General provisions

Sniper training (full course)

1. General provisions.

A. To become a sniper, you must know and be able to practice the basic principles of marksmanship, which include aiming, shooting position, trigger pull, sight alignment, weather conditions, and conditioning the weapon for normal combat.

The purpose of studying these principles is to develop stable and correct shooting skills and consolidate them at the level of instinctive actions. Sniper marksmanship training is a continuation of basic marksman training. It teaches the sniper how to hit a target with the first shot at various, mostly long, ranges.

b. The marksmanship fundamentals taught to a sniper range from those taught to the average soldier to those required to perform sniper missions. To train at the expert level, a sniper must be equipped with the best weapons and the best ammunition. He also equips himself with additional knowledge and skills in the field of survival on the battlefield, which allows him to engage in a duel with the enemy and emerge victorious.

V. Every sniper must periodically retake a course in the basics of marksmanship, regardless of shooting experience. Even an experienced sniper from time to time experiences a deficiency in the correct application of marksmanship fundamentals, which is a consequence of practicing other skills and abilities. The basics of sniper marksmanship should be practiced in the sequence given in the following sections.

2. Aiming.

The first skill a sniper develops is proper aiming. The importance of proper aiming cannot be overstated. Not only because it is a fundamental skill, but because it provides a means by which the sniper can check for proper shooting position and trigger pull. The aiming process includes the following phases: the relationship between the eye and the sights, the "flat front sight", the aiming point, the process of breathing and aiming, and exercises to develop correct aiming.

A. The relationship between the eye and the sights.

To understand what is required in the aiming process, the shooter must know how to use his eye. The variety in the position of the eye in relation to the aiming bar results in a variety of images perceived by the eye. The appropriate positioning of the eye is called "de-pupilling." Correct eye relief, allowing for minor variations, is approximately 7.5 cm. The best way to maintain correct eye relief is to use a butt pad (called a cheek pad) or the thumb of your shooting hand.


For a clearer understanding of the use of the eye in the process of aiming, it is necessary to remember that the eye is capable of instantly focusing when moving from one range to another. It cannot be focused simultaneously on two objects located at different distances.


To achieve an undistorted image when aiming, the shooter’s head should take a position in which he looks straight, and not sideways or from under his brows. If the head is in a position that forces the shooter to aim through the nose or under the eyebrow, the eye muscles tense and cause involuntary eye movements that reduce the accuracy of the image. This not only affects vision characteristics, but at the same time has a negative psychological impact on the shooter. The eye functions better when it is in a natural position, that is, when the gaze is directed straight ahead.


Do not concentrate your vision on the aiming point for more than a few seconds. When the eyes are focused on a single image for a certain time, it is imprinted in the perception zone. This effect can be illustrated with the following example. For 20 to 30 seconds, look at a black dot drawn on a piece of paper and then look at a white wall or ceiling. You will see a faint image of a dot on the wall, but the sharpness of the image in the area of ​​​​the image will be lost. This effect is very important for the shooter. The captured image dulls the sharpness of the image in the perception zone and can be mistaken for the true image of the target.


Many shooters with bushy eyebrows have difficulty aiming, which leads to a distorted image of the target. In such cases, it is recommended to shave or tape the eyebrows.

b. "Smooth fly."

“Even front sight” is the relationship of the front sight and rear sight in relation to the eye. This is the most important element of aiming, since errors in its implementation lead to a change in the position of the axis of the weapon bore.

When using an open sight, a “flat front sight” means such a position of the front sight in the slot of the sighting bar, in which it is located in the center of the slot in direction and in line with the mane of the sighting bar in height.

V. Aiming point.

After the shooter has been trained to take a “straight front sight”, it is necessary to begin studying the choice of an aiming point. This element differs from the “flat front sight” only in that a point on the target is added to it, to which the front sight is brought.

The aiming point used by the sniper is the center of the target. All novice shooters should know this, as it is the most commonly used and more understandable, unlike others.

d. The process of breathing and aiming.

Breath control is very important for the aiming process. If the shooter is breathing while aiming, the up and down movements of his chest will cause the weapon to move in a vertical plane. The "straight sight" is taken while breathing, but the shooter must hold his breath to complete the aiming process. To hold your breath correctly, you need to inhale, then exhale and hold your breath during the natural respiratory pause. If the “straight front sight” is not on the target, it is necessary to change the position of the body.


The respiratory cycle lasts 4 - 5 seconds. Inhalation and exhalation take approximately 2 seconds. Thus, between cycles there is a pause lasting 2 - 3 seconds. It can be increased to 12 - 15 seconds without much effort or discomfort. It is during this extended pause that the sniper must fire the shot. Arguments in favor of this: during a respiratory pause, the respiratory muscles are relaxed; thus, the shooter avoids stressing the diaphragm.


The shooter must assume a shooting position and breathe normally until the “flat sight” begins to approach the desired aiming point on the target. Many shooters then take a deeper breath, exhale, pause, and fire the shot during the pause. If the sighting devices do not take the desired position on the target, the shooter resumes breathing and repeats the process.


A respiratory pause should not cause discomfort. If the pause is prolonged, the body begins to lack oxygen and sends a signal to the brain to resume breathing. These signals cause slight involuntary contractions of the diaphragm and affect the shooter's ability to concentrate. In general, the safest time for a respiratory pause is a period of 8 - 10 seconds.


As mentioned above, the eye plays a very important role in the aiming process. While exhaling and moving the front sight up towards the target, the focus should alternately move from the front sight to the target until the shooter determines that the sights are in the correct position on the target. Once the correct aiming pattern is achieved, focus must be on the front sight to accurately determine the position of the sights relative to the aiming point at the time of the shot and to identify variations in aiming.


Some inexperienced shooters fail to understand that the final focus should be on the front sight; In poor lighting conditions, when the target is not clearly visible, an inexperienced shooter tends to focus his eye on the target. Shooting at a "blank" target (a target that does not have any outline or a regular target with the white side facing the shooter) can prove to the shooter the need to concentrate his vision on the front sight.

d. Exercises to develop correct aiming.

e. Using an optical sight

The optical sight device allows you to aim without using an open sight. The aiming line is the optical axis passing through the centers of the lens and the crosshair of the sight. The crosshair of the sight plays the role of the front sight. The crosshair and target image are in the focal plane of the lens (the plane that passes through the focus of the lens perpendicular to the optical axis). The sniper's eye perceives the crosshair and the target image with equal clarity. To aim with an optical sight, the sniper's head must be positioned at the exit pupil of the eyepiece so that the line of sight of the eye coincides with the optical axis of the sight. The sniper then moves the crosshair to the aiming point on the target.

1) Removal of the eye. When aiming, the eye should be at a distance of 7.5 - 9.5 cm from the exit pupil of the eyepiece. This distance - the removal of the eye - is quite large, but it must be maintained to ensure safety during recoil and to obtain a full field of view.

(a) Shadow effect. While aiming, the sniper must ensure that there is no shadow in the sight's field of view; it must be completely clean. If the sniper's eye is not located far enough from the scope, a concentric shadow appears in the field of view, which reduces the size of the field of view, worsens observation conditions through the scope and makes aiming difficult. If the eye is positioned incorrectly in relation to the optical axis of the sight, crescent-shaped shadows appear at the edges of the field of view; they can form on any side, depending on the position of the axis of vision relative to the optical axis of the sight. In the presence of such a shadow, the bullets are deflected in the direction opposite to the direction in which it appears.
(b) Adjusting head position. If the sniper observes shadows at the edges of the field of view while aiming, he must find a head position that allows his eye to see the entire field of view. Therefore, for accurate aiming, the sniper must fully concentrate his attention on keeping his eye on the optical axis of the sight and on the exact location of the crosshairs at the aiming point.

2) Advantages of an optical sight.
The optical sight provides:

(a) Increased aiming accuracy, which allows the sniper to fire at distant, subtle and camouflaged targets that are invisible to the naked eye.
(b) Speed ​​in aiming due to the fact that the sniper sees the crosshair and the target image with the same clarity, in the same focal plane.
(c) Fire accuracy in conditions of limited visibility (at sunset, twilight, fog, moonlight, etc.)
(d) Better observation conditions, more precise definition ranges and fire adjustment.

3) Lateral tilt of the weapon. Represents the deviation of the weapon's position to one side relative to the vertical axis. In Fig. 3A shows the correct aiming picture, in which the optical sight and rifle barrel are positioned exactly in a vertical plane. Rice. 3B shows the relationship between the aiming line and the throwing line. At the moment the bullet leaves the barrel, it is directed to point A, but under the influence of gravity, the trajectory of its flight decreases and the bullet hits point A1, i.e. to the desired impact point. Rice. 3B illustrates the lateral tilt of the weapon; sights are slightly tilted to the right. In this case, the line of sight also ends at point A1 on the target, but the throwing line now passes through point B instead of point A. The bullet is lowered in the same way as in the first shot, its lowering occurs from point B and the point of impact is point B1. A greater inclination will lead to a greater deflection of the bullet to the right - down, as shown in the inset of Fig. 3.

3. Shooting position

A. The sniper must choose a position that provides him with greater stability along with the ability to observe the target and cover from enemy observation. The sniper must be able to fire from all of the standard and supported positions discussed in this section. To hit the target with the first shot, it must have a stable shooting position. The shooting position can be improved by using a sling. Although the use of a belt when shooting in combat is not recommended, the choice should be left to the sniper, depending on the situation. It is recommended that you practice the same amount of training when shooting using a sling as when shooting using a rest.

b. The shooting positions below should be considered as guidelines and not as the only possible ones for each person. Each of the above positions is an excellent “platform” for a weapon and should be used taking into account the structural features of each person’s body.

V. The three components of proper shooting position are bone rigidity, muscle relaxation, and a natural point of aim.

Rigidity of the bone apparatus. The shooting positions are designed to be used as a "mount" for the rifle. The rigidity of such a “machine” is very important. If a house is built on a weak foundation, it will not stand upright. The same is true for a sniper using a weak rifle "mount" (position). It will not be able to withstand the repeated recoil of the weapon at a rapid rate of fire. Consequently, the shooter will not be able to use his shooting skills properly.


Muscle relaxation. The sniper must be able to relax his muscles as much as possible while using different shooting positions. Excessive muscle tension causes trembling, which is transmitted to the weapon. However, in any position a certain, controlled muscle tension is necessary. For example, when firing at a fast pace, it is necessary to apply pressure with the thumb of the shooting hand on the neck of the butt. Only through practice and use of the natural point of aim will the sniper learn to relax his muscles.


Natural aiming point. Since the rifle becomes an extension of the body, it is necessary to adopt a position in which the rifle will naturally be aimed at the target. When the sniper gets into a shooting position, he should close his eyes, relax, and then open his eyes. Once the front sight is aligned in the rib slot, it will take the position of the natural aiming point. By moving the feet or body, and using breath control, the sniper can move the natural point of aim to the desired point on the target.

d. Belt adjustment serves two purposes. It allows you to maximally stabilize the position of the weapon when used correctly and helps reduce some recoil factors.

e. Proper contact between the cheek and thumb of the shooting hand or the cheek and butt of the weapon plays an important role in the aiming process.

As stated above, the distance between the eye and the sights must be constant. This consistency is achieved through cheek contact. Proper contact involves the shooter's cheek contacting the butt of the weapon in the same place with each shot, which promotes uniformity of aim and correct eye position at the appropriate distance from the sight.


To ensure better contact when aiming with an open sight, you need to press the fleshy part of your cheek against the top of your right thumb, covering the neck of the stock.


When aiming with an optical sight, you must press your cheek against the butt in such a way as to ensure the correct distance of your eye from the sight. Using your thumb is not possible in this case. A very important point is to firmly press the cheek so that the head and weapon work as a single unit during recoil, which ensures quick recovery of aiming after a shot.


Once the correct cheek position is determined, it must be adopted with each shot. In the initial period, the cheek may hurt. To prevent this, you need to press your cheek firmly against the butt.

Prone shooting positions:

Standard shooting position is prone. This position is very stable and easy to adopt. It provides a low silhouette and meets the requirements of shelter from enemy fire and surveillance. To assume a prone shooting position, the sniper first adjusts the belt and faces the target. The left hand is on the fore-end near the swivel, the right hand is on the stock, near the heel of the butt. Then he spreads his legs to a comfortable width for him, shifts his body weight slightly back and lowers himself to his knees. The toe of the buttstock is lowered to the ground in front, in a line between the shooter's right knee and the target, the shooter lowers to his left side, placing his left elbow in front, on the same line (the weapon is lowered carefully so as not to throw off the aim). With his right hand, the shooter rests the butt plate of the butt against his right shoulder. Then the right hand wraps around the neck of the stock and the right elbow is lowered to the ground so that the shoulders are approximately at the same level. The sniper then ensures proper cheek-to-stock contact and releases the sling tension. To move the natural point of aim onto the target, the sniper uses the left elbow as a pivot point. The position is well balanced if, when the sniper breathes, the crosshairs of the scope move in a vertical plane without tilting.


Prone shooting position. To assume this position, the sniper first selects a firing position that provides the best view, firing range, and cover from observation. He then takes a comfortable position for prone shooting and prepares a platform (rest) for the rifle. The emphasis should be as low as possible. The rifle should rest firmly on the rest with the part of the stock between the front swivel and the magazine. Care must be taken to ensure that moving parts and the barrel do not touch the stop, as this may lead to a miss. The sniper then forms a bipod with his elbows. At the same time, he covers the neck of the butt with his right hand, thumb- on top of the neck, index finger - on the trigger; then rests the buttplate of the butt against the right shoulder. The left hand is also placed on the neck; the thumb covers the neck from below, and the remaining fingers from above. The fingers of the left hand are involved in ensuring proper contact of the cheek with the butt and the necessary removal of the eye. The sniper then relaxes and uses his left hand (if necessary) to change the scope settings. To adjust the shooting position vertically, he simply moves his elbows, and horizontally, he moves the body to the right or left. The store can be changed with either hand; Single reloading is done with the right hand, while the left one supports the neck of the butt. When shooting from this position, it is very important that the firing sector is clear. If the bullet hits a branch, leaf or grass, the shot may fail.


Checking the correct standard shooting position includes the following elements:

b) The left hand is in the area of ​​the front swivel.
c) The forend lies in the fork formed by the thumb and index fingers of the left hand, supported by the palm (but not the fingers).
d) The left elbow is located directly under the receiver (as far as the shooter’s body structure allows).
e) The belt is located high on the left hand.
f) The butt plate is located in the shoulder “pocket”, close to the neck.
g) The shoulders are located approximately at the same level (to prevent lateral tilt).
h) The body is in line with the rifle (to absorb recoil energy).

Seated shooting positions:

Standard position. There are three standard seated shooting positions: spread-legged, crossed-legged, and crossed-ankled. These positions are equally good, depending on the shooter's body characteristics. He must choose one of them, the most stable and comfortable.
a) Cross-legged shooting position. For this position, the belt adjusted for prone shooting is reduced by 5 - 7 cm. Then the sniper turns half a turn to the right, crosses his left leg over his right and sits down. Leaning forward, the sniper moves his left hand behind his left knee and slides it down his left shin. With his right hand, the sniper rests the butt against his shoulder, grasps the neck of the butt and places the elbow of his right hand on the inside of his right knee.
b) Shooting position with legs apart. To achieve this position, the sniper proceeds in the same way as for the crossed-legged position, except that after squatting, he leaves his legs in place without crossing them and places his elbows on the inside of his knees. He extends his legs into a comfortable position and spreads his feet about 90 cm. By turning the soles of his feet slightly inward, the sniper prevents his knees from moving apart and maintains pressure on his hands. Accepting the position is completed by transferring the weight of the body forward, relaxing and correctly pressing the cheek to the butt. Many snipers use this position because it is very quick to assume.
c) Shooting position with ankles crossed. To achieve this position, the sniper crosses his ankles, sits down, and moves his feet slightly forward. Leaning forward, he places his hands between his knees. As in other positions, it is imperative to regulate the natural point of aim with body movement, but not muscle tension. In a sitting position, this is achieved by moving the foot, both feet or buttocks until the sights are aligned with the target.


Seated Shooting Position This position requires the sniper to be in an area or position where he can or must assume a modified seated position to provide an observation and firing range. To assume the position, you need to prepare a platform for the rifle or use natural cover as a rest. In this case, you must make sure that the barrel or moving parts do not touch the stop. Then the shooter takes a comfortable sitting position, grasps the neck of the butt with his right hand and rests the butt plate against his shoulder. The left hand is also placed on the neck to ensure proper contact between the cheek and butt and necessary removal of the eye. The shooter then places his elbows on the inside of his knees, as in the standard cross-legged position. Position adjustment is made by changing the position of the elbows or body. Because this position is tiring, it is necessary to rotate sniper duties between team members.


Checking the correct standard seated shooting position includes the following elements:
a) There is no lateral tilt of the weapon.


d) The left elbow is approximately under the receiver.
e) The right shoulder is fixed in front of the right knee.
f) The belt is located high on the left hand.
g) Shoulders are approximately at the same level to prevent lateral tilt.
h) The butt plate is located in the shoulder pocket, close to the neck.
i) The cheek is pressed firmly against the butt at a point that ensures proper removal of the eye.
j) There is space between the index finger and the stock.
l) The distance between the knees is less than the distance between the heels (with legs apart).
m) The index finger of the right hand presses the trigger straight back.

Kneeling shooting positions.

Like the seated shooting position, the kneeling position has three options: low, medium and high. The sniper uses the one that suits him best.

1) Standard kneeling position.

a) Any kneeling position requires level terrain. To assume the standard position, the sniper lowers himself to his right knee so that his right shin is parallel to the target. The right foot can take one of three positions described below. For a low position, the foot is tucked under and the sniper sits on the inside of the ankle. For the middle position, the ankle remains straight and the foot touches the ground with the instep of the leg. The sniper sits on the heel. In the high position, the ankle is also straight, but the foot rests on the ground with the toe of the boot. The right buttock is on the right heel. When using these positions, balance may be compromised if the body is too far back.
b) The left leg is in a vertical position, the foot is on the ground. For greater stability, your toes should be pointed approximately towards the target. To prevent lateral movement, the toes of the left foot should be turned slightly inward by rotating the foot around the heel. Once in position, the left leg can be pushed forward or pulled back to lower or raise the barrel of the weapon.
c) Shin right leg must occupy a position that would ensure stability when aiming the weapon at the target. When viewed from the front, the lower leg should be approximately vertical. In this position, the left leg acts as a support to support the body weight.
d) The right elbow is usually at shoulder level to form a “pocket” into which the butt plate rests. The elbow can be positioned lower if the butt plate does not slide off the shoulder. The left hand supports the rifle, so it is very important to know the placement of its various parts in relation to other parts of the body. The shoulder has a flat part located on the back surface, above the elbow. With this part, the hand is placed on the same flat part of the knee of the left leg. In this case, the elbow of the left hand is in front of the knee and the weight of the body is transferred forward to the left leg. The left foot should be under the rifle for maximum stability. There should be a gap between the elbow bend and the belt, which indicates that the forearm is supported by the shoulder using the belt. The sling supports the bones and in turn the bones support the rifle. Approximately 60% of body weight is transferred to the left leg, reducing stress on the right foot and leg, promoting a relaxed posture.

2) Position for shooting from a kneeling position with a rest.

a) This position is used in cases where it is necessary to quickly assume a shooting position, and there is not enough time to assume a prone position. It is often used on level ground or when there is a parapet in front of a position when other provisions are not possible.
b) The position is adopted in the same manner as the standard one, except that the rifle is supported by a tree or other fixed object that is used for support, shelter from fire or observation. Support is provided by the contact of the shin and knee of the left leg, forearm, shoulder or rifle lying on the palm with a support. As in other cases, care must be taken to ensure that moving parts and the barrel do not come into contact with the stop. Otherwise, it may result in a failed shot.

3) Checking the correctness of the standard kneeling position includes the following elements:

a) There is no lateral tilt.
b) The left hand is on the forend in the area of ​​the front swivel.
c) The forend lies in the fork formed by the thumb and index fingers of the left hand and is supported by the palm; the fingers are relaxed.
d) The left leg, when viewed from the front, is approximately vertical.
e) The elbow of the right hand is approximately at shoulder height.
f) Body weight is transferred to the left leg.
g) The cheek is pressed firmly against the butt at a point that ensures proper removal of the eye.
h) There is a gap between the index finger of the right hand and the forend.
i) The index finger presses the trigger in a direction strictly back.
j) The belt is high on the left hand.
k) There is a gap between the belt and the elbow bend of the left arm.

BOOK II. Initial training

The police sniper training school uses a one-week program that includes the following subjects:

the role and place of the sniper;

selection of rifle and equipment;

preparing and bringing the rifle to normal combat;

ballistics: internal, external and at the final part of the trajectory;

• marksmanship basics;

  shooting in low light conditions;

  sniper tactics and field skills;

  reconnaissance and target selection;

  aiming point and fire on command;

  simultaneous fire/sniper ambush;

  assault with the support of snipers;

  observation and collection of information;

  record keeping;

  storage and conservation of weapons.

All of these items and some others are described in the book "Sniper vs. Sniper", so we will look at the one- and two-day programs that we use. These programs are designed for experienced snipers who need to hone their skills.

Sniper exercises

Snipers train both as a separate, independent element and as part of a tactical assault team. First, we will reveal the features of training specifically for snipers.
From the moment snipers arrive on the range, a realistic approach is taken to their training. We start from the 100 meter direction, where they take positions in a line. For each sniper in the field are installed some targets.
Instructors evaluate how quickly, silently and efficiently a sniper prepares for the first shot - shot from a cold barrel- the most important shot of the day. Each shot is carefully analyzed, evaluated and entered into the sniper book. Targets can be signed and kept by snipers for reporting upon arrival at their units.

