Fauna of the Kemerovo region. Animals

Birds of the Kemerovo region

Capercaillie

Woodpecker

Kingfisher

Korolek

Kite

Nuthatch

Kestrel

Grouse

Waxwing

Owl

Jay

Falcon

Owl

Animals living in the Kemerovo region

Badger

Squirrel

Chipmunk

Brown bear

Otter

Ermine

Hare

Shrew

Columns

Roe

Fox

Elk

Maral

Mink

Muskrat

Wolverine

Lynx

Northern

deer

Sable

Steppe polecat

Marmot

Hamster

Red Data Book of the Kemerovo Region

History of the Red Book

The Red Book is an annotated list of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi. Red books come at different levels - international, national and regional. Year of publication 1966.

Red Data Book of the Kemerovo Region

The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region was created in 2000. It consists of two parts:

1. The main part (animals that are threatened with extinction from the fauna of Kuzbass).

2.Appendix (candidates are listed in the Red Book)

Animals of the Red Book are divided into several categories.

PROTECTED ANIMALS

Systematic groups of animals

1.Mammals

2.Birds

3.Amphibians and reptiles

4.Pisces

5.Insects

6.Other invertebrates

Reasons for the extinction of plant and animal species:

-their practical value for the population

- plowing and development of virgin lands

-anthropogenic impact

- life cycle complexity

-collection of mass collection aids

Pages of the Red Data Book of the Kemerovo Region

Otter

Body length 70-90 cm, tail - 40-50 cm, weight 6-10 kg. The head is relatively small, smoothly transitioning into a long thick neck. The ears are small, barely protruding from the fur. The ears and nostrils are equipped with special valves that close them when immersed in water. The tail is strong, thick at the base, tapering towards the end, covered short hair. The paws are shortened, five-fingered, the toes along the entire length are connected by a wide swimming membrane. The soles are bare. The fur is close-fitting and short.

Musk deer

Body length up to 1 m, tail - 4-6 cm, height at withers up to 70 cm; weight - 11-18 kg. The hind legs are disproportionately long, so the sacrum of a standing musk deer is 5-10 cm higher than the withers. The tail is short.
There are no horns. Males have long curved fangs protruding from under the upper lip by 7-9 cm; serve as a tournament weapon. They also have an abdominal gland that produces musk .
The musk deer's fur is thick and long, but brittle. The color is brown or brown. Young animals have fuzzy light gray spots scattered on their sides and back.

Black stork

Large bird (wingspan more than one and a half meters). The color is contrasting: the top is black with a greenish tint, the belly is white. The beak, legs and eye ring are red. Young birds have a black beak and greenish legs.

Whooper swan

The snow-white plumage is very lush, thick, with a lot of delicate fluff. The body is elongated, the neck is equal in length to the body. The frenulum and base of the beak are yellow or yellow-orange, the tip of the beak is black. Legs are short and black. The tail is rounded.

Golden eagle

A large eagle, the body length of which reaches 1 m, the wingspan is about 2 m. The color is brown, almost uniform, in young birds with light streaks. The top of the head and the back of the neck in adult birds are colored a lighter reddish-golden color, which is not the case in juveniles. Young birds have a white base of the tail and a light longitudinal stripe along the middle part of the wing; With age, the light coloring of both almost disappears, but most often not completely.

Water Crake

A small bird the size of a starling. Body length is 18-20 cm. The male has most of the head, abdomen and chest slate-gray. The dorsal side is olive-brown, with wide longitudinal black and several light stripes along the back. The back half of the sides of the body has transverse whitish-ochre stripes. The undertail is black, with wide white stripes and spots. The tail is dark brown, with olive-brown edges.

Nature of Kuzbass

Geographical position

The Kemerovo region is located in the mountains of Southern Siberia, which belong to the Altai-Sayan mountain region, in its northwestern part on the border with the West Siberian Plain. According to the nature of the relief, the region is divided into two parts: mountainous and flat. Horseshoe-shaped mountain ranges border the Kuznetsk Basin located in the middle of the region. In the south they adjoin the ridges of the North-Eastern Altai and consist of highly dissected massifs of the Biysk Griva, Gornaya Shoria and the higher Abakan ridge (1700-1900 m). To the northwest of Gornaya Shoria stretches the Salair Ridge (up to 600 m).

Kuznetsky Alatau– a mountain system limited from the west by the Kuznetsk depression, from the east – by the Minusinsk intermountain depression. Orographically, Kuznetsk Alatau can be divided into 3 parts: the central one – the Sargay ridge and its spurs with the Bolshoy Kanym char (1874 m) in the center; southern - with the TigerTysh ridge; northern - mainly low and mid-mountain.

In the high mountain zone, glacial landforms are widespread. Modern glaciation even on the highest mountain peaks is weakly expressed, but in some places, for example, on the Tiger-Tysh massif and on the Tumuyassky char, the glacial relief forms are so fresh that they indicate the recent impact of glacial erosion. The landscape of these areas is characterized by stepped cirques, trough valleys, moraine ridges, and a large number of glacial lakes of various sizes are concentrated in the depressions. In the upper parts of the slopes at an absolute altitude of more than 1300 m, perennial firn snowfields and small residual glaciers are scattered. Currently, there are about 90 glaciers in the Kuznetsk Alatau with a total area of 6.8 km2. High mountain relief and modern glaciation in the Kuznetsk Alatau are located at the lowest absolute altitudes within the entire Altai-Sayan mountain region, which is due to both the more northern position of this territory and the very large amount of precipitation at the upper level of the mountains. On the tops of the Kuznetsk Alatau mountains, taskyls are widely represented - the summit surfaces of mountain ranges and massifs devoid of vegetation, covered with rocky placers and kurums. Currently, these accumulations of large stone blocks are slowly but steadily descending down the slope into the river valleys; the speed of movement of kurums in the Kuznetsk Alatau is 13–15 cm per year.

The rivers originating in the Kuznetsk Alatau belong to the basin of one of two rivers - Tom and Chulym. The main watershed of the Kuznetsk Alatau passes mainly between the basins of these two large tributaries of the Ob. The sources of the Tom are located in the southern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau, on its border with the Abakan ridge. From the western macroslope, high-water right tributaries flow into it: Belsu (length 83 km), Usa (179 km), the Verkhnyaya, Srednyaya and Nizhnyaya Ters rivers (95, 114, 110 km, respectively), the river. Taydon (110 km), etc. On the eastern macroslope, the rivers belonging to the Chulym basin originate - the White Iyus (together with the Pikhterek River - 224 km) and the Black Iyus (178 km). The northern part of the Kuznetsk Alatau is drained by the Kiya (total length 548 km), Uryup and Yaya rivers, also belonging to the Chulym basin (the lower reaches of these three rivers are located outside the Kuznetsk Alatau).

Lakes are widespread in Kuznetsk Alatau. The largest of them (Big and Small Berikul) are located in the northeastern mid- and low-mountain parts. Near the main watershed of the Kuznetsk Alatau there are more than 250 mountain-glacial lakes, lying at an altitude of more than 1000 m and having a depth of 50–64 m. Unlike other mountains of the Altai-Sayan mountain region, more precipitation falls here. The western slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau lies across the path of western moisture-carrying air currents. The amount of precipitation here is over 1000 mm per year, and in some places almost 2000 mm. Winter on the western slopes is extremely snowy and at an altitude of over 1200 m the depth of the snow cover reaches 3.5-4 m. The soil cover of the forest belt of the Kuznetsk Alatau is characterized by its homogeneity, large thickness of soil horizons and soil profiles, fine clayey mechanical composition, stability of morphological characteristics soil The lower zone of soils is formed by light gray deep-podzolic soils of the Altai black soil, developed on cover non-carbonate clays and distributed from an altitude of 200-300 m above sea level. m. In the upper zones of the mountains, mountainous slightly podzolic soils are developed, characterized by an acidic reaction in the upper part of the profile, light color, the presence of litter and insignificant accumulation of humus. In the high-mountain belt there are small areas of mountain-tundra and, somewhat more often, mountain-meadow soils. Steep slopes are almost completely devoid of soil cover.

Salair Ridge occupies the northwestern edge of the Altai-Sayan mountainous country and borders the Kuznetsk basin from the west. Morphologically, it represents an uplift that has almost lost the features of a mountain system. There are no high mountain ranges here, and the relative excess of the watershed line over the adjacent flat areas is only 200-300 m. However, the Salair Ridge is a climatic barrier; many rivers originate within its boundaries, and in its origin it is closely related to the Altai-Sayan mountain range. system. The average heights of Salair range from 420-470 m above sea level. m., but some hills reach a slightly higher height (up to 600 m).

