Road and earthworks, landscaping. Effective use of wood waste Where can you take sawmill waste

Most wood waste can be used for the production of charcoal, obtained through pyrolysis without oxygen. Raw materials from hardwood are used for the production of grade A coal, soft and hardwood - grade B, soft and hardwood and coniferous - grade B.

Currently, the development of resource saving technology is very topical issue, wood waste also falls under the category of materials requiring rational use. But despite this, forests continue to be cut down and sold in almost unlimited quantities.

Many wood processing enterprises leave about 25–40% of waste wood material after completing work, further fate which is unknown. Since the conservation of forests is not only a problem for the country, but also for the whole world, standards for handling and sale must be introduced, the distribution of which would also affect wood waste.

According to existing statistics, Russia has the largest forest reserves in the world, their approximate area occupies more than 800 thousand hectares in the country, this figure is approximately 25% forest plantations the entire planet.

Most of the forest plantations are located in the Far East and Siberia. The forest is a source of raw materials for all wood manufacturing or processing enterprises, but the forest is also considered a habitat for animals, birds and other mammals; without it, most of them will simply disappear. Entire populations of animals will die out, as we know, this can lead to a catastrophic outcome, which is why its use in production will not only preserve primary wood material, but also reduce wood waste, which will significantly reduce deforestation.

The forest is also a source of many types of berries, medicinal herbs and mushrooms, most of which are very useful not only for animals, but also for people; their disappearance can deprive the human body necessary vitamins. And in some cases even medicines, produced on an organic basis of forest herbs.

The existence of a problem integrated use the remnants of wood processing began with the development of the sawmill industry. At that time no one thought about environmental problems, which may occur due to a decrease in green spaces. Therefore, waste was simply destroyed by burning, so as not to occupy territory and not pose a threat to enterprises, as a highly flammable material.

Behind past period, woodworking technologies are developing, automated control and other innovations are being introduced that make it possible to extract maximum profits, but the attitude towards waste has remained virtually unchanged. This mainly applies to small and medium-sized wood processing industries, which do not want to spend money on the development of processing and recycling technologies, so wood processing waste simply surrounds such companies.

Types of waste materials from sawmilling and woodworking

Wood processing or sawmill waste is usually divided into groups depending on its origin or condition.

First group

• tails;
• hunchboards.

This is the first board that is obtained when cutting a log into boards; it can be sawn only halfway or not sawn at all. The thickness and width of the cut are standardized to obtain a more uniform next board.

Second group

This group includes:

• piece trimmings;
• longitudinal trimmings;
• cross cuttings;
• end cuts;
• cuttings of dry logs;
• workpiece cuts;
• remains of wooden parts;
• plywood logs;
• pencils.

Also, wood processing waste can be defective and cut during the production of wood products.

Third group

These are scraps finished products, such as:

• plywood;
• veneer;
• glued plywood;
• MDF.

And others wood materials, made from primary or secondary raw materials, but completely ready for use. As a rule, they occur during the repair or reconstruction of buildings.

Fourth group

The fourth group includes wood processing waste such as:

• wood dust obtained by sanding the surface of a board;
• sawdust;

A similar type is used for the manufacture of wood panels using glue and special press equipment.

Also, all of the above groups are divided into two types:

• business;
• non-business.

Businesses are typically larger sawmill or woodworking remnants, such as slabs and lump trims. Such wood processing waste can be easily recycled by major processing companies and used to manufacture products requiring such raw materials.

The smaller fraction is considered non-business; sawmill residues are mainly the third group or lower. Such recyclable materials require the creation of certain conditions, as well as technological processes that would be adjusted to their properties. Non-business waste is considered less desirable due to its more costly production process.

Technological application of wood processing and sawmill residues

Larger waste belonging to the first group is used for the manufacture of bulky or voluminous products, such as:

• shields;
• parquets;
• barrels;
• pallets;
• box containers;
• pallets.

In the furniture industry, wood processing waste is often used to make small components that do not require first-class material and are only a component part. This is even more profitable than using expensive, first-class raw materials for the manufacture of such inconspicuous parts.

In the construction industry, wood waste is also partially used; as a rule, it is used to make roofing materials or thermal insulation elements.

Unsuitable wood waste for the manufacture of any products or parts is used in industrial organizations as fuel. By burning these, you can get:

• electrical energy;
• thermal energy;
• a couple;
• hot water.

Lump waste is used as raw material for the production of pulp and paper products at industrial enterprises in this area.

And wood shavings are used as a filter, in wastewater treatment plants, for cleaning Wastewater from industrial zones, from oil residues.

In some industries, wood processing waste is even used to obtain chemical products, such a result, of course, requires complex technological processes, but still this is another niche for the use of recycled material. Taken together, all such methods make it possible to save hundreds of hectares of forest annually from deforestation.