Exercise 1
Shot from a cold barrel

Shooting is carried out at two head targets at a distance of 100 meters from a prone position/from a rest position. The sniper may use a weapon sling, bipod, sandbags, or other equipment he may have during surgery. After the command, the sniper has unlimited time to fire a shot at the center of the left target (See picture), reload and shoot at the right target. During an operation, the sniper does not have the opportunity to fire a sighting or test shot, so a shot from a cold barrel tests both the shooter and his weapon and their ability to hit the target with the first shot. The second shot is intended to develop the sniper's ability to reload the weapon and fire the shot automatically in the event that the target does not fall after the first shot.
A shot from a cold barrel should not deviate from the aiming point by more than 2.5 cm. This requirement is not unrealistic for modern sniper systems and ammunition. The shooter is stress-free, has unlimited time and ideal conditions.

Exercise 2
Group

Being in the same shooting position (prone/from rest), the sniper has unlimited time to shoot five shot groups. The target should have a small but clearly visible point of aim when performing this exercise. It is designed to test the stability of the rifle, scope, ammunition and shooter. Remember the aphorism: "Accuracy results from uniformity."
A group with a radius of more than 2.5 cm should alarm a good shooter with an excellent weapon, but for a beginning shooter with an average weapon, a result of less than 5 cm is quite satisfactory. It is necessary to strive to ensure that the radius of the group is less than 2.5 cm.
Common causes of scatter are loose screws in the sight and mechanism mounts, unbalanced barrels, malfunctions of the trigger mechanism and insufficient shooting skills of the shooter.

Exercise 3
Lying without support

During this exercise, snipers must fire five shots from a prone position without support (without a bipod or sandbags) at a reduced-size silhouette target. During the exercise, we observe the ability of snipers to fire using a belt. During an operation, the sniper's firing position may not always allow the use of a rest.
Experienced snipers with properly fitted belts, gloves and shooting jackets are able to shoot a group with an accuracy of less than 7.5 cm. Less experienced shooters may be satisfied with a result of less than 15 cm. Comfort of position and breathing control play an important role in this exercise.

Exercise 4
Shooting on command

The shooters load five rounds and fire one shot at the head target for each command. This drill is performed from a prone/rest position, and the sniper must fire within a second of the command being given. At the moment the command is given, the sniper is already in position and aims at his target
The instructor ensures that the center of the target is consistently hit on command. Again, good shooters should stay within a 5 cm circle. At the same time, bullets hitting a 10 cm circle will result in the “death” of the enemy.

Exercise 5
Shooting in one gulp

Each shooter in the line is assigned a target (paper or 3D head target). A countdown is given from 5 to 1. On the count of 1, all snipers must simultaneously fire one shot. This exercise is repeated five times.
All targets must be hit with five shots to the center and each volley must sound like one loud shot. The instructor observes the shooting to identify shooters who shoot too early or, conversely, too late. Such shooters “don’t know their trigger.”
Volley shooting is important when conducting ambushes and in situations where several terrorists must be eliminated immediately. A premature shot can warn the criminals and they will have time to take cover or start killing hostages.
The exercises "command shooting" and "volley shooting" must be given additional attention and training time if we want to prepare professionals.

Exercise 6
Shooting at 200 meters

After moving to the 200 meter range, snipers should prepare positions for prone/rest shooting as quickly as possible. Using known sight settings or aiming distances, snipers fire five shots at the head target. Shooting can be carried out under a time limit or by command (See Above).
It is not surprising that most police snipers have never shot at ranges greater than 100 meters. Therefore, this exercise gives them some experience.
An acceptable result would be a center-of-the-head hit with a dispersion diameter of 7.5 - 10 cm. Some shooters will be satisfied with just headshots, while others may get a dispersion group less than 5 cm in diameter.

Exercise 7
Shooting at 300 meters

After moving to the shooting area at a range of 300 meters, snipers fire five shots, aiming for the chest area. The shooting position is prone/rest position. Snipers must be given sufficient time to make a well-aimed shot. The firing range of 300 meters is practically the maximum for a police sniper due to the fact that identifying a target by face at long ranges is very difficult.
The trajectory of a .308 Win bullet passes 38 - 43 cm below the aiming line when shooting at 300 meters, if the rifle was brought to normal combat at 100 meters. The sniper must firmly know the values ​​of the corrections entered into the sight or the location of the aiming point when shooting at a distance of 200 and 300 meters.
When shooting under ideal conditions at a range of 300 meters, the standard is a group of hits in the center of the chest with a diameter of 12 - 15 cm. Wind speed of 18 km/h (5 m/s), blowing at an angle of 90 degrees to the shooting plane, deflects the bullet by 12 - 17 cm from the aiming point when shooting at a distance of 300 meters.

Exercise 9
Shooting after load

Snipers run from the 200-meter line to the 100-meter line and fire at the target with five shots at a fast pace from any position using a rest. The instructor evaluates the effects of stress and heavy breathing on shooting performance.
Push-ups, sit-ups, or cable climbs can also be used to increase your breathing and heart rate.

Tactical training

These classes are a series of exercises involving 1-2 shots each, fired at different and unknown ranges. Shooting at unknown ranges is an integral part of sniper training. He will constantly have to determine ranges both to determine sight settings and for reconnaissance reports.
The instructor must show maximum imagination when preparing such exercises, at the same time they must include: shooting at targets located near hostages, shooting at high elevation angles of the target, shooting through open windows, shooting at targets located in cars, moving targets, turning targets and shooting in a crowd of people. Every situation should require the sniper to select a position, identify a target, relay information, and then fire only on command.
Tactical exercises can be performed by a single sniper, a pair, or a squad of snipers. Strive to keep classes interesting, varied and realistic.

Experimental Exercises

The purpose of such exercises is to give the sniper information about the behavior of the bullet under various conditions.
This may include: shooting through different types of glass and obstacles at different angles to determine the deflection of bullets. As well as tests of the penetration ability of bullets when firing at barricades, gelatin blocks, car doors and windshields, etc. Shooting in windy conditions at long ranges can also be classified as such exercises.
All results of such exercises must be documented and videotaped for future generations of snipers who may not have the time or necessary materials to conduct your own experiments.

Exercises within the unit

Since the sniper is an integral part of the acquisition team, unit training must be included in the sniper training program.
The scenario for such an exercise could be as follows: the sniper attends a preliminary briefing, selects a position, identifies possible targets, transmits information to the command post and awaits the command to open fire. A sniper's shot can serve as a signal to begin an assault, or he is simply required to provide fire cover for the advancing capture group and continue transmitting information.
The capture team must have full confidence in the sniper's ability to fire at targets located in close proximity to the team's fighters. This confidence can only arise when team members see the high degree of accuracy and professionalism that the sniper possesses.
It is always necessary to assign at least two snipers to each terrorist, and this in turn means that great attention must be paid to developing the ability to fire simultaneously.

BOOK III. Special types of shooting

Special types of shooting include:

A) Shooting in a limited time at a moderately fast pace.
B) Shooting in a limited time at a normal pace (rapid shooting).
B) High-speed shooting with transfer of fire into depth.
D) Rapid fire with fire moving along the front.
D) Rapid shooting with dashing.

When starting to present the features of these shootings, first of all, it must be emphasized that from a methodological point of view, the transition to them is possible no earlier than the shooter has thoroughly mastered the basics of shooting techniques.
By the time you become familiar with special types of shooting, all actions necessary to fire a shot should already turn into a mechanical habit.
Only under these conditions can one count on success. On the contrary, a premature transition to complicated shooting, especially shooting in a very limited time, usually entails the worst consequences: the shooter acquires many harmful skills, which can then be very difficult to get rid of.
Even isolated, unorganized attempts by a shooter who, out of curiosity, tries out special types of shooting when he is not ready for them, should be inexorably suppressed.
The only reliable indicator that the shooter is ready to work in difficult conditions is good accuracy (without separation) and the ability to confidently align the midpoint of impact with the center of the target when shooting for an unlimited time.
From the point of view of shooter training, the concept of “shooting in unlimited time” combines such training exercises when the shooter has time to fire a shot solely at his own discretion, as well as when, according to the conditions, the rate of fire is only formally somewhat limited (1-2-3 minutes for each bullet).
Methodologically and technically, a line must be drawn between unlimited-time and high-speed shooting.

A) Shooting in a limited time at a moderately fast pace- on average about 5 rounds per minute - serves as a transitional step from unlimited-time shooting to high-speed shooting. From the point of view of methodology, it is still closer to the latter than to the former, so we begin this section by analyzing it.
A moderately fast pace does not require any other skills than those already well known to everyone who has undergone initial training.
The shooter can take careful aim and carefully pull the trigger; he has every opportunity after each shot, as usual, to rest a little; in some cases, by raising his hand, he can even allow himself to abandon the next quick shot that has not gone well and take a short break for a few seconds. Only wasteful use of time is unacceptable; You must not hesitate or be distracted by foreign objects.
But a firmly established deadline always has great moral significance.
The shooter's sense of time becomes more acute, he masters the pace and, while working, gets used to accurately placing both individual shots and the entire series within the prescribed number of seconds.

The main thing that a shooter must learn during training over this period is to take his time and make full use of his time. Every shooting range should have a slogan: “Haste is the main enemy of a speedster.”
The shooter must check the correct positioning, good fit of the weapon in the hand and comfortable positioning of the legs even before the “fire” command; There’s no time to think about it while shooting. After the signal, slowly, but without wasting time, the shooter begins to act; his movements must be measured and methodical; raising the hand, cocking the hammer (for a revolver), aiming and shooting the right combination replace each other. The hammer, as a rule, must be cocked without the use of the left hand. All unnecessary movements must be eliminated; Due to this, as well as due to the precise execution of individual techniques, the necessary time savings are achieved.

Whenever shooting in a limited time, the latter should be saved at the expense of secondary auxiliary actions. This is necessary so that the shooter has the opportunity to carefully aim, slowly and smoothly releasing the trigger, just as he does when shooting at a slow, calm pace. The statement that the secret of high-speed shooting lies in the slow release of the trigger may seem somewhat paradoxical at first glance. Meanwhile, in reality it is completely fair: this is the main guarantee of success.
B) Rapid fire at a normal pace(4-5 seconds per shot) is the main element in all complicated exercises, in all combat shooting; Therefore, the most serious attention should be paid to its careful development.

Moving on to high-speed shooting, the shooter only continues the work started at the previous stage. Numerous training without firing will help him achieve extreme speed of movement and thus achieve further savings in time on minor details.
But the old rule about releasing the trigger slowly and smoothly still applies here. The whole point of persistently refining the dexterity of movement is simply to enable the shooter to leisurely aim and pull the trigger.

Since high-speed shooting should not be based on haste, but on the shooter’s confidence in his technique, long and persistent preparatory exercises without firing a shot are beneficial for it. special meaning. Accurate timing and observations from an instructor or an experienced comrade from the outside are highly desirable here. During training, the shooter must be informed of the time every 5 seconds, especially noting at what second he fired the first shot, and how much time he has remaining at the end of the entire series. It is not good to delay the first shot too much, but it is even worse to fire it hastily and carelessly, thereby “frustrating” yourself at the very beginning of the series. The shooter must meet the deadline with almost no reserve. When calculating your time during training, you need to remember that an exercise in vain, without ammunition, requires slightly less time than a series of actual shots.

Breathing during rapid fire is of great importance; therefore, special attention should be paid to it during training. Always experiencing nervous tension in front of the “Fire” command, the shooter tends to forget about correct breathing during high-speed shooting. The shooter must remember to empty the chest of air before he fires the first shot; he must use the intervals between subsequent shots while cocking the hammer and restoring the aiming line for a deep breath. This must become a habit and is achieved through training. During the competition shooting you will no longer have to think about breathing.

Thus, the shooter’s work during high-speed shooting occurs at two paces, sharply replacing each other: a very fast pace - preparing for a shot; slow - releasing the trigger and aiming.

Moving on to the system of training a speed shooter, it should be noted, first of all, that a beginner should not strive to immediately, at any cost, meet the time allotted for the test series or set according to the rules of the competition. Harmful haste would only lead to negative results. It is always difficult to keep time in the beginning. Therefore, you should not rush the shooter if he is somewhat late with the last shot. On the contrary, the shooter must be placed in such training conditions in which he could freely observe, study and polish his achievements without any panic, without false fear of the second hand.

B) Complicated high-speed shooting, which primarily includes shooting with fire transferred into depth, differ from ordinary ones, primarily in that they have relatively little time left for the actual shooting. Since the rate of fire is usually no more than 3-4 seconds per shot, and sometimes even less, the speed and automaticity of the shooter’s work during preparatory training must be brought to the possible limit. As a rule, these exercises are performed only with automatic (self-loading) pistols, which do not require an unnecessary operation - cocking the hammer.

Since time is short, you have to save even on what you didn’t save on during normal high-speed shooting: aiming. Strictly speaking, here too the task is not so much saving as correct distribution. This is favored by relatively large figured targets, without glasses or with large circles. If there is a target without circles, only the defeat of the figure is counted; Thus, the shooter has the opportunity, without losing points, to only approximately aim near, relatively easy to hit targets, saving time for distant, more difficult ones.

The size and shape of sights are of particular importance for such shooting. In order not to waste a lot of time searching for the front sight, the sight slot should be very wide; It is also obvious that against the background of a large, monochromatic dark figure, a thick, rough front sight is clearly visible. For such shooting, the sighting devices of the "TT" pistol mod. 1930; pistols of later releases are worse in this regard. For shooting at defensive targets, a black rib and front sight are good; For shooting at black figures or silhouettes, it is better to smear the front sight with chalk or colored pencil. For large figure targets, the weapon, as a rule, is sighted “aiming point - point of impact”, with aiming when shooting at the center of the figure.

If shooting conditions place particularly stringent demands on the shooter in terms of time (1-1.5 seconds per shot), time savings have to be extended to pulling the trigger; it must be done evenly and smoothly, but relatively quickly. A smooth but fast descent requires a lot of practice. The shooter must repeatedly and constantly rehearse the entire shooting process of this exercise, making sure that the movement of the index finger occurs strictly parallel to the axis of the bore of the weapon. It is especially important that the second and third phalanges of the index finger are far from the weapon and do not touch its side surfaces. Checking the trigger release without firing, subject to all conditions of the qualifying exercise, will immediately show whether the finger is working correctly. If, when pressed, the weapon “pecks” to the right, left, up or down, this means that the descent is not carried out correctly. You need to somehow grip the handle in your palm differently or change the position of your fingers on the weapon. If the handle is not held loosely, but firmly, then the inevitable shock during a rapid descent is not so easily transferred to the weapon. Therefore, in withdrawal from general rules, complicated high-speed shooting with a very limited time is carried out with a fairly tight grip on the weapon. For these shootings, it is especially convenient to use the American position (the shooter is sideways to the target, the weapon is on an outstretched arm like a stick) with light tension in all the muscles of the body.

Shooting at figured targets located in depth should begin by hitting the nearest target. Starting with distant goals is inconvenient; in this case, the shooter would cover the nearest targets with his hand with the weapon; it would be difficult to find one after the shot. Moreover, the first shot, which occurs immediately after a quick raise of the arm, is usually the least accurate of all; thus, the closest and therefore easiest target is the most suitable object.

Finally, the farthest target (most often a tall target at a distance of 75 meters) is at the same time the most difficult to hit; it requires careful aiming and flawless trigger pull. One careless movement, and the bullet will pass by the narrow figure, which from a distance seems thin, like a knife blade. If the shooter knows that he can save time by firing at nearby targets, he can slowly target the last figure.

D) Olympic shooting. According to the conditions, the shooter must hit six appearing figures in 8 seconds; this is repeated three times. The signal to open fire is the appearance of targets; before this, the weapon must be pointed at the ground.
The features of the Olympic shooting technique include almost everything that was said above in paragraph “B” about complicated shooting. There's little left to add.

Before declaring readiness, the shooter must check his position. The American position is preferable, with orientation towards the first right target. The shoulder and arm up to and including the hand are in a tense state; the hand firmly holds (squeezes) the handle of the weapon. The movement of the hand with the weapon, both for the first shot and for subsequent ones, is carried out only by the shoulder joint. After checking the aim on the right target and lowering the weapon straight down, straight as a stick, and slightly tense, the shooter declares “ready.” Under such conditions, after the targets appear, he will not have to waste time preparing or searching for the aiming line; he only raises the weapon to its previous height and opens fire from right to left.

The choice of direction is not accidental; it is dictated by a number of common-sense considerations. Firstly, when shooting from right to left, the next targets are in the field of view of the shooter; secondly, with the American position it is much easier to make movements in this direction; thirdly, due to the fact that the center of gravity of the system, consisting of a weapon and a hand, is located significantly to the right of the axis of the barrel bore, the weapon itself, under the influence of recoil, deviates slightly to the left with each shot.

Preliminary training without ammunition in Olympic shooting is especially necessary for both the acquisition of relevant skills and self-control; in the latter case, it gives even more than shooting itself.
Bearing in mind that there are always possible unforeseen delays when quickly transferring fire along the front from one target to another, training in Olympic shooting should be carried out with some time reserve. This may turn out to be all the more useful since at the competition the shooting is repeated when the scores are equal. different persons(shootout) is carried out in a shortened time; the first time - 6 seconds, the second time - 4 seconds.
Technically, the most expedient way to reduce training time is to shoot in eight seconds at not six, but seven targets; such training gives the shooter visual evidence for self-confidence. Breathing in Olympic shooting requires special skills; you need to be able to exhale at the moment the targets appear. In fact, it already begins with the word “ready”; then the shooter fires all six shots without taking a breath.

D) One of the most popular exercises in dash shooting is the so-called “fuss”. Underneath this funny name In wide sports and shooting circles, high-speed shooting with dashing in an extremely limited time is known. Its conditions are well known. Starting position - 60 m from the target; target No. 10 - full-length, black with circles or the so-called dash No. 14. Before the “fire” command, the shooter is in the “at attention” position, the weapon is in a buttoned holster. On command, the shooter runs to the firing line 50 m and fires two rounds; then independently moves to 40 m, 30 m and 20 m, firing two, two and one cartridge, respectively. You have 35 seconds to shoot and move. For safety and better control purposes, participants are always admitted to competitions one at a time. During competitions, the judge always follows closely behind the shooter with a stopwatch in his hand.

The difference between “fuss” and the shooting described above is the dash and the need to change the aiming point as you approach the target. After the “fire” command, the shooter immediately makes a quick dash forward, simultaneously opening the holster and taking out the weapon. Approaching the next firing line, he must calculate his movement in such a way that at the last step he pushes off with his left foot, turns around and immediately stands in a normal and correct position, with his right side to the target; two shots follow - and a new push to the next milestone. For this shooting, during training it is very important to learn how to stop in a timely manner in a position convenient for firing.
35 seconds is generally quite enough time, and if it has to be saved on movement, it is only because the presence of circles (ellipses) obliges the shooter to take rather careful aim and slowly release the trigger. In this regard, the production is normal; the hand is not tense, the position of the hand in it is free.

Shooting for points, or rather the need to make as many tens as possible, forces you to choose different aiming points for different distances in the “turmoil”. Knowing the trajectory of your weapon, this is not so difficult to do.

BOOK IV. Sniper/counter-sniper operations and marksmanship basics

Introduction

Trained and used primarily by various military formations, the sniper plays a key role in demoralizing and incapacitating enemy personnel. There are many publications devoted to the history of the sniper movement and their use in various military conflicts. The evolution of police snipers owes much to the enormous amount of information and data on tactics and technology of use gleaned from the military. However, this chapter is limited to the use of police snipers and the very specific responsibilities and parameters within which they must operate.
The role of snipers in crisis resolution is vital, so special attention must be paid to their selection and training. The terms sniper/counter-sniper are interrelated. Counter-sniping simply means an additional step towards effectively applying techniques and procedures in cases where suspects may have experience in sniper operations, gained during military service or from other sources. The sniper must remain undetected by people in the area of ​​the crisis, and also be aware that someone else may be doing the same thing as him, but on the other side of the barricade. The sniper team consists of a shooter and an observer. Very often the role of the observer is not given importance, but it plays a very important role. And while we adhere to the sniper/sniper concept pioneered by the US Marines, each sniper pair has specific responsibilities. Everyone must be fully prepared to perform the primary task of a sniper and everyone must have their own weapon. During long operations, it may be necessary for the number one to change weapons. In addition to pistols, it is recommended to have a compact melee weapon, for example, MP - 5, CAR - 15, etc. It must be used alternately by both numbers when performing observer duties (whose duties include ensuring the safety of the sniper).
Although the situation has changed recently, in the past it was very common for some agencies or departments to assign less experienced or undesirable people to sniper positions in order to “keep them out.” This is tantamount to shooting yourself in the foot. No person should be assigned to operations until he or she has achieved the minimum qualifications, regardless of what training he or she received prior to joining the unit.
The main responsibilities of sniper team members are:

Sniper:

Provides security and fire cover for the unit. Note: Remember that a riflescope or spotting scope has a limited field of view. And when a sniper reports, “The left side of the building is under control,” he usually only sees a few windows.

Collects information within his sector and transmits it to the command post and unit commander.

Destroys the suspect on command or in the event of (in his opinion) a real threat to life.

Covers approaches and escape routes.

Observer:

Provides cover for the sniper.

Conducts surveillance of the operation area and surrounding terrain, reports the results of observation to the sniper.