Salair can be divided into four morphological units: 1) a gentle and long western slope, 2) a plateau, 3) a shorter and dissected eastern slope and 4) the extreme southeastern part, which ends with a series of ledges towards the Kuznetsk Basin. In the Salair Ridge, the amount of precipitation is 20-30% more than on the neighboring plains. Despite its relatively low altitude, it is a climatic barrier standing in the way of humid westerly winds. The western slopes receive about 500 mm of precipitation per year in the north, up to 800 mm in the south, while at the foot of the eastern slopes the amount drops to 400 mm. average temperature July ranges from 15 to 18°, January - from -16 to -20°C. The duration of the growing season is about 145 days. The snow cover in winter is more than 1 m high.

The Salair rivers belong to the Ob basin. Tributaries of the Ini flow down its eastern slope, and the rivers of the western slope belong to the Berdi and Chumysh systems. The soil cover in most of Salair is quite monotonous due to the predominance of deep podzolic soils of the taiga, but along the eastern edge, in the transition zone to the Kuznetsk Basin, a wide variety of soils is observed. Here, along with weakly podzolic soils of taiga formations, there are gray forest soils of the forest-steppe and podzolized chernozems, which in some places directly, almost without transitions, merge with the deeply podzolic soils of the taiga. Deep podzolic soils of Salair are characterized by a gray color, a clearly defined structure, and gradual transitions from one genetic horizon to another.

Mountain Shoria stands out as an independent geomorphological region as a transitional step from the low mountains of Salair and the leveled spaces of the Kuznetsk Basin to the mountainous regions of Altai. Here the southwestern spurs of the Kuznetsk Alatau, Abakan Range, southern Salair and northeastern Altai meet. Within this territory there are almost no linearly elongated mountain ranges. Here, short massifs of different lengths predominate, differing greatly in height. Between them lie relatively narrow depressions along which the rivers have carved their valleys. The highest relative heights and stronger dissection are characteristic of the northern and central parts of Mountain Shoria.

In the central part of the region, the Shorsky ridge stretches from southwest to northeast. In the middle part of the ridge there is a group of alpine peaks, among which Mount Mustag (Pustag) stands out - 1570 m. As you move south, the relief noticeably smoothes out, softly outlined low mountains with gentle slopes, wide river valleys and shallow depressions - “falls” - begin to predominate. – along the flatter parts of watersheds. Maximum absolute elevations on the territory of Gornaya Shoria: Mount Patyn (1628 m), located between the Tom, Mrassu and Abakan rivers.

The hydrographic network is well developed. The main rivers - Kondoma and Mrassu - are the left tributaries of the Tom. The condoma originates on the Biysk Griva. Its valley is well developed, and already below Tashtagol the river acquires a well-developed meadow terrace. The river meanders rather bizarrely, and in some places the terrace is compressed by steeply approaching mountains, and therefore the meadow sectors of the floodplain are located alternately on both banks of the river. The remaining large rivers (the main tributaries of the Kondoma and the rivers of the Mrassu basin) have developed valleys only in the lower reaches: they originate from mountain peaks, and in the upper and middle reaches they have a completely mountainous character. Tributaries of the Kondoma - the rivers Mundybash, Telbes, Big Taz, as well as a tributary of Mrassu - Big Unzas, originate from Mount Mustag. One of the main sources of their food is mountain swamps. Typically, these rivers, which are full of water in conditions of high rainfall, quickly change their level during periods of low rainfall and during snowmelt. River valley The river is quite spacious in the lower reaches, but upstream it quickly narrows and almost does not form meadow areas. Often it is compressed by massifs of approaching mountains, turning in places into rapids ledges. The largest tributaries of the Mrassu are the Bolshoi Unzas, Orton, Kabyrza, and Pyzas.

In Gornaya Shoria, as well as on the western slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau, 800-1500 mm of precipitation falls. At moistened altitudes of 300-400 m, the snow height reaches 2 m. Numerous through valleys and low saddles of passes are produced by denudation in easily eroded rocks. All these features, as well as the disunity of mountain ranges, the predominance of wide depressions, and the severe destruction of ancient denudation surfaces sharply separate Mountain Shoria. The Kuznetsk depression is a vast intermountain trough, above which the Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair fall steeply. The basin is composed of continental sediments: sandstones, conglomerates, etc. They alternate with layers of coal over 10 km thick and are covered with a cloak of Quaternary loess-like loams several tens of meters thick. By the nature of the relief, the Kuznetsk Basin is a weakly dissected plain with slight fluctuations in relative heights and a general slope from the south (from the border with Gornaya Shoria) to the north. In the southern part the absolute heights are about 450 m, in the northern part - 250 m.

In the eastern part, the flat nature of the basin is sharply disrupted by a “ring” of low mountains composed of Mesozoic basalts. Geologically, these uplifts make up parts of the so-called. "Melaphyre Horseshoe". The Karakansky ridge is quite clearly expressed in the relief - an almost linear low-mountain rise with absolute heights of 350–486 m and a relative excess over the adjacent areas of the basin of 150–220 m. The ridge stretches from northwest to southeast for about 25 km, having a width of 1. 0–1.5 km. The southwestern slope of the ridge is steep (from 25–30 in the upper part to 10–12 at the foot) and short (300–450 m). The northeastern slope is longer (450–850 m) and gentle, smoothly merging into the adjacent plain. To the north is the gently sloping and therefore less pronounced Taradanovsky ridge (maximum absolute height - 488 m). On the right bank of the Tom, the continuation of the Taradanovsky ridge is a rather high (in some places above 700 m) sharp sublatitudinal ridge - the Saltymakovsky ridge. The southern continuation of the Saltymakovsky ridge is considered to be the Kaylot Mountains, dissected by the right tributaries of the Tom into a series of isolated hills. Finally, most southern part The “melafyre horseshoe” is the Abinsky Mountains (maximum absolute height 565 m), located sublatitudinally on both sides of the Tom Valley. The southwestern edge of the basin is occupied by the Kondomo-Chumysh depression, an accumulative plain that stands out well against the background of the prevailing dissected topography of the southern part of the basin. This gently rolling plain is slightly dissected by the valleys of the Kondoma and Chumysh tributaries. In the west and east, the depression is quite sharply delimited from the low mountains of Salair and Mountain Shoria, and in the north it gradually merges with the West Siberian Plain. The dense but shallow erosional dissection of the surface of the Kuznetsk Basin is created by a network of small valleys and gullies separated by gently sloping, narrow interfluves.

The main surface area is made up of long, gently sloping slopes towards the valleys. The development of coal deposits and the development of powerful metallurgical complexes have to date led to such a deep technogenic transformation of the Kuznetsk Basin topography that the retrospective of the latter, in areas of industrial and economic agglomerations, has become almost impossible. Therefore, the types of relief identified and described above occur only in those areas of the basin that were not subjected or were minimally subjected to technogenic pressure. The climate of the basin is continental and generally corresponds to the Salair regions of the West Siberian Plain. The differences lie in slightly smaller amplitudes of temperature fluctuations, more precipitation (350-550 mm) and a slightly longer growing season. The average July temperature in the Kuznetsk Basin is 18-19°C. Low values of minimum air temperature are observed when continental Arctic air invades from the north. The average minimum has negative values from October to April. The lowest values (-23.8°C) occur in January. But in some years the air temperature dropped to -50°C. A fairly dense river network is developed on the territory of the basin. Most of the rivers belong to the river basin. Ob (Tom, Kondoma, Chulym, Inya, etc.). The rivers are fed by precipitation. However, the hydrographic network and hydrological regime of the rivers of the basin are significantly disrupted due to active coal mining in the area.

The Kuznetsk Basin is dominated by leached and slightly degraded rich loamy chernozems with a good granular structure. Humus accumulates mainly in the upper part of the profile. In this regard, with an average thickness of chernozem soils of about 100-110 cm, the thickness of the humus horizon does not exceed 40-45 cm, but the humus content in it reaches 14%.

