, non-standard wood, etc. Only 2% of raw materials reach the level of processing.

Main branches of the mining industry:

mining industry;
hunting;
fishing;
timber harvesting.

The mining industry is understood as a group of industries associated with extraction and primary processing (enrichment).

Although the share of the mining industry in the GMP is gradually decreasing, it continues to have a significant impact on the MGRT and.

Naturally, mining enterprises gravitate towards areas where natural resources are extracted. The general modern trend for it is movement to the north and to the shelf zone, i.e. to new mining areas.

Until the 70s of the twentieth century, the main suppliers of raw materials for developed countries were developing countries. Since the mid-70s, a raw materials crisis has emerged, which has significantly affected the entire concept of the mineral resources sector. Developed countries began to focus on saving raw materials and greater use of their own resources. Some countries even began to reserve their raw materials () in cases where the cost of raw materials purchased in other countries turned out to be lower than their own.

In these conditions, the role of developed countries has increased significantly: , Australia and. Nowadays the developed countries 1/3 of their needs are met by supplies from developing countries, the rest is provided by their own production and supplies from Canada, Australia and South Africa.

As a result of the MGRT, three groups of major mining powers were formed in the world economy:
Eight great mining powers: developed - USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa; countries with economies in transition - China; developing – , India.

The second group is formed by countries with a highly developed mining industry, for which many mining industries have become industries of international specialization. , Kazakhstan, Mexico, etc.
The third echelon is formed by countries that stand out in any one sector of international specialization. First of all, these are the Gulf countries - the oil industry; Chile, Peru - prey copper ore; – mining of tin ores; , – bauxite; – phosphorites, etc.
Many developed countries, despite having large reserves mineral resources, are not their suppliers to the world market. This is due to the fact that they themselves are large consumers of these raw materials and try to supply the market not with raw materials, but with final products.

The geography of the main areas was considered when studying the topic “World Natural Resources”.

Manufacturing industry– a set of industries involved in the processing and processing of industrial and agricultural raw materials. It includes: production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; chemical and petrochemical products; machinery and equipment; woodworking products and pulp and paper industry; cement and building materials; light and food industry products, etc.

Industrial geography is a branch of economic geography that studies the location of industrial production, its factors and patterns, conditions and features of the development and location of industry in various countries and areas.

For industrial geography, the following important features of industrial production are most significant:

a clear and far-reaching division into industries, the number of which is constantly increasing, especially during the period of the modern scientific and technological revolution;
the exceptional complexity of production, technological and economic relations due to the versatility of types of industrial enterprises;
variety of forms public organization production (combination, specialization, cooperation);
the formation of local and regional production-territorial combinations (in socialist conditions, systematically, mainly in the form of complexes);
high degree of production and territorial concentration (of all types of material production, industry is the least evenly distributed across the earth's territory), associated with the need for certain conditions for this type of production (availability of raw materials, energy, personnel, need for products, favorable economic and geographical location, provision of infrastructure etc.).

Industry (from Russian promyshlyat, trade) is a set of enterprises engaged in the production of tools, extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production and further processing of products. In geography it is considered as a branch of the economy.

Industry consists of two large groups of industries:

Mining.
Processing.

Since the 19th century, industry has been the basis for the development of society. And although today only about one in six workers works in industry, this is still a lot - approximately 17%. Industry is a vital part of the world economy, and at the national economic level it is an industry on which the achievements of the entire national economy of any state depend.

Depending on the time of their origin, all industries are usually divided into three groups: old, new and new industries.

Old industries: coal, iron ore, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding.

New industries: automotive industry, aluminum industry, plastics production.

Latest industries(emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution): microelectronics, nuclear and aerospace production, chemistry of organic synthesis, microbiological industry, robotics.

Currently, the role of new and innovative branches of industrial production is increasing. Leading countries in terms of total industrial production: USA, China, India, Germany, Brazil, Russia, Japan, France, Indonesia, Australia, Italy, etc.

Natural Gas Industry

By 1990, the production leader was Eastern Europe with the leading role of the USSR. Significant gas production emerged in Western Europe and Asia. The result was a change in the geography of the world gas industry. The USA lost its monopoly position, and its share decreased to 1/4, and the USSR became the leader (now Russia has retained its leadership). Russia and the United States concentrate half of the world's natural gas. Russia remains stable and the world's most important gas exporter.