The observer determines corrections for weather conditions or wind and assists the sniper in adjusting the fire.

Replaces the sniper when he needs a break or rest due to fatigue.

Ensures that the sniper is not distracted unnecessarily.

The sniper team is the eyes and ears of the command post and the capture team. Report the suspects' position and movements. Also report places where you don't see anyone. If you have a good view of the room, it is very important for the capture team to know where the criminals are, as well as where they are.

Selection of candidates

A candidate selected for a sniper team must have certain qualities:

Accuracy: a sniper must be excellent with weapons. The possibility of hostages and a crowd of onlookers may require a shot with an accuracy of less than one arc minute in the absence of time for preparation.

U mental abilities: Despite the fact that the personnel of the capture group must be well trained in conducting accurate fire, there are situations when you have to shoot reflexively, in an excited state, in order to save your own or someone else’s life. A sniper must kill calmly and selectively, hitting carefully selected targets if necessary. During a long operation, the sniper may get to know the suspect - observing how he moves, eats, etc., and then either receives a green light based on the threat to the life of the hostages or observes him preparing to kill the hostage. after which he must shoot him.

Patience: the sniper may be required to remain in position for extended periods of time in cold weather conditions.

Movement Skills: the sniper must be quite experienced in matters of covert movement and camouflage.

Intelligence: the sniper must have a broad knowledge of various areas, including ballistics, scope alignment, weather factors, etc. Additionally, he must be very observant in order to gather information in the area of ​​the operation. He must have determination, be self-confident, have sound judgment and be reasonable.

Note: the observer must have the same qualities.

Deployment

Snipers must take up their positions immediately upon arrival in the area of ​​operation after the readiness report and after briefing the commander/command post. This is done in order to begin collecting information and contain suspects as quickly as possible.

Weapons and equipment

The following weapons and equipment are offered as the required minimum.
Weapon. The rifle is an integral part of the sniper, directly enhancing the capabilities of the unit. This is a precision surgical instrument. Regardless of a sniper's ability, lack of proper equipment is a weak link in the chain. Particular attention should be paid to selecting a suitable weapon. The standard is .308 caliber, for which a lot of data has been accumulated as a result of many years of testing. However, there are other calibers, the use of which is determined by firing ranges. For a unit that expects situations to arise. When you need to fire at long ranges, the 7mm Magnum and 300 Winchester Magnum are excellent choices. McMillan also makes excellent sniper systems, including the 12.7mm, which are quite simple and easy to use. A trained shooter can easily achieve stability in firing from such a system at a range of up to 1300 meters. As additional tasks, such systems can be used to stop cars or destroy explosive devices at a safe distance. The most important requirement is a thorough knowledge of your own weapon and its capabilities.
At a minimum, a sniper system must have:

A stock made of fiberglass or composite material.

Heavy barrel (reduces vibration that affects bullet flight).

Adjustable hook release.

Quickly adjustable strap.

1. A bolt with a high degree of surface treatment and polished parts of the trigger mechanism.

   Non-shiny surface.

   Optical sight with variable magnification. Many scopes with 4X - 20X magnification use 6X magnification. High magnification is used for observation. It is not recommended to use a magnification greater than 9X for shooting. With higher magnification, the problem of stability of the field of view of the sight arises and the effect of mirage increases. The optics must be coated (a double reticle is recommended), resistant to fogging, have a device for determining the range and mechanisms for introducing corrections for various shooting conditions. The sight must have good light-gathering characteristics. The rifle mounting device must be designed to withstand harsh conditions.

Equipment. In addition to the normal tactical equipment worn by all members of the unit, the sniper and observer must have the following equipment:

A heavy-duty cover for each system that can be placed on the back when climbing a rope or wall, and has straps to hold it in when crawling. It must be waterproof and protect the weapon from impacts. It should also have compartments for ammunition, accessories, etc.

Warm, waterproof clothing, boots and a heat-insulating mat, which is used when the team is forced to remain practically motionless in a firing position for a long time in the cold season. Remember that the sniper team must be autonomous.

A reliable, high-power spotting scope or binoculars.

Quick-to-apply camouflage items for self and equipment, including burlap capes, face veils, makeup, etc. Many agencies use ghillie suits.

Devices for climbing onto roofs, trees, etc.

A compact, concentrated diet with a high protein content.

1. Compact, multifunctional tool with a wire cutting device.

   Some kind of bag for general needs (carrying uniforms, coffee, etc.).

   Consider using different types of uniforms. The fact is that there is no universal form for various terrain conditions, lighting, etc. It is recommended to have one set of uniforms for operations in the city, forest and desert. This way, you'll be ready to take action in almost any environment.

* As stated, the above equipment is in addition to the regular set (body armor, radio, flask, etc.). Careful consideration must be given to the size and weight of additional equipment so that it does not hinder the unit's operations. Each situation will determine what property is required. However, be sure that you have everything you need.

Storage. Proper storage of weapons requires constant attention. Weapons storage pyramids should not be exposed to moisture. Do not store firearms in carrying cases for extended periods of time. This is especially important for rifles with free-floating barrels.

Workout

The main requirement for training is that it be as realistic as possible. Below are some key points, used in organizing and conducting training.

Although training in multiple specialties is important, snipers must have sufficient training time to practice in their specialty;

do not forget to allocate space for snipers in accordance with their specifics during tactical training (surveillance, fire support, etc.);

practice conducting training on the evacuation of a wounded employee, on actions when meeting the enemy and on storming a building in combination with live sniper shooting; in real life, you may encounter similar situations and use a technique that you have never practiced before - not the best option.

practice doing exercises to develop visual memory; Options for such exercises include observing a certain number of objects for a certain time and then restoring them from memory on paper, as well as asking the unit commander to survey employees on the distinctive qualities of key objects and local objects encountered by the unit during the training day.

The following exercise helps in developing hand-eye coordination and helps the eyes “see faster”; This exercise uses two balls (or other suitable objects) painted in different colors. One color corresponds to the left hand, the other to the right. The balls are placed in a container and thrown to the student one at a time. The latter must catch the ball with the appropriate hand. As you gain experience, the pace and speed of the ball increase.

Practice conducting classes on camouflage and secretive movement under supervision. This also applies to city divisions.

Conduct observational information gathering activities. At the same time, designate an enemy and draw up a plan for his actions. This is a good test of the sniper's ability to notice key points during an observation. Demand that he report by radio details relevant to the case.

During training, use situations in which the lives of hostages or employees are threatened and the sniper is required to make a decision to shoot or not. Evaluate his reaction as you summarize the lesson.

strive to ensure that training time is used both for teaching marksmanship, recording results, and for practicing methods of movement, equipment of positions and tactical actions. Remember that the main thing for a sniper is the ability to use his weapon effectively. The weapon must meet the requirements and the sniper must be able to shoot accurately from it. Insufficient attention paid to this leads to the fact that the sniper becomes a professional in performing this or that technique incorrectly. After the sniper has learned to wield the weapon satisfactorily, it is necessary to move on to shooting from various positions, after loads, under limited time conditions and under the influence of other stress factors that may be encountered in a real situation.

check that the sniper is pressing the trigger correctly using a coin placed on the barrel and firing a blank shot; after the shot, the coin should remain on the barrel. It is very useful to equip the magazine with a training cartridge during shooting. This technique can also be used to teach what to do when delays occur.

Conduct training with sniper teams from other units with which there is an agreement on mutual support. During long operations, especially in the cold season, snipers will have to be changed. If such a situation arises, it is very important that the new sniper shift is aware of the situation (range cards, observation log, briefing, etc.) and is able to carry out the replacement smoothly.

when advancing to the object, correctly use methods and techniques of movement (using routes sheltered from fire and with fire support).

Note: The use of sporting air rifles can significantly increase the professional level of a sniper. They can be used in almost any situation and can significantly reduce ammunition consumption. Targets used for shooting must be reduced to sizes appropriate for the ranges.

Sniper book

Both during training and during operations, it is strongly recommended to keep notes in a sniper book. The main sections of the book are:

Number of shots.

Type of ammunition, bullet weight, etc.

Visibility and weather conditions at the time of shooting (fog, rain, sun, temperature, humidity, wind, etc.).

Any problems with weapons or ammunition.

Each target must be confirmed by the signatures of the shooter and the senior commander and filed in the file. The book may also contain precise diagrams of targets and the distribution of bullets among them.

The sniper book is designed for three main purposes: it allows the sniper to adapt the rifle to specific conditions and ranges in the area of ​​the incident in real time; it allows you to more thoroughly study your weapon and its capabilities, and also serves as proof of professionalism in court.

Ballistics

As stated earlier, there is a wealth of information available regarding the capabilities of the .308 caliber cartridge. The main recommended bullet type is a hole-in-the-head, jacketed, tapered-tail bullet weighing 168 - 175 grains (10.7 - 11.2 grams). The 7mm Magnum, 300 Winchester Magnum and .50 gauge are also good choices. Talking about ballistics is like arguing about religion, especially since there are a huge number of excellent books and tables describing this subject in detail. We're not going to talk about ballistics to that extent. The most important thing is to use quality weapon systems that you have confidence in and practical work with them until you become a professional. Experiment with different ammo to determine what works best in your rifle and for different situations (eg through glass, long range, etc.). Once you have decided on the manufacturer and series of ammunition, it is highly recommended that you purchase a large quantity of such ammunition and store it in a hermetically sealed container. Even from the same manufacturer, cartridges from different series differ in their characteristics, although only slightly.

Weather conditions

Military snipers are well aware of how weather conditions affect the flight of a bullet. Although they are trained to engage targets at ranges of up to 1,500 meters, the same principles apply to police snipers. Despite the fact that in most cases it is necessary to fire at ranges not exceeding 70 meters, it is necessary to remember about the possibility of firing at longer ranges. In addition, I would like to say that snipers of police units must be prepared for high-precision shots, especially in hostage-taking situations, when, in order to save their lives, the sniper has to fire at the terrorist’s head, which is partially covered by the hostage. The small effect that certain weather conditions have on shooting accuracy may not be taken into account in cases where it is necessary to neutralize a single criminal or provide fire support for a capture team. But when sub-arcmin accuracy is required, this effect can be critical. Below are some thoughts on key weather conditions.

Note: Although most police snipers do not engage in long-range shooting, we train snipers to engage at ranges up to 1,004 meters using both telescopic and open sights. the fact is that long ranges require the sniper to carefully adhere to the principles of marksmanship. The influence of wind, hook press, even heartbeat significantly increase errors when shooting at long ranges. If a sniper gets into the habit of applying the same principles when shooting at 70 meters as when shooting at 1004 meters, then absolutely accurate shooting will become the standard.

Wind has a significant effect on the bullet, increasing in proportion to range due to the increase in air resistance as the bullet's speed decreases, which ultimately leads to loss of stability.

Wind also has a significant effect on the sniper. The stronger the wind, the more difficult it is to maintain a stable position of the weapon.

To introduce wind correction into the scope, it is necessary to determine its speed and direction. There are several ways to do this:

A. Flag. The angle in degrees between the flag and the staff is divided by a constant number of 4. The result gives an approximate speed expressed in miles per hour. If there is no flag, some light object (a bunch of dry grass, a wad of paper, etc.) can be thrown from shoulder height. By pointing to the place of fall with our hand, we get the angle between the hand and the body, which we also divide by 4 and get the approximate speed.
b. Wind drift and senses may be used if other methods are not applicable. Winds of 3-5 mph are felt lightly on the face; 5-8 mph - leaves on trees are in constant movement; 12-15 mph - small trees begin to sway.
V. Mirage (waves of vapor or reflection of light from layers of air with different temperatures and densities, visible to the naked eye on a warm sunny day). With the help of an optical sight, the mirage is also visible on colder days. The higher the magnification of the scope, the easier it is to observe the mirage. Although some practice is required, proper mirage assessment allows the sniper to accurately assess and make appropriate adjustments to the scope. Another side of the mirage effect is the diffraction of light, which is caused by the non-uniform density of air. Depending on atmospheric conditions, diffraction can cause the target contour to shift in the direction of the mirage. For example, if a mirage moves from right to left, the target will appear slightly to the left of its actual position. The shooter can only aim at the outline of the target as perceived by his eye, so he needs to aim at a point slightly away from the center of the target (the effect of wind on the bullet must also be taken into account).

The generally accepted method for classifying the influence of wind is the method using a clock dial (See diagram). It is believed that an oblique wind deflects a bullet half as much as a side wind of the same strength.
The next point is the change in wind direction at different distances. For example, at a range of 1,000 feet, the wind may be blowing from left to right at 5 mph, while at the same time it may be blowing from right to left at 10 mph at the point of impact of the bullet. The shooter must be able to distribute the difference when determining the influence of the wind.
An area that is easily overlooked is the significant change in wind speed within settlement. You may be in a place sheltered from the wind and not feel its presence, while the target may be outside or in an open area where a strong wind is blowing. Especially difficult situation This is the case when the sniper is located on a multi-story building. The wind force on earth may have a value of zero at that time. how on the roof of a 25-story building the wind can reach speeds of 50 miles per hour.
Temperature has a certain effect on the bullet's point of impact. Thus, an increase in air temperature of 20 degrees F (6°C) increases the muzzle velocity of a bullet by approximately 15 m/s. Regardless of range, the sniper must make an adjustment of one minute of arc for every 20 degrees F (6°C) temperature deviation from normal. As the temperature rises, the sight setting decreases, and as the temperature decreases, it increases.
Question: How many of you reading this book have conducted sniper training during the spring-summer-fall period when temperatures are moderate? How many of you have trained in temperatures below zero degrees, with wind chills reaching 100°F below zero? As can be seen from the tables, the ballistic characteristics are radically different for a temperature of 85° F (30 C°) above zero and for a temperature of 35° F (5 C°) below zero. Remember, your cold bore shot is the most important. How many of you know where your bullet will go at different temperatures? This once again refers us to the previous pages, which indicate the need for the sniper unit to be autonomous, capable of performing missions in harsh weather conditions. Many of you may say, "We can't operate effectively in such extreme temperatures." Never say "Never". In contrast to this statement, many examples from life can be cited. Just ask snipers in places where temperatures of 40° F (4 C°) below zero are common.

Effect of Temperature on Muzzle Velocity of a .308 Caliber Bullet

Note: A change in bullet speed by 15 m/s corresponds to a deviation of the impact point by 1 arc minute in height.

THE ART OF MARK SHOOTING

The sniper training process involves various stages, however, the first step is to instill in the candidates the principles of marksmanship and provide the necessary amount of ammunition and training time. Until the sniper reaches an acceptable level of shooting accuracy, training other skills and abilities does not make sense. There is little value in a sniper who can successfully perform all the required tasks, but is unable to hit the target when necessary. The following are some basic principles of marksmanship that also apply to training other long gun professionals.

Components of a well-aimed shot

Stable position

Non-firing hand position: The forend of the weapon rests in the “V” formed by the thumb and other fingers. The grip should be light, with slight pressure towards the butt.

Butt position: Positioned in the socket of the shooting shoulder, which prevents its movement as a result of recoil and helps maintain a stable position.

Shooting Hand Position: The pistol grip is positioned in a "V". Place your index finger on the trigger so that it does not affect the position of the weapon when pulled. The remaining three fingers apply light pressure in the direction of the butt to ensure that the latter remains in the socket of the shoulder, thus reducing the effect of recoil.

Shooting Elbow Position: Important for balance. The exact position is determined by the shooting position used (kneeling, standing, prone, etc.) and should ensure that the shoulders are level.

Non-firing elbow position: Positioned directly under the weapon for a comfortable and stable position. In cases where it is necessary to fire in wide sectors, at moving targets or at targets with different target elevation angles, the elbow should not be on the rest.

Cheek to butt contact: By maintaining a consistent weapon hold and position each time, the shooter's neck relaxes; the cheek should return to the same position each time. This position should ensure natural preservation of the line of sight and the necessary distance of the eye from the sight. This ensures uniformity of aiming. Apply the same pressure to grip the weapon, cheek each time.

Stop: Use an artificial stop if available. If there is no rest, the weapon is held by bones, not muscles. When using a rest, do not place the weapon directly on a hard surface. The non-shooting hand should be positioned between the fore-end and the rest surface. This is necessary to absorb vibration caused by the movement of the bullet along the bore, which leads to significant deflection of bullets from the target.

Muscle Relaxation: A properly used rest allows the shooter to relax most muscles. This occurs when using an artificial stop or a bone stop. The emphasis due to the muscles leads to vibrations of the weapon.

Natural point of aim: When you take your shooting position, point the weapon in the direction of the target. Then position yourself so that the weapon and sights are in line with your aiming point. By properly using the rest and making contact between the cheek and the butt, the sights will naturally align with the target. To keep the front sight on the target, you must use force and muscle support. After the shot, the muscles relax, causing the front sight to deflect to the natural point of aim. Align this point with the desired aiming point on the target to prevent movement. The shooter must be completely relaxed while in position and after each shot, the sights must return to the target, provided that all requirements are met.

Aiming

Smooth front sight. For an open sight, this position is achieved by aligning the front sight in the slot of the sighting bar in height and direction. The front sight is on the target. When aiming, you should clearly see the front sight. The sight slot should be somewhat blurry.

With proper positioning and cheek-to-butt contact, the shooter will eventually find that a level front sight position will be achieved automatically.

Holding your breath

There are two ways to hold your breath:
A. Natural respiratory pause. Occurs after air is exhaled from the lungs just before inhalation. It should be natural. This method is most suitable for conditions where the sniper has enough time to fire a shot.
b. At a rapid rate of fire or when firing at multiple targets, the shooter simply holds his breath before pulling the trigger.

Regardless of which method is used, holding your breath is a very important element of marksmanship. The up and down movements of the chest during breathing cause the weapon to move in a vertical plane.
3. The breathing cycle lasts approximately 4 - 5 seconds. There is a pause of 2 - 3 seconds between cycles. This pause can be extended to 5 seconds. A respiratory pause is a more acceptable method, since the muscles involved in the respiratory process are relaxed during the pause and the diaphragm is not tense. The respiratory pause should be natural and should not be artificially delayed. If the pause is too long, the body suffers from a lack of oxygen and sends signals to the brain to resume breathing. In addition, lack of oxygen causes the eyes to lose focus. 8 - 10 seconds is the maximum acceptable period for a respiratory pause.

Descent

The trigger is the independent action of the index finger on the trigger, accompanied by constantly increasing pressure directed strictly back until the moment of the shot. There are two types of descent: smooth and interrupted.

Any unexpected movement, uneven hook press, etc. may cause the bullet to deviate from the target.

The descent must be practiced until the skills in its implementation are consolidated in the subconscious. The moment of the shot should be unexpected for the shooter. If the moment of the shot is known, a natural reflex is triggered, aimed at compensating for the sound and recoil of the shot.

Check that your weapon is not tilted. This flaw is very common and leads to bullets being deflected to the left - down or to the right - down. Make it a habit to check the position of your weapon before each shot.
In conclusion, we can say that the whole process as a whole includes a number of special techniques that, with sufficient practice, are performed reflexively. The basic formula is very simple: get into the correct shooting position, aim and pull the trigger. It is very important to understand that neglecting the basic principles of marksmanship leads to misses. For example, when shooting a .223 caliber cartridge, any error in aiming leads to an increase in bullet deflection by 50 times (an error of 2.5 mm at a range of 25 meters leads to a bullet deflection of 152 cm when shooting at a range of 300 meters).

Weapons with optical sights

When using optical sights, all the above principles are observed. However, the clarity and magnification of the image achieved with the help of optics makes the shooter’s work easier. When using an optic, the shooter must use a different technique using cheek-to-stock contact due to the fact that the head position when shooting with an optic is slightly higher than when shooting without it. This is very important for weapons with a Monte Carlo type stock. If the rifle does not have such a stock, then you can make a pad from durable foam and tape or something similar. It is very important that the weapon is comfortable for the shooter. Below are some differences in the use of open sights and telescopic sights:

Pupil removal. The eye should be at a distance of 7.5-9.5 cm from the sight eyepiece to ensure safety when shooting and a full field of view.

Shadow effect. When aiming, it is necessary to ensure that the field of view is completely clear, without shadows. Improper removal of the eye results in the appearance of a shadow in the field of view in the form of a circle, which interferes with observation and reduces the field of view. If the eye is positioned incorrectly in relation to the main optical axis of the scope, it will result in a crescent-shaped shadow appearing on the sides of the scope's field of view. As a result, the bullets are deflected in the direction opposite to the shadow.

Parallax. This is an optical distortion that occurs when the axes of the lenses of an optical instrument do not match. Parallax causes the point of impact to deviate significantly from the point of aim. To determine parallax, place the weapon in the machine and aim the crosshair at a distant point. Without losing sight, move away from the weapon for a short period of time. Then take the same position and look through the scope. If the crosshair is in the same position, then everything is fine. If there is a deviation, this means that the phenomenon of parallax is taking place.

Ranging

Even with a rangefinder and a scope equipped with a compensator, the ability to determine range is a very important issue in sniper training. There are several ways to determine the range, such as determination from a map, using a range card, using a range finder, by observing the deflections of bullets, determination using an eye and the size of an object. The main points related to police snipers are discussed below.

