Purpose of the powder charge. Purpose, composition and action of auxiliary charge elements
Charge - a certain amount of explosive (gunpowder, solid rocket fuel, nuclear fuel), usually equipped with an explosion initiator or igniter. Charges can be expelling, propelling, demolition, explosive, rocket solid fuel and nuclear.
Charge- a certain weight amount of gunpowder used for firing guns and rifles, and the gunpowder is placed either in a metal sleeve or in a bag (cap). For charging caps, either silk (preferable) or woolen material is used, as it does not smolder when fired; smoldering pieces could cause a premature discharge when inserting the next charge. Charge weights, depending on the type of gunpowder and caliber of guns, currently range from 12 pounds to several fractions per shot; the first limit corresponds to 16-inch guns, and the second to revolvers. - With a significant weight of the powder charge, for ease of carrying and loading, it is divided into several parts, each of which is placed in a special cap. The charge of smokeless powder is from ½ to ⅓ by weight of the charge of carbon nitrate powder. If a charge of smokeless powder is ignited by an ordinary exhaust tube, then several spools of ordinary black powder (igniter) are placed at the bottom to increase the strength of the flame; otherwise, lingering shots may result. The largest charge value for a given projectile weight is determined by the condition that the pressures developed by the gases during firing do not exceed ⅔ of the strong (elastic) resistance of the gun. Depending on the above conditions, a full or combat charge is set. In peacetime, a reduced charge, called a practical charge, is used for target practice in order to conserve large-caliber guns. Finally, for fireworks and for some exercises, shooting is carried out without a projectile, so-called blank charges, and the amount of gunpowder in them is not large and is taken into account only with the appropriate sound effect. — Finished charges are stored in special hermetically sealed boxes to avoid damage to the gunpowder (mainly from dampness); in field artillery, each charge is placed in a tin case with a lid, and the connection between the lid and the case is covered with petroleum lard.
Explosive charge:
1) an explosive pre-calculated in terms of mass and placement shape, placed in the charging cavity and equipped with an explosion initiator.
2) powder propelling charge - a certain amount of gunpowder necessary to impart movement to the projectile (mine, bullet) in the barrel bore firearms and throwing it at a given speed.
Powder charges are placed in cartridges or in separate bags (caps) and can be constant or variable. An alternating charge consists of several pre-weighed separate parts, which allows, by separating a certain part of it, to change the mass of the charge, etc. change the initial speed of the projectile, the nature of the trajectory and the firing range. Powder charges are divided into combat, special, intended for experimental shooting when testing military equipment and weapons, for special types of training shooting and solving other problems, and blank, intended to reproduce the sound of firing.
3) Expelling charge - a certain amount of gunpowder placed in a projectile, mine or cartridge case and intended to eject striking, incendiary and lighting elements from the ammunition body.
Gunpowder
Gunpowder- explosive compounds or mixtures, the main form of explosive transformation of which is layer-by-layer explosive combustion. There are gunpowders based on individual explosive compounds, such as cellulose nitrates, and mixed gunpowders consisting of an oxidizer and fuel. The latter include black powder and solid rocket fuels.
Gunpowder, solid (condensed) compacted mixtures of explosives capable of occurring in a narrow zone of self-propagating exothermic reactions with the formation of mainly gaseous products.
The combustion of gunpowder occurs in parallel layers in a direction perpendicular to the combustion surface, and is caused by the transfer of heat from layer to layer. Unlike other explosives, the combustion of gunpowder (due to the exclusion of the possibility of penetration of combustion products into the substance) is stable over a wide range of external pressures (0.1 - 1000 Mn/m2). Combustion in parallel layers makes it possible to regulate the total rate of gas formation over time by the size and shape of the powder elements (usually tubes of various lengths or diameters with one or several channels). The burning rate of gunpowder depends on the composition, initial temperature and pressure.
There are two types of gunpowder:
plasticized systems based on nitrocellulose (smokeless gunpowder), which are divided into pyroxylin gunpowder, cordite and ballistite;
heterogeneous systems consisting of fuel and oxidizer (mixed gunpowder), including black powder.
Gunpowder is used in firearms to impart the required speed to a projectile.
Black powder was used first, the place and time of its invention are not precisely established. It is most likely that it originated in China and then became known to the Arabs. Black powder began to be used in Europe (including Russia) in the 13th century; until the middle of the 19th century. it remained the only explosive for mining until the end of the 19th century. - a throwing device. At the end of the 19th century. In connection with the invention of the so-called smokeless powders, black powder lost its importance. Pyroxylin gunpowder was first produced in France by P. Viel in 1884, and in Russia in 1890 by D.I. Mendeleev (pyrocollodion gunpowder) and a group of engineers from the Okhtensky Powder Plant (pyroxylin gunpowder) in 1890-1891. Cordite gunpowder was first produced obtained in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century, ballista powder was proposed in 1888 in Sweden by A. Nobel. Ballistic powder charges for rocket shells were first developed in the USSR in the 1930s. and were successfully used by Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (Katyusha guards mortars). Mixed powders of a new composition and charges made from them for jet engines were created in the 2nd half of the 40s. first in the USA and then in other countries.
Black powder (black powder), a granular mechanical mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur and charcoal. Heat of combustion 32.3 MJ/kg. Sensitive to shock, friction and fire.
Smokeless powders are made on the basis of cellulose nitrates with various plasticizers. The first of smokeless gunpowder was invented in 1884 by the French engineer P. Viel. There are nitroglycerin (ballistite) and pyroxylin smokeless powders. Heat of combustion 2.9-5.0 MJ/kg. Used in firearms and as rocket fuel.
The cartridge's combat charge consists of smokeless powder. Modern smokeless powders are colloidal mixtures of pyroxylin (cellulose nitrate) with various types of solvents - volatile (ethereal alcohol with sulfuric ether, acetone) and non-volatile (nitroglycerin).
In addition to pyroxylin and a volatile solvent, pyroxylin smokeless powder contains a stabilizer. The flash point of smokeless powder is 185-200 degrees, the gaseous products of its combustion contain carbon dioxide, water vapor, carbon monoxide, methane, free hydrogen, nitrogen and ammonia. Gunpowder is made in the form of grains, the size, shape and chemical composition of which depend on the intended purpose - gun, rifle, revolver.
Nitroglycerin powders also have different purposes - rifle, pistol, etc. In terms of gas-releasing ability, they are slightly superior to pyroxylin ones (820-970 initial volumes during combustion versus 720-920), and in terms of calorie release and heating of combustion products - by 1.5 times. This leads to faster barrel wear, but at equal pressures, nitroglycerin powders provide a higher muzzle velocity.
For short-barreled weapons, gunpowder with a small grain size is selected to ensure complete combustion of the charge as the bullet moves along the barrel. Loading density (the ratio of the weight of the charge to the volume of the charging chamber) is determined by the size of the cartridge case, the permissible pressure in the barrel, and for pistol cartridges it is usually small.
The ratio of the mass of the bullet to the mass of the powder charge for pistol and revolver cartridges is large - from 10 to 45. For comparison, for intermediate and rifle cartridges the mass of the bullet exceeds the mass of the charge only 2-4 times.
To ensure long-term storage, stabilizers can be introduced into the powder composition, and the entire cartridge is sealed and varnished. However, after long-term storage, some types of gunpowder, such as domestic VP and P /45, tend to detonate (instead of burning smoothly), which makes the recoil sharper and sometimes even dangerous for the pistol mechanism.
The range of pistol powders is very diverse: for example, in the USA, about 50 brands of gunpowder from various manufacturers are offered just for home equipment of pistol cartridges.
Black powder, which is a mechanical mixture of saltpeter, charcoal and sulfur, is used only in hunting cartridges.
The advantages of smokeless powder, or nitro powder, over smoky powder for military weapons are indisputable.
Smokelessness is an invaluable quality of nitro powders in war: the shooter does not reveal himself to the enemy from afar, and after the shot the smoke does not obscure the visibility of the target, which is especially noticeable with black powder in damp, quiet weather.
Significant contamination of the bore with powder soot after several shots of black powder noticeably worsens the accuracy of the battle. This is not the case with nitro powders, because the latter leave barely noticeable traces of soot in the barrel after a shot; such minor contamination does not quickly affect the weapon’s performance.
Smokeless powders give less recoil when firing and a weaker shot sound; they are not afraid of dampness; when damp (even if they have been in water) and dried, they almost completely restore their qualities. Black powder, although slightly damp, irreparably loses its original qualities. Smokeless powders are not crushed by prolonged shaking during transportation.
A charge of nitro powder has the same energy as smoky powder, and is almost half lighter than the latter, which somewhat lightens the weight of the cartridge. At the same initial velocity of the projectile, nitro powder develops less pressure than black powder.
All these advantages of nitro powders (of various grades) were the main reasons contributing to the widespread use of these powders for military weapons.
Smokeless powders, when burned, produce a large amount of gases and at the same time a small amount of transparent, quickly disappearing smoke. Smokey powders, when burned, produce 35% gases and 65% solid residues, which are ejected from the barrel in the form of fine dust, which produces smoke mixed with water vapor. Good smokeless powders, strictly speaking, should not produce solid residues. Smokeless powders are ignited at a heating temperature of 162-178°C (smoky - about 300°C). It is more difficult to ignite these powders through a primer than smoky ones, which is explained by the nature of the surface of the powder grain.
Among the disadvantages of smokeless powders, we note that they require a special strong primer and uniform strength; the soot of smokeless powder is unable to neutralize the harmful soot of the primer, which oxidizes the bore much more strongly after firing than the soot of smokeless powder, requiring careful and repeated cleaning; smokeless powders are sensitive to compression; a compressed charge can significantly increase pressure.
Modern pyroxylin powder consists of gelatinized pyroxylin. Pyroxylin is obtained by treating wood or cotton fiber with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.
Russian black powders, hunting and combat, were famous for their good qualities and were considered better than English gunpowder in Western Europe. In Russia, black powder was produced at three state-owned gunpowder factories: Okhtinsky (founded in 1715), Shostensky (founded in 1765) and Kazansky (founded in 1788). Smokeless powder for military weapons began to be produced in 1890, and later for hunting weapons.
Black powder currently continues to be used for equipping gun shrapnel (visibility of an explosion is necessary), to strengthen the igniter for large charges of smokeless powder, partly for hunting rifles, revolver cartridges, fireworks, etc.
With the advent of smokeless powders, it became possible to significantly reduce the caliber of military rifles and at the same time obtain weapons with better ballistic properties than was the case with black powders. Vigorous experiments in this direction (the search for the best caliber and rifle system) were hastily carried out in almost all states.
TO end of the 19th century century, magazine rifles of new systems and reduced calibers (8-6.5 mm) were almost universally adopted by troops, firing smokeless powder, having much better ballistic properties and allowing faster and more accurate shooting than rifles of previous systems. Smokeless gunpowder made it possible to quickly improve automatic weapons - machine guns, pistols, hunting rifles and battle rifles. The invention of smokeless powder opened a new period in the history of the development of firearms.
The size of the powder charge is determined by its density.
Charge density is the ratio of the weight of the charge to the volume of the charging chamber
where mco is the weight of the charge, g; w is the volume of the charging chamber, dm3.
It should be borne in mind that as the charge density increases, the initial speed decreases.
The weight is selected in such a way as to obtain the required muzzle velocity at the minimum pressure. So for pistol cartridges the charge size is 0.5 g, for rifle cartridges - 3.25 g, for large-caliber cartridges - 1 8 g.
For the powder charge, pyroxylin powder with lamellar, tubular single-channel or seven-channel grain shape is used.
For personal weapons, grains are taken in small sizes so that they have time to burn before the bullet leaves the barrel.
Purpose, design and principle of operation of cartridges
Purpose of cartridges. IN depending on the purpose of the cartridges
are divided into combat and auxiliary.