Head lab. Industrial Botany IEC SB RAS, Doctor of Biological Sciences Yu.A. Manakov

Flora and vegetation of the Kemerovo region

The flora of higher plants in the region is represented by 1,585 species belonging to 506 genera and 125 families. The largest area is occupied by forests that belong to three formations: light coniferous (larch and pine), dark coniferous (cedar, black taiga, riverine spruce forests), deciduous forests (birch, birch-aspen, riverine). Siberian pine forests grow from 400 m above sea level to the upper limit of forest vegetation distribution (1800 m above sea level) and are represented by a large number of forest types. The floristic diversity of these forests is small. These forests are characterized by the presence of blueberries, lingonberries, and wild garlic is abundant. Unique to the region are the pine-fir, tall-grass and broad-grass forests of Mountain Shoria and on the western macroslope of the Kuznetsky Alatau ridge. The peculiarity of these forests is that in winter, under heavy snow cover, soil freezing does not occur, and a large amount of precipitation contributes to the rapid circulation of substances in the soil. In addition to cedar, the plantings include spruce, fir, birch, and aspen.

Bird cherry, rowan, viburnum, raspberries, and red currants are abundant in the undergrowth. The upper tier of herbaceous plants is formed by northern aconite, female common grass, blunt reed grass, and bracken. A large number of relict plants live here: forest shortleg, forest sedge, European hoofed grass and others. The absence of soil freezing determines the development of spring ephemeral flora, which is a decoration of the black taiga. Before the snow has melted, kandyk, corydalis, and anemones bloom; the projective cover of early flowering plants can reach 70–80%. Natural plantings of Siberian linden, which is an endemic and relict, have a special place in the black forests. The most extensive area of linden forests (about 11 thousand hectares) is located in the watershed of the Bolshoi Tesh, Tamala and Kundel rivers. 23 types of tertiary nemoral relics are noted here. Birch forests are widespread in the Kemerovo region. Their basis is made up of drooping birch and white birch, as well as aspen. Very rarely the first tier includes pine and larch. The shrub layer of birch forests consists of willows, mountain ash, caragana bush, rose hips and many other species.

Floodplain forests are represented by willow thickets and forests of laurel poplar and, in some cases, black poplar. The meadows of the Kemerovo region are extremely diverse and rich. The most typical are grass-forb mesophilic steppe meadows. They are composed of tall grasses (urchin grass, ground reed grass), leguminous plants (meadow clover, meadow chin, single-paired pea) and a large number of forbs (rough cornflower, umbrella hawkweed, Asian yarrow), etc. Tall-grass subalpine meadows are unique to Southern Siberia. The height of some plants, such as dissected hogweed, northern aconite, variegated thistle and some other species, can reach up to 2.5−3.0 m in height. The alpine meadows of Kuznetsk Alatau amaze with the splendor of flowering plants, including ferruginous aquilegia, Altai violet, and Altai doronicum.

Swamps are most widespread east of the Bolshoy and Maly Berchikul lakes. The diversity of bogs can be grouped into three groups: sphagnum peat, reed and sedge bogs. In peat bogs there are thickets of cranberries, princelings, and sundews. Steppes are not typical for the region and are a rare intrazonal phenomenon on rocky outcrops, gravelly and sandy slopes in many areas. In most of the steppe core of the Kuznetsk Basin, the steppes have been completely destroyed as a result of both plowing and coal mining. However, in the remaining steppe areas there are typical steppe plants included in the Red Book of the Kemerovo region: Turchaninov's kopek, Siberian phlox, adonis pubescent and some others. Many species represented in steppe communities disappear from the flora after anthropogenic intervention, because they are not sufficiently tolerant to anthropogenic pressure and are not able to colonize other types of habitats.

Head Department “Kuzbass Botanical Garden” IEC SB RAS, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor A.N. Kupriyanov

Fauna of the Kemerovo region

The fauna of the Kemerovo region is very rich. It contains over 450 species of vertebrates and many thousands of invertebrates, among which we know the species composition of only individual systematic groups. Thus, in the Kemerovo region, the habitat of more than 60 species of dragonflies, 60 species of orthoptera, about 100 species of stink bugs, about 300 species of ground beetles, 90 longhorned beetles, 260 species of weevils, 150 species is known. day butterflies, 300 species of moths, 15 paper wasps, 27 bumblebees, etc. Every year in the Kemerovo region, species new to the region are found and new ones are discovered for science. Among vertebrates there are known: 73 species of mammals, about 325 species of birds, 6 species of reptiles, 6 species of amphibians, more than 40 species of fish and 1 species of cyclostomes. In terms of diversity of fauna throughout Western Siberia, we are second only to Altai. However, the zoogeographic division of the Kemerovo region is not as complex as the soil or geobotanical division.
From the point of view of zoogeography, the Kemerovo region entirely belongs to the Palearctic region of the Holarctic, which includes the entire territory of Siberia. Within the flat part of Western Siberia, the classical latitudinal zonation is clearly visible. Therefore, on the flat part of the Kemerovo region the following zones can be distinguished: forest, forest-steppe and steppe. Mountain landscapes have vertical zones: low-mountain black taiga, mid-mountain cedar-fir taiga, alpine, subalpine and tundra high-mountain zones with characteristic plant and animal complexes. The richness of the fauna of our region is also facilitated by the fact that the Yenisei-Kuznetsk meridional zoogeographic boundary passes through the territory of the Kemerovo region, separating the fauna of Western and Eastern Siberia. This border runs from north to south along the right bank of the river. The Yenisei to the mountains of Southern Siberia, where it continues along the Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria and further separates Altai from Tuva. For example, in the Kemerovo region, to the west of this line there live the red-cheeked ground squirrel, the hooded crow, to the east of it there is a long-tailed ground squirrel, and the black crow begins to replace the hooded crow.

In the world of invertebrates, the number of such examples increases many times over. The forest zone occupies more than two-thirds of the territory of the Kemerovo region. The fauna of the forest zone is quite homogeneous over many thousands of kilometers. Most of the vertebrate animals of the forest complex inhabiting the Kemerovo region are transpolearcts, i.e. distributed throughout most of the forest zone of Eurasia. Among these animals there are taiga species that rarely leave coniferous forests: lynx, wolverine, sable, flying squirrel, red and red-gray voles. Among the birds: black stork, capercaillie, hazel grouse, eagle owl, great gray owl, hawk owl, great owl, great owl, woodpecker, three-toed woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker, nutcracker, jock, taiga flycatcher, ruby-throated nightingale, blue nightingale, crossbills.

However, most forest species animals are found in a variety of forests: in dark coniferous taiga, mixed and small-leaved birch-aspen forests. Among mammals, these include the largest animal in our forests - elk, as well as deer and roe deer. Predators: brown bear, weasel, ermine, badger. The smallest and most numerous animals are found everywhere: shrews (common, medium, small, tiny, flat-skull, equal-toothed, tundra, dark-toothed), Altai mole; most bats: water bat, Brandt's bat, brown long-eared bat, two-colored bat, northern bat; of rodents: wood mouse, common squirrel, chipmunk, East Asian wood mouse.

The avifauna of the forest zone is extremely rich: common buzzard, sparrowhawk and goshawk, common and crested honey buzzard, capercaillie, hazel grouse, tawny owl, great dove, clint, jay, blackbirds, nightingales, warblers, tits, bullfinches, crossbills, buntings, etc. Reptiles associated with forest biotopes are the viviparous lizard and the common viper. Among amphibians – Siberian salamander, gray toad and a sharp-faced frog. Following humans, animals of open spaces penetrate the fields, hayfields, and residential areas into the forest zone - common hamster, harvest mouse, sky lark, as well as human companions - synanthropic species - house mouse and gray rat, house sparrow. People will leave, the fields will be overgrown, and these species will also disappear from the taiga.

The forest-steppe zone in the Kemerovo region occupies most of the Kuznetsk basin, surrounding its steppe core, and a wide strip in the northeast of the region within the Mariinsky, Chebulinsky, Tyazhinsky and Tisulsky districts. The forest-steppe does not have an independent fauna of vertebrates and consists of a community of forest and steppe animals. Forest dwellers stick to birch groves and river valleys, while steppe dwellers settle in meadows, fields and forest edges. Our forest-steppe is characterized by: roe deer, wolf, fox, badger, weasel, ermine, weasel, mountain hare, common squirrel, chipmunk, common hamster, voles (housekeeper, common, arable, narrow-skulled), field mouse, little mouse. IN summer time Many species of bats are found. The avifauna of forest-steppes includes about two hundred species of birds. Common kestrel, merlin, black grouse, quail, long-eared owl, rook, magpie, hooded crow, oriole, fieldfare, pied and gray flycatchers, coot redstart, bluethroat, stonechat and meadow stonechat, chaffinch, brambling, linnet, goldfinch, ordinary oatmeal.