Determining ranges by eye

This method is the most accessible and appropriate. The range is determined by laying out segments of 100 meters on the ground. At a range of up to 500 meters, you can accurately divide the distance into 100-meter segments (for longer ranges, determine the middle of the distance, calculate how many 100-meter segments fit before it, and then multiply the result by 2 times). Interconnected with this method is the method of determining range by the size of objects, which can clarify your calculations. This method requires knowledge of the size of an object at a certain range. Objects such as a deer, a cow, a certain type of tree, a window, and especially a human figure look different at different distances. The sniper must improve his skills in determining ranges and develop his own formulas and methods. For example, by measuring the parameters of building windows or the distance between the headlights of various cars, etc., and calculating the number of centimeters between them at known ranges, we get an excellent way to determine ranges. Using the method of determining ranges by the relative sizes and degree of visibility of individual elements of objects characteristic of the area of ​​​​operation, you can double-check yourself using the method of setting aside 100-meter segments. The ideal time to acquire these skills is at a shooting range with known ranges. Typically, each firing line is marked on the ground at 100 meter intervals. Use personnel targets (the average human figure is approximately 75 cm from the waist to the top of the head). If possible, use different methods to double-check your results.

Range cards

The use of range cards is very effective when time and situation permit. An example would be a raid on a specified object that was under surveillance for a certain period of time. The cards reflect characteristic landmarks that allow the sniper to quickly and accurately estimate the range to targets. The range card is drawn up relative to the sniper's firing position and the target. The card indicates the distance to easily identifiable local objects such as individual trees and lamp posts. entrance doors buildings, etc. When a target appears, its location relative to the nearest local object marked on the range card will immediately indicate to the sniper the exact range.

Factors affecting range determination

Objects with straight, clear outlines appear closer than objects with blurry, indistinct outlines, such as a group of trees or bushes.

A target that has a sharp contrast to the background appears to be closer than it actually is.

Terrain significantly affects ranging accuracy. When observed uphill, the ranges appear larger and, conversely, when observed downhill, they appear shorter than they actually are. A smooth, flat surface (sand, water) brings targets closer. Conversely, rough terrain creates the illusion that targets are further away. When observing through a valley or large depression that is completely visible, the ranges appear greater. A narrow field of view also removes objects (alleys, winding streets, paths in wooded areas, etc.).

Lighting conditions also create the illusion that objects appear closer or further away than they actually are. The better the target is illuminated, the closer it appears. A target seen in daylight appears closer than one seen in fog, dust or rain. The position of the sun in relation to the target is also important. If the sun is behind you, the target appears closer. When the sun is positioned behind the target, the distance to it appears greater than it actually is.

A completely open target will appear closer than the same target that is partially open.

Target reconnaissance

1. Preliminary search: quick inspection of specific areas (without constantly combing the eyes of the entire observation sector).
2. Detailed search: systematic study. Use the method of sequentially inspecting one lane after another. Start from the nearest area (the most dangerous) on any side, sector - 180(, 50 meters deep, then inspect subsequent areas sequentially.
3. Difference between INTEREST and ATTENTION:

INTEREST: feeling involved in a current or potential process.

ATTENTION: actions in response to some stimulus.

Attention without interest cannot be maintained for a long time. Stimulate your interest to maintain attention in case of a long period of unsuccessful observation (be creative).

4. Four types of target attributes:

olfactory (smell);

tactile (touch);

auditory (sound/audibility);

visual (view).

Note: one sign enhances the perception of other signs.

5. Main unmasking signs:

• contrast;

  movement.

Note: the enemy is trying to find the same signs in order to detect you that you are looking for in order to detect him.

Checklist before and during shooting

Once the team has taken a position, the following must be checked:

Are there any obstacles in front of the trunk?

Availability of appropriate support. The bipod must be on a stable surface, shooting bags or socks must be in place, nothing is in contact with the barrel, etc.;

Natural aiming point and lack of lateral tilt of the weapon;

General condition of the weapon (sight mount, etc.);

Make sure that the protective covers of the sight are removed, there is no obstruction in front of the sight, and the focus of the sight is set correctly. Make sure that the settings of the sight and adjustment mechanisms correspond to the range and shooting conditions;

Make sure the shooting position is comfortable;

Equipment or straps should not be placed between the stock and the shoulder;

Record the weather conditions in the sniper book;

Take every minute to check old records of similar conditions and ranges, check the range card, etc.

Before and after each shot, a well-trained shooter will automatically mentally check the following points:

Correct body position;

Proper holding of the weapon for convenience, recoil compensation and prevention of lateral tilt;

Breath control;

Pupil removal;

Correct field of view of the sight;

Descent control;

Continued mental and physical application of basic marksmanship skills after each shot;

Waiting and planning for the next shot;

Record the shot in the sniper book as quickly as possible (especially important for legal proceedings).

Hit group analysis

Analyzing the nature and grouping of each group, the shooter determines the causes of deviations and eliminates them. Typically errors are the result of the following factors:

Correct aiming;

Field of view of the sight;

Focusing the eye on the target;

• Pupil removal;

  Incorrect sight settings;

  Unstable shooting position;

  Natural aiming point;

  Waiting for the shot;

  Holding a weapon;

  Inability to judge range and weather conditions;

  Emotional state, concentration or distraction.

Shot from a cold barrel

As you practice, create a database for cold-bore shots. Pay special attention to the first shot after uncovering. A hot barrel affects the bullet's point of impact. Remember, in a real-life situation, a shot from a cold barrel is a valid shot. If conditions permit at the time of the call, each team must take turns conducting a cold barrel check at the nearest range to double check the weapon.
Note: Many shooters coat the bore with a medium layer of lubricant during storage. There is nothing wrong with this, but remember to wipe the barrel dry before performing the task. The oil in the barrel affects the first shot.

Position selection

In most cases, time constraints during an incident or its location (especially in a populated area) prevent the sniper team from selecting the most appropriate location for a position. However, you should use as many factors as possible to your advantage. Camouflage and modes of movement are covered in Chapter 2. Below are some considerations for choosing a position in a populated area:

When taking a position in a building, choose it to the right or left of a window or doorway to avoid projecting into it;

Take a position as deep inside the room as possible so as not to be in the light, but remember that the further you are from the firing opening, the smaller your observation sector;

When you open a window, be sure to secure the curtains so that their movement does not reveal your presence. Instead of opening a window, you can pull out one glass. If the window doesn't open, you can knock it out or move to another position. Many modern high-rise buildings have high-strength window glass that you can't break;

Wet the area immediately adjacent to your position with water if you are in a dusty room. This is done so that when firing, the enemy does not detect your position and the rising dust does not obscure your view when shooting;

If necessary, construct a firing position. Use tables and other furniture to create a stable platform;

Make sure you are protected from fire and observation;

Think through the ways of approaching and retreating to the position. You must occupy it unnoticed and quickly leave when you discover it;

Do not choose a place for a position where the enemy can expect your appearance;

When choosing a position, take into account changing conditions during the day and night in case the operation is delayed. Remember that a location that is relatively sheltered at night may not provide concealment during daylight.

Route selection

Below are the main issues to be considered when choosing a route.

1. Camouflage during movement and in position.
2. The route must provide cover from enemy fire and observation and be, if possible, the shortest.

Avoid places where the enemy may be waiting for you (possible routes of approach);

Compress your time (it should work for you if possible);

If detected, choose cover in accordance with the enemy's weapon. For example, for a .308 caliber bullet, the shelter should have a thickness: made of pine - 127 cm; made of sand - 25 cm; made of concrete - 7.5 cm.

3. Study and choose a route:

Target location;

Shelter from fire and surveillance;

The most advantageous positions for the team;

Obstacles in the way of movement (natural or artificial);

Known or probable enemy locations;

Methods of movement through various terrain (obstacles, dangerous areas, open areas, etc.);

Escape routes (to move to another area or escape if detected);

Mark and remember characteristic landmarks near the route and on the route;

Be aware of animals that may give away your presence (dogs, birds, livestock);

Target area: Identify key control points (doors, streets, etc.).

Note: If you are detected, the enemy may not be able to fire at you, but from now on they will be aware of your presence.

4. Characteristics of settlements:

The predominance of artificial local objects;

Availability of shelters from fire and observation (for both sides);

Limited observation and firing sectors;

Traffic is mainly along the streets (for both sides);

Overcoming obstacles is difficult due to limited access routes;

The presence of hidden routes of approach and escape through underground communications (sewage, metro, utility networks, etc.);

Presence of civilians;

The advantages are on the side of the defender;

Radio communications are deteriorating.

5. Sources of information:

• Civil defense plans;

  Fire stations;

  Local military units;

  Urban engineers.

Firing order

This order or a similar one should become part of the sniper's automatic actions - a kind of subconscious list.

Define the purpose (details and importance);

Stable position;

Identify the main danger areas;

Determine whether it will be necessary to fire at a moving or fleeing target (in case of criminals escaping, coming out to attack the capture team, moving through windows or doorways, etc.) Determine lead in advance for possible situations.

Open fire (guided by the principles of using weapons).

Storming a building under the cover of a sniper

The unit commander may decide to use the sniper's shot as a signal to begin an assault on command or wait for him to fire at an emerging target. This method is very effective, but requires careful organization of interaction. Use it during your classes.

Evacuation of a wounded employee under the cover of a sniper

Snipers can be used to cover the evacuation of a wounded employee or during suddenly threatening situations (sudden meeting with the enemy, unexpected opening of fire by the enemy, etc.). These situations should also be worked out during training.

Cooperation between multiple sniper teams

To effectively cover the area of ​​operation in a 360° sector, at least two sniper teams must be used. Whether you choose to use coordinated fires or other actions, it is a non-negotiable rule that each sniper knows his responsibilities and where other personnel are located. Sometimes the capture group may find itself in a position from which the object is not visible. In such cases, a team of snipers can direct their movement. Remember that you must report what you see from your position and angle so that those in other positions can understand you correctly. It is very easy under stress to give the command to someone to move to the left, not suspecting that for him this may be a completely different direction. Be sure to practice this question during class.

Use of snipers during civil disobedience

The sniper can play a key role in supporting police forces during mass disturbances of public order, riots, etc. They can be used for counter-sniper operations and to ensure the general safety of police officers, as well as for collecting and reporting information. This became clear after the riots in Los Angeles and Las Vegas in 1992, when police forces were faced with pre-arranged ambushes of rioters that have become commonplace these days.

Use of snipers in red-handed arrests

A team of snipers can provide cover during drug seizure operations that involve some risk to life. They can also provide cover for red-handed arrests in buildings or parking lots, etc.

Actions of snipers as part of a capture group

At first glance, this task may seem unusual for snipers or as an improper use of them. At the same time, in large cities there are a lot of industrial zones and large shopping centers. You can measure the distances in them and you will be surprised. An example is one of these buildings in Seattle, which has an internal length of 700 meters.

Surgical shooting

This shooting is especially important during a hostage rescue operation where the perpetrator is holding a gun pointed at them. A person has only two places, when damaged, instant paralysis occurs and the reflexive execution of the command of the brain centers does not occur:

Base of the brain: Located at the point where the spinal cord attaches to the brain. You can feel this area by placing your hand on the hollow at the base of the skull. To hit this point, the target must have its back to you.

Motor nerves: Pass through the top of the head down to the upper tips of the ears. Vulnerable when fired from the left or right.

If you can only fire from the enemy's front, aim for the eye socket or mouth. A shot to the forehead can cause a ricochet and cause a reflex muscle contraction.

Note: There is an opinion among experienced professionals that it is not necessary to strive to hit the above vulnerable points. They claim that with a direct hit to the head from a bullet of .308 caliber or higher, death occurs instantly. You can bring your own ideas.

Object designation

There are various options for naming or identifying objects. To organize effective communication when providing mutual assistance or conducting joint operations with other agencies, it is very important that all participants use the same designation of object elements and its identification. This is another area where standardization is vital.

EXAMPLE: Side 1 of 4

Here is one of the widely used methods. Please note that the building is numbered from top to bottom, not from bottom to top (as civilians imagine). This is done because team members or snipers can only see the upper floors of the building. If you start the designation from bottom to top, it can be confusing to those who cannot see the lower floors and therefore do not know how many floors the building has. As a result, they may misunderstand which window and on which floor they should control. This unfortunate situation could result in a sniper taking out the janitor on the 13th floor with surgical precision instead of the terrorist on the 14th.
Also note that the designation of the sides of the building begins with the side on which the main entrance is located and is always numbered 1. The sides are numbered clockwise when viewed from above. Each side is assigned a number, regardless of wall configuration or other structural features. Some agencies use letter designations for this. It is recommended to establish your notation system once and for all and not change it to avoid confusion.

Snipers should try to position themselves on opposite corners so that everyone can see two sides of the building. Although each sniper has a limited view and makes a diagram of what he sees, at the command post all the diagrams received from all teams must be placed in order, one side at a time, to get a complete picture.
Note: The sniper must maintain contact with the command post to verify that the side visible to the sniper matches the assigned number or letter.

EXERCISE #1:
Shooting at targets located at unknown ranges.

Purpose: To train the sniper in determining ranges to targets and firing.
Execution order:

a) Each pair is assigned 5 targets located at ranges unknown to the snipers.
b) Each couple is given 10 cartridges, 5 for each.
c) Each pair must hit 5 targets at ranges up to 900 meters. Each target is marked with a sniper team number.
d) At the command of the leader, snipers fire at their targets without a time limit.
e) At the end of shooting, targets are inspected and hits are scored as follows:

5 points are awarded for each hit;

the maximum number of points per team is 50;

The credit score is 80% of the maximum.

EXERCISE #2:
Sniper shooting during a counter-terrorist/counter-guerrilla operation.

Goal: To develop snipers’ skills in conducting accurate fire at a point target under specified conditions.
Description of the exercise: This exercise is performed for 2 days, half a day every day. Number of ammunition - 30 pcs. for each one for one day. Shooting is carried out at silhouette targets located at 100, 200 and 300 meters each. Positions used for firing: - on the first day - lying down, on the second day - using various covers and lying down using a belt.
Snipers work in pairs, taking turns, and radio communication must be established with them.
Procedure: Before performing the exercise, snipers are instructed on the following issues:

Purpose of the exercise;

Distribution of goals;

Types of targets used;

Quantity of ammunition;

Time restrictions;

Expected results.

After briefing, snipers move to the specified positions.
Every day, shooting is carried out with 10 shots at 3 silhouette targets located at ranges of 100, 200 and 300 meters. The silhouette target is complemented by blackening the area 2.5 cm above and 2.5 cm below a line drawn through the centers of the eyes and limited by the contours of the head in width. Only hits in this zone count. On sights, values ​​are set according to the distance to the target; Aiming using a remote aiming point is not permitted.
On the first day, snipers fire only at single targets.
On the second day, the first five shots are fired at a double target (for example, the “terrorist” is half covered by the “hostage”). The second series of five shots is fired at a group target (for example, a “terrorist” is partially covered by two “hostages”. Due to the fact that hits only in the blackened area of ​​the head are counted, it is necessary to fire only at that part of this zone that is not covered by the head of the “hostage” ".

Additional requirements for shooting positions on the second day:

The first and second shots are fired from behind the wall;

The third and fourth shots are fired from the roof;

The fifth and sixth shots are fired from around the corner;

The seventh and eighth shots are fired from the window;

The ninth and tenth shots are fired using a prone belt.

These positions are used to shoot at each target at ranges of 100, 200 and 300 meters.
Score: The exercise is considered failed if the sniper makes 7 or more misses each day or hits the hostage target on any day.

EXERCISE #3:
Test for the title of marksman.

Purpose: To evaluate a sniper's ability to fire at 25 specific targets at various ranges.
The exercise consists of two stages:

firing at stationary targets;

firing at moving targets.

Requirements for a sniper: The sniper must be dressed in a camouflage suit and move tactically correctly during the test. Movement during the test is carried out over a distance of 5 - 10 meters from the starting position to the firing position.
Execution order:

1. Firing at stationary targets at a range of 300 - 800 meters.

A. Each pair of snipers is assigned a target group consisting of 8 targets.
Stationary targets are placed in the center of the target group. The right and left boundaries of the target group must be marked.
b. The first stage of the exercise at each range (300, 500, 600, 700 and 800 meters) is to fire at stationary targets from a prone position or using the Hawkins position. In this case, the rifle must be aligned to 600 meters. The command is given to load three cartridges. The sniper and observer are given three minutes to determine the wind correction, assess the lighting conditions, determine the amount of elevation of the aiming point and fire three shots at the targets. After three minutes, all stationary targets in that range are lowered or moved to the firing range for inspection and scoring. The sniper and observer are not swapped until the sniper shoots at moving targets at this line.

2. Firing at moving targets at a range of 300 - 800 meters.

A. All teams remain in their positions to fire at moving targets within their respective groups of 8 targets.
b. The second stage of the exercise at each level (300, 500, 600, 700 and 800 meters) is firing at moving targets. The command is given to load two cartridges.

After everyone is ready, a command is given to start moving the target, which appears on the left border of the group target and moves from left to right. The sniper has 15 - 20 seconds to fire one shot. The next target starts moving from right to left. It also takes 15 - 20 seconds and one shot to defeat her.

3. Evaluation of the exercise.

Each hit is worth one point with a maximum score of 25 points. Misses are scored 0 points. The qualifying result is a number of points equal to 80% of the maximum.

4. Qualification table.

Note:
N - stationary target;
D - moving target;
LSU - supine position;
X - Hawkins position.

EXERCISE #4:
Sniper position equipment.

Goal: To develop the sniper's ability to set up a semi-stationary position that provides cover from fire, observation and has an appropriate field of fire.
Description of the exercise: Having studied the terrain, the sniper must choose a place to hide within the specified area of ​​the terrain and equip a firing position that is invisible to an observer from a distance of 25 meters.
Recommendations for the leader: The area of ​​the terrain on which the exercise will be performed must be selected with the utmost care. At a minimum, the number of places suitable for shelters must be 1.5 times the number of teams involved in the exercise. Snipers must have adequate time to set up positions before instructors begin observing. The boundaries of the area where the exercise is carried out must be clearly marked using local objects or using poles.
Execution order:

A. Briefing. Before the start of the training, snipers are instructed on the following issues:

purpose of the lesson;

• time to complete the exercise (usually 9 hours);

  the direction from which observation and deployment of the observer will be carried out.

b. After briefing, the teams depart to the shelter installation sites and begin work.
V. During the observation phase, the observer maintains radio contact with two assistants. Assistants are located within the training area and move to the detected positions at the command of the observer.
d. At the same time, an assistant observer moves around the field, holding cards with various signs that must be written down by snipers.
d. If the observer cannot detect shelter using binoculars and a spotting scope from a distance of 600 meters, he successively moves to distances of 500, 300, 100 and 25 meters. At all these lines he has unlimited time for observation, with the exception of the line of 25 meters, from which he has the right to observe within 1 minute.
e. Evaluation The exercise is considered failed if the sniper is detected at any time or has drawn all the sign cards incorrectly.

If you decide for yourself that you want to learn the basics of marksmanship, then you have at least two options: join the army or enroll in a sniper rifle shooting course. But not everyone has the opportunity to serve in the army. Also, if you have your own weapon, it is quite possible to learn how to shoot with a sniper rifle. This process aims to teach you how to take the correct stance, aim and fire a shot. After some time, with desire and persistence, you will be able to successfully hit any target in the bull's eye.

Required accessories

Before you start learning how to shoot a sniper rifle you need to decide on the place where you will practice. If you have a firearm, shooting is permitted only in designated areas. See photo.

If you have an air rifle, then it will be enough to retire to some deserted area, for example, a forest. The main thing you should have with you is, of course, a weapon, ammunition for it and several targets.

Sniper shooting involves using an optical sight, with which the weapon should be equipped. Therefore, this is another device that you cannot do without when learning. The weapon can also be equipped with a bipod at your request, which is intended to increase the stability of the weapon and minimize vibrations.

This video will tell you the basics of shooting with an SVD rifle.

For convenience, it won’t hurt to take a camping mat, since the main position when shooting will be a prone position. When using a combat rifle, it is worth having special ear protection - headphones. Devices for cleaning/lubricating weapons after shooting are not superfluous. For shooting, you can choose Gamo products; see prices for Gamo rifles. In addition, popular models are, and.

Safety precautions

The main safety requirement is preventing harm to the life and health of people and animals, as well as the safety of other people’s property in the target field area.

The use of a specialized range/shooting range simplifies the implementation of this rule, since the shooting range has clearly defined boundaries. When shooting from an air gun, you need to be equally careful.

The main rules when handling any type of weapon are:

1. Regardless of whether the weapon is loaded or not, hold the rifle only in the direction of fire.
2. When people/animals are on the firing line, shooting is prohibited.
3. It is prohibited to fire from a faulty rifle.
4. Use only specified ammunition for this type of weapon.
5. Do not remove a loaded combat rifle from the firing line.
6. If an instructor is available, strictly follow his commands to open and cease fire.
7. Upon completion of shooting, inspect the weapon and put the safety on.

Both athletes and army snipers use almost identical rules for shooting, which allow them to be guaranteed to hit targets at any distance. The only difference is in the type of target.

About the training of army snipers, watch the following video:

The main stages of firing a shot are: taking a shooting pose, aiming and pulling the trigger. This will be enough for a novice shooter.

Snipers of the armed forces also study methods of camouflage and stealth movement and many other disciplines that are not necessary for a civilian.

Therefore, we will analyze only the basics of marksmanship and the technical part directly related to it. We'll leave the rest to the professionals.

Rules

Shooting position

The posture for firing a shot must ensure that the arrow stability to successfully hit the target. The main way to achieve this is to adopt a prone position, in which the weapon is placed on some kind of support.

This position allows you to almost completely eliminate barrel vibrations, which is important for an accurate shot. It is important to achieve full contact of the body with the ground, which increases the support area. Feet should be spread 1.5 shoulder widths apart, heels pressed firmly to the ground.