Live ammunition is intended for firing from combat individual and group small arms for the purpose of defeating
of manpower and technology.
Auxiliary cartridges are intended for training
rules and techniques for loading and unloading weapons, imitation
shooting, testing the strength of weapons, determining ballistic
characteristics of weapons and cartridges.
Depending on the type of weapon used, there are:
revolver cartridges used for firing from revolver
faiths;
pistol cartridges used for firing pistols
com and submachine guns (machine guns chambered for pistol cartridges);
automatic cartridges used for firing from automatic weapons
comrades, light machine guns and self-loading weapons;
rifle cartridges used for hand-held shooting,
easel, tank and aviation machine guns, as well as from wine-
rifles and carbines;
large-caliber cartridges used for firing from
heavy machine guns.
Live ammunition includes: 5.45 mm pistol cartridges
MPC; 5.45 mm cartridges; 7.62 mm revolver cartridges; 7.62 mm
pistol cartridges; 7.62 mm cartridges of the 1943 model; 7.62 mm
stitching cartridges; 9 mm pistol cartridges; 12.7 mm pat-
rhona; 14.5 mm cartridges.
The device of live ammunition. The live cartridge (Fig. 114) consists of,
in general, from the following main components: bullets;
propellant charge; sleeves; igniter primer.
The principle of operation of the cartridge. The impact of the firing pin triggers the
the igniter primer fires, and a beam of fire from it through the ignition
holes in the case partition ignite the propellant (by
Rokhovoy) charge. When burning powder
The new charge creates lawn pressure.
Under the influence of gas energy the bullet
crashes into the rifling of the bore and,
rotating along them, advances with non-
continuously increasing speed
until ejection from the canal
barrel with acquired speed.
Purpose and design of bullets
Purpose bullets The bullet presented
is a missile element of the patrol
on, ejected when fired from
weapon bore. Bullets
There are two types of purpose:
ordinary and special.
Ordinary bullets are
are prescribed mainly for defeat
open or behind the lungs
shelters for manpower and unarmored
bathroom equipment and do not have a special effect. They are character-
are characterized by lethal, stopping and penetrating action and
used in all types of small arms combat cartridges,
except large-caliber ones.
Special bullets are designed to defeat military
combat equipment and manpower, target designation and fire adjustment.
They are characterized by a special effect and are used in
all types of live ammunition, except 5.45 mm and 9 mm pistol
cartridges.
Special bullets designed to simultaneously fire
completion of various types of destructive actions, refer to bullets
combined action (for example, armor-piercing incendiary-
ny, armor-piercing-incendiary-tracer).
Ordinary device bullets. Ordinary bullet (Fig. 115)
consists of a shell, a steel or lead core and a ru-
heads (in bullets with a steel core).
The shell serves to accommodate all the components of the bullet
and giving the bullet the necessary external shape. She and Lotta
cast from bimetal - hot-rolled strip from
high-quality carbon steel Pkp grade, coated on both sides
sides with tombac brand L90 (an alloy of 90% copper and 10% zinc).
The total thickness of the tombak layer is 4-6% of the thickness
stripes. Tompak is an anti-corrosion coating, ob-
makes it easier to manufacture the shell and reduces wear on the bore
weapons.
The shirt serves as a plastic
base when a bullet hits the
through the bore of the weapon and pre-
thereby keeping the barrel bore from
heavy wear. In addition, ru-
Oashka provides the necessary
bullet assembly density and correct
the location of its center of mass.
The shirt is made of lead
or lead-antimony alloys.
The core is designed to provide
baking, punching and slaughter
bullet action and is made from
carbon quality construction
tion steel or lead containing
by pressing 1-2% antimony. Antimony additive
we slightly increase the hardness
(melts and improves manufacturability
core manufacturing.
For pistol cartridge bullets
steel core can be manufactured
made of carbon steel of ordinary quality. Steel
the core is used to increase the penetration effect
bullets and saving lead.
Since 1986 for 5.45 mm cartridges and since 1989 for 7.62 mm
cartridges of the 1943 model and rifle cartridges with ordinary bullets
In order to increase the penetrating effect of bullets, we use
hermetic-strengthened cores of increased hardness, made
foam made from special steel wire or rolled round
th section made of spring steel grades 70, 75, 65 G and
others with subsequent heat treatment.
For the same purpose, since 1989, for 7.62 mm rifle
cartridges with an ordinary bullet, a core made of instru-
rustic steel grade U12A, which has passed the appropriate
heat treatment.
Device of special zero. Special bullets depending on
depending on the nature of the action, they are divided into tracers,
incendiary, sighting-incendiary, armor-piercing-incendiary
body, armor-piercing-incendiary-tracer.
Tracer bullets are designed to create a visible
trace of the bullet's flight path. Shooting with tracer bullets
alternates with shooting with ordinary bullets, which ensures
is carried out with the appropriate equipment of magazines and belts.
The tracer bullet (Fig. 116) consists of a bimetallic
shell, core made of lead-antimony alloy,
pressed in the head of the bullet, tracer and in some
samples of tracer bullets - a ring made of bimetal, serving
to ensure the required size
ra of the gas hole in the tail hour -
this bullet, which is intended for
release of gases during combustion of pyrotechnics
chemical composition of the tracer.
The purpose of the tracer is to receive
when burning pyrotechnic compositions -
Vov visible flight path trace
bullets.
The tracer consists of a cup made of
prepared from bimetal, and press-pressed
baths in a pyrotechnic cup
compositions. In some trace samples
bullets (for example, in 5.45 mm
tracer bullet) instead of a cup
with pyrotechnic compositions used
a checker made of compressed pyro-
technical staff, located non-
mediocre in the bullet casing.
Three types of pyrotechnics are used in tracer bullets:
compositions - tracer, transition and ignition.
The transition composition contains equal amounts of tracer
and flammable compositions.
The pyrotechnic compositions used are
powdery mechanical mixtures of flammable substances, oxidizing
bodies, adhesives - cementators and some others
additives
Magnesium powder is used as flammable substances.
aluminum and magnesium alloy powder having
high activity in combination with oxygen and release
containing a large amount of thermal (light) energy when burning
renia. Substances used as oxidizing agents in formulations are:
rich in oxygen and releasing it relatively easily when
elevated temperatures, for example strontium nitrates, ba-
ium, barium peroxide and others, and as cementators - sp-
cial resins, which are also flammable
creatures.
To ignite the tracer composition, ignition is used.
flammable composition, in which a significant part of the oxidizing
consists of barium peroxide, which promotes better ignition
change.
The action of the bullet is as follows. When fired from exposure to poro-
CO2 gases ignite the ignition composition of the tracer.
After the bullet leaves the barrel, combustion from the igniter
of the new composition is transferred to the transition and tracer compositions.
Combustion products of the tracer composition, flowing out evenly
through the gas hole in the tail of the bullet, form a good
the route running night and day red.
Incendiary bullets can be of two types: with pyrotechnic
and/nipple composition; with a mixture of explosive (EV) and
1 incendiary composition.
Bullets with pyrotechnic incendiary components
are no longer in production, but may be found in stocks
Armed Forces. They have an incendiary effect and
intended for ignition of flammable targets
(fuel, flammable materials).
The incendiary bullet (Fig. 117) consists of a bimetallic
shell with tombak cap, steel core made of ma-
low carbon structural steel, lead jackets
antimony alloy, incendiary composition, located
nogo in the head of the bullet under the cap, and a tracer.
An incendiary composition is used as an incendiary
No. 7, consisting of equal amounts of barium nitrate and po-
powder of aluminum-magnesium alloy grade PAM-3.
The tracer provides a visible flight path
bullets and consists of a bimetallic cup and a pressed
pyrotechnic compositions added to it.
 |
The action of the bullet is as follows. When hitting an obstacle as a result
sharp dynamic compression and heating occurs ignition
the incendiary composition is fired, the shell unfolds and
The name of fire causes ignition
target containing flammable material
quality
The disadvantage of this type of bullets
is their low sensitivity
laziness when meeting an obstacle with
low resistance.
A bullet with a mixture of explosives and
(agitating composition
is an incendiary bullet instantly
effective action of MDZ, which has
explosive and incendiary
action.
The explosive action of the bullet ensures
baked by the presence of a charge in it
explosive. Due to
explosive action of this bullet
type form an enlarged zone
defeats compared to others
types of bullets, so they are used
Yuvanie is most effective
when firing at air targets
lam.
Incendiary bullet instantly -
of the action of the MDZ (Fig. 118) consists
made of tombac tip, steel
lined (brass-plated or with phos-
veil-varnish coating) cover
trays, steel chopping tube,
metal glass with pre-
with an explosive charge
society, bimetallic bushing with
detonator cap
go type and lead shirt.
The chopping tube is designed
for cutting off the bullet tip when
meeting an obstacle.
As an explosive
a mixture of equal quantities is used
quality heating element (tentaerythritol tetranit-
rat) and incendiary composition No. 7.
The detonator capsule contains
flax composition (mixture of lead azide,
tetrazene and antimonium), swine azide
tsa and heating element.
The action of the bullet is as follows. At
bullet tip hitting an obstacle
is cut off (deformed) and splinters
ki from the tip and obstacles
act on the detonator capsule. In this case, the detonator capsule
triggers, causes detonation of the explosive charge and rupture of the shell
bullets that hit the target.
This type of bullet is highly sensitive to impact.
ru and shorter response time compared to the igniter
Noah bullet of the first type.
Sighting and incendiary bullets are intended for easy
measurements of target shooting in range and direction, as well as
for ignition of flammable materials (fuel
etc.).
The sighting-incendiary bullet (Fig. 119) consists of bime-
thall shell, incendiary composition located
in the head of the bullet and the fuse. Impact fuse
Via is designed to drive a bullet and consists of
lead jacket, igniter primer, impact mechanism
bottom and gaskets.
The shirt is designed to accommodate the components of the
tey fuse and serves as a plastic base when cutting into
bullet casing into the rifling of the weapon's barrel.
The impact mechanism of the fuse is designed to create a
mechanical impulse that activates the ignition primer
changer. It consists of a steel striker, a brass pre-
keeper in the form of a split ring and gasket placed in
bimetallic cup.
The action of the bullet is as follows. The striker is held until the shot is fired
from movement with a fuse, which ensures safety
handling cartridges. When fired, the safety is active
due to inertial forces, it shifts (settles) along the striker and the impact
the fuse mechanism is cocked, i.e., brought into a state of
readiness for action. The bullet, having left the bore of the weapon, is tested
There is air resistance. The speed of its forward movement
pressure decreases, and the striker moves forward by inertia
with its sting all the way to the bottom of the igniter primer.
When meeting an obstacle, the speed of the bullet drops sharply and the firing pin
under the influence of inertial forces, it punctures the ignition primer
thread The latter works and ignites the incendiary
composition, during combustion of which the bullet shell unfolds and
the heat pulse impacts the target, causing it to ignite.
A bright flash during the action of a bullet allows you to observe the re-
results of shooting and adjust fire on the ground (if
shoot at targets).
Armor-piercing incendiary bullets combine armor-piercing and healing
negative action. They are the most effective medium
device for shooting at lightly armored targets containing
flammable substances (armored aircraft targets, gas tanks,
vehicles, etc.), as well as thick-walled containers with flammable
liquids not protected by armor (railway tanks)
us with fuel, gas stations, gas storage facilities, etc.).
An armor-piercing incendiary bullet (Fig. 120) consists of bime-
metal or steel (brass plated or with phosphate laminate)
forged coating) shell, steel core, lead
shirt and incendiary composition placed in the head
the strength of the bullet between the jacket and the core.