The most common herpetofauna here are the sand lizard, the common viper, and the sharp-faced frog. The steppe zone in the Kemerovo region is represented by Kuznetsk steppe. This remarkable natural formation occupies the core of the Kuznetsk Basin, adjacent to the Salair Ridge south of the river. Inya. The Kuznetsk steppe formed in the rain shadow of the Salair Ridge. It is located north of typical zonal steppes, is unique in many respects, but faunally very poor. In addition, over the past 200 years it has been subjected to massive anthropogenic impact, first by plowing, development, planting of forest belts, and since the mid-twentieth century, destruction due to mining. Currently, the Kuznetsk steppe exists nominally. It is represented by scattered fragments, preserved mainly on separate patches of land, inconvenient for use. Therefore, it is not surprising that many steppe species of plants and animals are included in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region. Nevertheless, in the Kuznetsk Basin you can still find areas of feather grass, meadow and rocky steppes.

One of the most characteristic animals of the Kuznetsk steppe was the red-cheeked ground squirrel, which was almost completely exterminated in the early 1990s. The ground squirrel served as an important food source for many predators - all eagles, saker falcon, steppe kestrel, steppe polecat. Their numbers have sharply decreased; most are listed in the Red Book, like the red-cheeked ground squirrel itself. Today the Kuznetsk steppe is characterized by: forest-steppe marmot, common hamster, and common vole. Mountain hare and fox are common. Occasionally, the steppe mouse and the acclimatized brown hare are found. Birds: Skylark, Sky Pipit, Stonechat, Common Wheatear. Of the reptiles, the fast lizard gravitates towards steppe, meadow and forest-steppe biotopes. Only the southern steppe slopes of the valley of the Tom and Kondoma rivers are inhabited by the patterned snake and the common copperhead.

Tundra zone. In the Kemerovo region, alpine meadows and mountain tundra occupy very small areas on the tops of mountain ranges in Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria. The fauna of mountain tundras and alpine meadows is very unique, but includes a very small number of species of animals and birds. Of the large mammals, only reindeer permanently lives here. However, in the summer, deer and brown bears constantly come out to the alpine meadows and snowfields. Elk and roe deer rise into the zone of crooked forest, similar to the forest-tundra. A typical inhabitant of mountain outcrops and stone heaps (kurumniks) is the Altai pika. Among the birds, the permanent inhabitant of the highlands is the tundra partridge; in the summer, nesting birds include the crystal, Himalayan and Alpine accentor. Fauna of reservoirs and river banks.

The fauna of the Kemerovo region contains many species of animals whose life is associated with aquatic and coastal ecosystems. Living conditions in water are more stable than on land. Reservoirs and coastal thickets provide animals with relatively stable living conditions, serve as an excellent shelter and breeding ground for many species of animals and birds, and supply them with food. At the same time, the attachment of these animals to water bodies makes them vulnerable to persecution by humans, destruction and pollution of water bodies. Among aquatic and semi-aquatic animals there are many economically valuable animals that serve as objects of hunting. All fish are, to one degree or another, objects of fishing. Therefore, it is not surprising that many semi-aquatic and aquatic species of animals are under threat of extinction. Lead a semi-aquatic lifestyle: insectivorous animals - shrew, otter, beaver, water vole. American mink and muskrat, acclimatized here, have settled everywhere. Among the birds, these are waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds: grebes, herons, geese, ducks, gulls, terns, waders, which nest in coastal reeds and thickets of willow grass. In the coastal cliffs, kingfisher, juled and shore swallows dig minks and nest. Of the reptiles, the common grass snake is closely associated with water bodies. Amphibians include the common newt, Siberian and lake frogs.

The world of fish is absolutely special. The Kemerovo region is located in the southeast of Western Siberia, at the junction of the world's largest West Siberian Plain and the huge mountain range of Southern Siberia. All rivers in the region belong to the Ob basin, and the Ob belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin. Despite its northern location, the fish resources of the Ob Basin are large and their quality is excellent. The Ob with its tributaries is one of the largest river systems in the world, and Kuznetsk land is part of this system. In terms of drainage basin area, the Ob ranks first in Eurasia and fourth in the world, after the Amazon, Congo and Mississippi. The Ob with its tributary the Irtysh is the fifth longest river in the world, after the Amazon with its tributary the Ucayali River, the Nile, the Mississippi with its tributary the Missouri River and the Yangtze. Over a third of the territory of our Kuznetsk Territory has mountainous terrain, so most rivers have a fast, mountainous character.

In the north of the region, along which the Great Trans-Siberian Railway runs, and in the Kuznetsk Basin, the terrain becomes flat. Stormy rivers calm down, begin to flow slowly, smoothly bending and forming many floodplain lakes and oxbow lakes. These lakes and oxbow lakes are usually shallow, overgrown with a variety of aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, although some of them can be quite extensive and reach a length of 3–5 kilometers. The diversity and abundance of fish depend on the nature of the reservoirs - their depth, flow, water composition, etc. A general pattern is that the more land water, the more fish. Our rivers in their upper reaches are salmon-type reservoirs. Their drop in height reaches 5 meters per 1 kilometer of the riverbed; the current speed is high; the water is clean, cold and rich in oxygen. The original inhabitants of such rivers are either excellent swimmers, such as taimen, lenok (uskuch), grayling, dace (chebak), gudgeon, river minnow, or those who like to hide at the bottom under stones: burbot, barbel char, sculpin gobies. In the middle reaches of the rivers (in Tom - from Novokuznetsk to Yurga, in Kiya - after reaching the plain, as well as in Chulym and Ina), the habitat conditions for fish become different: river valleys expand, the slope decreases, the flow speed drops, the water temperature increases, and the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is reduced. This creates stable and favorable conditions for fish that are less demanding on water quality: pike, ide, roach, silver crucian carp, perch, and ruffe. Taimen, lenok and grayling migrate here from mountain rivers for the winter. Siberian sturgeon, sterlet, and nelma rise to spawn. This is where it starts life path these most valuable Siberian fish. Therefore, in the middle reaches of our rivers the species composition is much richer and there are more fish. But rivers of the whitefish type - flat, slow, full-flowing and at the same time cold - can be called the Tom river below the city of Yurga and the Kiyu river below the city of Mariinsk. They are even richer in fish. Whitefish, tugun, muksun, and peled enter the lower reaches of the Tom to spawn. Completely different living conditions exist for fish in lakes.

There are a lot of small lakes in Kuzbass and only one that can be called medium (Lake Bolshoi Berchikul). There are no large lakes at all. In Kuznetsk Alatau there are 65 high-mountain lakes with crystal-clear, transparent waters all year round. ice water. Most of them are very small, but deep, the so-called cirques, formed in mountain gaps - cirques. Streams that feed the right tributaries of the Tom, as well as the Kiya and Chulym, originate from them. Many of these lakes are very deep, up to 30–40 meters or more, and the deepest is Lake Srednetersinskoye, up to 80 meters. As a rule, they are devoid of aquatic vegetation; the surrounding snowfields may not melt even in July–August. Most of them have no fish, and only a few, such as Lake Rybnoe, located at the headwaters of the Upper Tersi, are inhabited by grayling, river minnow, barbel char and occasionally lenok. In Kuzbass there are about 800 floodplain lakes and oxbow lakes located in the floodplains of rivers. Along the Tom valley and its tributaries there are 215, along the Kiya - 176 (and almost all of them are located below the city of Mariinsk), along the Ini - 155, Yaya - 95, Uryup - 35, Chumysh - 5, along the Chulym valley within the Kemerovo region - 7 Floodplain reservoirs are characterized by significant fluctuations in temperature and oxygen conditions. In summer, the smallest of them get very warm, and in winter they freeze. Rotting of aquatic plants causes death phenomena. Death occurs when the oxygen content in the water drops significantly, and most fish die. Typically, freezes occur in winter, when a thick layer of ice prevents oxygen from entering the water. Only a few of our fish are adapted to such conditions. First of all, these are gold and silver crucian carp, tench, lake minnow, as well as the verkhovka and sleeper sleeper brought to us. In large and deep oxbow lakes you can find perch and pike.