To avoid accidents, follow safety precautions when shooting from PM, about them at:

The right leg and the barrel of the weapon should ideally form a straight line. At the initial stage, this needs to be monitored. The position of the torso should be stress-free, the muscles should be relaxed if possible. Adjustment of the direction for shooting is carried out by moving the legs left and right.

For beginners, the preferred method of shooting is from a rest, in which the left hand supports the butt at the right shoulder, and the elbow touches the ground. It is also necessary to place something soft on the stop to prevent the barrel from bouncing when firing.

Successful shooting from a sniper rifle is unthinkable without the correct attachment. Proper emphasis of the butt on the shoulder can eliminate discomfort during recoil when firing from large-caliber weapons. The butt also affects the accuracy of the shots fired, so it should not be neglected.

The butt is pressed tightly against the shoulder and is not too low and not too high. When firing a series of shots, it is necessary to maintain uniformity in the application, which will increase the average accuracy.

Aiming

One of the most important moments in making a shot. It determines what position the barrel will take and, accordingly, where the bullet will fly. An important rule to remember is to keep both eyes open.

When you close your left eye, muscle tension is transferred to the right eye, which causes rapid fatigue, which directly affects shooting performance. In a combat situation, this is especially important, since binocular vision makes it easier to determine distances “by eye.”

In addition, the viewing angle increases. When using an optical sight, aiming is achieved by moving the aiming mark to the aiming point, taking into account external factors (distance, wind speed). The eye must be kept on the optical line of the sight.

One of the most important rules is to prevent the weapon from falling when the reticle is not in a horizontal position. The actual aiming is divided into two periods. The first is checking the workmanship, eliminating inconveniences in position.

The second is holding your breath, increasing the pressure on the trigger, intensively observing the sight reticle relative to the target, right up to the moment of shooting. It is important to remember to rest your eyes between shots.

If you are unable to keep your left eye open, you can use a piece of fabric or paper that is used as a shield.

No less important than aiming is a process. Errors in trigger release can negate even excellent aiming of the barrel at the target. For sports systems, the trigger force ranges from 50 to 150 grams, while for combat systems it is at least 1.5 kg.

To overcome this moment, the shooter must create a similar force in the index finger. But, since it is forbidden to strain the muscles of the right hand, the shooter more energetically clings to the neck of the rifle butt with the remaining fingers of his right hand. So those same 1.5 kg are evenly distributed on the fingers holding the hand on the butt.

After the shot, the 1.5 kg that held the trigger goes away, but the tension in the hand remains, as a result of which it twitches along with the rifle. At this moment, the weapon moves away from the aiming line, sending the bullet to the wrong place.

This is called “failure” of the trigger with “pulling” of the weapon. The problem described above is “treated” this way: only the index finger presses on the trigger, and everyone else just holds their hand on the butt.

The finger is placed on the hook with a bend between the first and second phalanges. This is a rule that has been tested over the years. If you place your finger incorrectly, the rifle will oscillate slightly from side to side, which can result in a serious miss when shooting at long distances.

Breath

Experienced shooters tend to fire during the interval between exhalation and inhalation, since the chest, when completely filled with air, lifts the shooter’s body, and with it the butt. The trunk goes down.

Shooting with a pause between exhalations allows you to hold the weapon aimed precisely at the target. Also, while holding your breath, carbon dioxide accumulates in the blood, dilating blood vessels and relieving tension in the muscles.

When prepared correctly and following all the rules of the shot, holding your breath should not take more than 8 seconds.

Conclusion

Now you can imagine how to shoot with a sniper rifle. Practice and conscious control of one’s actions at the initial stage are of no small importance. Go ahead. If the rifle breaks down, then read the material about repairing air guns.

MANUAL ON SMALLERY OF THE RKKA

METHODS OF SHOOTING TRAINING AND SHOOTING COURSE FOR TRAINING SNIPERS

Appendix to COP 32

Publication of the Combat Training Directorate of the Red Army Ground Forces

Moscow 1933

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. In modern shooting combat, snipers may be assigned the following tasks:

a) destruction of enemy command personnel, his surveillance and communications organs;

b) suppression of enemy fire weapons, especially well-camouflaged ones;

c) blinding enemy armored vehicles;

d) fighting descending enemy aircraft.

2. Snipers fire at ground targets from rifles with open sights up to 1,000 m, with optical sights up to 1,500 m.

In general, shooting for snipers is possible within the scope of the sight, taking into account the visibility of the target, the importance and the possibility of hitting it. Snipers can shoot at air targets up to 500 m.

3. Fire training for snipers consists of the sequential study of the following training tasks:

a) firing a dedicated, accurate and confident shot at a stationary target when shooting with a conventional and optical sight;

b) firing a quick shot to hit (suddenly appearing on short term goals;

c) defeating fast-moving ground targets;

d) making a well-aimed shot from various positions, “resting from behind cover when shooting with an ordinary and optical sight;

e) defeating enemy air targets;

f) rapid engagement of several targets with transfer of fire along the front and in depth with an ordinary and optical sight;

g) firing at different target visibility;

h) firing as part of a group of snipers.

4. Tactical exercises with live shooting to study the issues of tactical use of snipers in combat and their interaction with fire weapons and the actions of units of the unit in the area or composition of which they operate, snipers undergo appropriate exercises with live shooting as part of their units.

5. The learning objectives are structured according to the methodological sequence of learning, which is mandatory.

6. Completing the test exercise for each task is a verification of the mastery of each stage of training and indicates the sniper’s readiness to perform any combat mission of this type within the limits determined by this training task.

7. Only fighters who, during training in a company (squadron), have completed the qualifying exercises of the first three tasks of the rifle shooting course with an “excellent” rating and have passed a special classification exercise are allowed to take this shooting course in teams for training snipers.

8. All shooting is carried out from rifles without bayonets. For each sniper rifle, a form must be kept in which the number of cartridges fired, indicating the factory, year, batch and model, is recorded, when shooting with an open sight and an optical sight separately.

9. To identify the advantages of an optical sight over an open one, a number of exercises are necessary at the discretion of the team leader, to be completed in any visibility of targets (after sunset and before dawn), except for the task that must be completed in complete darkness.

10. All exercises carried out on the ground, and all qualifying exercises, if possible, should be worked out in camouflage suits; tasks 6 and 8 are necessarily worked out in camouflage suits. Mask suits must match the color of the area in which the activity is taking place. The remaining exercises are worked out in guard uniform according to the time of year.

11. There are no special shooting exercises in a gas mask in the Shooting Course, but at the discretion of the team leader, some of the preparatory exercises must be completed in gas masks and in clothing protective against chemical agents.

12. Soldiers who have completed the qualifying exercises of the first 7 tasks of the shooting course (at least with a firefight) are awarded the title of “sniper shooters” with an announcement about this in the unit order. In addition, fighters who complete these exercises with an “excellent” rating are awarded a special badge. Soldiers who did not complete the next task, even as a result extra work and re-examination, they are suspended from further completion of the course.

13. To train a sniper of the 1st year of service, 354 pieces of live ammunition and 115 pieces of small-caliber ammunition are issued for each soldier. In the absence of an optical sight, the supply of live ammunition is reduced to 222 pieces.

To support the training of snipers in subsequent years of service, 100 combat and 50 small-caliber cartridges are issued per sniper.

14. During the 45-day training period in the first year of service, all 8 tasks of this shooting course must be worked out.

At other training camps, as well as during their stay in companies (squadrons), snipers undergo exercises of this shooting course to train snipers at the discretion of the head of the sniper team and their approval by the unit commander in order to maintain acquired skills and improve quality.

In addition, they should be widely used in their specialty in all combat firing within subunits and units.

15. Calculation of the full release of cartridges after completing the shooting course for snipers:

TABLE1

TASK ONE

MAKING AN ACCURATE SHOT AT A STATIONARY TARGET TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT OF EXTERNAL INFLUENCES WITH CONVENTIONAL AND OPTICAL SIGHTS WITHIN UP TO 1500 M

To complete the task, the following combat cartridges are issued: for an ordinary sight - 48 (primary exercise - 4, prep. - 28, spare - 16); for an optical sight - 55 (entry exercise - 4, preparation - 31, entry - 20).

Total ammo for the first task is 107. Note. If there is no optical sight, the cartridges issued for it are not consumed.

Test exercise 1

Target No. 19 - a light machine gun in a firing position, hiding when hit.

Distance 800 m - when shooting with an optical sight; 600 m - when shooting with a conventional sight.

Patrons- 8 (4 for each sight).

Time- 2 minutes, including preparation and loading.

Shooting position- lying down, using a gun belt. The use of a stop is allowed.

Grade- hit the target: excellent - with two bullets, good - with three bullets, satisfactory - with four bullets.

Reasons for non-compliance exercises, in addition to those set out in the tasks of the first and second Rifle Shooting Course for fighters, are:

a) inaccurate installation of the sight (altitude dial in the optical sight);

b) inaccurate alignment of the optical sight eyepiece over the eyes (for clarity);

c) incorrect butt insertion (insertion of the buttstock into the shoulder is too high or low, insertion is not in the shoulder notch);

d) incorrect position of the shooter’s head and eye in relation to the eyepiece of the optical sight: high, low, right, left, too close to the eye or far from it, due to which the pupil of the eye when aiming is not in the direction of the sight axis and is not in focus;

e) lack of skill in precise aiming over long distances.

Preparatory exercises

1a. Familiarization with the additional combat properties of a rifle with an optical sight

The exercise is carried out in the form of demonstration shooting and showing a film, accompanied by a conversation with the commander.

As a result, work through the exercises to achieve a clear understanding:

a) About the accuracy of a rifle with an optical sight;

b) about the essence of the optical sight device;

c) about the advantages and disadvantages of an optical sight.

1b. Training in installing (putting on) and removing an optical sight on a rifle, loading and unloading a rifle with an attached optical sight

Loading training should be carried out using training cartridges, first in a sitting position, with the rifle resting, and then in a prone position.

The exercise will take place on training samples of the sight, allowing the use of military rifles for the necessary display only with the permission of the unit commander and with strict adherence to the rules of conservation.

Achieve:

a) the ability to correctly and skillfully put on an optical sight on a rifle and properly secure it;

b) the ability to properly remove the scope and put it in the case;

c) dexterously loading and unloading a rifle with a scope attached.

1st century Learning to place and aim with an optical sight

Exercises should be carried out from the machine and in a lying position, first at shortened and then at actual distances. Start by aiming at round targets and then move on to different shapes.

When working through the exercise, achieve:

a) understanding the essence of aiming;

b) correct installation of the eyepiece over the eyes (for clarity);

c) correct positioning of the shooter’s head and eye in relation to the eyepiece (eye position along the continuation of the sight axis and at a certain distance from the eyepiece (in focus);

d) the ability to correctly aim at stationary targets (figures of various shapes and sizes).

1 year Training in setting the elevation (sight) and side dials of an optical sight to the required division

The exercise will take place on training samples of sights. It is strongly recommended to install training models of sights with dials similar to real ones using regimental workshops. It is useful to have enlarged models of the vertical and lateral dials to quickly assimilate the scale of divisions and the values ​​of the divisions of both dials.

The exercises should be done sitting or standing, with the rifle resting, and then lying down, combining them with unloading and loading the rifle.

Achieve:

a) the ability to correctly and accurately place the sight (altitude dial) at various distances;

b) the ability to correctly and accurately set the side dial to the required division and know what deflection of the bullet in the lateral direction is caused by one or another rearrangement of the side dial at a given distance.

1d. Practice on care, conservation and storage of an optical sight

When working through the exercise, achieve the following skills:

a) wiping and cleaning the optical sight after training, both without shooting and with shooting;

b) in storing and preserving an optical sight in various situations (in the barracks, in a tent, on a hike, when moving and in various combat conditions).

Exercise 1d is done in parallel with exercises 1b, 1c, 1d.

1e. Training in the coherent execution of all techniques for firing a shot from a rifle with an optical sight in a prone position, using a gun belt

These exercises are carried out with training cartridges at actual distances (up to 1000 m) on both round and shaped targets. When pulling the trigger, require a mandatory report on the position of the front sight relative to the aiming point at the moment the trigger is pulled.

As a result of daily training in this exercise, both when completing the first and subsequent tasks, stable skills in the correct, dexterous and quick execution of all techniques for making a well-aimed shot should appear, brought to automatism.

Teachers must ensure that the errors noted in the instructions for the test exercise are not ingrained in the students, and if any are discovered, persistently eradicate them.

1g. Deepening knowledge on the material part of the rifle

The exercise should consist of developing and deepening the knowledge and practical skills acquired in exercises 1m, 2d, 3c of the Rifle Shooting Course. As a result of the study, students should:

a) know all the shortcomings and possible malfunctions of a sniper rifle, and their impact on the shooting results;

b) know perfectly the rules for saving, storing and cleaning a rifle and preventing malfunctions in it;

c) be able to inspect the rifle in assembled and disassembled form;

e) understand the importance of the quality of cartridges for accurate shooting and be able to select the best cartridges required for accurate shooting;

f) know the rules for storing and saving cartridges.

1z. Practice in visual determination of distances, camouflage and observation of the battlefield

a) Work through the preparatory exercises for the first task of the course in determining distances up to 1500 m;

b) work through the preparatory exercises of the first task of the training course in combat use of terrain and observation.

When working through the exercise of observing the battlefield and determining distances, set up, among others, smaller targets (observers, periscopes, loopholes, stereo pipes, messenger dogs, etc.).

1i. Practice in solving problems of choosing an aiming point in various shooting conditions and for various targets

To carry out this exercise, a life-size model of average trajectories is prepared for distances from 200 to 1000 m (for distances from 800 to 1000 m, only the descending branch of the trajectory with an excess of 2 m and below can be prepared). To do this, a line is accurately drawn, and posts are driven into it every 50m (strictly aligned with each other). On every stand, on a certain height, according to the excess of the average trajectory at a given distance, the required number of nails is driven in. Each stud has an inscription indicating what the elevation is and for what height of the sight. When showing the desired trajectory, a cord (string) is hung and pulled on the appropriate studs, and the required targets are installed at the required points.

The exercise is carried out in the form of solving technical shooting problems against the backdrop of a simple tactical situation. In this case, you should train in the coherent execution of all the elements worked out in the previous exercises.

The next trainees independently solve the problem of firing at various single targets (using a blank cartridge), after which their actions are analyzed with the involvement of all trainees in the analysis.

As a result of working through the exercise, achieve:

a) a clear understanding of the elevation and decrease of the average trajectory relative to the aiming line within a range of up to 1000 m;

b) a clear understanding of the influence of air temperature, wind, atmospheric pressure and derivation on the flight of a bullet and the ability to solve fire problems using a sniper shooting ruler.

1k. Consolidating acquired knowledge and skills by shooting, studying rifle combat at 200, 300, 400, 600, 800 and 1,000 m when shooting with ordinary and optical sights

Goals and distances

1) No. 5 round - 200 m;

2) No. 3 round - 300 m;

3) No. 3 round - 400 m;

4) No. 2 round - 600 m;

5) No. 1 round - 800 m;

6) No. 1 round - 1000 m.

Note 1 . In the absence of special targets, it is allowed to stick a black apple of the appropriate size directly onto the shield with drawn circles or make an assessment using a size ruler (Fig. 1)

RICE. 1.

The ruler has 3 columns: 1st for target No. 3, 2nd for target No. 2, 3rd for target No. 1.

The ruler is placed with a hole (against 0) on the center of the target, turned with the edge with the scale towards the hole and read in which circle this hole lies.

The figure above the edge with scale shows the dimensions in cm.

Note 2 . In targets 1, 2 and 3, only the sizes of the circles and the black apple are observed, which serves as the aiming point and is glued so that when shooting, the middle point of impact coincides with the center of the target (10 and 5).

When shooting with an optical sight at round targets, in order to better align the midpoint of impact with a circle of 10 or 5, it is allowed to cover the center of the black apple with a circle of white paper of the appropriate diameter.

TABLE 2

Aim- according to the distance. Prone shooting position using a sling.

Show hits- after firing at each target. The display should be carried out in accordance with paragraph 330 of CC 32.

TABLE 3

Execution order. The student shoots at each distance with a regular and optical sight.

Shooting at a longer distance is allowed only after completing the task at the previous short distance. If the student fails to complete the task at one of the distances, the continuation of the exercise is stopped, the reason is determined and, if necessary, the student is sent to additional training, after which the exercise continues (on the same day or one of the next).

The shooting director of the next shift must require that shooters, after showing the results, make notes in their shooting books about each hit and the chosen aiming point at each distance for guidance during subsequent exercises.

Use targets with the best shooting results to show students possible results.

1l. Practice in shooting at various (intermediate) distances, taking into account exceeding the trajectory when shooting with ordinary and optical sights

Target- 3 figures No. 14, glued on a 1x1.5m board.

TABLE 4

Shooting position- lying down using a belt (simultaneous use of a support is allowed).

Show hits- after each shot. The display is carried out in accordance with paragraph 330 of CC 32.

RICE. 2.

Exercise. Hit all 3 targets in a body part as directed by your supervisor. A defeat is considered when it hits a circle outlined from a control point (Fig. 2) for an ordinary sight with a radius of 15 cm, for an optical sight - with a radius of 12 cm.

Execution order. At least 9 targets are set in the following combinations:

1st group 340 475 560

2nd group 375 4-20 55

3rd group 320 450 580

4th group 350 425 525

5th group 360 440 575

All targets appear.

The leader orders one of the groups (3 figures) to be raised and instructs the student to determine the distance to each target. When the trainee completes this task with an accuracy of up to 50 m, the leader gives the order to hit the targets, indicating (at his discretion) which target, which part of the body should be hit (head, belt, chest). Control points are marked on each part of the figure’s body: 1) on the head - the left eye; 2) on the chest - 30 cm below the top edge of the headdress; 3) in the belt - a buckle (Fig. 2).

For each new trainee, the leader orders to raise a new combination of targets that make up a group of 3 figures. A trainee who completes a task with fewer cartridges than is released does not release the remaining cartridges.

1m. Practice in making a well-aimed shot at a stationary target, taking into account external influences with ordinary and optical sights

Target No. 9 - chest on a shield with circles glued with the center to circle 10 (the lower edge of the target is 20 cm below the center of the circle).

Distance for an ordinary sight - 450 m; for optical - 600 m.

Patrons- 6 (3 for each sight).

Time- no more than 2 minutes with preparation and loading for shooting with each sight.

Shooting position

Show hits- after all shots of this sight.

Grade- knock out “excellent” - 20 points; “good” - 17 points and “satisfactory” - 14 points.

Order, execution. Trainees perform the exercise both with a conventional sight and with an optical sight. When completing the exercise, pay attention to the students’ independent choice of place for shooting at the specified line and the correct application to the terrain and camouflage. Time to fire from the moment the “load” command is given.

This exercise is considered completed only if it is completed with an “excellent” or “good” rating, after which the student can be allowed to take test exercise 1.

TASK TWO

QUICKLY DESTROYING SUDDENLY APPEARING TARGETS WHEN FIRING WITH A CONVENTIONAL AND OPTICAL SIGHT

To complete the task, the following combat cartridges are issued: for an ordinary sight - 20 (primary exercise - 4; prep. - 10, spare - 6); for an optical sight - 20 (entry exercise - 3, preparation - 10, entry - 7).

The total ammo for the second task is 40.

Small-caliber cartridges - 25.

Test exercise 2

Target No. 29 - a loophole with a 20X20 cm cutout against the background of a black shield, with a fighter’s head appearing in the opening of the loophole (Fig. 3).

RICE. 3.

Distance- one of the following 190-220-250 m.

Patrons- 4 with a regular sight and 3 with an optical sight.

Time

Shooting position- lying down, using belts and support is allowed.

Grade. Hit the figure through the cutout of the loophole, using an ordinary sight: “excellent” - no more than one cartridge; “good” - no more than three rounds and “satisfactory” - no more than four rounds; with an optical sight: “excellent” - no more than one cartridge, “good” - no more than two cartridges and “satisfactory” - no more than three cartridges.

Execution order. After the student takes the shooting position, the fighter’s head appears in the loophole for 4-5 seconds. for an ordinary sight and for 3-4 seconds - for an optical one; This is repeated 5 times with intervals between displays of 10-15 seconds. The first showing is to familiarize yourself with the place of its appearance.

Preparatory exercises

2a. Practice shooting small-caliber cartridges

Target No. 9a - round.

Distance- 50 m.

Patrons - 5.

Time- 5 sec. for each shot, not counting preparation and loading.

Shooting position- lying down, with your hands using a belt.

Show hits- after each shot.

Execution conditions- score at least 40 points.

2b. Deepening knowledge of the material part of the rifle and optical sight

The exercise is an in-depth repetition of exercises 1d, 1g. Particular attention should be paid to a detailed inspection of the rifle and scope before shooting.

2c. Training in shooting techniques at targets that appear for a short time

The exercise should be carried out first for a short distance (7-10 m), and then at actual distances (up to 800 m) with mandatory verification with an orthoscope or side mirror. Having started training on targets that appear for 5 seconds, gradually reduce the time of target appearance as the training is successful, bringing it to 3 seconds.

2g. Practice shooting small-caliber cartridges

Target No. 9a - round.

Distance- 50 m.

Patrons - 5.

Time- 3 sec. for each shot, not counting preparation and loading.

Shooting position- lying down, from the hand using a belt.

Show hits- after each shot.

Execution conditions- score at least 40 points.

2d. Practice in visual determination of distances, camouflage and observation of the battlefield

a) Repeat the preparatory exercises of the first task of the Course for determining distances within up to 1500 m;

b) Repeat the preparatory exercises of the first task of the Observation and Combat Use of Terrain Course.