In some armor-piercing incendiary bullets (in the B-32 bullet
for a 7.62 mm rifle cartridge and at zero BS for a 12.7 mm pat-
ron) there is a bimetal located in the tail part of the bullet
a personal cup (tray) with an igniter pressed into it
linen composition No. 7.
Penetrating effect of the B-32 armor-piercing incendiary bullet
provided by a core made of high-carbon tool-
steel steel grade U12A, subjected to heat treatment
(quenching and low-temperature tempering) to reduce residual
higher internal stresses and increased strength.
The BS armor-piercing incendiary bullet for the 12.7 mm cartridge
instead of a lead jacket and a steel core, they are used
aluminum jacket with protective varnish coating and heart-
nick made of hard sintered alloy VO. Such cores are made
are prepared from a powdery mixture of substances by pre-
solid pressing and subsequent sintering at high
temperature. The basis of these mixtures is powdered
tungsten anhydride with the addition of powdered co-oxide
balta. Cores made of such an alloy have increased strength
tusk action on armor.
The action of the bullet is as follows. When a bullet hits the armor, ser-
the boy punches her. The target behind the armor is hit by the core and
armor fragments. At the same time, from sharp dynamic compression
when the incendiary composition ignites, and the resulting
the flame ignites through a hole (hole) in the armor located
behind it is fuel.
Armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullets intended
to perform the same tasks as armor-piercing incendiary
bullets, but are additionally used for target designation and cor-
fire adjustments.
In design, these bullets differ from armor-piercing incendiary
due to the presence of a tracer in the tail of the bullet, shorter length and
core mass. As an incendiary compound that
located in the head of the bullet, an incendiary agent is used
becoming No. 7. The B-32 and BZT bullets of 14.5 mm caliber use a fire-
reactive composition 30/70, consisting of barium nitrate (30%)
and aluminum-magnesium alloy powder PAM-3 (70%).
The tracer is identical in design to that used in
Grassing bullets. Armor-piercing, incendiary and tracer
the bullet's action is similar to the bro-
non-lethal incendiary and tracer bullets.
Purpose and design of the sleeve
The sleeve is intended to accommodate and protect against
external influences powder charge, cap fastening
igniter and bullet, for basing the cartridge in the cartridge
ke weapons and obturation of powder gases when fired. Outside
Based on the outline on the sleeve, the following main ones are distinguished:
elements (Fig. 121): muzzle, slope, body and bottom. Dul-
cem is part of a bottle-shaped sleeve from the cut of the sleeve
(end of the sleeve from the side of its open part) to the slope. In the dulce
The bullet is attached to the slots. The transitional conical part of the sleeve between
called the muzzle and body sleeve slope.
Sleeves with a slope are classified as bottle-shaped sleeves, and
without a slope, having an almost cylindrical body, -
to cylindrical.
Corps the sleeve is the conical part of the sleeve from the ramp for
bottle-shaped sleeves or from a cut for a cylindrical sleeve
to the groove or flange of the sleeve. Cavity inside the liner body
forms a charging chamber to accommodate the powder charge.
Bottom part sleeve includes, in general, a flange, pro-
point, partition with ignition holes, capsule socket-
to, anvil and the end of the bottom of the sleeve.
The flange is designed to grip the cartridge case with the bolt when removing
removing a cartridge from a belt or from a weapon receiver and for removing
removal of the spent cartridge case from the chamber after the shot. Flange,
protruding beyond the case body, can also serve as a base
cartridge in the chamber of the weapon.
Groove - an annular groove in the bottom of the liner, pre-
designed to form a flange.
There is a recess at the end of the bottom part of the sleeve -
capsule socket designed to accommodate a capsule
la-igniter. From the inner cavity of the sleeve (charging ca-
measures) the capsule socket is separated by a partition (wall), in
which has ignition holes for transmitting a beam of fire from
igniter primer to the powder charge.
The protrusion in the center of the capsule socket, which usually has a semi-
spherical shape is called the anvil of the sleeve. On it once-
the percussion (capsule) composition breaks when the firing pin strikes
by capsule.
Locating (fixing) the cartridge in the chamber of the weapon in front of
the shot is carried out depending on the characteristics of the form
sleeves.
According to the method of placement in the chamber, cartridge cases are distinguished:
with a flange stop (for cartridges with a protruding flange) in the breech
ny cut of the barrel (7.62 mm rifle cartridges) or into the drum
(7.62 mm revolver cartridges);
with a ramp stop (for bottle-shaped sleeves) in the corresponding
chamber cone (5.45 mm cartridges, 7.62 mm round cartridges)
model 1943, 12.7- and 14.5-mm cartridges);
with a cut stop (for cylindrical sleeves) in the chamber ledge
(9 mm pistol cartridges);
with a stop for cutting the cartridge case or slope (7.62 mm pistol cartridges)
us when shooting from a TT pistol - with the cut of the cartridge case resting on the ledge
chamber, and when firing from submachine guns - with emphasis
slope of the cartridge case into the corresponding chamber cone).
Sleeves can be brass, bimetallic and steel.
Brass sleeves are made from brass grades L68 and L70;
bimetallic - made of bimetal, which is a hot
rolled strip made of high quality carbon steel
high-quality steel grade 18kp with double-sided coating (plate-
straightening) with tombac brand L90; steel - cold rolled
and high-quality steel grade 18YA without tombak plating.
1to protect the surface of steel sleeves from corrosion, as well as
The neck of the bimetallic sleeves is phosphated and varnished.
Brass sleeves are used in 5.45 mm pistol, 7.62 mm
revolver and 12.7 mm cartridges, bimetallic - in 7.62 mm
and 9-mm pistol cartridges, 7.62-mm cartridges of the 1943 model and
rifle, steel - in 5.45 mm cartridges, 7.62 mm cartridges
Model 1943, rifle and 14.5 mm cartridges.
Previously, 7.62 mm and 9 mm writing were produced with brass sleeves.
smoldering cartridges, 7.62 mm rifle cartridges with some
types of bullets and 14.5 mm cartridges.
Fastening the bullet in the case is carried out by tightly
crimping and additional crimping or rolling of the cartridge case
(5.45 mm cartridges, 7.62 mm 1943 model cartridges and rifle
12.7 mm and 14.5 mm cartridges) or by tight fitting
zeros and core punches of the cartridge case at two points (7.62 mm revolver
cartridges) or at three points (5.45 mm and 7.62 mm pistol
cartridges). With 9 mm pistol cartridges, the bullet is held in a hy-
pyse only due to the fit in the muzzle with interference.
Fastening the igniter primer in the primer socket
is carried out by placing it in the socket with interference. At 12.7 mm and
14.5 mm cartridges, as well as 7.62 mm rifle cartridges with
(- grease sleeve provides additional fastening
igniter capsule by annular punching at the end
the portion of the cartridge case around the inserted primer.
Propelling charges
The following are used as propellant charges in cartridges:
rox charges. The powder charge is intended to impart
bullet when it burns out the required flight speed and to ensure
baking of weapon automation.
The cartridges mainly use charges from smokeless pi-
roxiline powders (grades VUfl, VT, P-45, P-125, 4/7,
1/7Tsgr, 4/1fl, 5/7N/A, etc.).
According to the shape of the grains, pyroxylin powders can be lamellar-
solid, tubular (with one channel) and grained (with seven channels).
In certain types of cartridges (5.45 mm cartridges, 7.62 mm ammunition
model 1943, pistol cartridges of 5.45 mm and 9 mm caliber)
charges of smokeless varnish powders of spheroidal type are used
forms obtained from varnish - a solution of nitrocellulose in an organic
nic solvent (gunpowder brands Sf OZZfl, Sf OZfl-43,
Sf 040, SSNf 30/3.69, SSNf 30/3.97, PSN 850/4.37,
ISN 780/4.37).
Primers
The igniter primer is the means of ignition
powder charge. Ignition of the primer occurs as a result of
during the dynamic compression of the striking composition by the firing pin on
anvil sleeves. In this sense, cartridge ignition capsules
The replacements are called impact igniters.
Arrangement of igniter primers for various cartridges
same caliber. They differ from each other mainly
size and weight. Igniter capsule design
ensures obturation of powder gases in the capsule socket.
The igniter primer (Fig. 122) consists of a seamless-drawn
th metal cap into which the sensor is pressed
impact-resistant composition, and a foil circle covering the impact
nal composition. The cap is made of brass grade L68 or
L70, and the circle is made of tin foil.
The shock composition contains B as an initiating gr-
I torture mercury, fuel antimony trisulfur (antimonium) and
oxidizing agent potassium chlorate (bertholite salt). In other recipes
impact composition instead of mercury fulminate in order to reduce corrosion
initiating properties, initiating B B - trinitro is used
resorcinol g lead (TNPC) with the addition of tetrazein for higher
reducing the sensitivity of the composition to impact.
Purpose and design of auxiliary cartridges
TO auxiliary cartridges The following forks include:
ronov: single; educational; high pressure and with reinforced
near; exemplary.
Hollow cartridges are intended to imitate sound
kovy effect of shooting. Necessary gun sound and operation
weapon automation is ensured by choosing the brand of gunpowder
and the required charge mass in combination with additional
accessories for the implement (bushings with liners, etc.).
intended for use when firing blanks
matrons.
Blank cartridges differ in design from live cartridges.
bullets (cartridges of 7.62-14.5 mm caliber) or using
tion instead of a simulator bullet made of polymer material (on ocito-
ne polystyrene and polyethylene), which collapses when fired
(5.45 mm blank cartridges).
Training cartridges are intended for training
Lamas and techniques for handling small arms and ammunition.
Training cartridges do not contain a powder charge and are reactive
polished (shot) igniter primer (with recess
from the impact of a striker or a corresponding instrument).
Instead of a cooled igniter primer, you can use
the brass cap from the igniter primer (with the recess)
from the tool).
The following are used as bullets in training cartridges:
bullet with a steel core (in 5.45 mm cartridges, 7.62 mm
cartridges of the 1943 model, pistol and rifle, 9-mm pistol
tolet cartridges);
lead core bullet or bullet jacket (in 7.62 mm
revolver cartridges);
armor-piercing incendiary bullet, in which the incendiary
becoming replaced by an inert substance - barium nitrate (in
12.7 mm cartridges);
shell of armor-piercing incendiary or armor-piercing incendiary
active tracer bullet (in 14.5 mm cartridges).
Increasing the strength of bullet fastening in the barrel of the case at the
specific nomenclatures of training cartridges are carried out by
pressing the muzzle of the liner into additionally made grooves on
bullet (5.45 mm cartridges and 7.62 mm cartridges of the 1943 model).
Fastening the bullet casing for 14.5 mm cartridges, as well as the casing
ki bullets for 7.62 mm pistol and revolver cartridges are
is achieved by punching the case neck or case body by re-
volver cartridges at two equidistant points along
circles.
A distinctive external feature of training cartridges is
there are longitudinal grooves on the liner body, and the 9-mm
pistol cartridges - transverse grooves.
High pressure cartridges are intended for
checking the strength of weapon barrels, and cartridges with y s and flax
charge - to check the strength of the locking mechanism
low level of small arms. These cartridges are produced in small quantities
in batches for use in manufacturing and repair
corresponding types of weapons.
These cartridges, as a rule, have an increased powder charge
personal mass and develop a higher pressure when fired
reduction of powder gases, and cartridges are highly
th pressures also have more
higher than that of live cartridges, muzzle
new pressure.
High pressure cartridges, except
cartridges of caliber 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm,
contain the same components as
live ammunition, but at the same time they
may differ in bullet design.
So, for 7.62 mm cartridges of the 1943 model.
and high-pressure rifle cartridges
leniya bullet has a special shape and
consists of a shell and lead ser-
day boy (Fig. 123).