At the northeastern slope of the Kuznetsk Alatau there are several lakes of continental origin, not connected with the floodplains of large rivers. These are Big and Small Berchikul, Big and Small Bazyr, Pustoe, Shumilka, Shchuchye, Utinoye and some others. The largest lake among them is Big Berchikul, 6 kilometers long and 3.5 kilometers wide. The maximum depth is about 4 meters, but depths of 1.5–2.5 meters predominate. This lake is characterized by a stable water level and a more constant temperature and oxygen regime. Big Berchikul is rich in fish. Perch, ruffe, pike, dace, roach, ide, silver and golden crucian carp, and tench live here. This is the only lake in Kuzbass where fishing teams used to work on a regular basis, catching fish with large seines using boats. In 1966–1968, more than 100 tons of fish per year were caught in Berchikul. The record year was 1967, when two fishing crews caught 128 tons of fish. After this, catches fell, but back in the 1980s, 40–50 tons of fish were caught here per year [Kondratyev, Buzmakov, 1988]. Since the 1960s, carp, carp, bream, pike perch, ripus, peled, and grass carp have been imported and released into the lake. The invaders grew, were caught in catches for some time, but then disappeared for various reasons. Lake Maly Berchikul, located next to it, is shallow and heavily overgrown with aquatic vegetation. In 1968, with the help of a dam, the water level in it was raised, and now it is used as a feeding pond for growing carp, silver carp, and silver carp. In addition, Maly Berchikul serves as a nesting site for many waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.

Lake Tanaevo is interesting for biologists (it has many names: Lake Tanay, Ata-Anai, Atanay, Tanaev Pond). It is only slightly smaller in size than Berchikul - more than 5 kilometers long and up to 3 kilometers wide. The maximum depth is 4 meters, but depths of 1–2 meters predominate. This ancient lake is located at the foot of the Salair Ridge, on the border with the Novosibirsk region. With its location between the steppe and mountains, dense thickets of reeds and “rafts” - floating islands of aquatic plants - it is very similar to the steppe lakes of Kazakhstan. Over the years, it became so shallow that by mid-summer there was almost no water left in it and a road was laid along its bottom. In the 1960s, they decided to restore the lake and dammed the Istok river flowing from it. Now it is a paradise for waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds: ducks, grebes, gulls, terns, but it is not rich in fish. Only small big-headed silver crucian carp and verkhovka are found there in abundance. It is interesting that to spawn, crucian carp en masse go from Tanai along the Istok River down towards the Tarsma River. Attempts to stock the lake-pond with carp and buffalo were unsuccessful. Such unsuccessful and costly experiments can be explained by insufficient knowledge of acclimators. Back in 1920, ichthyologist M.P. Somov proposed to classify European lakes according to their fish population and divided them into the following types. Karas lakes are shallow, abundantly overgrown with aquatic plants, with summer water blooms and warming up to 14–18 °C. In winter, they are characterized by a lack of oxygen, which causes fish to die. In such lakes only crucian carp live well, and in Europe also loaches. Tanaevo is a completely typical example of a crucian carp lake. Its oxygen regime is more favorable only at the confluence of the Istok River. It is clear that without any special measures, fish that are more demanding of the oxygen regime will not be able to live here.

Perch-roach lakes are also shallow, but less overgrown with aquatic vegetation; in summer, water blooms are also pronounced. In winter, fresh water enters these lakes from tributaries and springs, but in small quantities. In winter, the amount of oxygen drops to 1–3 mg per liter. In such lakes live perch, roach, silver carp, tench, pike, ruff, dace, and ide. Fish that are more demanding of oxygen do not live in them. Lake Bolshoy Berchikul belongs to this type. Further, in order of increasing oxygen levels, lakes are distinguished in winter: bream and pike-perch. They, having deep holes, are little overgrown with aquatic vegetation, and there is no death in them, since in winter the amount of oxygen is above 3 mg per liter of water. In such conditions, all river fish live well, except for whitefish and salmon. Whitefish and salmon lakes (taimen, lenkov) have great depth, low temperature, and the water is saturated with oxygen all year round. Finally, khayruz lakes (trout lakes in Europe) are mountainous, often located in the upper reaches of rivers near the glaciers, semi-flowing, with a rocky bottom and shores, cold and clear water. In Kuzbass these are several mountain lakes in the Kuznetsk Alatau. They also contain river minnow and barbel char. The lack of lakes in our region is made up for by man-made structures. A large number of ponds were typical for Kuzbass at the beginning of the twentieth century, before its industrial development. Especially many ponds were built in the Kuznetsk Basin. Here, most of the small and medium-sized rivers were blocked by dams. The natural fish population of most small ponds is poor: silver crucian carp, perch, and redfish, which have spread in recent decades. But it also makes all the surrounding amateur fishermen very happy.

Head of the Department of Zoology and Ecology of KemSU, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor N.V. Skalon

Fauna of Kuzbass. Notes for students primary school

Vetlugaeva Yana Sergeevna
Target: formation of students’ ideas about the animal world of Kuzbass, its originality, beauty and uniqueness.
Tasks:
1. Introduce students to the nature of their native land, the diversity of animals, and their significance for humans.
2.Develop memory, ability to compare and draw conclusions; ability to work in a group.
3. Foster a caring and responsible attitude towards the nature of the native land.
Lesson plan:
1. Introductory conversation and communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
2.Learning new material. General characteristics of the animal world of Kuzbass.
3.Work in groups. Animals of the taiga, mixed forests, steppes and forest-steppes of Kuzbass.
4. Consolidation of the studied material.
5. Summing up the lesson.
Progress of the lesson:

1. Statement of the topic and purpose of the lesson.

Hello guys! In the last lesson, we got acquainted with the flora of Kuzbass. We found out what plant communities there are in our region, got acquainted with some plants of our region and their beneficial properties. Today we will continue to get acquainted with the nature of the Kemerovo region, we will talk about the animals that inhabit our region.

2. Studying new material. General characteristics of the animal world of Kuzbass.

The natural landscapes of the Kemerovo region are very diverse, this determines the diversity of the animal world inhabiting our region. Kuzbass is home to approximately 450 species of vertebrate animals, of which 74 species are mammals, more than 300 species are birds, 6 species of reptiles, 5 amphibians and 42 species of fish. Many representatives of the Kuzbass fauna are rare, protected, and are listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region.
Among the permanent residents of our region, the largest are the brown bear and the moose. They live mainly in taiga areas. Beaver, wolverine, badger, lynx, fox, otter, ermine, weasel, weasel, squirrel, chipmunk and flying squirrel also live in the mountain and lowland taiga. Siberian reindeer, red deer and musk deer are found in the mountainous areas. Another deer of our region, the roe deer, lives in mixed forests and forest-steppes. Wolves, ferrets, gophers, hamsters, marmots, and voles also live in the steppes and forest-steppes.
Of the birds in our region, both in winter and summer, hazel grouse, wood grouse, black grouse, gray partridge, woodpecker, nuthatch, tit, jay, crow, magpie, thrush and sparrow live. IN winter period Bullfinches, white partridges and waxwings arrive. In summer, geese, ducks, cranes, waders, and bitterns nest along the banks of reservoirs. Birds of prey - owls, harriers, pipits, and falcon falcons - provide enormous assistance in the fight against pests of fields and vegetable gardens.
Until recently, the reservoirs of the Kemerovo region were famous for their fish wealth. And now in the clean taiga and mountain rivers there are taimen, lenok, whitefish, dace, burbot, pike, chebak, ide and about 30 other species of fish. But economic activity human pollution, river pollution, and the construction of various structures on rivers and their banks have a detrimental effect on the aquatic inhabitants of Kuzbass.
The number of invertebrate animals and insects living on the territory of Kuzbass includes more than a thousand species, and they have not yet been well studied. Moreover, new species for our region are discovered every year. But that’s why the unique nature of the Kuznetsk region is interesting!

3. Work in groups. Animals of the taiga, mixed forests and steppes and forest-steppes of Kuzbass.

The list of animals of the Kemerovo region includes representatives of different sizes, leading a terrestrial, underground, aerial, aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle, adapted to living conditions in various landscapes and natural zones. Therefore, each of them is an amazing creation of nature. Each of them deserves a closer acquaintance with him... But even a simple list of animals - residents of Kuzbass - will take a lot of time. We can talk endlessly about the animals of our region and their way of life. Therefore, today we will get acquainted with only a few of them, but those without which it is impossible to imagine our Kuzbass.
- Today we will work in groups.
- Now you will be divided into three groups of 4-5 people each. Each group will prepare reports about animals inhabiting a specific plant community.
First group will prepare a message “Animals of the taiga of Kuzbass”.
The taiga zone is the largest natural zone of Kuzbass. The taiga is distinguished by its harsh climate, so the animals living in the taiga are perfectly adapted to its climate. The taiga feeds many animals, among which some feed on seeds of coniferous trees, buds and shoots of shrubs, various insects, berries and mushrooms, while others lead a predatory lifestyle, attacking live prey.