2e. Practice shooting with live ammunition

Target No. 28 - periscope.

Distance- 100 m for a regular sight and 150 for an optical sight.

Patrons- 5 (for each sight).

Time determined by the appearance of the target.

Position for shooting - lying down.

Show hits- after all the shots.

Grade- hit the periscope body: “excellent” - 3 bullets, “good” - 2 bullets and “satisfactory” - 1 bullet.

Execution order. After the trainee takes the shooting position, the target appears 6 times, 5 seconds each. each time and with intervals between displays of 10-15 seconds.

2g. Practice shooting with live ammunition

Target No. 11 - head.

Distance- for an ordinary sight 200 m and for an optical sight - 300 m.

Patrons- 5 (for each sight).

Time determined by the appearance of the target.

Shooting position- lying down.

Show hits- after all the shots.

Grade- hit the target: “excellent” - 4, “good” - 3 and satisfactory 2 bullets.

Execution order. After the trainee takes the shooting position, the target appears 6 times, 3 seconds each. each time, with intervals between displays of 10-15 seconds. The first display of the target is made to familiarize the shooter with the place of its appearance.

Exercises 2e and 2g are considered completed only if they are assessed as excellent or good, after which students can be allowed to take test exercise 2.

TASK THREE

DESTROYING MOVING GROUND TARGETS (within 800-1000 m)

RICE. 4.

To complete the task, the following combat cartridges are issued: for an ordinary sight - 25 (entry exercise - 4, preparation - 14, assignment - 7); for an optical sight - 25 (entry exercise - 4, preparation - 14, entry - 7).

The total number of live rounds for the third task is 50, small-caliber rounds - 30.

Test exercise 3

Target-model of the head (Fig. 4) - a fighter walking along the trench along the bottom of the ditch, breaking away when defeated.

Distance- 300 m.

Patrons- 4 (for each sight).

Time determined by the movement of the target.

Shooting position- lying down, using a belt and support.

Grade- hit the target: “excellent” - with two shots; “good” - with three shots; “satisfactory” - with four shots.

Execution order. The firing line is equipped with a variety of local objects that are convenient for use as cover and support. At the command of the commander, the trainee positions himself to fire, adapting to the terrain and camouflaging himself; receives an observation sector from the commander. 3 minutes are given for device, disguise and familiarization with the observed area. After the specified time has passed, the target appears and moves along the front at a speed of 2 m/sec. over 10 m and hides behind the second cover. The target movement is repeated 3 times.

The most common reasons for not performing the exercise are:

a) excessive haste in firing a shot, resulting in inaccurate aiming and tugging at the trigger;

b) excessive extension of the aiming point, disproportionate to the movement of the target;

c) aiming without taking into account the anticipation of movement;

d) slowness in finding the target when shooting with an optical sight.

Preparatory exercises

3a. Training in shooting at a moving ground target

The exercise is carried out with training cartridges and with verification of aiming with an orthoscope, first in a short distance (5-10 m), and then on actual terrain (within 400 m). Targets are depicted either as light moving targets (shortly reduced in size) or as living people, provided safety precautions are taken. Having started training on targets slowly moving in the direction of fire (approaching and receding), gradually complicate the exercise as the training is successful, changing the direction of movement (along the front, face), time and speed of movement. Training in shooting at targets moving to the side should begin directly with the technique of continuous tracking of the target with the front sight while taking the required lead.

Finish the training by shooting at fast-moving ground targets: horseman, cart, scooter, car, wedge, etc. both on horizontal terrain and along slopes in various directions. When learning to shoot at a car and a wedge, it is necessary to consciously identify the most vulnerable places (driver, engine, observation slots, etc.).

When working through the exercise, give the student an idea of ​​the flight time of a bullet at various distances and develop the skill of quickly finding the relevant reference data in the shooting line for a sniper.

3b. Practice in visual determination of distances, camouflage and observation of the battlefield

a) Work through the test exercise of the first task of the Course for determining distances up to 1500 m;

b) Work through and conduct a test exercise on the first task of the Observation and Combat Use of Terrain Course.

Sound Practice in independently solving shooting problems to hit emerging and moving targets

The exercise is carried out on real terrain.

Targets are depicted as either easy portable targets or living people; in the latter case, it is recommended to conduct the training in the form of a counter fire collision. The exercise should cover the following questions:

b) selection, occupation and equipment of the shooting site;

c) assessment and selection of emerging and moving targets in different directions and on different terrain (slopes);

d) selection of a sight, removal of the aiming point depending on the movement of the target, distance to it and external shooting conditions;

e) adjusting fire according to the commander’s conditional instructions about the location of the bullets;

f) conscious identification of the most vulnerable places of a car, wedge and tank;

g) determining the required number of cartridges to hit various targets, using the reference data of the shooting line for a sniper.

Zg. Practice shooting a small-caliber cartridge at a moving target

Target No. 26a (car model), reduced by 10 times.

Distance- 50 m.

Patrons - 5.

Time determined by the movement of the target.

Shooting position

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- hit a vulnerable part of the target with three bullets.

Execution order. The shooter loads the rifle before the target begins to move. The target moves along the front for one and a half meters for 3 seconds. The target's movement is repeated 5 times, for each movement the student fires 1 bullet.

Zd. Deepening knowledge of the material part of the rifle and optical sight

The exercise is a deepening of exercises 1d, 1g, 2b. Pay special attention to: a) the ability to correctly assemble the rifle after complete disassembly, so that its correct firing is not disrupted, b) signs of proper debugging of the rifle.

Ze. Practice shooting a small-caliber cartridge at a moving target

Target No. 26 (wedge), reduced by 10 times.

Distance- 50 m.

Patrons - 5.

Time determined by the movement of the target.

Shooting position- but to the shooter’s choice, with a crawl of 10-15 m.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- hit the commander or driver.

Execution order. The shooter loads the rifle before the target begins to move. The target moves visually at an angle of approximately 45° over one and a half meters for 3 seconds.

The target movement is repeated 5 times; For each movement of the target, the shooter fires 1 bullet.

Zh. Practice shooting with a small-caliber cartridge at a moving target

Target No. 18 (light machine gun in motion, glued to a 20X20 cm shield), reduced by 10 times.

Distance- 40 m.

Patrons - 5.

Time determined by the movement of the target.

Shooting position- at the shooter's choice, with a crawl of 10-15 m.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- hit the target with 3 bullets.

Execution order. The shooter loads the rifle before the target begins to move. The target moves along the front over 1 m for 4 seconds. The target movement is repeated 5 times. For each movement, the student fires 1 bullet.

3z. Practice shooting live ammunition at a moving target

Target No. 14 is a running figure on a 1.5 m wide shield, moving along the front.

Distance- for an ordinary sight 300 m, for an optical sight - 400 m.

Patrons- 5 (for each sight). Time is determined by the movement of the target.

Position- lying down using a belt and support.

Show hits

Grade- hit the target: “excellent” - 4 bullets; “good” - 3 bullets; “satisfactory” - 2 bullets.

Execution order. The firing line is marked by a variety of local objects that are convenient for use as cover. The starting position for shooting is 50 m from the firing line. At the commander’s sign, the trainee secretly advances to the firing line, prepares to fire, adjusting to the terrain, and loads the rifle. The target appears from behind cover after 1 minute. after the sign for a dash and moves along the front for 10 m for 6-7 seconds, hiding behind the second cover; the target movement is repeated 5 times. The trainee fires at a moving target independently. An observer assists the shooter in observing the shooting.

3i. Practice shooting live ammunition at a moving target

Target No. 18 - light machine gun in motion, disappears when hit.

Distance- for an ordinary sight 350 m, for an optical sight - 500 m.

Patrons- 5 (for each sight).

Time determined by the movement of the target.

Shooting position- at the choice of the shooter with crawling to the starting position for shooting at 40-50m with application to the terrain.

Show hits- after all shots for each scope.

Grade- hit the target: “excellent” - with one bullet; “good” with three bullets, “satisfactory” with five bullets.

Execution order the same as in exercise 3z.

Exercises 3з, 3и are considered completed only if they are completed with an “excellent” or “good” rating, after which the fighter can be allowed to undergo the preparatory exercise Zk and the qualifying exercise 3 with an optical sight.

Zk. Practice shooting live ammunition at moving targets

Target- conditions and procedure for performing the exercise, as in qualifying exercise 3 for shooting with a regular sight, but with each bullet shown.

TASK FOUR

SHOOTING FROM VARIOUS COMBAT POSITIONS FROM STOP AND BECAUSE OF CLOSES WHEN FIRING WITH CONVENTIONAL AND OPTICAL SIGHTS WITHIN UP TO 1000 m

To complete the task, the following combat cartridges are issued: for an open sight - 22 (entry exercise - 8, preparation - 9, assignment - 5); for an optical sight - 20 (entry exercise - 8, preparation - 7, entry - 5).

The total live ammunition for the fourth task is 42.

Small-caliber cartridges - 20.

Test exercise 4

Target No. 13 (waist).

Distance- 200 m.

Aim- ordinary and optical.

Patrons 8 (2 rounds per position) for each scope.

Time- 15 seconds for each position, not counting the first loading.

Shooting position- using covers and supports, lying down, sitting, kneeling, standing.

Show hits

Exercise- hit the target from each position with two bullets.

Execution order. Loading is carried out separately for firing two cartridges from each position.

If the exercise is not completed from any position, re-shooting is carried out only from this position.

The exercise is considered completed when the arrow gives the required result from all positions, at least after repetition at different times.

The most common reason for not performing the exercise is:

a) incorrect position of the shooter (position of the body, legs, head) in one or another ready position;

b) incorrect butt (butt not in the shoulder notch, tense position of the torso, legs, arms, especially the right hand);

c) unstable position of the shooter and rifle due to insufficient preliminary training from the knee and standing, resulting in the desire, especially when shooting standing, to seize the moment to shoot and pull the trigger;

d) incorrect and unskillful use of stops and covers when applying.

Preparatory exercises:

4a. Practice in combat use of terrain, observation of the battlefield and determination of distances

1. Work through exercises 2b, 2c, 2d of the Distance Determination Course.

2. Work through exercises 2a, 26, 2b of the Combat Use of Terrain and Observation Course.

4b. Training in shooting from rest and from behind various covers with conventional and optical sights

The exercise will be carried out at a specially equipped shooting camp. Perform training from all positions depending on the height and shape of the closure: standing, from the knee, sitting and lying down, from the support and from the hand, both with and without the use of a belt.

Exercises are performed in full camping gear.

If you have sniper rifles, preparatory exercises without a live cartridge are carried out with an optical sight in order to learn the techniques for positioning the head and eye for each of the shooter’s combat positions, which have their own characteristics.

Achieve correct and dexterous use of various stops and closures in shooting terrain: trench, ditch, funnel, corner, houses, window, crack in the wall, fence, fence, stone, tree, bush, etc. Require proper shooter and rifle positioning and best use of closure to protect against sight and gunfire.

4c. Practice shooting small-caliber cartridges with a stop due to closures

Target 8a - round on the shield.

Distance- 50 m.

Patrons- 8 (2 rounds from each position).

Shooting position- lying down, sitting, kneeling and standing. Use stops and closures in all positions.

Show hits- after firing from each position.

Exercise- knock out at least 9 points from each position.

Execution order. The firing line must be equipped in advance with local items (portable wooden models, boxes with earth, pillars, earthen bags, logs, etc.). Trainees, on the orders of the commander, take the next shooting position, adapting to stops and closures at their own discretion, in accordance with the taught rules. Before opening fire, the commander must check the correctness and appropriateness of the use of local items by each student.

4g. Solving shooting and tactical problems

During the exercise, work through and deepen the following issues: a) reconnaissance and assessment of the area; b) choosing a location for a firing point and equipping it; c) drawing up a shooting card and a simple perspective drawing of the area ahead; d) observation of the battlefield, search and recognition of targets; e) determination of distances to them; f) choosing the time to open fire; g) selection of the most advantageous sights and aiming points; 3) choosing the most advantageous position for shooting and the moment to fire a shot; i) firing shots and monitoring their results.

4d. Practice in preserving and storing rifles and ammunition in conditions of exposure to chemical agents (resistant and unstable)

The exercise is carried out with the aim of instilling in trainees the skills to take measures to preserve the rifle, optical sight and ammunition: a) at the first signs of an acute illness; b) during a gas attack; c) after leaving the area of ​​action of the explosive agent.

4e. Practice shooting with live cartridges from rest and behind closed doors

Target No. 13 - belt, glued to a shield measuring 1X1.5 m.

Distance- 500 m.

Patrons- 3 (for each sight).

Time

Shooting position- from a knee or standing due to closure.

Exercise

Execution order- when the target is hit for the first time, shooting stops.

The exercise is carried out in full camping gear.

4g. Kneeling shooting training with regular and optical sights

Achieve correct and dexterous execution of the technique with the correct position of the body, legs and arms, both when using a belt and without it. The exercise is carried out with training cartridges, with verification of aiming and trigger release in the orthoscope.

4z. Practice shooting small-caliber cartridges from the knee and while sitting

Target 8a - round on the shield.

Distance- 65 m.

Patrons- 8 (4 from each position).

Time- 5 sec. per shot, not counting loading.

Shooting position- from the knee and sitting.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- score at least 16 points.

4i. Practice shooting with live ammunition from the knee and while sitting

Target

Distance- 300 m.

Patrons- 2 (from each sight) from a kneeling position; 2 (from each sight) from a sitting position.

Time- 5 sec. per shot, not counting loading.

Shooting position- from the knee and sitting.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- hit the target with each sight.

Execution order- those who fulfill the conditions with the first bullet do not shoot the second.

4k. Freehand shooting training

Achieve correct and dexterous execution of the technique with the correct and stable position of the body, legs and arms.

The exercise is carried out with training cartridges. Pay special attention to the correct trigger release.

Finish the training with shooting exercises on the move. In cavalry units, practice shooting from horseback.

4l. Practice shooting small-caliber cartridges while standing

Target 8a - round on the shield.

Distance- 65 m.

Patrons - 4.

Shooting position- standing with your hands.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- score at least 14 points.

4m. Practice shooting with live ammunition while standing

Target No. 13 - belt, glued to the shield, size 1X1.5 m.

Distance- 300m

Patrons- 2, only with an ordinary sight.

Time- 5 sec. per shot, not counting loading (the butt is included in the time count).

Shooting position- standing, from hand.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- hit the target.

Execution order. The shooter fires both bullets, regardless of whether the first bullet hits. The exercise is carried out with the student checking the training and control cartridges before each shot with a live cartridge.

TASK FIFTH

SHOOTING AT AIR TARGETS (within 500 m)

a) live ammunition - 9 (main control - 7; spare - 2);

b) small-caliber cartridges - 15 pcs.

Show exercise

Target- a hose towed by an airplane, a fabric truncated cone, base diameter 1 m, length 5 m.

Distance- 200-300 m.

Height- 100-200 m,

Patrons- 3 per shooter (only with a regular sight).

Time determined by the location of the target in the firing sector.

Shooting position- from a knee or standing, with application to the terrain. Show hits at the end of shooting. Execution order. The exercise is performed by a group of the best sniper shooters, consisting of 4 pairs. Upon receipt of a tactical task, the groups occupy firing points and adapt for air defense in the sector specified by the leader. At a signal from the leader, the aircraft with the hose makes three successive passes in the designated sector. Every time an aircraft appears, the group opens fire on the sleeve. Choosing the time to fire when the sleeve is in the firing sector. If it is impossible to organize this exercise, you should limit yourself to practice firing training (blank) cartridges at an aircraft that flies at different altitudes and in different directions within sniper distances (up to 500 m).

The program of tests and exercises is developed jointly with the invited pilot who will fly. The program must be in the hands of the activity leader and the pilot during the flight. Each point of the program should include: the direction of movement along local objects sharply visible from the sky (canvas railway, highway, etc.), flight altitude and, when necessary, objects of attack for the aircraft (dive).

Such an exercise can be organized on a unit scale for all units in order to give practice in performing techniques for shooting at aircraft and practical mastery of the rules for shooting at them.

Note. The exercise is carried out with an ordinary sight, due to the impossibility of taking the required lead when the aircraft is flying along the front (the aircraft leaves the field of view of the optical sight). When flying obliquely and the aircraft moving directly towards the shooter (approaching or moving away), it is possible to use an optical sight.

Test exercise

Target No. 23 (silhouette of an airplane), mounted on a moving wire.

Distance- 40 m.

Patrons- 4 (only for a regular sight).

Time determined by the movement of the target.

Shooting position- from a knee or standing from the hand, at the discretion of the student.

Show hits- after all the shots.

Grade- hit the silhouette: “excellent” - 4 bullets; “good” - 3 bullets; “satisfactory” - 2 bullets.

Execution order. The exercise is performed in full camping gear. The student prepares to shoot and loads the rifle before the target begins to move. The target moves at a speed of 3-4m per second. for at least 20 m. The target movement is repeated 4 times. For each target movement, the trainee fires one shot - as directed by the commander or observer, when the target enters the safe firing sector.

Reason for non-compliance exercise is usually due to insufficient training in shooting at fast-moving targets.

Preparatory exercises

5a. Training in position for shooting at air targets

The exercise is carried out on the ground with training cartridges.

Train in a quick and dexterous position for shooting at airplane models hung at a possible height, from various positions (standing, kneeling, sitting, lying on your back) both from a rest and without a rest. Bring the speed of preparation for shooting at an aircraft from any position, including loading a clip and installing a sight on command - up to 6 seconds.

5b. Training in aircraft recognition (friend or foe))

The exercise is carried out briefly on reduced models of aircraft, typical of one’s own or someone else’s aviation, teaching one to recognize the identity of the aircraft not only by identification marks, but also by external signs. To develop skill in recognizing them, one should widely use observation of flying aircraft during field training.

5th century Training in determining distances to aircraft based on their type and size

First, carry out the exercise briefly, using scaled-down models of aircraft, using the Lyra device and a Red Army rifle ruler to determine conventional distances.

In the future, proceed to exercises in determining distances from actual aircraft, using, if possible, the nearest airfield or aircraft accidentally flying during field exercises. In these exercises it is necessary to achieve skill in quick determination distances to the aircraft (by visibility of parts) by eye within 500 m with an accuracy of 100 m.

5g. Training in shooting at aircraft in different directions of movement

The exercise should be carried out briefly on silhouettes or models of aircraft, first from an aiming machine with checking the aiming with pointers, and then from the hand with checking the aiming with an orthoscope. Achieve skill in determining the direction of movement of the aircraft and, accordingly, in choosing the installation of the sight and aiming point on the aircraft:

a) the attacker,

b) passing to the side (methods of aiming over local objects at the command of the commander with the aiming point being moved to a certain number of aircraft bodies).

5d. Practice shooting small-caliber cartridges at aircraft

Target No. 32 (silhouette of an airplane diving at the shooter, pasted at the height possible under the conditions of the shooting range).

Distance- 10 m.

Patrons - 3.

Time- 3 sec. per shot, not counting preparation and loading.

Shooting position- from the knee or standing from the hand - at the choice of the student.

Show hits- after each shot.

Exercise- hit two bullets in a circle described from the center of the aircraft’s head, with a radius of 2 cm.

5th - the same.

Target No. 33 (silhouette of an airplane passing along the front), pasted on a panorama with prominent local objects (individual trees, churches, etc.).

The remaining conditions are the same as in the previous exercise.

The exercise is performed by aiming over a local object at the command of the commander. The size control point is determined by the commander by crossing the lines of the direction of movement of the target and a vertical line through a local object.

5zh - the same.

Target No. 34 (silhouette of an airplane diving onto the neighboring part).

The remaining conditions are the same as in the previous exercises.

The exercise is carried out by moving the aiming point to a certain number of target bodies at a distance conditionally specified by the commander. The control point is determined by the commander by simple measurement.

TASK SIX

QUICKLY ENJOYING SEVERAL TARGETS WITH FIRE TRANSFER ALONG THE FRONT AND IN DEPTH, WITH A CONVENTIONAL OR OPTICAL SIGHT (within 800-1000 m)

The following are released to complete the task:

a) live ammunition - 47 (primary exercise - 15, prep - 22, spare - 10);

b) small-caliber cartridges - 30.

The task is worked out in camouflage suits as part of a pair.

Test exercise:

Target No. 28 - periscope; No. 29 - loophole; fighter's head (Fig. 4), No. 12 - chest.

Distance- 100-400 m.

Patrons - 15.

Time. Each student is given 10 minutes to choose a place in the specified area, to occupy and camouflage it, to draw up a long-term plan; The time to fire is determined by the appearance and movement of targets.

Shooting position- at the shooter’s choice, in the area as directed by the shooting director.

Show hits- at the end of the exercise.

Grade- hit all targets using no more than: “excellent” - 8 rounds; “good” - 12 rounds; “satisfactory” - 15 rounds.

Execution order. The leader gives each sniper a brief tactical environment and mission, indicating the area for deployment and sector of activity. The trained post, applied to the terrain and disguised, studies the resulting sector and draws up a long-term plan. The target area should be indicated by a number of local objects and landmarks. A target is set in the center of the target area - a trench with a loophole at a distance of 200-250 m. After 10 minutes. After handing over the task, the manager begins showing the goals:

a) The target appears first - the chest target at a distance of 300-400 m and stands until it is hit, but not longer than 45 seconds; when defeated, it immediately falls (hides).

b) After 1 min. from the beginning of the appearance of the first target, the second target appears at a distance of 150-200 m - the fighter’s head (Fig. 4), moving along the front from one closure to another over 10 m for 15 seconds; the shooter transfers fire to her; when hit, the target falls (hides).

c) After 2 minutes from the beginning of the appearance of the first target, a soldier’s head appears in the loophole of the trench (Fig. 3), at which the shooter opens fire independently; the target appears for 5 seconds. several times (with intervals between appearances of 7-10 seconds) until defeat, but no more than 5 times; When defeated, the target immediately disappears and does not appear again.

d) 2.5 minutes after the first target begins to appear, a fourth target appears away from it, at a distance of 100-150 m - a periscope for 40 seconds, the shooter transfers fire to it; When defeated, the target immediately disappears.