Bullets 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm cartridge
high pressure and with enhanced charging
the house does not contain incendiary compounds
ovs and tracers and consist only of equipment
boxes, lead jacket and steel
core (12.7 mm bullets)
or shell, lead jacket,
steel core and inert material
substances (barium nitrate), prohibit-
shoved in the head part (bullets
14.5 mm cartridges).
Ammo with enhanced charge
the rest of the caliber by design
do not differ, except as stated above, from the corresponding
live ammunition.
Exemplary cartridges are intended for control of
measuring installation (during ballistic tests) and ballistic
listic weapons, for ballistic tests of gunpowders and
cartridges, as well as for certification of ballistic weapons and ballistic
leaf trunks, which are a means of measuring
ballistic characteristics of small arms ammunition.
Ballistic weapons are intended for single-shot
shooting from a rigidly fixed stand during testing
cartridges and consists of a barrel, receiver and bolt.
Model cartridges are similar in design to combat cartridges, but they are
components are manufactured with greater precision and more
strict regimes technological process than conventional combat
higher cartridges to provide more stable ballistic
characteristics and reduced dissipation of initial speeds
sta. For standard cartridges, bullets of the main grades are used.
nomenclatures with which most cartridges are equipped.
Packaging and marking of cartridges
Ammo packaging is a set of transport
warm containers, inner packaging and means of shock absorption and fastening
number of cartridges in containers.
The following elements are used for internal packaging:
consumer (group) packaging - metal boxes,
cardboard boxes or paper bags;
auxiliary packaging materials - pads, fabric
high tapes, etc.
Metal boxes are sealed with stamping
bathtubs made of mild steel, painted with protective enamel
I pour. Previously, galvanized iron boxes were used (spare
egg) and welded-sunset.
For cartridges with bullets containing tracer compounds,
in addition to cartridges of caliber 12.7 and 14.5 mm, since 1974, co-
timid valves for bleeding overpressure gases,
released during storage of cartridges.
Metal boxes with cartridges are sealed at sunset -
vaniyam. Cardboard boxes are placed in metal boxes
ki or paper bags with cartridges. Cartridges caliber 12.7 and
14.5 mm is not packaged in cardboard boxes and paper bags -
yut, and directly placed in metal boxes.
In boxes (metal, cardboard) and paper bags
the borons are laid in rows, between which the drills are placed
wax or cardboard pads.
To make it easier to remove cardboard boxes (paper bags),
Commodity) from a metal box under one of the cardboard boxes or
fabric is placed under one of the paper bags of each row
tape, the ends of which are brought out onto the surface of boxes (packages).
De-
wooden boxes made from softwood lumber
genus of trees (pine, spruce, fir, cedar), except for the bottom and lid, which
Yury ones are made from fiberboard. Since 1985
It is possible to make the side and end walls of the box from
larch lumber. The lids of the boxes are hinged and cre-
attached to its body using metal fittings.
Cartridge markings consists, in general, of the corresponding
special distinctive coloring, signs and inscriptions applied as
on the components of cartridges, and on packaging with cartridges.
Marking is applied:
on the sleeve - on the end of the bottom part;
on the bullet - on the head part;
for packaging - on a wooden box, metal box,
moisture-proof bag, carton box and paper bag.
Marking of sleeves is done as follows. On
the yurtse of the bottom part of the sleeve is applied by stamping conventional
manufacturer number and
year of manufacture (last two
year numbers) (Fig. 124). During
1951 - 1956 year of manufacture
conventionally designated by a letter.
At the end of the bottom part of individual
liner nomenclatures can be supplemented
it is easy to apply marks in the form of two
diametrically located five-
final stars.
For 7.62 mm rifle cartridges,
intended for firing from
aviation machine gun III K AS, on
applied to the end of the bottom part of the sleeve
additionally the letter Ш, and the cap
the igniter primer is covered
red varnish.
Bullet marking is concluded I
applied to the head of the bullet
distinctive color (Table 5).
In addition to the distinctive coloring on the cartridges, with the exception of
indicated below, along the circumference of the joints of the cartridge case with the bullet and the cap-
The igniter is applied in the form of a red rim (ring)
color, a thin layer of sealant varnish, which is
solution of resin in an organic solvent, tinted with red
red color.
For sealing 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm blank cartridges
libra around the circumference of the joints of the sleeve with the cap and cap-
sealant, tinted, is used with an igniter
green dye.
The sealant is not applied to 7.62 mm pistol and revolver pistols.
correct cartridges and 7.62 mm rifle blank cartridges, and
also for cartridges with enhanced charge and high pressure,
except for cartridges of these nomenclatures of 12.7 mm and 14.5 mm caliber.
The cartridge is sealed to prevent leakage
leakage of gun grease (oil) into the charging chamber and
moisture.
Marking of cartridge packaging consists of colored distinctive
and black stripes, signs and inscriptions.
The following markings are applied to the packaging of cartridges:
on a wooden box - on the lid and on one side
on a metal box - on the lid;
on a moisture-proof bag - on the longitudinal sides of the pa-
chum salmon;
on a cardboard box or paper bag - on one of
sides of the box or package.
Marking on packaging is applied by staining
stamping, stamping, printing or special
marking machine.
Box marking(Fig. 125) is applied to the lid of the box and
its side walls.
The markings on the lid include the following elements:
1. Gross, kg.
2. Transport sign indicating the category of cargo (number 2 in
equilateral triangle with a side of 150 mm, the vertex
south is directed towards the fastening of the hinges). Since 1990 instead
load discharge (number 2) in the indicated triangle is applied
conventional number of dangerous goods (for combat and auxiliary
cartridges, except cartridges with MDZ bullets and blanks, - 450; For
cartridges with an MDZ bullet - 263 and for blank cartridges - 471).
3. Danger sign or classification code, characteristics
determining the transport danger of the cargo in accordance with GOST 19433-88. Sign
danger is carried out typographically on paper
label measuring 50x50 mm, which is attached with glue to
box lid.
The danger label is only used for 12,/-
And
14.5 mm cartridges with an MDZ bullet. On the danger sign for these pat-
ronov according to GOST 19433-88 is applied on an orange background: in
its upper part is an image of a danger symbol (black
exploding bomb), and at the bottom - the subclass number (11
2), compatibility group (P) and class number (I).
For other types of live ammunition and for auxiliary
cartridges, except for training cartridges, a red mark is applied instead of a danger sign
black color classification code - 1.4 S, image
Bathroom of two digits corresponding to the number of the hazardous subclass
load - 1.4, and letter designation of the group
compatibility - S.
On a box with training cartridges there is a load discharge sign or conditional
Number of dangerous goods and transport danger markings
No loads are applied.
The side wall markings include the following:
1. Symbol of cartridges.
2. Inscriptions OBR. 43, SNIPER, RIFLE,
PISTOL.
3. Batch number.
4. Year of manufacture (last two digits).
5. Conditional number of the manufacturer.
6. Marking of the batch of gunpowder.
7. Number of cartridges.
8. Number of obturators (for 7.62 mm sample cartridges
1943 with reduced bullet speed US).
9. A distinctive stripe, sign or inscription characterizing
type of bullet and (or) cartridge.
On the side wall of a box containing moisture-proof
bags of cartridges, additionally applied in two lines
inscription MOISTURE-PROOF BAGS.
The symbol for cartridges is:
from the caliber designation - in the form of a numerical value in millimeter
meters (without specifying dimensions);
from the symbol of the type of bullet or type of cartridge;
from the symbol of the sleeve (according to the material from which
it is made).
For blank cartridges, instead of the type symbol
bullets, cartridges and cartridge cases are marked BLANK.
The lot number of the cartridges consists of:
from a letter denoting the group code of a batch of cartridges;
from a two-digit number indicating serial number steam-
ties in the group.
For standard cartridges, the letter designation of the group code is
batch py is replaced by the designation OB.
The marking of a batch of gunpowder consists of the designation
brand of gunpowder, batch number and year of manufacture indicated
breakdown, and the symbol of the manufacturer according to
Roja.
In labeling pyroxylin powders the following have been adopted
designations of gunpowder brands:
VUfl - rifle reduced grained single-channel -
phlegmatized and graphitized for 7.62 mm cartridges
model 1943;
VUflVD - the same for high-pressure cartridges;
VT - rifle grained single-channel phlegmatized
brazed and graphite for 7.62 mm rifle cartridges;
VTZh - rifle grained single-channel graphite-
suitable for blank cartridges;
P-45. P-125 - porous granular single-channel, when producing
during the cooking of which 45 or 125% nitrate was introduced to create
porosity;
X (Pl 10-12) - single plate; 10 - plate thickness
stinks in hundredths of mm; 12 - length of the plate in tenths to -
pya mm;
4/7, 4/7Tsgr, 5/7 N/A - grained seven-channel; in number-
le - the approximate thickness of the burning vault in tenths
millimeters, the denominator is the number of channels in the grain (seven); Ts - s
ceresin content; gr - graphite; N/A - manufactured-
made from low-nitrogen pyroxylin;
4/1fl, 4/1gr - grained single channel; in the numerator - at-
measured thickness of the burning vault in tenths of a millimeter, in
shamenatele - the number of channels in the grain (one); fl - phlegmatic -
forged, grated - graphite.
In the marking of varnish powders, the grade of gunpowder consists of a combination
tanning of alphabetic and numeric symbols.
IN letter designations lacquer powders:
SSNf - the first letter indicates the purpose of gunpowder (C - for
small arms cartridges), the second letter is the shape of the gunpowder
elements (C - spheroid), the third and fourth letters - present
which in gunpowder, respectively, is nitroglycerin (N) and phlegmatic
ra(f);
PSN - the first letter indicates the density of gunpowder (P - po-
sty), the second letter - the shape of the powder elements (C - sphero-
idnaya) and the third letter (N) - the presence of nitroglycerin in gunpowder.
The digital designation of gunpowders SSNf and PSN consists of fractions
bi, the numerator of which indicates the thickness of the burning arch
(for SSNf gunpowder) or bulk density (for PSN gunpowder), and
the denominator is the specific heat of combustion.
Conventional alphanumeric characters adopted in varnish powder brands
standard designations of gunpowder indicators applied to packaging with
cartridges are given in table. 6.
The marking on the lid of the metal box contains those
the same data as on the side wall of the box. At the same time, you indicate
my number of cartridges and seals in the marking corresponds to
depends on the number of them in a metal box.
Marking on the moisture-proof bag contains: conditional
designation of cartridges; inscription OBR. 43 (for 7.62 mm cartridges
model 1943); number of cartridges in the package; distinctive
a stripe characterizing the type of bullet.
Cardboard boxes and paper bags are marked with nano-
appears in the form of a distinctive stripe or inscription. Distinctive
the strip is applied to cardboard boxes and paper bags, co-
holding cartridges with a tracer bullet and with a reduced speed
the height of the US bullet.
On a paper bag with 7.62 mm sniper rifles
cartridges are marked with the inscription SNIPER.