Second group will prepare a message “Animals of the mixed forests of Kuzbass”.
Mixed forests occupy a smaller area than taiga. These are mainly spruce and pine, with some birch and aspen. Some animals of these forests were numerous in the past, but then, as a result of excessive hunting, they were exterminated and were preserved only in nature reserves. Others were restored to nature thanks to conservation measures (beavers).

Third group will prepare the message “Animals of the steppe and forest-steppe of Kuzbass.”
A characteristic feature of the steppes is the absence of forests on the vast plains, covered with rich herbaceous vegetation, and the variability of vegetation cover due to low rainfall. There are no trees in the steppe because they lack moisture there. The climate in the steppe is quite warm: hot, dry summers with rare rains and moderately warm winters. Typical for the steppe are animal species that are distinguished by their sharp eyesight and the ability to run for a long time and quickly. Most birds fly away for the winter.

Each group member will receive a card with a description and photograph of an animal living in a particular plant community. When the groups are ready, each group will present their completed work.
- Let's get to work (see Appendix 1).
For 15 minutes, students study information about the animal offered to them on the card, prepare a message, then the whole group takes turns presenting their work to the class. Students talk about the animal, its way of life, and at the same time the teacher shows a presentation consisting of photographs of these animals.

4. Consolidation of the studied material.

Students completing the crossword puzzle “Animals of Kuzbass” (see Appendix 2).

5. Summing up the lesson.

The nature of Kuzbass is beautiful and rich. We have taiga, which is home to animals. Flowers of extraordinary beauty bloom in the meadows. We have a unique earthly treasure in Kuzbass - these are herbs, among them there are a lot of medicinal ones. Fish splash in rivers and lakes.
But every year the state of nature becomes worse and worse. People are increasingly interfering in her life. The diversity of animal species is decreasing, forests are disappearing, rivers are drying up, lakes are turning into swamps. Man considers himself the ruler of nature, but he is mistaken, because animals, birds, fish can live without us, but we cannot live without them.
It is difficult to find a person who would not be happy to communicate with nature. But you need to understand that in nature everything is interconnected, and you cannot help but be a friend to animals and not love plants. Only you and I can preserve the beauty and wealth of Kuzbass.
- We met only some of the animals inhabiting the Kuznetsk Land. But there are other, equally amazing and beautiful creations of nature. We will definitely get to know them and their way of life further! See you in the next classes.

Annex 1.
Group work

3rd year of study
Card No. 1 (Animals of the taiga)
Brown bear

The bear is an omnivorous animal. It eats berries, nuts, catches fish, frogs, birds, and loves honey. A well-fed bear will not waste energy on hunting, but when there is little food, the bear turns into dangerous predator. He attacks any animal and loses fear of man. The bear looks clumsy, but runs very fast, swims well and climbs trees.
A brown bear sometimes weighs up to 700 kg, and its body length reaches three meters. As winter approaches, the bear becomes fatter: under the skin it accumulates a thick layer of fat. Having such a reserve, it easily endures the winter, hibernating for as long as six months. But a bear's sleep is sensitive; if a bear is disturbed, it wakes up and wanders around, staggering around in search of a new den. Such a bear is called a connecting rod, and it is the most dangerous animal in the forest. Any Living being prey for him. Losing caution from hunger, he enters villages to drag cattle. It can also attack humans.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 2 (Animals of the taiga)
Wolverine

Wolverine looks like a small bear. During the day, the wolverine sleeps in secluded places, and at nightfall it goes out in search of food. Its main food is carrion; by eating it, the wolverine carries out sanitary cleaning of the forest. If there is carrion, the wolverine will not waste energy on hunting, but sometimes hunger still pushes it to hunt. Wolverine does not know how to catch mice and hares. Its prey is large animals - elk, roe deer, musk deer. Wolverine is very dexterous, brave and strong. She has long sharp claws and large teeth. But even so, she cannot bring down a healthy elk, which is 10 times heavier than her. Therefore, she looks for a fawn that has strayed from its mother or a sick, weak deer. She hunts from ambush: she hides in the branches of trees and waits for prey to appear. Having fallen on top of the deer, the wolverine gnaws the victim with its powerful jaws. The wolverine will not eat much at a time - it will hide most of the carcass in reserve.
In winter, a mother wolverine gives birth to 2-3 cubs in her den, which she takes care of for a whole year.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 3 (Animals of the taiga)
Sable

Sable is famous for its beautiful fur. In winter, his fur coat is especially beautiful: soft, silky - you won’t freeze in it. And in summer the animal looks like a skinny cat. The sable runs well on the ground and also climbs trees excellently. In the summer, the sable hunts small rodents and birds, catches fish, and in the fall it eats pine nuts and lingonberries. The sable settles in hollows, under fallen trees, in burrows, having previously insulated them with dry grass. In severe frosts, the sable may not leave its shelter for several days, feeding on its own supplies.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 4 (Animals of the taiga)
Ermine

This small graceful animal is a dexterous and ruthless predator. The thin flexible body allows the ermine to easily penetrate the burrows of water rats, hamsters, and chipmunks. He eats his owners, and their burrows become his home. An ermine is so strong that it can defeat a hare, which is several times larger than it. He also hunts frogs, lizards, birds and even insects, and in times of hunger he eats berries, and even garbage in garbage dumps is suitable for him as food. The ermine brings great benefits to humans: in a year it destroys 3 thousand mice and voles.
The ermine has adapted well to both Siberian frosts and hot summers. In summer his coat is brown, the color of earth, and very light. By winter, it molts and grows thick, snow-white fur. But the tip of the tail is still black.
In the spring, there is an addition to the stoat family: the female brings from three to eighteen babies weighing only three to four grams.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 5 (Animals of the taiga)
Crossbill

You walk through a spruce forest and see: there are a lot of scales from cones on the ground. You raise your head - and on the branches - crossbills deftly deal with cones. The interesting structure of their beak helps them in this. The ends of the upper and lower halves of their beak are arranged crosswise. This unusual beak helps them easily extract seeds from the cone. Crossbills are big fans of fir cones. Cones hang on spruce trees all year round, so crossbills do not go to warmer regions, but remain to spend the winter: there is enough food here too. And since there is a lot of food, why not have offspring? This is exactly what crossbills do: in the harsh February frosts, they build warm nests, lay eggs and hatch chicks. They also feed them with pine and spruce seeds.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 1 (Animals of mixed forests)
Musk deer

Musk deer are a relative of deer. It does not have horns, but males grow long upper fangs. The musk deer feeds on grass, moss, berries, and lichens. In winter, its food is twigs of bushes and pine needles.
Musk deer live on steep mountain slopes covered with coniferous forest. It is impossible for humans to get through the places where it lives: the mountain slopes are very steep. And the musk deer here moves without difficulty, deftly jumps from stone to stone, and does not slip at all. And all because her hind legs are strong, longer than her front ones, which is why she jumps so silently and easily over the rocks.
The musk deer is a cautious and timid animal; every rustle disturbs it. In addition, she has many enemies in the forest - lynx, wolverine, wolves, foxes.
Listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 2 (Animals of mixed forests)
Maral

Maral is a mighty, slender deer with strong, strong antlers. Deer live in mountainous areas, where they often go out into the meadows to feed. The food of deer is twigs of trees and shrubs, succulent herbs, and mushrooms. Every year in winter, deer shed their antlers, and a little later they grow new ones - even more branched and heavy. By locking horns, the males thereby show their strength. Such clashes are bloodless. The winner will be the leader of the herd, and the loser will run away.
Deer antlers - antlers - contain a special medicinal substance - pantocrine. To obtain it, farms are created where deer are bred.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 3 (Animals of mixed forests)
Elk

Elk – resident northern forests. Long hair and a layer of fat retain heat. In cold weather, the elk lies down in a snowdrift and takes refuge in the snow from the cold. Needles, lichens, twigs are food for moose in winter. Summer, when there is plenty of prey for predators, is a safer time for moose. But when winter comes, wolves and crank bears threaten the elk. The elk's weapon against them is its huge antlers and powerful hooves. With one blow of its hoof, an elk can kill a wolf, and even the bear will be in trouble. Only severe hunger can push predators to come out against him.
Listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 4 (Animals of mixed forests)
Lynx