If the shooter fails to hit any of the first three targets, the exercise is interrupted and the shooter is disqualified from continuing it for additional training.

The manager is warned about failure to hit the targets by indicators or by telephone or by conventional signs from the dugout (flag).

Preparatory exercises

6a. Solving the shooting tactical problem of firing in battle

The exercise is carried out on real terrain with training cartridges. Targets are depicted either as light portable targets or as living people. In the latter case, it can be carried out in the form of a counter fire collision. The exercise should cover the following questions:

a) covert movement on the battlefield with camouflage and application to the terrain;

b) observation of the battlefield;

c) assessment and selection of goals;

d) drawing up a long-term plan;

e) determination of distances;

f) maintaining an observation log;

g) interchangeability of snipers;

h) selection of the sight and aiming points depending on the size of the targets;

i) determining the required number of cartridges to hit various targets.

6b. Practice in visual determination of distances, camouflage and observation of the battlefield

a) Work through the exercise: “Practice in determining distances using an optical sight” - conditions as in exercise 2e of the Distance Determination Course;

b) work through exercises 2d, 2d, For, 3b, Zv of the Observation and Combat Use of Terrain Course.

6th century Practice shooting with a live cartridge while transferring fire along the front

Target No. 11 - head and No. 12 - chest at an interval of 10-12 m, falling or hiding when affected.

Distance- 300--400 m.

Patrons - 5.

Time- 40 sec. without charging.

Shooting position- at the choice of the student.

Show hits- after all the shots.

Grade- hit both figures using no more than: “excellent” - 3 rounds; “good” - 4 rounds; “satisfactory” - 5 rounds.

Execution order. 20-30 m from the firing line, the sniper is given a brief tactical situation and the observation sector is indicated. The sniper, applying himself to the terrain, takes a place for shooting and camouflages himself. After this, he is given 1.5 minutes to familiarize himself with the area. Then both targets appear for 40 seconds. The sniper determines the distance to the target independently. The struck figure disappears (falls) and does not appear again. The exercise is done in a camouflage suit. To better study the issue of shooting from unmeasured distances, it is recommended to change the firing line or show a new target for each shift.

6g. Practice shooting with a live cartridge while transferring fire into depth

Target No. 28 - periscope and the head of a fighter (Fig. 3), appearing in a loophole, measuring 20X30 cm.

Distance- to the first target 150 m, to the second - 250 m

Patrons - 5.

Time determined by the appearance of the target.

Shooting position- at the choice of the student, with application to the area.

Show hits- after all the shots.

Grade- hit both targets using no more cartridges: “excellent” - 3 cartridges; “good” - 4 rounds; “satisfactory” - 5 rounds.

Execution order. The leader gives the sniper a brief tactical overview and indicates his sector of activity. The student applies himself to the area, disguises himself, and studies the resulting sector. 2 minutes after the task is presented, on the orders of the manager, the display of goals begins.

First, a periscope appears for 20 seconds, at which the shooter opens fire; if damaged, the periscope immediately disappears. After 20 sec. after the periscope appears, a second target appears - the head in the loophole. The head appears 5 times, each time for 5 seconds, with intervals between displays of 10-15 seconds. After the first lesion, the head no longer appears.

6d. Practice shooting with a live cartridge, transferring fire along the front and in depth

Goals: No. 28 - periscope, head (Fig. 3) in the loophole and the head of the fighter (Fig. 4), moving along the front.

Distance- 100-300 m.

Patrons - 12.

Time determined by the appearance and movement of the target.

Shooting position- at the choice of the student.

Show hits- at the end of the exercise.

Grade- hit all targets using no more than: “excellent” - 8 rounds; “ok - 10 rounds; “satisfactory” - 12 rounds.

Execution order- the exercise is carried out similar to test exercise 5.

TASK SEVEN

FIRING AT DIFFERENT TARGET VISIBILITY (IN THE DARKNIGHT AT NIGHT) WITH ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING, AT TWILIGHT (within up to 400 m)

To complete the task, combat cartridges are issued: for an ordinary sight - 12 (challenge exercise - 3, port - 3 and deputy - 6); for an optical sight - 12 (entry exercise - 3, preparation - 3 exercise - 6).

Small-caliber cartridges - 10.

Test exercise 7

Target No. 14 - running figure.

Distance- 200 m.

Patrons- 3 (for each sight).

Aim- ordinary and optical.

Time- for each target illumination, fire a shot.

Shooting position- lying down, using a belt and support is allowed.

Show hits- after all shots with this scope.

Rating - hit the target: “excellent” - 3 bullets; “good” - 2 bullets and “satisfactory” - 1 bullet.

Execution order. The trainee receives a brief tactical task from the leader and is positioned for shooting. The device is given 2 minutes, after which the commander gives the order to the demonstrators to begin work. Indicators, after 5-10 seconds. after receiving the order, illuminate the target for 3-4 seconds. The target is illuminated 4 times at irregular intervals of 5-10 seconds.

Preparatory exercises

7a. Practice in visually determining distances, observing the battlefield and camouflage

1. Work through problem three of the Distance Determination Course.

2. Work through exercises 3e, 3g, 3z and 3i of the Course of Observation and Combat Use of Terrain.

7b. Practice shooting a small-caliber cartridge in the dark with short target illumination

Target No. 14 - a running figure, reduced by 10 times, pasted on the panorama.

Distance- 25 m.

Patrons - 3.

Time- for each target illumination, fire 1 shot.

Shooting position- lying down, from rest.

Show hits- after all the shots.

Execution conditions- hit the target.

Execution order. The student prepares to shoot and loads the rifle in the dark. The target is briefly illuminated by the commander, unexpectedly for the trainee, by turning on a light above the distance or a secret flashlight. The target is illuminated 4 times, each time for 3-4 seconds. at irregular intervals of 5-10 seconds.

7th century Practice shooting live ammunition in complete darkness

Target No. 12 - chest, on the backboard 1X1 m, a hole with a diameter of 2 cm is made in the target’s mouth.

Distance- 150 m.

Patrons- 3 (for each sight).

Aim- ordinary and optical.

Time- no more than 1.5 minutes.

Shooting position- at the discretion of the student.

Show hits- after shooting with each sight.

Grade- hit the target: “excellent - with 3 bullets; “good” - 2 bullets; “satisfactory” - 1 bullet.

Execution order. When shooting with a conventional sight, it is allowed to cover the front sight and slot with a luminous composition. The trainees take their places for shooting. By order of the leader, the demonstrator illuminates the hole in the shield from the back side (imitation of smoking by an enemy observer) for 3-4 seconds, then takes a break for 5-6 seconds. and illuminates again. This is repeated 4 times.

TASK EIGHT

FIREING WITHIN A GROUP OF SNIPERS (within 1500 m)

To complete the task, 39 live rounds of ammunition are issued per trainee (entry exercise - 25, prep. - 7, entry - 7).

Test exercise 8

Subject- actions of a group of snipers in combat outposts during defense.

Learning goals.

1) Checking the platoon commander in organizing the fire of a group of snipers.

2) Testing snipers’ ability to act in cooperation with neighboring pairs of snipers.

Shooting program

Setting tasks for snipers by the platoon commander; selection, arrangement and occupation of shooting sites by snipers; drawing up long-term plans or shooting cards; organization of observation. Firing by snipers; separation and adjustment of fire.

Organization of shooting

The leader-commander of a rifle company or the head of a sniper team. Tactical background - a platoon in combat outpost. The number of targets and their order are shown in Diagram 1. All targets must appear, fall, or hide when hit. To monitor the application to the terrain and their camouflage in the target area, observers with periscopes are located in dugouts (not in range with targets being fired upon).

SCHEME 1.

The time for setting up, occupying places for shooting and camouflage and preparing data for shooting is 15 minutes and for shooting - 5 minutes. The calculation of live ammunition for four pairs of snipers is 200 (25 pieces per shooter).

Procedure

Four pairs of snipers take part in the shooting at the same time. One pair is allowed to shoot with an optical sight. Each shift is composed of snipers from one company under the command of one of the platoon commanders, as designated by the shooting leader. The leader announces a brief tactical situation to the platoon commander, the platoon commander explains the situation and gives the task to the snipers, after which the snipers, at the direction of the platoon commander, begin to carry out their task. After the snipers occupy the shooting areas and are ready to fire, the leader gives orders to raise the targets. All targets rise at the same time.

Snipers open fire on their own. Each target hit is immediately hidden. After five minutes have passed from the moment the targets appear, by order of the leader, the unhit targets are hidden.

Shooting score - penalty points are counted for each unhit target: for an unhit battalion gun - 3 points; for an undamaged heavy machine gun - 3 points; for an unhit light machine gun - 2 points and for each unhit target from among the others - 1 point. To complete the exercise, you need to get no more than 10 penalty points with the greatest savings in cartridges: “excellent” - with a consumption of no more than 160 “good” - with a consumption of no more than 180, “satisfactory” - with a consumption of no more than 200 cartridges.

SCHEME 2.

Preparatory exercises

8a. Practice in solving shooting problems

The exercise is carried out as part of a group of snipers. The exercise is carried out on a variety of terrain, repeating it at different times of the day. When working through the exercise, pay attention to the organization of observation and distribution of fire between pairs of snipers; to assess targets and determine the required number of rounds to hit various targets.

8b. Practice in firing as part of a group of snipers with its distribution among targets

The goal is as indicated in diagram 2.

Distance - from 200 to 800 m.

Cartridges - 56 for 4 pairs of snipers (7 pieces per warmer).

Time - 2 minutes after the end of preparation for shooting.

The sight - one pair has an optical sight, the rest - an ordinary one.

Shooting score - penalty points are counted for each unhit target: for an unhit heavy machine gun - 3 points; for an unhit light machine gun - 2 points and for each unhit target from among the others - 1 point.

An “excellent” rating is given when receiving no more than 3 penalty points.

Score “good” - if you receive no more than 7 penalty points.

The grade is “satisfactory” - if you receive no more than 10 penalty points.

The order of execution is in relation to test exercise 6, but the installation of all targets is dead.

Selection options for the US Army and police units, selection for ATS snipers, Ground Forces RF, units of the Special Forces of the RF Air Force.

Selection of candidates for sniper training in the US Army

In the US Army, snipers are trained at the Army Infantry Center and School (Fort Benning, Georgia).
In the US Army, only men are candidates for training as snipers. Recruitment is on a voluntary basis, followed by careful selection. There are increased requirements for recruitment and selection.

Candidates must:

• have a rank in shooting sports or be hunter-athletes and annually confirm their qualifications in competitions
• have excellent physical shape above all-Russian standards and good health
• have 100% vision in both eyes (or correctable to 100%, wearing glasses is not allowed)
• do not smoke, do not use drugs, do not abuse alcohol
• be proactive, disciplined and emotionally stable
• pass a special test to determine the level of mental development
• have the rank of private first class to sergeant first class
• be a member of the regular army or reserve components of the ground forces
• have excellent performance characteristics
• have no disciplinary actions
• have at least one year until the end of the contract term
• pass a physical fitness test (at least 70% of the marks are “excellent”)

A sniper is required to have emotional balance. The sniper must be able to carry out long time outdoors and be able to use natural conditions and phenomena in their activities.

Selection of candidates for sniper training in US police forces

A candidate for a tactical team sniper must be a member of a rapid response unit who has demonstrated specific skill in the use of rifles. These skills can be acquired through competition, hunting, or during appropriate training in the army. The sniper must be in excellent condition physical fitness. He must run, climb walls and rappel on par with the best fighters, as he will have to carry heavier weapons than others in addition to standard equipment. A good sniper must also be able to control his heart and breathing. If his heart is pounding and he is out of breath after a difficult climb to the roof of a building, you can hardly expect him to be a marksman.

There is only one way to determine physical condition - a physical fitness test. At a minimum, a tactical team sniper must be able to:

• Run 1 mile in 8 minutes. 30 sec
• From a prone start, run the 40 yard dash in 8 seconds.
• Climb a knotted rope without using your feet to a height of 25 feet
• In full assault gear, climb a rope with knots tied to a height of 14 feet
• Do 50 squats in 60 seconds
• Bend over and, without bending your knees, touch the ground with your palms
• While holding a friend in any way, climb a flight of 30 steps in 30 seconds

The officer must have good eyesight, not be color blind and not lose visual acuity at dusk.

Requirements for the personality of an ATS sniper and the selection of sniper candidates

When selecting candidates for the position of sniper, professional and psychological selection is very important. In its process, two main tasks are solved. The first is the identification of persons who, due to their professional, moral, psychological and psychophysiological qualities, are not capable of performing the functions of a sniper. This ensures the prevention of a significant part of professional errors and neuropsychic breakdowns during combat operations or special operations, and the subsequent development of neuropsychic disorders and diseases.

Psychological and psychophysiological contraindications to appointment as a sniper:

• chronic diseases
• condition after poisoning and acute illnesses
• belonging to a “risk group”, reduced psychological stability, tendency to mental maladjustment
• insufficient level of development of professionally important qualities
• increased anxiety, worry, fear
• excessive impulsiveness, tendency to react spectacularly, lack of self-control
• emotional-vegetative instability (frequent redness or paleness of the face, sweating, constant trembling of the hands or eyelids)
• irritability, touchiness, tendency to negative emotional-evaluative reactions

The second task is to determine the degree of professional, moral, psychological and psychophysiological readiness of these individuals to perform combat sniper work.
All candidates are assessed for the following qualities:

• value-legal orientation (determination, professional sense of duty)
• moral principles
• intensity of motivation (voluntary readiness to solve a complex professional problem)
• intellectual abilities (general intelligence, operational and heuristic thinking)
• level of aspirations, adequacy of self-esteem, self-confidence, social maturity (responsibility, determination in difficult situations, realism, flexibility of behavior)
• resistance to mental and physical stress
• level of self-control (restraint, poise, self-control)

The ability to quickly navigate in a complex and dynamically changing environment, well-developed perceptual functions, spatial orientation and coordination of movements, and speed-strength endurance are important.

There are peculiarities in the training of snipers for groups fighting armed criminals, the main one of which is that, unlike training snipers in the army, where the main shooting distance is 600-800m, here this distance is usually 2-3 times less . A police sniper is also required to: correctly identify the target; take into account the presence of random persons, hostages or members of their group who may be close to the criminal; be in one position, possibly for several hours; the need to subsequently answer before the court for their actions.

Based on this, the selection for internal affairs snipers must be strict.
First of all, the sniper must be selected on a voluntary basis. However, just wanting to be a sniper is not enough. It is preferable to select snipers from participants in shooting competitions or from people with obvious shooting ability and also a working knowledge of ballistics. In addition, a candidate sniper must have significant experience in law enforcement agencies and be well versed in all areas of police activity. It is preferable that the selected candidate be a mature, calm, patient and emotionally balanced person, a non-smoker and not prone to drinking alcoholic beverages.

Preference should be given to a person with good physical training, which is capable of carrying heavy loads. Good health means quick reactions, the ability to clearly control muscles, and control breathing. It is very important that the sniper has excellent vision and increased stamina. Sniper with lost or broken glasses will become helpless, in addition, the lenses of the glasses can cause a glare in the sun and give away the location of the sniper. A sniper must be interested in constantly improving himself and increasing his professionalism.

It is advisable that a candidate sniper have an above average level of intelligence and be able to express his thoughts clearly and clearly when communicating via walkie-talkie. He will need the ability to understand ballistics, optics, communications, navigation, etc. It is also necessary to check the degree of observation of the future sniper, visual memory and the ability to collect and analyze useful information and use it when necessary.

It is advisable to divide the selection into two stages. At the beginning, the available data on the degree of development of abilities, health, physical, business, moral, psychological and psychophysiological qualities of the candidate are analyzed. Testing is then carried out to determine the level of development of the qualities listed above.

It should be noted that not every good shooter is suitable for sniper activity. In assessing candidates it is necessary to show sufficient firmness and integrity.

In order for the sniper to have a constant high psychological tone and good ability to perform the assigned task, a regular psychodiagnostic examination (testing, conversation, observation) is necessary. Regular relaxation training is recommended for the prevention of stress-related diseases. It is also necessary before going into surgery - to build self-confidence, reduce inhibition and combat specific fear and anxiety.

Qualification requirements and standards

Certification of snipers for professional suitability should be carried out every 3-4 months, sniper rifles must be checked and brought into normal combat monthly, as the seasons change and weather conditions. Passing the standards will allow you to maintain your weapon in a state of combat readiness and constantly improve your shooting skills.

Marksmanship standards:

• shooting from a prone position at 100 meters, 6 shots at a 4x4 (cm) square target (all bullets must be on the target)
• shooting from a prone position from a rest at 300 meters, a head target measuring 30 x 20 cm, appearing in the window opening for 5-6 seconds (kill with the first shot)

Additional tests:
Running for a distance of 100 meters and then shooting from a distance of 100 meters from a prone position with a support, the target is a circle with a diameter of 8 centimeters.
Instant shooting on the fire command:

• shooting from a distance of 200 meters, at a target measuring 12x12 cm from a prone position with support
• shooting from a distance of 300 meters, shots to the chest, at the chest figure, 150 cm high, from a prone position with support

Physical standards:

• running a distance of 3 km in a time not exceeding 13 minutes
• push-ups, 40-50 times in 60 seconds
• pulling legs to chest, 50-60 times in 60 seconds
• pull-ups on the horizontal bar, 16 times

Methodological recommendations for the selection of snipers in units and formations of the Russian Ground Forces

Sniper training includes the selection of military personnel who meet the requirements for a sniper and their subsequent special training in methods of action, taking into account weapons, equipment and tactics of action in battle.

The selection begins with the study of documents of military personnel, personal conversations, observation of military personnel during training and in everyday life. The main attention should be paid to those military personnel who have sports categories, primarily in shooting, have been involved in hunting since childhood, are observant, unhurried, self-possessed and calm in nature, have good physical fitness at the final stage of single soldier training and, based on the results, shown in the main subjects of training, and primarily in shooting, candidates for snipers are designated by the commander of the combined unit and submitted to the headquarters of the unit.

Qualification requirements for the candidate

1. Fit for health reasons to serve in the reconnaissance units of the Airborne Forces (Airborne Forces)
2. For military personnel undergoing military service upon conscription - at least 1 year of service in deployed motorized rifle, reconnaissance (reconnaissance and airborne), airborne units, Marine Corps units, special forces units that have expressed a desire to continue serving under a contract after completing the courses
3. For military personnel serving under a contract, in addition to those listed in the previous paragraph, preferably those with experience of combat operations in the zones local conflicts. First age group
4. Sports category of at least second, preferably:
   Biathlon, athletics, bullet shooting, orienteering, fox hunting, skiing, all-around GTO, tourism, mountain tourism
5. Not being the only children in the family or the sole breadwinner
6. Preferably single
7. Preferably non-Muslims
8. Preferably non-smokers
9. Those who have successfully passed the psychological aptitude test for their future specialty
10. Those who have successfully passed tests on:
    • physical training in the amount and according to the standards of the VSK 1 st.
    • shooting from SVD (AK)
    • general education base (Option: 45 minutes for an essay on the topic: “Why do I want to become a sniper?”)

Testing observation and visual memory

Ten low-visibility targets are set in an observation band of 200x1000 meters. Candidates are given 10 minutes to observe and detect targets, after which they are asked to take cover.
At this time, half of the targets are moved to other places and are additionally camouflaged. If, upon repeated observation and study of this strip, the candidate finds all the targets (ten) and discovers a rearrangement of at least three targets, the exercise is considered completed.

Lack of reaction to a shot

Having such a reaction is the most common mistake among shooters. Its manifestation can be of a very diverse nature (closing the eyes before firing, pushing the weapon with the shoulder, sharply jerking the trigger, relaxing the muscle group involved in holding the weapon, etc.).

The reason for the reaction to a shot should be sought in the psychological processes occurring in the shooter before the shot. The shooter, knowing that the shot is accompanied by a loud sound and recoil of the weapon into the shoulder, decocking the hammer, smoothly pressing the trigger, involuntarily prepares for these unpleasant sensations for him, anticipating the moment when they are about to happen, involuntarily makes them towards some kind of compensating movement. If this movement occurs before the trigger is released, it will disrupt the aiming of the weapon and the shot will not be accurate. Moreover, the smaller the time difference between this movement and the release of the trigger, the less noticeable this error is, both for the shooting director and for the shooter himself. The reaction to a shot manifests itself differently in all people involved in shooting, and this is quite natural. Experience shows that eliminating this reaction is the most difficult problem in training good shooters.

When selecting candidates for the initial exercise, the shooting director should take note of those who, in his opinion, most correctly performed all technical actions with weapons on the firing line, and only then compare the results of their observations with the results of shooting at targets.

You can also determine the reaction to a shot as follows. Load one training cartridge into the magazine. The shooter, not knowing whether the weapon is loaded or not, takes aim and pulls the trigger, involuntarily preparing for the shot, makes a movement towards it. Since the shot does not occur, the leader and the shooter himself can clearly see this movement, which disrupts the aim of the weapon.