Symbols for types of bullets, cartridges and cartridges, types and
colors of distinctive stripes, signs and content of inscriptions on
packaging are given in table.
| Legend | Type and color of distinctive | ||
| types of bullets, cartridges | stripes, sign and content | ||
| and sleeves | inscriptions on the packaging | ||
| 9 mm pistol cartridge with | P | No | |
| bullet with a lead core | |||
| com | |||
| 5.45 mm cartridge with ordinary | PS | No | |
| noah bullet | T | ||
| 5.45 mm cartridge with tracer | Green stripe | ||
| cabbage soup with a bullet | |||
| 5.45 mm cartridge with reduced- | US | Two-color stripe | |
| no bullet speed | black and green | ||
| PS | Inscription OBR. 43 | ||
| 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 from | T-45 | Green stripe. | |
| T-45 tracer bullet | Inscription OBR. 43 | ||
| 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 from | BZ | Two-color stripe | |
| black and red. | |||
| lei BZ | Inscription OBR. 43 | ||
| 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 from | Red stripe. | ||
| incendiary, bullet 3 | Inscription OBR. 43 | ||
| 7.62 mm cartridge mod. 1943 from | US | Two-color stripe | |
| reduced bullet speed | black and green. | ||
| US | Inscription OBR. 43 | ||
| LPS | Silver stripe | ||
| steel core bullet | colors - until 1978. On co- | ||
| timid galvanized | |||
| gland - black outline, | |||
| stripe highlighting | |||
| 7.62 mm rifle cartridge with | L | No | |
| light bullet | |||
| 7.62 mm rifle cartridge with | d | Stripe yellow | |
| heavy bullet | |||
| 7.62 mm rifle cartridge with | T-46 | Green stripe | |
| T-46 tracer bullet | |||
| 7.62 mm rifle cartridge with | B-32 | Two-color stripe | |
| armor-piercing incendiary gun | black and red | ||
| lei B-32 | |||
| 7.62 mm rifle cartridge with | PZ | Red stripe | |
| sighting-igniters-yu | |||
| bullet PZ | |||
| 7.62 mm rifle sniper | PS | Inscription SNIPER | |
| Persian cartridge | SKIE | ||
| 12.7 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | B-32 | Two-color stripe | |
| but incendiary bullet B-32 | black and red | ||
| 12.7 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | BS | Red ring | |
| but incendiary bullet BS | divided by a transverse | ||
| black stripe | |||
| 12.7 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | BZT-44 | Two-color stripe | |
| but-incendiary-tracing | purple and red | ||
| bullet BZT-44 | colors | ||
| 12.7 mm cartridge with igniter | MDZ | Two concentric | |
| red rings | |||
| Legend | Type and color of distinctive | ||
| Name of cartridges and cartridges | forks of bullets, cartridges | stripes, sign and content | |
| and sleeves | inscriptions on the packaging | ||
| 14.5 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | B-32 | Two-color stripe | |
| but incendiary bullet B-32 | black and red | ||
| 14.5 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | BZT | Two-color stripe | |
| incendiary-tracing | purple and red | ||
| zeros BZT | colors | ||
| 14.5 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | BS-41 | Two concentric | |
| but incendiary bullet BS-41 | black rings. | ||
| End walls and | |||
| drawer lid to slats | |||
| painted black | |||
| 14.5 mm cartridge with armor-piercing - | BST | Two concentric | |
| i u-incendiary-tracer | rings purple | ||
| zeros BST | |||
| Salary | Red stripe | ||
| no bullet ZP | MDZ | ||
| 14.5 mm cartridge with igniter | Two concentric | ||
| instant bullet | red rings | ||
| MDZ | |||
| Blank cartridges | For idle propellers | ||
| long cartridges inscription | |||
| RIFLE | |||
| Training cartridges | Inscription TRAINING. | ||
| For 7.62 mm pistol - | |||
| nykh, revolver and wine- | |||
| commercial cartridges | |||
| are applied accordingly | |||
| inscriptions PISTOL- | |||
| NEW, REVOLVER | |||
| or RIFLE | |||
| High pressure cartridges | vd | The lid of the plastic box | |
| the bottom is painted to the brim | |||
| yellow | |||
The following examples of markings on boxes and metal
ski boxes with 5.45 mm cartridges with an ordinary bullet
(Fig. 126) mean:
5.45 PS gs - 5.45 mm cartridges with an ordinary bullet (PS) and
steel sleeve (gs);
A01-89-539 - cartridge batch number (A01), year of manufacture
(1989) and the conventional number of the cartridge manufacturer
(539);
SSNf E - grade of gunpowder (SSNf); lot number
(I); year of manufacture (1989); symbol of the enterprise
tiya - manufacturer of gunpowder (E);
2160 and 1080 pcs. - number of cartridges in the box (2160 pcs.) and in
metal box (1080 pcs.).
On boxes and metal boxes with 7.62 mm cartridges there is an image
tsa 1943 with a tracer bullet, marking samples indicate:
7.62 T-45 gzh - 7.62 mm cartridges of the 1943 model with tracer
with a T-45 bullet and a bimetallic sample 43 cartridge case (gzh);
A26-89-711 - cartridge lot number (A26), year of manufacture
(1989) and the conventional number of the manufacturer of the cartridge
(7P);
VUfl - K - grade of gunpowder (VUfl), batch number (5), year of manufacture
production (1989) and the symbol of the enterprise - manufacturing
master of gunpowder (K);
1400 and 700 pcs. - number of cartridges in the box (1400 pcs.) and
metal box (700 pcs.), green stripe - distinctive
a clear stripe indicating the type of bullet (tracer).
Purpose and use of certain types of cartridges
5.45 mm pistol cartridge MPC, index 7N7 (Fig. 127),
symbol - 5.45 P st ch.
Designed to defeat manpower at short distances
tions. Used for shooting from a 5.45 mm PSM pistol.
7.62 mm pistol cartridge with a steel core bullet,
index 57-N-134S (Fig. 128), symbol -7.62 P stgzh.
equipment at a range of up to 100 m from a pistol and up to 500 m from a pistol
Comrade machine guns. Used for shooting from a 7.62 mm pistol
model 1933 (TT) and 7.62 mm submachine guns
1941 (PPSh) and model 1943 (PPS).
7.62 mm pistol cartridge with tracer bullet, index
57-T-133 (Fig. 129), symbol - 7.62 PT gzh.
at a range of at least 300 m. Used for firing from
7.62 mm pistol model 1933 (TT) and 7.62 mm pu-pistols
Nemetov model 1941 (PPSh) and model 1943 (PPS).
7.62 mm revolver cartridge, index 57-N-122 (Fig. 130),
symbol - 7.62 R ch.
Designed to defeat manpower and unarmored
T equipment at a range of up to 50 m. Used for firing from
7.62 mm revolver model 1895
9 mm pistol cartridge with a steel core bullet, in-
dex 57-N-181S (Fig. 131), symbol - 9 P st gzh.
Designed to defeat manpower and unarmored
those equipment at a range of up to 50 m from a 9-mm Makarov pistol and 9-mm
silent pistol and up to 200 m from a 9-mm automatic pistol
Leta Stechkina (APS). Used for shooting from 9 mm pistol
Leta Makarov, 9 mm silent
pistol And 9mm automatic
Stechkin pistol.
5.45 mm cartridge with ordinary
bullet, index 7116 (Fig. 132), conditionally
new designation - 5.45 11С gs.
Designed to defeat
manpower located openly
even behind barriers that are broken through
bullet, and unarmored means.
For air targets (aircraft,
helicopters) shooting is effective on
range up to 500 m from machine guns
AK-74, AKS-74, RPK-74 machine guns,
RPKS-74 and at a range of up to 400 m from
AKS-74U assault rifle. Applicable
for firing from a 5.45 mm machine gun
Kalashnikov AK-74 And its modification
cation (AKS-74, AK-74N, AKS-74U,
AKS-74UN2) and 5.45 mm manual gun
Lemet Kalashnikov (RPK-74) and his
modifications (RPKS-74, RPK-74N,
RPKS-74N).
5.45 mm cartridge with tracer
bullet, index 7ТЗ (Fig. 133), symbol - 5.45 I gs.
Designed for target designation and fire adjustment, as well as
or to defeat manpower. The bullet provides tracing
at a distance of at least 800 m when firing from an AK-74 assault rifle and a gun
RPK-74 missiles and their modifications. Used for shooting from
5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK-74) and its modifications
(AKS-74, AK-74N, AKS-74N. AKS-74U. AKS-74UN2) And 5.45 mm
Kalashnikov light machine gun (RPK-74) and its modifications
(RPKS-74, RPK-74 N, PI1KC-74H).
5.45 mm cartridge with reduced bullet speed, index 7У1,
symbol - 5.45 US gs.
Designed for single silent and free
constant shooting at manpower and unarmored vehicles.
The bullet provides long-range penetration of a steel helmet (helmet).
distance up to 300 m and anti-fragmentation vest at a distance of up to
75 m. Used for firing from a 5.45 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle.
VA AKS-74U.
7.62 mm cartridge of the 1943 model with a steel core bullet
(Fig. 134), index 57-N-231, symbol - 7.62 PS gs
(with steel sleeve); 7.62 PS gzh (with bimetallic sleeve).
Designed to defeat manpower located away from
covered or behind light cover, and unarmored vehicles.
A bullet with a core that has not been heat-strengthened
ensures penetration of a steel helmet (helmet) at a distance of up to
900 m and anti-fragmentation vest at a range of up to 600 m.
A bullet with a heat-strengthened core provides penetration
steel helmet (helmet) at a distance of up to 1000 m, anti-shock
full body armor at a range of up to 700 m and bulletproof armor
non-vest at a distance of up to 100 m. Used for shooting from
7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK) and its modifications (AKM,
LKMS), 7.62-mm Kalashnikov light machine gun (RNA) and its mo-
modification (RPKS), Degtyarev light machine gun (RPD) and self-loading
in-line Simonov carbine (SKS).
7.62-mm cartridge of the 1943 model with a T-45 tracer bullet, in-
deks 57-T-231P (Fig. 135), symbol - 7.62 T-45 gzh
(with bimetallic sleeve); 7.62 T-45 gs (with steel sleeve).
Designed for target designation and fire adjustment, as well as
not less than 800 m. Used for firing from a 7.62 mm machine gun
Kalashnikov (AK) and its modifications (AKM, AKMS). 7.62 mm
Kalashnikov light machine gun (RPK) and its modifications
(RPKS), Degtyarev light machine gun (RPD) and self-loading cartridge
Rabina Simonova (SKS).
7.62 mm rifle pat-
ron with a bullet with a steel ser-
bachelor, index 57-Н-323С
(Fig. 136), symbol-
value - 7.62 LPS g. Pre-
prescribed for destruction of life
howling force located
openly and behind barriers,
bullet-penetrable, and
unarmored vehicles.
Bullet with a core from inst.
Rumental steel grade
U12A, subjected to thermal
processing, ensuring
no penetration of thick armor
10 mm at a meeting angle of 90° at
range up to 200 m. By air
stuffy targets (aircraft,
helicopters) shooting effective
tive at a range of up to 500 m.
Used for shooting
from a 7.62 mm Kalash machine gun
Nikova (PK) and its modifications
cation (PKS, PKB, PKT),
modernized bullet
Meta Kalashnikov (PKM),
heavy machine gun Burn-
nova (SG) and its modifications (SGM, SGMT), company machine gun
RP-46, sniper rifle Dragunov (SVD), self-loading
Tokarev rifles (SVT).
7.62 mm rifle cartridge with tracer bullet T -46,
index
7T2 (Fig. 137), symbol - 7.62 T-46 gzh.
Designed for target designation and fire adjustment, as well as
or to defeat manpower. Bullet tracing range -
not less than 1000 m. Used for firing from a 7.62 mm machine gun
Kalashnikov (PK) and its modifications (PKS, PKB, PKT), mo-
sod Kalashnikov machine gun (PKM), easel
Goryunov machine gun (SG) and its modifications (SGM, SGMT,
SGM B), company machine gun RP-46, light machine gun Degtyarev
(DP) and its modifications (DPM, DT, DTM), sniper rifle
ki Dragunov (SVD), Tokarev self-loading rifle (SVT) ob-
model 1940, Simonov automatic rifle (ABC) model
1936, rifles model 1891/30, carbines model 1938 and
model 1944, as well as from a 7.62-mm aircraft machine gun
GShG-7.62.
7.62 mm rifle cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary gun
lei B -32,
index 7-БЗ-З (Fig. 138), symbol -
7.62 B-32 gs (with steel sleeve); 7.62 B-32 gzh (with bimetallic
sleeve).