The most difficult processing process relates to tree bark, since it is obtained by wet debarking, it has a high percentage of moisture capacity, which requires its pre-drying before processing. However, bark can also be considered an important raw material, since it is used in pharmaceutical production and is used to make:

• tannins;
• ethanol;
• medicinal tinctures;

Also, the bark is an indispensable component of such building materials, How:

• insulation boards;
• wood plastic.

It is worth noting that wood waste has many uses, in industries such as:

• construction;
• paper;
• furniture;
• wastewater treatment plants, etc.

One fact is, only a small percentage of all manufacturing and industrial enterprises in the country are interested in using recycled material. This is because there is no encouragement from the state, no interest-free loans for the development of technologies for processing wood chips, bark and wane. The purchase of special equipment will cost a large sum, but whether it will pay off or not is not known, since in Russia a very common material is primary raw materials, which are already fully prepared for use by sawmills and processing organizations.

The current situation in the country with wood processing waste materials

Despite the usefulness of developing such an industry as preparation for reuse wood residues, in Russia on this moment Only large enterprises use it. Medium and small enterprises, of which, by the way, there are much more in the country than large ones, consider it unprofitable to process and use wood waste. All because it is much easier to purchase new forest, use it in production and get financial profit with a minimum of technological actions.

At large enterprises the picture is different, due to the volume of raw materials processed, since after the purchase of each batch of timber and its processing, a certain amount of waste remains. Over time, this waste forms into voluminous mounds. To obtain additional profit, such enterprises establish a process for using the waste generated on the territory of the organization; in the production chain they are used as a material for the manufacture of additional products, depending on the direction of the enterprise, they can produce:

• pressed slabs;
• pallets;
• seals;
• insulation materials;
• fuel for own furnaces or for generating electricity.

Small and medium-sized enterprises do not develop such technologies, as the small volume of residual material does not allow this industry to be profitable.

As a percentage, processing wood at a sawmill gives the output of raw materials about 60%. The remaining 40% is waste, they contain 14% - slabs, 12% - sawdust, 9% - cuttings and small items, the rest is bark or end trimmings.

Solving the problems of using waste woodworking materials

Not the only one, but optimal solution problems of using sawmill waste in small and medium-sized enterprises, there is the creation of cooperative units in maximum proximity to the sources of secondary wood material. As well as establishing close ties and developing technology with energy companies that are interested in the supply of fuel products.

You may be interested in briquetting sawdust at home

Wood waste is generated in large volumes during logging and wood processing. They do not pose a threat to human health, but they are still recycled. After all, sawdust, shavings, wood chips, etc. – this is a valuable raw material that is used to make new materials and more. The article describes the areas of use of wood waste.

Wood waste is waste obtained during the processes of harvesting, processing, processing wood and after using wood materials and products.

The main suppliers of wood waste are various branches of the forest industry and wood processing plants. Wood waste generated at such enterprises can be used in the manufacture of various types of products.

Wood waste also accumulates during so-called sanitary felling (large branches, tops, low quality wood, etc.). They are also formed when caring for plants outdoors. populated areas, in parks, recreation areas, etc.

Among other things, quite large quantities Wood waste is generated from the demolition and dismantling of buildings in cities, and similar waste is also contained in household waste.

All wood waste can be divided into types and types in accordance with slightly different classifications. There are two main types:

1. Waste obtained from the sawmill process and after cutting down trees. This type includes branches and bark, needles of coniferous trees, etc. In this case, when harvesting wood for logs, there is practically no sawdust. The resulting above-mentioned waste is poorly transported and is therefore first crushed.
2. Wood processing waste (obtained as a result of processing trees). This type of wood debris consists of slats, sawdust, wood dust, shavings, etc.

Based on the nature of the biomass, they are divided into the following types waste:

• branches and leaves of trees;
• remains of tree trunks;
• bark waste;
• rotten wood.

In addition, depending on the shape and size, the waste can be lumpy (cuts, strips, etc.) and soft (shavings, sawdust). Also sawdust, chips, shavings, scrap wood, bark, etc., obtained from different sources, differ in such characteristics as the density of wood waste.

The waste in question, depending on its type, can belong to either IV (low-hazardous) or V (almost non-hazardous) class. For example, fiberboard and chipboard sawdust are classified as hazard class IV, and wood chips, sawdust, and shavings from pure natural wood are classified as hazard class V (according to FKKO). However, such waste should not be contaminated toxic substances. More detailed information on the issue of assigning waste to a particular hazard class, as well as the rules for handling them, can be found in Federal Law No. 89 of June 24, 1998, as well as in GOST 12.1.007 - 76.