Coal industry

Coal is mined in more than 60 countries of the world, but over 10 million tons of them. 11 countries produce annually - China (Fu-Shun deposit), USA, Russia (Kuzbass), Germany (Ruhr), Poland, Ukraine, Kazakhstan (Karaganda).

Coal exporters are the USA, Australia, South Africa.

Importers - Japan, Western Europe.

Oil industry

Oil is produced in 75 countries around the world, leading Saudi Arabia, Russia, USA, Mexico, UAE, Iran, Iraq, China.

Electric power industry of the world

The role of the electric power industry is to provide electricity to other sectors of the economy. And its significance in the era of scientific and technological revolution, especially with the development of electronicization and complex automation, is especially great.

Over 100 billion kilowatts per hour are generated in 13 countries - the USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, Canada, Italy, Poland, Norway and India.

In terms of electricity generation per capita, the leaders are: Norway (29 thousand kWh), Canada (20), Sweden (17), USA (13), Finland (11 thousand kWh), with a world average of 2 thousand .kW h.

Metallurgical industry of the world

Metallurgy is one of the main basic industries, providing other industries with structural materials (ferrous and non-ferrous metals).

For quite a long time, the size of metal smelting almost primarily determined the economic power of any country. And all over the world they were growing rapidly. But in the 70s of the 20th century, the growth rate of metallurgy slowed down. But steel remains the main structural material in the global economy.

Forestry and wood processing industry of the world

The timber and wood processing industry is one of the oldest industries. For a long time, it has provided other industries with construction materials and raw materials. The main importers of wood are Japan, countries Western Europe, partly USA.

Includes: logging, primary forest processing, pulp and paper industry and furniture manufacturing

Light industry of the world

Light industry meets the population's needs for fabrics, clothing, footwear, as well as other industries with specialized materials.

Light industry includes 30 large industries, which are combined into groups:

primary processing of raw materials;
textile industry;
clothing industry;
shoe industry.

The main exporters are Hong Kong, Pakistan, India, Egypt, Brazil.

Mechanical engineering

Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest industries. But in terms of the number of employees and the value of products, it still ranks first among all sectors of world industry. Mechanical engineering determines the sectoral and territorial structure of industry and provides machinery and equipment to all sectors of the economy.

North America. Produces about 30% of all engineering products. Almost all types of products are present, but especially worth mentioning is the production of rocket and space technology and computers.

Foreign Europe. The volume of production is approximately the same as in North America. Produces mass production, machine tool and automotive products.

Eastern and Southeast Asia. It stands out for its precision engineering products and precision technology products.

CIS. 10% of the total volume is allocated to heavy engineering.

Chemical industry of the world

The chemical industry is one of the vanguard industries that ensures economic development in the era of scientific and technological revolution.

Stands out 4 large regions chemical industry:

Foreign Europe (Germany leads);
North America (USA);
East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, Newly Industrialized Countries);
CIS (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus).

The chemical industry provides significant influence on nature. On the one hand, the chemical industry has a wide raw material base that allows it to recycle waste and actively use secondary raw materials, which contributes to a more economical use of natural resources. In addition, it creates substances that are used for chemical purification of water and air, plant protection, and soil restoration.

On the other hand, it itself is one of the most “dirty” industries, affecting all components natural environment, which requires regular environmental protection measures.

An industrial sector is a collection of business entities, regardless of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership, that develop and (or) produce products (perform work and provide services) of certain types that have uniform consumer or functional significance.

The classification of industries is based on the following principles:

1. Economic purpose of manufactured products;
2. The nature of the functioning of the product during the production process;
3. Uniformity of the raw materials used, commonality technological processes and technological production base;
4. The nature of the impact on the subject of work, etc.

The most important principle for classifying industries is the economic purpose of the products produced. In accordance with this, all industry is divided into two large groups: industries producing means of production, and industries producing consumer goods.

According to the nature of the functioning of products in the production process, the entire industry is divided into industries that produce elements of fixed assets, elements revolving funds, consumer goods. In practice, the classification of industries is widely used, providing for their unification into large complex industries according to one of the following signs: the intended purpose of the product, the commonality of the raw materials, the similarity of the technology used.