Designed to ignite flammable liquids and damage
manpower behind light armored cover
at ranges up to 500 m. The bullet pierces a steel sheet of steel
6 mm thick at a range of 950-1000 m, armor 10 mm thick
at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 200-250 m and bullet-resistant bro-
vest at a range of 700-745 m. Used for shooting from
7.62-mm Kalashnikov machine gun (PK) and its modifications (PKS,
PKB, PKT), modernized Kalashnikov machine gun
(PKM), Goryunov heavy machine gun (SG) and its modifications
(SGM, SGMT, SGMB), company machine gun RP-46, light machine gun
ta Degtyarev (DP) and its modifications (DPM, DT, DTM), sn-
Persian Dragunov rifle (SVD), To-
Karev (SVT) model 1940, automatic rifle
Simonov (ABC) model 1936, rifles model 1891/30,
carbines of the 1938 model and the 1944 model, as well as from 7.62 mm
aviation machine gun GShG-7.62.
7.62 mm rifle cartridge with sighting and incendiary gun
lei PZ, index 73P2 (Fig. 139), symbol - 7.62 PZ
gs (with steel sleeve); 7.62 PZ gzh (with bimetallic sleeve).
Designed for sighting targets in range and direction
niyu, as well as for ignition of flammable materials
jobs, not protected by armor, at a distance of up to 1000 m. The bullet provides
ensures the ignition of flammable liquid (gasoline), protected
steel sheet 1 mm thick, at a distance of up to 100 m.
Suitable for firing from a 7.62 mm Kalashnikov machine gun (PK) and
its modifications (PKS, PKB, PKT), modernized bullet-
meta Kalashnikov (PKM), Goryunov heavy machine gun (SG) and
its modification (SGM), company machine gun RP-46, light machine gun
meta Degtyarev (DP) and its modifications (DPM), sniper
Dragunov rifle (SVD), Tokarev self-loading rifle
(SVT) model 1940, Simonov automatic rifle (ABC)
model 1936, rifles model 1891/30, carbines model
1938 and model 1944, as well as from a 7.62-mm aviation bullet
meta GShG-7.62.
Related information.
Capsule serves to ignite the powder charge.
Sleeve serves to connect all elements of the cartridge, protect the powder charge from external influences and seal the powder gases.
Based on their purpose, cartridges are divided into combat and auxiliary.
Live ammunition are designed to destroy manpower or various types of enemy military equipment, and depending on the type of weapon in which they are used, they are divided into small-caliber cartridges (up to 5.6 mm), normal caliber (up to 9 mm) and large-caliber ( over 9 mm). Basic data on domestic small arms cartridges are given in the table.
Basic data on live ammunition.
*The denominator shows values for light machine guns.
Auxiliary cartridges serve to solve problems not directly related to the destruction of manpower and military equipment. These include: small-caliber cartridges– for training and sports shooting; blank cartridges - for simulating shots during tactical exercises and field training; educational - for teaching loading and firing techniques.
IN blank cartridges missing bullet. In training ones, there is no powder charge, and the primers must be pre-ignited (they must have deep dents from the impact of the firing pin). Along the case body of the training cartridge there are four symmetrically located grooves.
The design of small arms cartridges is identical, and their main difference lies in the design of the bullets. Live ammunition bullets are divided into ordinary and special.
Ordinary bullets (Fig. 49.a, b, c) are designed to hit an open target or manpower and unarmored vehicles located behind light cover.
Special bullets (Fig. 49.d,e) have a special effect and are intended mainly for firing at enemy military equipment and for adjusting fire.
Samples of bullets for 7.62 mm caliber cartridges model 1908.
from left to right: a – with a steel core; b – light; c – heavy;
g – tracer; d - armor-piercing incendiary ..
1 – shell; 2 - lead jacket; 3 – core; 4 – glass; 5 – tracer composition; 6 – incendiary composition.
4.2. CARTRIDGES WITH CONVENTIONAL BULLETS
To reliably hit targets, the bullet must have sufficient lethal, penetrating or special action at all ranges characteristic of this type of weapon.
The choice of the outer shape of most bullets is mainly dependent on the task of reducing air resistance. Theoretical research and practical experience show that the bullet should be oblong (the length is several times greater than the cross section), cylindrical in shape, with a pointed head and a beveled tail in the form of a truncated cone.
Depending on the speed of the bullet, its most advantageous shape should be different. In Fig. 50, the lines show the main trends in the change in the shape of a bullet with increasing speed.
As flight speed increases, the relative length of the bullet (expressed in calibers) should increase (see solid line). In this case, the length of the pointed head part should increase especially sharply (see between the solid and dash-dotted lines). With increasing speed, it is necessary, in turn, to reduce the length of the cylindrical and tail parts of the bullet (see the dashed line).
The most advantageous shapes of bullets depending on their flight speed in the air
Head part the bullet, as stated above, is done taking into account its flight speed. The higher the bullet's flight speed, the longer its head should be, since this will reduce the force of air resistance.
Cylindrical (drive part) The bullet gives it direction and rotational movement, and also fills the bottom and corners of the rifling of the barrel and thereby eliminates the possibility of breakthrough of powder gases. Therefore, the bullet diameter is usually 1.02-1.04 weapon calibers. Thus, the diameter of a bullet for a weapon of 7.62 mm caliber is 7.92 mm, for a weapon of 6.45 caliber – 5.60 mm. Most types of bullets have an annular groove (knurling) on the leading part for attaching them to the cartridge cases.
Tail section Most bullets have the shape of a truncated cone, which reduces the area of discharged space behind the flying bullet.
The thickness of the bullet shells is 0.06-0.08 bullet caliber. The material used for the shell is low-carbon steel coated with tombac. Tompak consists of an alloy of copper (about 90%) and zinc (about 10%). This composition gives good penetration of the bullet into the rifling and little wear on the barrel. The core for ordinary bullets is made of lead with the addition of antimony to increase hardness or low-carbon steel. In this case, there is a lead jacket between the shell and the core.
The sleeves are divided according to their shape into cylindrical and bottle.
Cylindrical sleeve simple in design and facilitates the design of the box magazine; used in pistol cartridges.
Bottle sleeve allows you to have a larger powder charge.
The operating conditions of the cartridge case, especially in automatic weapons, place high demands on its material. The best material for making sleeves is brass, but in order to save money, sleeves are often made of mild steel clad with tombac. Tompak protects the liner from corrosion and reduces the coefficient of friction, helping to improve liner extraction. The powder charge in small arms cartridges consists of smokeless pyroxylin powder, and in 5.45 mm combat cartridges - nitroglycerin. In pistol cartridges, the gunpowder is plate-shaped; in rifle cartridges, the grains of gunpowder are tubular in shape with one channel; in large-caliber cartridges - a tubular shape with seven channels. The greater the power of the cartridge, the larger the grains and the more progressive their shape. However, the grain size must ensure complete combustion of the gunpowder during the movement of the bullet along the barrel.
All primers for small arms cartridges have a similar structure and consist of a cap, a percussion compound and a foil circle placed on top of the percussion compound.
4.3. SPECIAL PURPOSE BULLETS
Special purpose bullets have a special effect. These bullets include armor-piercing, armor-piercing incendiary, tracer, armor-piercing incendiary, and incendiary.
Tracer bullets(Fig. 49.d) are intended for target designation and fire adjustment at ranges of up to 800 m (automatic bullets) and 1000 m (rifle bullets), as well as for defeating enemy personnel. A lead core is placed in the tracer bullet shell in the head part, and a cup with a pressed tracer compound is placed in the bottom part. During the shot, the flame from the powder charge ignites the tracer compound, which gives a bright luminous trail as the bullet flies. A feature of tracer bullets is the change in mass and the movement of the bullet’s center of gravity as the tracer composition burns out. However, the flight trajectory of these bullets practically coincides with the trajectory of other bullets used for shooting - this is necessary condition their combat use.
Armor-piercing incendiary bullets(Fig. 49.e) are designed to ignite flammable substances and to destroy enemy personnel located behind light armored cover at ranges of up to 300 m (automatic bullets) and up to 500 m (rifle bullets). An armor-piercing incendiary bullet consists of a shell, a steel core, a lead jacket and an incendiary composition. When it hits the armor, the incendiary composition ignites and, getting inside, ignites flammable substances. The armor-piercing effect of bullets is ensured by the presence of a core of high strength and hardness.
Armor-piercing incendiary bullets of large-caliber cartridges are similar in design and action to the same bullets of machine gun and rifle cartridges.
Armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullets(Fig. 51) provide, in addition to the considered actions, also a tracer.
The listed bullets are designed to destroy lightly armored ground targets at ranges up to 1000 m, unarmored targets, enemy fire weapons and group targets - up to 2000 m, as well as air targets at altitudes up to 1500 m.
Incendiary bullets(Fig. 52) are designed to destroy open ground targets, ignite wooden buildings, fuel in unprotected tanks and other flammable objects.
The bullet has a striking mechanism, which consists of a primer sleeve with an igniter primer, a firing pin with a sting and a moving cap that acts as a fuse. The impact mechanism is cocked when fired, when the bullet receives significant acceleration, while the oncoming cap, by inertia, settles on the firing pin, the tip of which pierces the bottom of the cap. When meeting a target, the striker moves forward and pierces the primer, it ignites, and then the incendiary composition ignites.
All special bullets for one type of weapon must provide a good enough connection with the trajectory of the main standard bullet in order to have one sight scale for firing all types of bullets.
4.4. CARTRIDGES FOR SPECIAL WEAPONS.
Bullets for special weapons differ from ordinary ones in their shape and weight. The length of the bullet head is made shorter, and the cylindrical part is made longer to improve stability at subsonic speeds (Fig. 50). The second essential condition is an increase in bullet mass, due to the low speed and the need to maintain lethal action There are enough such bullets.
The first cartridge in domestic practice that met these conditions was a 7.62 mm caliber cartridge of the 1943 model with a “US” bullet, adopted for service in the late 50s for use in an assault rifle AKM, equipped with a silent and flameless firing device (PBS). The subsonic speed of his bullet provided the necessary reduction in sound level when used PBS, and the increased mass of the bullet (12.5 g) with a steel core in the head section provides sufficient penetrating effect.
A cartridge with such a bullet, and with it AKM with PBS still remain in service with special forces units.
The basis for the development of new silent automatic weapons was the 9-mm special SP-5 and SP-6 cartridges with a subsonic initial bullet velocity and a fairly high stopping and lethal effect, adopted for service in the early 80s. These cartridges were created on the same principle as the " US"; leaving the shape, length and capsule of the cartridge the same, the designers changed the barrel of the cartridge case - to attach a 9-mm bullet, weighing about 16 g, and the powder charge - to impart an initial speed of 270-280 m/s to the bullet.
Cartridge bullet JV-5 (Fig. 53) with a bimetallic shell and a steel core; the cavity behind it is filled with lead. The shape of the bullet, 36 mm long, provides it with good ballistic properties when flying at subsonic speeds.
Special cartridge SP-6
A – steel core; B – lead jacket;
B – bimetallic shell.
1 – bullet; 2 – sleeve; 3 – powder charge; 4 – igniter primer
In terms of ballistics, both cartridges are close to each other, so they can be used in weapons with the same sighting devices. The accuracy of bullets from SP-5 cartridges is slightly better than that of semi-jacketed bullets from SP-6 cartridges. The design and characteristics of the bullets determine the purpose of the cartridges: for sniper shooting at uncovered manpower, SP-5 cartridges are used, for hitting targets wearing personal protective equipment, or located in cars or behind other light shelters, SP-6 cartridges are used.
These special cartridges are produced at the Klimovsk enterprise in small batches, and their cost is high. The Tula Cartridge Plant has launched the production of PAB-9 cartridges, an analogue of SP-6, with a bullet with a hardened steel core, but cheaper. Its penetrating effect (like that of SP-6) ensures the destruction of manpower in class 3 body armor. At a distance of 100 m, it pierces a steel sheet 8 mm thick.