What can be produced from wood waste

Sawmill and wood processing waste in our country has been used for quite a long time to manufacture new products and materials. However, competition in this industry is still low. Therefore, using waste as raw materials for production is a promising business idea.

What can be produced from wood waste? Let's look at the most popular destinations.

Briquettes

One of the most promising industries is the business of producing fuel briquettes. This is due, first of all, to the fact that when burning these briquettes, almost the same amount of heat is released as when burning coal.

When burning coal, wood briquettes and simple firewood, 22 MJ/kg, 19 MJ/kg and 10 MJ/kg of heat are released respectively.

In addition, as a result of the combustion process of briquettes, there is not a large amount of ash left and a relatively low volume of carbon dioxide is released.

The briquetting line consists of a crusher, a drying apparatus, a mechanical impact press, a loading unit and a briquette cooling unit.

It is believed that the production of fuel briquettes is a business that pays off in a short period of time.

ABOUT technological process obtaining fuel briquettes, the equipment used for this is described in the following short video

Pellets

Fuel pellets are used for heating not only private sector homes, but also production premises. The most popular material for making pellets is sawdust. This production will require equipment, including filling and packaging units, coolers, granulator presses, drying machines, and crushers. You can purchase devices from Europe, which are initially focused on the production of pellets from sawdust. Moreover, in this case, the sawdust can be wet, because installations carry out their simultaneous drying. To operate such devices, diesel fuel and gas are used.

In the fuel pellet production business, you can use straw and grain waste, but the quality of the product will be reduced. Pellets without impurities are used for heating private houses, while pellets with impurities are used for heating industrial premises. Also, pellets with a high content of additional components are sold in the form of cat litter.

Fiberboards are found wide application during construction, during finishing work and in the manufacture of furniture. The process of producing fiberboard from waste consists of the following stages:

• purification and crushing of raw materials;
• steaming;
• re-grinding;
• drying;
• molding;
• carrying out pressing, grinding and decorative finishing.

To start a business, you can purchase both Russian and foreign equipment.

Fuel

To implement a business idea for fuel production, you will need a pyrolysis plant. It consists of three main units: a unit where wood is prepared, a boiler for pyrolysis and a gas piston power plant. The production of such installations has been carried out in our country for about 80 years.

Other products

Note! For successful business You can use not only sawdust.

For example, the bark and needles of coniferous plants can be boiled to obtain useful and valuable condensate. The presence of many biologically active substances, vitamins, organic acids, etc. determines its use in the production of cosmetics, medicines and animal feed. Also, the remaining needles themselves can be processed into feed additives in the form of flour, the value of which lies in its bactericidal properties.

Among other things, wood waste can be used in the fertilizer business. For this purpose, they resort to a method of destroying organic residues such as composting. As a result of the decomposition of raw materials placed in compost trenches, a fertilizer similar to humus is obtained.

Power plants using wood waste

Wood waste can be used as biofuel for mini-CHP. On the domestic market you can find offers for the sale of autonomous, automated power plants operating on raw wood waste. Thus, one of the Ural companies develops projects and manufactures thermal power plants with highly reliable boilers, with efficient and high-quality combustion chambers, with hydraulic fuel supply for burning wood residues, as well as with steam turbines for the production of inexpensive thermal and electrical energy. The cost of such installations from different manufacturers varies between 7 – 7.5 million rubles.

The use of wood biofuel at thermal power plants to generate its own energy is economically more feasible compared to the use of traditional fuels, because It is much more profitable to burn cheap wood waste than fuel oil, coal, etc.

Briquetting sawdust at home

You can make briquettes from wood waste at home. However, for this venture to be profitable, you will have to use fairly simple equipment made by yourself (unless, of course, the goal is to produce briquettes for sale).

When making wood briquettes at home, they use wallpaper or other (cheap) glue, clay, paper, and corrugated cardboard to mold them.

At home (in the absence of special equipment), the following technology is used to obtain fuel briquettes:

1. The sawdust is soaked in water and mixed with clay in a ratio of 1:10. You can also add (instead of clay) glue or wet cardboard.
2. The workpiece is transferred into the molds of a hand-made press and the mixture is pressed using it.
3. Next, the briquettes removed from the molds are dried, simply placing them on the street.

Most simple model The press for producing briquettes at home has a design with a screw manual drive. A container with numerous holes is filled with sawdust and placed on a stationary base, after which pressure is applied to the mixture by screwing. Such presses are simple in design, but ineffective. Therefore, craftsmen create other, more complex installations. For example, a homemade press that uses a long lever to compress the mixture.

Wood waste can be used not only in the manufacture of briquettes to maintain heat at home. The production of products and materials based on these wastes is a great idea for a business without fierce competition and which does not require the implementation of complex installations. Such a business will bring profit to its owner and preserve our environment.