Lynx is a large wild cat. The lynx is well camouflaged; its sand-colored coat is not easy to notice in the thickets. Her paws are soft and her body is flexible. Hiding along the hare's path, she patiently waits for prey. Then it silently creeps up and silently overtakes the victim in a jump. If the attack is unsuccessful, the lynx does not give chase - it is not a pursuer, but an ambush hunter. Mice, hares, and black grouse are the lynx's daily prey, but it also attacks foxes and badgers. The lynx is very strong, capable of defeating roe deer, musk deer, and deer. Because in winter they fall into the snow and cannot run fast. And the lynx has wide paws, covered with hair; it moves through the snow as if on skis.
Lynxes are almost not afraid of people, but it is difficult to meet them in nature - they are very secretive, they live in deep forests, alone, each in their own area.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 5 (Animals of mixed forests)
Squirrel

The squirrel lives in deciduous and taiga forests. In dense branches or in a hollow hollowed out by a woodpecker, a squirrel makes a nest of branches and insulates it with moss. It's warm and dry inside even in cold weather. There is always food reserves in the nest, and in extreme cold the squirrel does not have to leave it. In the summer, the squirrel runs around all day, collecting nuts, berries, fruits and mushrooms to eat and prepare supplies for the winter. By winter, he dries mushrooms and berries, and hides the nuts in moss. But in winter, the squirrel may forget about its supplies, and some seeds germinate in the spring. Thus, squirrels provide a great service to the forest by acting as gardeners.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 1 (Animals of the steppes and forest-steppes)
Marmot

The marmot is a rodent that lives in the steppe and feeds on cereals and herbs. Marmots' paws are strong, short, with strong claws, with which they dig holes and passages in the ground. And the unnecessary soil that is formed in this case is thrown out by the marmots. This is how mounds are formed; these are nothing more than observation posts of marmots. When the guard marmot notices danger, he whistles in alarm, thereby warning the others, and they hide in their holes. Marmots are friendly creatures and live in large families. During the day they all feed together on lush grass and sleep at night. During the winter, marmots hibernate and sleep soundly until spring.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 2 (Animals of the steppes and forest-steppes)
Gopher

The gopher is a small rodent. For humans, the gopher is a pest of fields and vegetable gardens. In spring and summer, it eats young shoots of cereals, and in autumn, ripened grain. Having accumulated fat, the rodent prepares for hibernation. He brings dry grass into the hole and covers all entrances and exits with earth. Burying himself in the bedding, he curls up and falls asleep. But every ten days he wakes up, then falls asleep again. In the spring, having climbed to the surface, the gopher loves to bask in the sun, standing in a column near the hole. If the gopher is disturbed, it whistles loudly and hides in a hole.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 3 (Animals of the steppes and forest-steppes)
Hamster

This rodent is slightly larger than a rat, but thick and cheeky. The hamster stuffs its dimensionless cheek pouches with what grows in fields and gardens: grain, pea seeds, and corn. For the winter, the hamster makes supplies and stores them in storage rooms in its burrow. When it gets colder, it goes into hibernation. Sometimes he wakes up, eats and then sleeps. In spring, the hamster feeds on green shoots, plant roots, insects and even voles. These animals are a real threat to fields and vegetable gardens. In addition, they are quite pugnacious and biting.

Group work
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Card No. 4 (Animals of the steppes and forest-steppes)
Bittern

On spring evenings, sounds are heard from the swamp that resemble mooing: “Boo-boo.” They are made by a bittern - not a great short-legged heron. For this cry, the bittern was nicknamed the water bull. The bittern flies to ponds and swamps when the snow has not yet melted. As soon as the snow melts, they begin to build nests. When evening comes, bitterns go out hunting; their food is frogs, newts, insects, and fish. During the day, the birds rest in thickets of reeds or grass. When they see danger, they stretch their necks and freeze, stretching their long beak up, and thanks to their color they become indistinguishable from grass and straw. If the breeze blows and the grass sways, the bird begins to sway along with it. If you walk nearby, you might not even see her.

Appendix 2.
Crossword
Topic: “Fauna of Kuzbass”
3rd year of study
Exercise: answer the crossword questions, write the answers under the corresponding numbers.

Questions for the crossword:
1.Forest bird, lover of fir cones (crossbill).
2. Forest predator, “orderly” of the forest (wolf).
3.Small deer. There are no horns. Males have long fangs and an abdominal gland that produces musk. (musk deer).
4.Guess the riddle:
Sits on a branch, not a bird.
There is a red tail, not a fox (Squirrel).
5.Large animal of the cat family. She has a short tail and tassels on her ears. (lynx).
6.Guess the riddle:
White as snow
Fluffy and small.
The tail is stained with soot (ermine).
7. An animal that is not susceptible to bee stings. Swims well, climbs trees, runs fast, can walk short distances on its hind legs (bear).
8.Who is called “the eagles”? This is the largest animal in the Kemerovo region (elk).
9. Guess the riddle:
I have been living in Siberia for a long time,
I can't live without her.
The most valuable fur in the world,
I glorified the entire taiga (sable).
10. Omnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family. Externally, the animal looks like a badger or a bear. Thanks to the presence of powerful paws, long claws and tail, it easily climbs trees. Has keen vision, hearing and sense of smell (wolverine).
11.Small graceful deer. The ears are long and pointed. Single-color color: red in summer, gray in winter (roe).

List of used literature
1. Biological diversity of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion. - Kemerovo, 2003. - 150 p.
2. Brovkina E.T. Animals of the forest. – M.: Bustard, 2008. – 63 p.
3. Brovkina E.T. Birds of the forest. – M.: Bustard, 2014. – 63 p.
4. Ocheretny A.D. Red Book. Animals of our forest. – M.: EKSMO, 2013. – 96 p.
5. System of specially protected natural areas of the Altai-Sayan ecoregion. Kemerovo, 2001. - 173 p.
6. Tarasov L.V., Tarasova T.B. Your first encyclopedia. – M.: EKSMO, 2013. – 96 p.
7. Schoolboy Yu.K. Animals of our forests. All forest animals of Russia. – Moscow: EKSMO, 2014. – 64 p.

Presentation on the topic: Fauna of Kuzbass

The fauna of Kuzbass is very diverse. The Kemerovo region is home to about 450 species of vertebrates, including 68 species of mammals, more than 300 species of birds, 6 reptiles, 5 amphibians and 42 species of fish. Most of them have lived here since ancient times.

However, recently the number of species introduced and acclimatized by humans has been growing. For example, mink, muskrat and brown hare. Or those that spread independently - such as the gray rat, hedgehog and wild boar. In addition, snow leopards and solongoi occasionally wander from neighboring regions and migrate various rodents and birds.

Among the permanent residents, the largest are bear and elk. They live mainly in taiga areas. In the mountainous areas you can find Siberian reindeer, Asian deer and musk deer. Their relative, the roe deer, prefers deciduous forests and forest-steppes.

The predators lynx and wolverine, although they live almost everywhere, are quite rare animals: only a few hundred individuals. But their smaller counterparts - fox, weasel, ermine, weasel - are much more common. As well as other natives of the region, rodents and herbivores: white hare, squirrel, chipmunk, shrews, moles.

In the steppe and forest-steppe zones there are wolves, ferrets, gophers, hamsters, marmots, voles and other living creatures live freely.

There are fewer songbirds in the taiga zone than in deciduous forests, but commercial species are found: hazel grouse, wood grouse, and black grouse. The nutcracker plays a major role in the spread of cedar. The forests are protected by woodpeckers, nuthatches, tits, nightjars, orioles, jays, magpies and crossbills. Partridge and quail are common in birch forests and forest-steppes. Geese, ducks, cranes, and waders nest along the banks of reservoirs. Birds of prey provide enormous assistance in the fight against agricultural pests: kestrel, owls, harrier, pipit, and falcon.

The eagle owl, the largest owl, is rare and needs protection. As well as sable, otter, reindeer, long-eared bat and about 80 other species of animals. To protect and systematize them in the region, the Red Book of Kuzbass was created.

Until recently, the vast expanses of water in our region were famous for their fish wealth. And now in the clean taiga and mountain rivers there are taimen, lenok, whitefish, dace, burbot, pike, chebak, ide and about 30 other species of fish. However, human industrial activity, pollution of the Tom River, and the construction of hydraulic structures negatively affect aquatic fauna Kuzbass.

The world of invertebrates and insects living in the Kemerovo region has thousands of species and has not yet been sufficiently studied. Moreover, every year it is replenished with new species for the fauna of the region and even species completely unknown to science. But that’s why the unique nature of the Kuznetsk region is interesting.