Main characteristics of special cartridges.
Shooting with reduced level The sound of a shot is ensured not only by the use of silent and flameless shooting devices, which are installed on the barrel of a weapon and inevitably increase its weight and dimensions, making it difficult to carry. Recently, another means has been used to achieve the same result - special silent cartridges. Double-barreled small-sized special pistols chambered for such cartridges were adopted. SME and S-4M, as well as a shooting scout knife LDC.
When fired, a special cartridge PZA-M(Fig. 55.a) imparts speed to the bullet not by the force of pressure of the powder gases directly on its bottom, but through the action of a piston placed between the bullet and the powder charge. Powder gases press on the piston, which presses on the bullet, pushes it out of the cartridge case, and pushes it along the barrel.
a – PZAM b – SP-4
Special cartridges
The piston itself does not come out of the cartridge case, but locks it in the barrel, thus cutting off powder gases from entering the barrel. As a result, the shot is accompanied only by the sound of the impact of the moving parts of the weapon and the cartridge.
7.62 mm cartridge SP-4(Fig. 55.b) has a slightly different design. The cylindrical bullet is placed in a steel sleeve, without protruding beyond its front cut. Behind the bullet there is a pan, then a powder charge. When firing, the same operation occurs, except that the pan does not protrude beyond the cartridge case. This made it possible to develop a self-loading silent pistol chambered for such a cartridge. PSS, the automation of which works in the same way as that of PM. After the cartridge case is ejected from the weapon, the pressure in it drops gradually, since the pan does not adhere to the cartridge case hermetically.
The case of this cartridge is steel, clad with tombac, and has a length of 41 mm, which exceeds the length of conventional pistol cartridges. The bullet is also steel, unjacketed, in the shape of a cylinder without a pointed head and narrowing of the bottom parts. This bullet shape provides sufficient stopping power.
In addition to the pistol, a reconnaissance knife firing device has been developed and adopted for use under the SP-4 cartridge. NRS-2.
4.5. HAND FRAGRATION GRENADES
A grenade is an ammunition designed to destroy enemy personnel located openly, in trenches, trenches, and buildings at close ranges. The damage is caused by shrapnel or shock wave. Grenades can be equipped with remote fuses ( RGD-5, F-1) and impact action ( RGN, RGO).
Depending on the range of fragmentation, hand fragmentation grenades are divided into offensive and defensive.
Hand grenades RGD-5 and RGN are offensive, since their throwing range is 40–50 m, and the radius of the lethal effect of fragments is no more than 25 m.
Hand grenades F-1 and Russian Geographical Society– defensive, with a throwing range of 35–45 m, the radius of the lethal effect of fragments reaches 200 m.
Main characteristics of hand fragmentation grenades.
Each hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body, a bursting charge and a fuse.
Frame serves to place a bursting charge, a fuse tube, and also to form fragments when a grenade explodes. It may have longitudinal and transverse notches along which the grenade usually breaks into fragments.
Ignition tube serves to place the fuse and seal the explosive charge in the housing; When storing, transporting and carrying grenades, the hole in the housing for the fuse is closed with a plastic plug.
Bursting charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.
General view and design of the F-1 hand fragmentation grenade
1 – body; 2 – bursting charge; 3 – fuse
Fuse designed to explode a bursting charge.
Fuse UZRGM (Fig. 57) consists of a striking mechanism and the fuse itself.
Impact mechanism serves to ignite the igniter primer. It consists of a striking mechanism tube in which a firing pin with a mainspring is placed. The firing pin is held in the cocked position by the trigger lever. The trigger lever is held on the hammer tube by a safety pin. It has a ring for pulling it out.
General view and design of the fuse for RGD-5, F-1 grenades
a – general view; b – in section
1 – impact mechanism tube; 2 – connecting sleeve; 3 – guide washer; 4 – mainspring; 5 – drummer; 6 – striker washer; 7 – release lever; 8 – safety pin; 9 – retarder bushing; 10 – moderator;
11 – igniter primer; 12 – detonator capsule
The fuse itself serves to explode the explosive charge of the grenade. It consists of a bushing with a retarder, an igniter primer and a detonator primer. The retarder transmits a beam of fire from the igniter primer to the detonator primer. It consists of a pressed low-gas composition.
General structure and operation of parts and mechanisms. The pistol is simple in design and handling, small in size, comfortable to carry and always ready for action. The pistol is a self-loading weapon, since it is reloaded automatically during shooting. The automatic operation of the pistol is based on the principle of using the recoil of the free shutter . The bolt and barrel have no clutch. The reliability of locking the barrel bore when fired is achieved by the large mass of the bolt and the force of the return spring. Thanks to the presence of a hammer-type self-cocking trigger mechanism in the pistol, you can quickly open fire by directly pressing the tail of the trigger without first cocking the hammer.
Safe handling of the pistol is ensured by a reliably functioning safety lock. The pistol has a safety located on the left side of the slide. In addition, the trigger is automatically cocked under the action of the mainspring after the trigger is released (“release” of the trigger) and when the trigger is released.
After the trigger is released, the trigger rod, under the action of the narrow feather of the mainspring, will move to the rear extreme position. The cocking lever and the sear will go down, the sear, under the action of its spring, will press against the trigger and the trigger will automatically engage the safety cock.
To fire a shot you must press index finger on the trigger. At the same time, the trigger strikes the firing pin, which breaks the cartridge primer. As a result, the powder charge ignites and a large amount of powder gases is formed. The bullet is ejected from the barrel by the pressure of the powder gases. The bolt, under the pressure of gases transmitted through the bottom of the sleeve, moves back, holding the sleeve with the ejector and compressing the return spring. When the cartridge meets the reflector, it is thrown out through the shutter window, and the trigger is cocked.
Having moved back to failure, the bolt returns forward under the action of the return spring. When moving forward, the bolt sends a cartridge from the magazine into the chamber. The bore is locked with a blowback bolt; the gun is ready to fire again.
To fire the next shot, you must release the trigger and then press it again. So the shooting will continue until the cartridges in the magazine are completely used up.
Once all the cartridges from the magazine have been used up, the bolt locks into the slide stop and remains in the rear position.
Main parts of PM and their purpose
PM consists of the following main parts and mechanisms:
- frame with barrel and trigger guard;
- bolt with firing pin, ejector and safety;
- return spring;
- trigger mechanism (trigger, sear with spring, trigger, trigger rod with cocking lever, mainspring and mainspring slide);
- handle with screw;
- shutter stop;
- shop.
Frame serves to connect all parts of the gun.
Trunk serves to direct the flight of the bullet.
Trigger guard serves to protect the tail of the trigger from accidental pressing.
Drummer serves to break the capsule.
Fuse serves to ensure safe handling of the pistol.
The store serves to hold eight rounds.
The store consists of:
- Store bodies (connects all parts of the store).
- Feeder (used to supply cartridges).
- Feeder springs (serves to feed upward the feeder with cartridges).
- Magazine covers (closes the magazine body).
Trigger rod with cocking lever serves to release the hammer from cocking and cocking the hammer when pressing the tail of the trigger.
Action spring serves to actuate the hammer, cocking lever and trigger rod.
Disassembly and assembly of small arms and grenade launchers.
Disassembly may be incomplete or complete. Partial disassembly is performed for cleaning, lubricating and inspecting weapons, full - for cleaning when the weapon is heavily soiled, after it has been exposed to rain or snow, when switching to a new lubricant, as well as during repairs.Frequent complete disassembly of the weapon is not allowed, as it accelerates the wear of parts and mechanisms.
When disassembling and assembling weapons, the following rules must be observed:
- disassembly and assembly should be carried out on a table or bench, and in the field - on a clean mat;
- Place parts and mechanisms in the order of disassembly, handle them carefully, avoid unnecessary force and sharp impacts;
- When assembling, pay attention to the numbering of parts so as not to confuse them with parts of other weapons.
The procedure for partial disassembly of the PM:
- Remove the magazine from the base of the handle.
- Place the bolt on the slide stop and check for a cartridge in the chamber.
- Separate the shutter from the frame.
- Remove the return spring from the barrel.
Reassemble the pistol after partial disassembly in the reverse order.
Check that the gun is assembled correctly after partial disassembly.
Turn off the fuse (move the flag down). Move the shutter to the rear position and release it. The shutter, having moved slightly forward, engages the slide stop and remains in the rear position. Press the shutter stop with your right thumb and release the shutter. The bolt, under the action of the return spring, must vigorously return to the forward position, and the trigger must be cocked. Turn on the fuse (raise the flag up). The trigger must be released from cocking and locked.
Complete disassembly procedure:
- Carry out partial disassembly.
- Disassemble the frame:
- separate the sear and bolt stop from the frame.
- separate the handle from the base of the handle and the mainspring from the frame.
- separate the trigger from the frame.
- separate the trigger rod with the cocking lever from the frame.
- separate the trigger from the frame.
- Disassemble the shutter:
- separate the fuse from the bolt;
- separate the firing pin from the bolt;
- separate the ejector from the bolt.
- Disassemble the store:
- remove the magazine cover;
- remove the feeder spring;
- remove the feeder.
Assembly is carried out in reverse order.
Check the correct operation of parts and mechanisms after assembly.
Delays when firing from PM
| Delays | Reasons for delays | Ways to eliminate delays |
| 1. Misfire. The shutter is in the forward position, the trigger is pulled, but the shot does not fire |
|
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| 2. NOT COVERING THE CARTRIDGE WITH THE SHUTTER. The shutter stopped before reaching the extreme forward position; the trigger cannot be released |
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| 3. FAILURE TO FEED OR PROMOTE THE CARTRIDGE FROM THE STORE TO THE CHAMBER. The bolt is in the extreme forward position, but there is no cartridge in the chamber, the bolt stopped in the middle position along with the cartridge, without sending it into the chamber |
|
|
| 4. SETTING (INFRINGEMENT) OF THE CASE BY THE SHUTTER. The cartridge case was not thrown out through the window in the bolt and became wedged between the bolt and the breech end of the barrel |
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| 5. AUTOMATIC FIRE. |
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|
Study the issue in the sequence indicated in the educational materials. During the study, use size and weight models of artillery rounds. Upon completion of studying the material of the question, interview 1-2 students to check the degree of mastery of the material. Draw a conclusion on the issue.
To fulfill a number of tactical, technical and operational requirements, combat charges may include auxiliary elements in addition to gunpowder. These include: igniter, decoupler, phlegmatizer, flame arrester and sealing (obturating) device. The presence of all the listed auxiliary elements in the combat charge is not necessary.
Decoupler. When firing projectiles with copper leading bands, copper plating (copper deposition on the rifling) of the barrel occurs, reducing its diametrical dimensions, which can lead to a change in the ballistics of the projectile and even swelling of the barrel. To eliminate copper plating of the barrel bore, copper reducers are used in charges. A copper stripper is a coil of wire made from lead or a lead-tin alloy. When fired, lead melts under the influence of the high temperature of the powder gases and combines with copper, forming a low-melting alloy. This alloy is mechanically carried away by the flow of powder gases and the leading belt of the projectile during the subsequent shot. The decoupler is placed, as a rule, on top of the combat charge, and in some cases it is tied in the middle of it. The weight of the copper reducer is about one percent of the powder weight.
The phlegmatizer is used mainly in shots with a full combat charge for firing from cannons and is intended to reduce wear (burnout) of the barrel bore. In shots with a reduced combat charge, the phlegmatizer is not used. The phlegmatizer is a sheet of paper coated on both sides with a layer of high molecular weight organic matter (ceresin, paraffin, petrolatum or their alloys). According to the design, the phlegmatizer is of sheet type and corrugated. A sheet-type phlegmatizer consists of one or two sheets and is used in combat charges made of grained pyroxylin powder when firing from small and medium-caliber guns. Corrugated phlegmatizer is used in combat charges made from ballistic-type gunpowder for artillery guns with a caliber of 100 mm or more. For more effective action, the phlegmatizer is located around the top of the combat charge near the walls of the cartridge case.