Physical Fitness Test

The level of development of the basic physical qualities of candidates is determined by three NFP exercises:

• 100m run – 13 seconds
• Pull-ups on the bar – 17 times
• 3 km run – 12 min. 30 sec. (field uniform)

Exercises are performed sequentially, with sufficient rest time provided for the body to recover.

The assessment of candidates' physical fitness is made up of the marks they received for these exercises and is determined in accordance with the requirements of the NFP.

“Excellent” - two “excellent”, one “good”
“Good” – one is “satisfactory”, the rest are not lower than “good”
“Satisfactory” - if more than two are “satisfactory” in the absence of unsatisfactory grades, or if one grade is “unsatisfactory” in the presence of other positive grades and at least one of them is “good”
“Unsatisfactory” – two or more “unsatisfactory” ratings
It is recommended to enroll candidates who receive a grade of at least “good”.

Selection of snipers in special forces units of the Internal Troops of the Russian Federation.

In special operations, snipers support the actions of capture groups with fire or lead to the destruction of terrorists. As a rule, a sniper with a partner, who ensures his safety and adjusts the fire, acts autonomously, maintaining constant communication with the commander of the cover group and the special operation headquarters. The destruction of terrorists who may be in close proximity to ordinary people and be covered by them, using them as a human shield, requires the highest professionalism and endurance from the sniper, and the mobilization of all personal qualities.

The sniper must have the temperament of a sanguine person, prone to phlegmatism, must be decisive, independent in judgment, and not have uncontrollable emotions.

Not everyone can become a sniper, even if he is a good shooter.
The commander of a special forces unit is obliged to personally select snipers and conduct testing of volunteer candidates.
The candidate group includes former bullet shooting athletes, hunters, and military personnel (employees) who show consistent positive results when shooting from a machine gun.

Testing is carried out on one day without a break for 6 hours in three stages, shooting is carried out from machine guns at targets No. 4 (chest target with circles) without using a hand rest.

1st STAGE
Shooting - testing under normal conditions without load (obtaining background comparative results).

Exercise No. 1 Shooting from a prone position without using a rest.
Target: Target No. 4
Range: 100 m
Number of cartridges: 10 pcs
The test taker is given 10 rounds of ammunition, the target number is indicated, the command “To the firing line - to battle” is given, he lies down on the firing line, loads the magazine and opens fire at the specified target. The time to complete the exercise is 60 s (time with the magazine equipped).

Exercise No. 2 Shooting with transfer of fire from one target to another
Targets: 5 targets No. 4 at a distance of 1 m from each other
Range: 100 m
Number of cartridges: 25 pcs.
Features of the exercise:
The conditions of the exercise are explained to the test takers, they are given 25 rounds of ammunition, and the command is given to “equip the magazine.” After loading the magazine, the command “For battle”, the shooter is prepared for battle, puts a cartridge into the chamber and waits for the command to open fire. The shooting director calls the target number, the shooter opens fire on it, the time to shoot is 2 s.
Target numbers are called in a random sequence.
For example: 1; 3; 5; 4; 2 5; 3; 4:2; 1 5; 1; 4; 2; 3 3; 1; 2; 5; 4 2; 4; 1; 3; 5

Exercise No. 3 Shooting from standby
Target: Target No. 4
Range: 100 m
Number of cartridges: 5 pcs.
Features of the exercise:
The person being tested loads the magazine with 5 rounds. On the command “to the firing line for battle,” it is prepared to fire, sends a cartridge into the chamber and awaits the “Fire” command. The shooting director gives the command “Fire” at various intervals:
For example: 1st shot at 6 minutes 2nd shot at 7 minutes 3rd shot at 9 minutes 4th shot at 20 minutes 5th shot at 30 minutes
Only 5 shots in 30 minutes.
Time for a shot is no more than 2 seconds.

2nd STAGE
Those tested in NIB (personal armor protection equipment) with weapons make a 20 km march under the leadership of a special forces officer, given an order by the unit senior on the march. 3-4 instructors are assigned to help him special training and a paramedic.
Each instructor is assigned several test takers.
Instructors observe the behavior of the subjects and evaluate their actions.
During the march, the following standards are worked out:

• upon exiting from enemy artillery fire
• to overcome a section of terrain by crawling
• to overcome a section of terrain by dashing

Introductory:

• for overcoming water obstacles
• for crossing swampy areas
• for carrying the wounded

Stopping 3 times at pre-selected places for 5 minutes, drawing up a card with a schematic representation of a section of terrain with landmarks and indications of the distance to them
Stopping 3 times along the route to practice camouflage actions, the instructors set the task for their subordinates to camouflage themselves on the ground using available objects in 3 minutes

STAGE 3
The march ends at the firing line, shooting is carried out on the move - testing after the physical and psychological stress received on the march. The same 3 exercises are performed.

All results three stages are studied by officers and warrant officers of the unit. Preference is given to candidates who have shown stable shooting results without load and against a background of fatigue, who have shown initiative and creativity when solving introductory questions, who have quickly become involved in the situation, and who have most accurately compiled sniper cards.

If the subject’s background results are excellent, and after the load there is a significant deterioration, these are symptoms of a weak nervous system that is not able to withstand heavy loads and stress. In the event of a slight deterioration in the results or their stability, the subject’s nervous system is able to maintain the body in a normal state, which is necessary for a sniper.

Basic special forces training [Extreme survival] Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

Combat psychophysiology of a sniper

Combat sniper fishing is a responsible occupation that requires special precision and concentration. This process requires not only a certain amount of physical endurance and hellish patience, but also a large expenditure of nervous energy. Accurate shooting is always associated with tension in the nervous system. Knowledge of the physiological and psychophysiological processes occurring in the shooter’s body greatly helps to increase the effectiveness of sniper shooting. First of all, a sniper has no right to emotions. With mental tension, motor skills and so-called static coordination are impaired. Coordination stability and static endurance decrease. Jitters appear, which begin to “drive the pulse.” For beginning shooters, all of the above is caused by the so-called “pre-start state” before shooting. The pre-launch mobilization state physiologically justifies itself in dynamic types of combat activity, and in the static state of shooting, it takes on the course of ordinary stress. How to deal with this?

Firstly: when adrenaline and other stress hormones are released, a lot of vitamins are “burned” in the body. Therefore, in everyday life, a sniper needs to constantly replenish their deficiency. A healthy liver is necessary for better absorption of vitamins. Therefore, stop drinking alcohol.

Secondly: during any stress, a lot of glucose is burned in the body. Instinctively I want something sweet. Experiment - when your pulse starts to increase during shooting, place a small sweet and sour candy under your tongue. After some time, the jitters will decrease and then disappear altogether. Why did this happen? The body received an influx of sweets, and besides, attention switched to taste sensations. In addition, this simple technique increases visual acuity, because acidic reflexively mobilizes the visual apparatus. Swallowing and chewing movements also reflexively contribute to this mobilization.

To relieve anxiety and prevent it, inhale slowly and deeply through your nose all the time, and exhale only through your mouth. Or inhale through your left nostril and exhale only through your right. At the same time, rub your hands. Stretch each finger until you feel warmth. Using the knuckles of a clenched fist, forcefully knead the inner surface of the palm of your other hand. This simple technique effectively relieves not only jitters, but also nervous tension. This process occurs at the reflex level. You should know that the mechanism of excitation is embedded in the subcortex and operates on a subconscious level. It will not be possible to “turn it off” by an effort of will, but it is quite possible to use reflexive physiological techniques. Old-timers are not worried about jitters - they are hardened to stress. And for beginners, it is very advisable to practice the above-described method of stress relief. Practice and you will succeed.

The next stumbling block, known to all practical shooters without exception, is static stability. This very static stability, for which sports shooters endlessly struggle, drops sharply in the mobile sniper work characteristic of special forces soldiers. Not so much because the specific activity of such units is mainly running. The fact is that in this case you have to turn your head all the time, fall on your stomach and kneel. Few people know that frequent turning of the head and throwing it back while frequently adopting a prone shooting position physiologically reduces shooting stability. Therefore, a sniper working in a mobile group needs to turn his head less, and observe only in the direction determined by the group commander. You can’t “squint” with your eyes either. What to do? Train in the development of peripheral vision. Tunnel vision, which is very necessary for a sniper, does not suffer from this at all. For shooting, constantly mark out shelters and folds of the terrain from where you can shoot either while sitting, or from your knees, or in the “Estonian” position, which does not require much tilting of the head back. You should know that after shooting while lying down, stability deteriorates in some cases by up to 50% - all for the same reason of lying with your head thrown back. Dense food also significantly worsens static stability.

It is also necessary to constantly remember that shooting stability requires maintaining active attention to this state of the body and this process and does not tolerate tension - both muscular and mental. Shooting stability in prone, kneeling, standing positions, as well as in special non-standard positions, depends primarily on the sense of balance, which is provided by the vestibular apparatus. This stability is ensured by the continuous automatic firing of certain muscle groups. This automation directly depends on the so-called rectifying reaction. This reflexive straightening response is triggered not only by the vestibular system and sensors in the skin and tendons, but also by pressure sensors located in the soft tissues of the human foot. The reflex reaction of straightening is largely directed by the mechanism of muscle coordination memory, the so-called “balance memory” of muscles, which represents the second vestibular apparatus of the living organism. This is the so-called “proprioceptor muscle sense”, the essence of which is still poorly understood.

American sniper in Iraq

At one time, when selecting candidates for sniper schools, there was a test: if, when the subject’s eyes were closed, his static stability and the associated righting reaction during slight but sharp rolls and trims did not change, then this meant that this individual had very sensitive not only vestibular apparatus, but also receptors of the skin, muscles, tendons. And also the function of the above-mentioned proprioceptor muscle sense was great. All this, without the help of the eyes, was able to react to vertical and horizontal displacements of body parts in space, and moreover, to automatically return the necessary parts of the body to a given position, in our case, to return the weapon back to the aiming line. The phenomenon of proprioceptive sensitivity in itself is a very interesting topic for research and a powerful physiological reserve for improving the quality of shooting. For the sake of curiosity, try practicing shooting with... your eyes closed. After you have taken the usual classic position lying down (no matter, with a rest or with a belt), lie down and peer into the sight, take aim, close your eyes. Keep the “target picture” before your eyes using visual memory and match all the “visible” changes on it with the sensations that arise in the muscles of the arms, shoulder girdle and back. Match all “visible” movements of the aiming element relative to a given aiming point with muscle efforts. Learn to use muscle tone to direct the aiming element to the desired aiming point and hold it there. Open your eyes and get checked. Repeat again. Be patient and practice this way for 3-4 weeks. Soon you will no longer be surprised by the fact that with your eyes open after working “blind”, the sight pictures will coincide exactly. Moreover, you yourself will not wonder how it turns out. In scientific slang this is called the phenomenon of associative reflexivity. It just works out, that's all. Proprioceptor muscle sensitivity and the directly related reflex equalizing reaction in the complex are developed very quickly. The degree of training or the innate quality of this reaction determines shooting stability. By the way, it is worth noting that the muscular-vestibular ability trained in the manner described above increases stability and allows accurate sniper shooting in the dark when “spotting” the target after any lighting flash.

Belarusian sniper in training

Having practiced working “blindly” for about 4-5 weeks, the shooters are surprised to note that the accuracy of fire has noticeably improved, and the “breaks” have inexplicably... disappeared! Let's explain why this happens. From the well-known principle of cinema, it is known that for the human eye to perceive a single frame, its exposure (display) time should be 1/20–1/24 of a second. A faster change of frames is not perceived by the eye and blurs the picture. But there is a phenomenon of the 25th frame, which is not perceived logically, but is recorded by the subconscious. Practical shooters know that it is impossible to “tightly tie” the aiming element to the aiming point. The barrel of a weapon fluctuates continuously: for beginners - more, for masters - microscopically, but fluctuates. The visual speed of perception is the above-mentioned 1/20–1/24 second. That is, the shooter’s visual memory displays a picture that was 1/20–1/24 seconds ago, and not the one that exists in reality. During this 1/24 second, the rifle barrel can “move” to the side, and the shooter will not notice this. And trained muscular proprioceptor coordination sensitivity will detect such a deviation immediately. The desired aiming point will be deposited in the subconscious - this will be the very 25th frame, which provides an internal setting reference for the leveling reaction, that is, the direction of reflexive counteraction to the unwanted displacement.

For poorly trained shooters (and these are the majority), vision is still the main controller of the degree of stability. When beginners' vision is “turned off,” static coordination is “liberated” in the direction of mobility, and shooting accuracy decreases. Closing both eyes reduces standing stability by more than half. Moreover, if you rotate your eyes left and right with your eyes closed, which is done with arrows to restore blood circulation in the visual apparatus, stability deteriorates another two to three times. But closing one eye has little effect on stability. Therefore, when resting the eyes, so necessary for snipers, you need to close your eyes one at a time - first one, then the other, always leaving one eye open. Or don't close your eyes completely. It should be remembered that the stability lost when your eyes are closed will be restored only after 10–15 minutes. Static coordination stability is largely determined by impulses arising from sensors - reserves of the skin, tendons, muscles and other soft tissues. It should be taken into account that cold increases the sensitivity of these sensor-receptors, and heat decreases it. But all this is within reasonable limits. The best temperature for this is +5 o – +8 o C. All this was once known very widely and was used in combat sniper practice. The name for this was kinesthesia(motor sensations). And the above-mentioned sensor-receptors captured kinesthetic stimuli and caused sensations of motor stimulation. The role of kinesthetic analyzers is unusually great. It largely provides a given aiming direction and completely relieves vision from monitoring the physical motor processes performed by the shooter. Vision performs a targeting function and “switches on” to action the developed mechanism of motor kinesthetic connections that ensure muscle activity against the will of the shooter. And the more fully the sniper’s actions are provided by proprioceptor sensitivity, the easier and more fully the aiming eye fulfills its assigned task.

Ready to open fire!

What should you do to feel kinesthetic sensations? The answer is simply to focus your attention on them and you will begin to perceive them fully and clearly. Proprioceptor sensitivity, together with the rectifying reaction, forms the so-called “posture reflex”, on which shooting stability is based. That is why any exercises to develop balance are extremely useful for shooters. Moreover, it will be especially good if the shooter learns to feel rolls and trims with his eyes closed and immediately straighten them. Static activity, which includes sniper shooting, is unnatural and requires increased concentration and sharpened focused attention. What does this mean? This means the need to control stability by sharpening visual attention while aiming.

When shooting from a sniper rifle in the final phase of squeezing the trigger, it is necessary to turn aiming into the main task! Why is this so? Because for inexperienced shooters (the majority of them these days), when pulling the trigger, active attention switches to this trigger process. As they say, “attention goes to the trigger.” Unbeknownst to himself, the shooter stops aiming altogether - what he sees through the sight is enough for him. With such a subconscious orientation towards inaction, the “eye reaction” sharply slows down - the shooter does not even see the same aiming picture that was 1/20–1/24 seconds ago, but already 1/10–1/12, that is, he is practically unable to control the position of the aiming element in relation to the aiming point. Aiming in itself dramatically reduces the degree of trigger control. Therefore, in Stalin’s times, in sniper schools of various departments, snipers were trained to work with the trigger finger on the descent in the same way, namely, according to muscle kinesthetic memory. How exactly? The cadet was put on a long paper cap on the trigger finger and forced, without firing, looking at this cap, to pull the trigger with a uniform increase in force on the trigger finger. The uniformity of development of the trigger force became evident from the movement of the long cap-pointer both for the instructor and for the cadet himself. Moreover, the trigger had to be pulled in 3 seconds (counting “twenty-two, twenty-two, twenty-two”) - no more and no less. This developed the rate of fire. The cadet remembered with the sensations of living flesh the force on the descent and the degree of its increase, and the visual connection of the increase in this effort by moving the cap-pointer in the 3 seconds allotted for the descent put all this into the subconscious. Therefore, at the right moment, the trigger was pulled automatically according to the muscle memory of the firing finger and did not require distraction. The shot formula (sequence of actions) was as follows: after the shooter lay down, peered into the sight (the visual apparatus was accommodated to the optical system), “tied” the aiming element to the aiming point with muscle tone and held his breath, the shooting finger began to move on the descent muscle kinesthetic memory and performed the descent in exactly three seconds independently in the mode of muscle automatism. Visual attention should not be distracted from the sighting picture. The signal to trigger the trigger finger was the beginning of holding the breath.

Sniper at the starting position

Many snipers experience an unpleasant moment when the finger “does not pull” on the trigger. The reason for this is not only in the incorrect grip of the neck of the stock or pistol grip, but also in deep neuro-physiological processes. In this case, the following happens: the struggle for stability - and, consequently, for the immobility of the shooter-weapon system, in the central nervous system is controlled by the center of inhibition, and the work of skeletal muscles (respectively, by the muscles of the fingers) is controlled by the center of excitation. In many individuals, the inhibition center so suppresses the excitation center that, roughly speaking, it turns it off. That's why the finger doesn't pull on the trigger. In such cases, both sports shooters and practical snipers use the so-called pulsating trigger method with great practical effect. It consists in the fact that the shooting finger, even before holding your breath, begins to make pulsating movements along the trigger: press lightly - release, press - release at a speed of about two presses per second. Such presses are performed especially well on SVD rifle, having a long free stroke of the descent. These pulsating pressures keep you in good shape, do not allow the guard points in the center of excitation to turn off and do not allow it to turn off completely. In addition, they adjust both the nerve pathways and the muscles necessary for descent. This preserves the functionality of the trigger finger with limited motor activity. The pulsating descent method works especially well when sniper shooting against moving targets, when attention is overly focused on aiming, and the trigger finger not only “turns off”, but sometimes becomes firmly fixed.

There is a very correct apt expression: “A sniper thinks with his eyes.” The eye is the main working organ of a sniper and must be protected. Working with any optical instruments imperceptibly but inevitably tires your eyesight. Why? In any optical device (binoculars, periscope, stereo scope and optical sight) there will always be parallax, that is, a mismatch of the optical axes of the lenses. Depending on the quality of workmanship, the parallax will be greater or less, but it will definitely exist. If you are working with an optical sight and suddenly have pain in your eyeball, it means that the parallax in this sight is increased. Even when working with a well-made optical sight, the eye will become tired and eye pain will still occur. But when pain appears in the eyes, it means that 15–20 minutes before, the “targeting” eye was already tired. Tired eyesight hardly notices errors in aiming! Therefore, the sniper needs to “rest his eyes” more often. To rest your eyes, lower your eyelids (but do not close your eyes completely), roll your eyeballs. This will increase blood flow to the eye apparatus. Then do the same with your eyes open, looking at green or light gray. Periodically train your vision accommodation: look at the raised thumb of an outstretched hand, then focus your gaze on some object distant at a distance of 200–300 meters and then focus your gaze on the finger again.

Police sniper job

When shooting from a sniper rifle in any position, you must position your head so that the aiming eye does not squint - neither horizontally nor vertically! A “squinting” eye quickly gets tired, which causes involuntary trembling, while the nervous stabilization of static stability reflexively decreases, and, as a result, shooting accuracy decreases. Static load reduces the mobility of the visual analyzer, which is restored only after 25–30 minutes. Therefore, do not be surprised if during shooting practice, after static work on stationary targets, you are unable to hit a moving target. This is a standard situation at training camps. Visual acuity in professional shooters after static loads does not decrease or change. And for those with little experience, at distances of 300–400 meters, visual acuity changes towards farsightedness, and at short distances – 25–50 m – towards myopia. This natural physiological phenomenon is not considered a medical defect. With systematic shooting training, the field of view naturally expands. But with prolonged shooting, vision gets tired and recovers more slowly, and the field of view narrows, especially in the “aiming” eye. A very interesting psychophysiological phenomenon: with active muscular work with pleasure, sensitivity and visual acuity increase noticeably!

A sniper is not allowed to smoke! After just one cigarette, the field of vision narrows, visual perception is inhibited, visual acuity and sensitivity decreases, and parts of the visual field are lost! This is the main reason for inexplicable and distant “breaks” among smoking shooters. A sniper's job is to remain motionless. But, as already mentioned, when focusing on inactivity, the reaction decreases. Therefore, a sniper is a cat dozing near a mouse hole with the active attention guard on duty. Before any shooting, it is highly advisable to warm up for 15–20 minutes - click empty. But a sniper on the combat line cannot afford this. There is only one way out - a kind of kinesthetic warm-up. A sniper in a stationary state reproduces the sensations of individual muscle groups when working on a shot. And this constantly keeps the sniper on his toes. By the way, if pain or numbness appears in immobile muscles, it is useful to take one or two aspirin tablets. But this is as an “ambulance” - you should not abuse aspirin. When shooting quickly at several suddenly appearing targets, you should not delay the first shot! After the shot, regardless of whether the target is hit or not, be sure to move your gaze to the next target before the aiming element reaches it. Get used to doing this reflexively, using muscle kinesthetic memory. In a combat situation with a lot of stimuli, do not get distracted and do not react to nearby targets appearing. Leave them to the machine gunners. Work according to a pre-developed ideomotor program against distant targets - grenade launcher, machine gunner, sniper, observer and enemy commanders. They are the most dangerous for you and your comrades.

A police sniper works from a helicopter. Honolulu

As you can see, the training of professional snipers is static, monotonous and boring. The above material is incomplete and limited to the scope of the printed publication. Here only part of the special psychophysiological potential is presented, which is practically not used in our time either here or in other countries. Once upon a time, due to the cruel need for this method, the instructors of the USSR, Finland and Nazi Germany harshly rebuilt the bodies of sniper cadets. Therefore, at the front, both of them, and the third, shot quickly, far and without missing.

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