The classification of industries according to the nature of their impact on the subject of labor divides them into two groups: extractive and manufacturing industries. The mining industry includes mining enterprises - for the extraction of non-ferrous and ferrous metal ores and non-metallic raw materials for metallurgy, mining chemical raw materials, oil, gas, coal, peat, shale, salt, non-metallic building materials, as well as hydroelectric power stations, forest exploitation enterprises, and fish catching and seafood production.

The manufacturing industry includes enterprises producing ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled steel, chemical and petrochemical products, machinery and equipment, woodworking products and the pulp and paper industry, cement and other building materials, light and food industry products, as well as thermal power plants and repair enterprises industrial products.

There is also a classification of industries, which provides for their unification into large complex industries according to one of the following characteristics: the intended purpose of the product, the commonality of the raw materials, the relatedness of the technology used. In accordance with this classification, the industry of any country can be divided into three large sectors:

1. Heavy industry (industrial sectors producing mainly means of production: tools, raw materials, fuel);
2. Light industry (a set of specialized industries producing mainly consumer goods from various types raw materials);
3. Food industry(light industry industry, set of production food products in finished form or in the form of semi-finished products).

Depending on the time of origin of the industry, industry is divided into three groups:

1) old industries that arose during industrial revolutions (coal, metallurgical and textile industries, locomotive building, etc.). These industries are growing at a slow pace these days;
2) new industries that determined scientific and technological progress in the first half of the 20th century. (automotive industry, plastics and chemical fiber production, etc.). These industries are now growing at a faster rate;
3) the latest industries that emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution and related to knowledge-intensive industries (microelectronics, microbiology, robotics, etc.). These industries are called high technology industries. These days, these industries are growing at the fastest and most sustainable rates.

The sectoral classification of industry allows us to characterize intersectoral connections, the level of development of various industries, and their contribution to the gross domestic product. It is based on the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities - ISIC. Industry classification in Russia before January 1, 2003 was determined by the All-Union Classifier of Sectors of the National Economy (OKONKh). It was replaced by the All-Russian Classifier of Species economic activity(OKVED).

When analyzing the sectoral structure of an industry, it is advisable to consider not only its individual sectors, but also groups of industries that represent inter-industry complexes (these are collections of certain groups of industries, which are characterized by the production of similar or related products or the performance of work and services). Below is a table that reflects the main characteristics of intersectoral complexes.

Table 1. Composition of intersectoral industrial complexes

Name and definition of the intersectoral complex	Industries included in the complex
I Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC)	1) coal industry, 2) gas industry, 3) oil industry, 4) peat industry 5) oil shale industry, 6) energy, 7) industries for the production of energy and other types of equipment.
II Metallurgical Complex (MC)	1) ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy industries, 2) metallurgical engineering, 3) mining engineering and repair base
III Machine-Building Complex	1) heavy engineering, producing metal-intensive, dimensional products; 2) general mechanical engineering, which produces equipment with medium metal consumption, is technically relatively simple; 3) medium-sized mechanical engineering, which produces products with medium metal intensity and increased labor intensity; 4) precision engineering, which produces products with low metal consumption, but high labor and science intensity; 5) production of metal products (hardware);
IV Chemical-Forest Complex	1) chemical industry 2) petrochemical industry 3) forestry industry 4) wood processing industry 5) pulp and paper industry 6) wood chemical industry
V Agricultural-industrial complex (AIC)	1) agricultural system 2) processing industries 3) feed and microbiological industry 4) agricultural engineering 5) mechanical engineering for light and food industries
VI Construction complex	1) system of construction industries; 2) building materials industry 3) mechanical engineering 4) repair base
VII Social complex	1) textile industry; 2) clothing industry; 3) leather industry, 4) fur industry, 5) shoe industry
VIII Military-Industrial Complex (MIC)	industries and activities (primarily R&D) aimed at meeting the needs of the Armed Forces

As can be seen from the table, there are 8 intersectoral industrial complexes. The development of a particular industry in a country determines the development of an entire inter-industry complex, characterizes the direction of the state’s economy and the direction of economic policy.