The action of the phlegmatizer when fired comes down to the fact that when the combat charge burns, part of the heat is spent on sublimation of the organic substances of the phlegmatizer, and therefore the temperature of the gases in the barrel is slightly reduced. In addition, when the phlegmatizer is triggered, vapors of organic substances, which have high viscosity and low thermal conductivity, envelop the powder gases, forming a kind of protective layer that makes it difficult to transfer heat from the gases to the walls of the barrel. This made it possible to increase the survivability of medium-caliber gun barrels by approximately two times, and small-caliber guns by more than five times. However, the use of a phlegmatizer increases carbon deposits in the barrel and impairs the extraction of cartridges due to clogging of the charging chamber.
Flame arrestors. At the moment of firing, when powder gases exit the barrel bore, a flame is formed in front of the gun, reaching significant sizes. It unmasks the weapon, especially at night. Sometimes when high tempo When firing from medium and large caliber guns, in addition to the muzzle flame, a so-called back flame is formed, which appears when the bolt is opened, from which the crew can get burns. Backfire is especially dangerous when firing from tank and self-propelled guns.
One of the reasons for the formation of a flame is the combination of hot powder gases containing CO, H 2, CH 4 and other flammable products with atmospheric oxygen.
There are two ways to eliminate the flamingness of a shot:
– reducing the temperature of powder gases by reducing the calorie content of gunpowder, which is achieved by introducing so-called cooling additives into its composition. However, this path may not always be acceptable, since it inevitably leads to a decrease in the ballistics of the warhead;
– an increase in the ignition temperature of flammable gases when they are mixed with atmospheric oxygen, which is ensured by the use of flameless powders or flame arresters.
Flame arrestors are a sample of flame-extinguishing salt or flame-extinguishing powder placed in a ring-shaped cap.
Potassium sulfate (K2SO4), potassium chloride (KCl) or a mixture thereof are used as flame retardant salts in powder form. The latter are used only when firing at night, since when firing during the day they produce a cloud of smoke that unmasks the weapon.
Flame-extinguishing powders are called gunpowders containing potassium salts (K2SO4, KS1) or organochlorine compounds (extinguishing agents such as X-10, X-20, D-25).
Flame extinguishing powders containing organochlorine compounds are the most effective. They do not produce smoke, act in the charge as a conventional cooling additive and are used mainly to extinguish the backfire in both cartridge and separate cartridge-loading shots.
The effect of extinguishers of the X-10, X-20 and D-25 types is that organochlorine compounds located in the lower part of the charge around the igniter, upon joint combustion, form salt KS1, which is an anti-catalyst for the ignition of powder gases when they exit the barrel.
The weight of the flame arrester is 0.5-1% of the weight of gunpowder in the combat charge.
The sealing (obturating) device consists of cardboard elements of the warhead. It serves to prevent the movement of the combat charge in the cartridge case during transportation and operation of shots, as well as to eliminate the breakthrough of powder gases until the leading belt of the projectile is completely embedded in the rifling of the barrel.
The sealing device for cartridge loading shots consists of a circle placed directly on the gunpowder, a cylinder and a seal. Depending on the design of the combat charge and the degree to which it fills the cartridge case, the sealing device may be absent, have all three elements, one seal, or a circle and a cylinder. In the case where the projectile is equipped with a tracer device, a hole is made in the circle and seal.
The sealing device in separate cartridge-loading shots consists of two cardboard covers. The bottom cover, equipped with a loop of braid, is called normal. It serves as a shutter during firing and prevents the charge beams from falling out and moving during loading. The top cover with braid is called reinforced and is intended to secure and seal the combat charge in the cartridge case. The loop and braid make it easy to remove the caps from the sleeve. For more reliable sealing of the warhead, the entire surface of the reinforced cover is filled with a layer of PP-95/5 lubricant (95% petrolatum and 5% paraffin).
GUN CASES
The cartridge case is part of an artillery shot of cartridge and separate cartridge loading and is intended to contain a combat charge, auxiliary elements for it and ignition means; protecting the combat charge from the influence of the external environment and mechanical damage during official handling; obturation of powder gases when fired; connecting a combat charge to a projectile in cartridge-loading shots
In the cartridge case for a cartridge loading shot (Fig. 75, a) the following elements are distinguished: barrel 1, slope 2, body 3, flange 4, bottom 5, point 6.
The dulce is intended to connect the cartridge case to the projectile.
The ramp is a transitional element from the muzzle to the body.
The case body is conical in shape. The diametric dimensions of the cartridge case body are slightly smaller (0.3-0.7 mm) than the charging chamber. The taper of the cartridge case and the gap make it easier to extract it after firing. The thickness of the walls of the body is variable and increases towards the bottom.
The bottom of the sleeve has an annular protrusion (flange) on the outside, and a convexity (nipple) on the inside. The flange in most gun cartridges serves to rest against the annular bore of the barrel breech seat in order to fix the position of the cartridge case in the charging chamber, as well as to grip the ejector tabs during their extraction. At the bottom of the sleeve there is a threaded socket (point) for an ignition agent.
In cartridge cases of separately loaded shots, most artillery systems The muzzle and slope are absent.
The action of the cartridge case when fired is associated with the occurrence of elastic and residual deformations in its material under the pressure of powder gases. At the moment of firing, under the pressure of powder gases, the muzzle, slope and part of the case body are deformed within the limits of elastic and partially plastic deformations and fit tightly to the walls of the charging chamber, eliminating the breakthrough of powder gases towards the bolt. Only a small section of the body at the flange, which has the greatest rigidity, is not adjacent to the walls of the chamber. After the pressure drops, the diametrical size of the sleeve decreases somewhat due to elastic deformations, which makes it easier to extract.
Thus, reliable sealing of powder gases with a cartridge case depends on a metal with elastic-plastic properties, the correct determination of the wall thickness and the gap between the walls of the case and the chamber of the gun.
Classification of sleeves and requirements for them.
Cases are classified by loading method, method of resting in the chamber, material and design.
By loading method they are divided into cartridge cases for cartridge and separate cartridge loading shots.
According to the method of resting in the chamber- on sleeves with an emphasis on the flange, with an emphasis on the slope and with an emphasis on a special protrusion on the body.
Flange-mounted cartridges are most common in artillery of all calibers. Cases with an emphasis on the slope are used in small-caliber shots for firing from automatic guns. They have a flange diameter equal to the diameter of the body, and allow shots to be placed more tightly in the magazine, and also eliminate the possibility of shots being unloaded during automatic chambering.
Sleeves with an emphasis on a special protrusion on the body are not widespread.
By material The cartridges are divided into metal and cartridges with a combustible body. Metal sleeves are made of brass or low-carbon steel. Brass sleeves have greatest distribution and have best properties both in relation to their combat use and their production. To reduce the phenomenon of spontaneous cracking of sleeves, silicon can be added to brass. However, the consumption of scarce non-ferrous metals forces the use of low-carbon steel for the manufacture of cartridges in war and peacetime.
According to their design, metal sleeves are divided into seamless and prefabricated. Seamless sleeves are one piece and are produced by drawing on presses from a single blank. Prefabricated sleeves consist of several individual parts. They can be solid-body or rolled-up.
The following basic requirements apply to sleeves:
· reliability of obturation of powder gases when fired;
· ease of loading and extraction after firing;
· strength necessary to protect the cartridge case and charge from damage under conditions of official handling;
· reliability of projectile fastening in cartridge loading shots;
· multi-firing, i.e. the possibility of repeated use of the cartridge case after appropriate repair and renewal;
· stability during long-term storage.
The first two requirements are the most important, since the normal combat operation of artillery systems as a whole depends on them. Unsatisfactory obturation of powder gases during a shot leads to their breakthrough through the bolt seat, and consequently to loss of energy and possible burns to the gun crew. Delays in the extraction of cartridges reduce the rate of fire of the guns and make it completely impossible to fire from automatic guns.
Ensuring the requirement for multiple use of cartridges for shooting is of great economic importance. The best in terms of multi-firing are brass cartridges.
The requirement for cartridge case durability is aimed at preserving their combat qualities during long-term storage. To protect sleeves from corrosion, anti-corrosion coatings are used: for brass sleeves - passivation, and for steel - phosphating, brass plating, bluing, galvanizing or varnishing. The use of metal cartridges for firing from tanks and self-propelled artillery causes gas contamination and cluttering of the fighting compartment of vehicles with spent cartridges. Gas contamination is the result of the large volume of the cartridge case chamber, in which, after extraction from the charging chamber, a significant amount of powder gases remains. These disadvantages are largely eliminated by the use of cartridges with a combustible body. A number of foreign armies are developing such cartridges. A cartridge with a combustible body consists of a brass pan, to the inner surface of which a combustible body is glued.
The burning body is an integral part of the gunpowder charge of the combat charge.
The use of cartridges with a combustible body will reduce gas contamination in tanks and reduce brass consumption. In addition, the use of these cartridges significantly reduces the amount of work required to collect them on the battlefield and evacuate them to the rear.
Classification of ignition means and requirements for them.
Ignition means are the elements of the shot intended to ignite the warhead.
According to the method of actuation, ignition means are divided into impact, electric and galvanic-impact.
Impact ignition means are activated by the impact of the striker of the percussion mechanism and come in the form of primer bushings and impact tubes. The former are used in cartridge-loading shots, and the latter in separate cap-loading shots.
Electric means of ignition, operating from an electrical impulse, are used in ammunition for rocket, coastal and naval artillery.
Currently, in tank and self-propelled artillery rounds, galvanic-percussion ignition means have been used, combining electric and percussion modes of action in one sample.
The following basic requirements are imposed on ignition means: safety in handling and sufficient sensitivity to the impulse that initiates the action; sufficient ignitability to ensure proper ignition of the powder charge and the creation of the necessary ballistic conditions; monotony of action; reliable obturation when firing; stability during long-term storage.
Currently, capsule bushings KV-4, KV-2, KV-13, KV-13U, KV-5 and shock tube UT-36 are used.
The KV-4 capsule sleeve (Fig. 78) is used in shots for guns in the barrel of which the powder gas pressure does not exceed 3100 kg/cm 2 . It consists of a brass or steel body and parts of the ignition device assembled inside it: the igniter capsule 2, a clamping sleeve 3, an anvil 4 and a sealing copper cone 5, as well as adding black powder 7, two powder firecrackers 8 and safety circles of parchment 9 and brass 10.The outer side of the body has a thread for screwing the bushing into the sleeve end.
The bottom of the case is solid; three key grooves are made on its outer surface.
On the inside of the bottom of the housing there is a nipple with a socket 1 for placing parts of the ignition device. To secure powder firecrackers and mugs, the barrel of the case is rolled up. The brass circle and the sealing area are covered with mastic varnish or enamel for tightness.
Action of the capsule sleeve. When the firing pin hits the bottom of the primer sleeve, a dent is formed, which presses the igniter primer against the anvil, as a result of which the impact composition of the igniter primer is ignited. The gases formed during the combustion of the shock composition, passing through the anvil channel, lift the copper sealing cone and, flowing around it, ignite the powder firecrackers, and the latter ignite the gunpowder of the combat charge. As the pressure in the gun's charging chamber increases, the powder gases move the obturating cone in the opposite direction, pressing it against the walls of the anvil socket, which ensures obturation, i.e., eliminating the possibility of powder gases breaking through the thin part of the bottom of the bushing at the point of impact.
HANDLING AMMUNITION
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