Animals

Squirrel

Everyone knows the common squirrel. The idea of it is quite consistent in general terms with the other 54 species of this genus. The body length of squirrels is 20-32 cm, the tail length is 19-31 cm. Weight is from 180 to 1000 g. Color varies not only from species to species, but also within one species depending on the area, season, age or simply on the individual animal. It is enough to point out that the common squirrel can be red, ashy, almost black, etc. Most species do not have tufts on their ears. Only the common squirrel and the North American squirrel have them. temperate latitudes They shed twice a year, but the tail sheds only once during this period. The winter fur of squirrels from cold areas is very different from the summer fur. All squirrels feed on a variety of plant foods: tree seeds, berries and fruits, nuts, mushrooms, buds and shoots, bark and lichens. Animal food is added to plant food: insects and other small invertebrates, eggs of birds, lizards and snakes, chicks and even small rodents and lizards. The common squirrel, like other species of this genus, is a typically arboreal animal. She climbs branches perfectly and easily jumps from one tree to another. If necessary, a squirrel can jump from the top without harm to itself tall tree to the ground. She makes a nest in hollows or tree branches. The nest of branches has the shape of a ball with a side entrance. The inside of such a nest (gain) is lined with soft plant material.

Weasel

The smallest animal of all predators. She has a thin, elongated, surprisingly flexible body with a short tail without a black end. In summer, the weasel is light brown above, white or yellowish below, in winter in the north of its range it is entirely snow-white. Body length - 13-28 cm, tail no more than 9 cm, weight - 40-100 g. Weasel is distributed throughout almost the entire territory of Russia and the former USSR, with the exception of some areas of the Far North and the deserts of Central Asia. It is found throughout Europe, North Africa, most of Asia, North America. The weasel is found where mouse-like rodents are especially numerous - in the fields, among weeds, bushes, in overgrown clearings, along the edges, on the outskirts of villages, in stacks of straw, haystacks, but only in the absence of its competitor - the ermine. In the north of the range it is a significantly less numerous ermine, but in the south, on the contrary, it predominates. With amazing dexterity and energy, the weasel destroys mice and voles, chasing them even in burrows and shelters and, on occasion, killing more than it can eat. This kindness brings invaluable benefits. The biology of reproduction has not been sufficiently studied. Pregnant females and newborns are observed both in summer and winter. The duration of pregnancy is unknown. There are from 3 to 10 cubs in a brood. Their number increases in years of abundance of rodents.

Wolf

The entire appearance of this predator testifies to its power and excellent adaptability to tireless running, pursuit and attack on its victims. In size, a seasoned wolf is larger than a large shepherd dog. Body length is on average 105-160 cm, tail - 35-50 cm, shoulder height 80-85 cm and up to 100 cm. Weight is usually 32-50 kg. The literature mentions wolves that supposedly weighed more than 90 kg, but among the many hundreds of accurately weighed wolves from different parts of the world, there was not a single one heavier than 79 kg. The color and size of wolves are subject to strong individual and geographic variability. In Russia alone there are almost 8-9 subspecies of wolves, and there are even more of them in North America. The largest animals live in the Far North, small ones - in the south. The first ones are painted in very light colors, and in winter they turn almost completely white. The forest zone is characterized by wolves of the most intensely colored subspecies, while in the south, in the deserts, they are replaced by animals of a dull sandy color. The wolf is quite widespread.

Mole

The mole is similar in appearance and lifestyle to other real moles. Its body length is 12-16 cm, tail - 2-4 cm. Most animals inhabiting central Europe have a narrow slit of skin about 0.5-1 mm long in front of a very small eye, like a poppy seed, although there are movable eyelids no eyelashes. Most Caucasian moles have eyes hidden under the skin. In the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Caucasus, there were moles in which one eye was covered with skin, and there was a small slit opposite the other. The mole (this one word is used to describe only the European, or common, mole) is a typical inhabitant of deciduous forests and river valleys with meadows and deciduous trees. Along river valleys, the mole penetrates to the north to the middle taiga, and to the south to typical steppes, although it is rarely found in the watershed areas of the taiga and dry steppes, and is not found at all in semi-deserts, deserts, forest-tundras and tundras. The mole spends its entire life in dark passages not connected to the surface, laid in different soil horizons. In loose and moist forest soil, horizontal near-surface passages are laid, located at a depth of 2-5 cm.

Siberian chipmunk

The Siberian chipmunk is a typical representative of the chipmunk genus. Its body length is 14-15 cm, the length of its fluffy tail is 9-10 cm. On the back and sides, there are 5 longitudinal dark stripes on a light gray or reddish background, characteristic of all chipmunks. The Siberian chipmunk is distributed throughout almost the entire eastern part of Russia, Northern Mongolia, Central China and Japan. Chipmunks live in coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests, preferring edges, cleared areas, windfalls and litter. The nest is placed under a large tree knocked down by the wind, in voids among roots or stones, less often in tree hollows and birdhouses (in protected forests). Chipmunks climb trees well, but in case of alarm they hide in their underground or above-ground shelters. They are active during daylight hours. Chipmunks feed on seeds; in coniferous forests they prefer the seeds of coniferous trees, on the harvest of which their well-being in life depends. Chipmunks also eat berries, mushrooms, lichens, insects and other invertebrates. Up to 5 kg of selected seeds are stored for the winter. In winter, the Siberian chipmunk falls into a shallow hibernation. Soon after the spring awakening, the rut takes place. In a single litter of a year there are from 2 to 10 (usually 4-6) cubs.

White hare

The white hare is a relatively large animal, its body length varies somewhat depending on different parts its range. The largest white hare lives in the tundra of Western Siberia, their body length is up to 70 cm, and their weight is up to 5.5 kg. The smallest race of white hare inhabits the taiga of Yakutia, the weight of such a hare is 2.5-3 kg. The hare's ears are not very long and are bent forward; they only reach the end of the nose or protrude slightly beyond it. The tail is completely white or with a small admixture of dark hair on top; it is relatively short and round in shape. The paws are relatively wide, the feet are covered with a thick brush of hair. This provides better support on snow. In summer, the color of the fur on the back is brownish-brown with blackish ripples, the sides are lighter, and the belly is white. In winter, the white hare fully lives up to its name. At this time, he is dressed in pure white fur and only the tips of his ears are black. The white hare is of significant importance as an object of fur trade and sport hunting. Extraction methods are very diverse. Commercial harvesting is carried out mainly using wire loops installed on hare paths and pens. In some places, hunting is common, in which the hunter, having found the night trail of a hare, tries to find it on the bed. Hunting for hare, especially with hounds, is of exceptional sporting interest, and its fishing in taiga regions allows one to bring a lot of meat and fur into economic circulation.

Gray gopher

The gray ground squirrel is medium-sized: body length up to 23.5 cm. Tail of moderate length: up to 7 cm. The soles of the hind legs are covered with hair almost to the calluses at the base of the toes. The color of the upperparts is uniform brownish-ocher, often with noticeable light spots. Distributed in the south of Western and Central Europe. This gopher settles in flat and mountain landscapes of forest-steppe and steppe zones, on pastures, virgin lands and places inconvenient for cultivation (for example, very rocky). On arable lands, it makes only temporary burrows, which are destroyed later during plowing. Before hibernation, adult gophers emerge less frequently and in different time light half of the day. Gray gopher burrows can be temporary or permanent.

Forest ferret

The forest ferret is very rare. The steppe ferret's main diet consists of gophers, hamsters, and pikas. Steppe ferrets, living near rivers and lakes, hunt water voles and birds. When there is an excess of prey, all ferrets make reserves. Ferrets belong to important fur-bearing animals, especially the steppe ferret. However, its fishing has to be limited, given the role of this predator in exterminating harmful rodents. In some cases, ferrets cause known damage to poultry farming, but ideas about this are usually greatly exaggerated. Outside human settlements, ferrets are certainly useful, or at least neutral.

Hamster

The hamster is very beautiful. Most readers will agree with this after looking at the color image of the beast. It is the size of a very large Pasyuk (body length 25-30 cm). Sometimes almost black or black and white specimens are found. Hamsters live in steppe and forest-steppe regions of southern Europe, Western Siberia, Northern Kazakhstan and east to the Yenisei. In isolated spots they penetrate further north. They readily inhabit agricultural lands along the borders of fields and bushes. The hamster behaves like a zealous owner, loving thoroughness and solidity in everything. It builds high-quality and complex burrows with numerous storage holes, tunnels and nesting chambers. The depth of the burrows reaches 2.5 m. Closer to autumn, the animal diligently fills its bins with various supplies: grain, potatoes, corn, carrots and other similar products. total weight such reserves usually reach 10-20 kg, but even information is provided about hamster storerooms with grain up to 90 kg. Animals feed on these reserves in the winter, when they are temporarily distracted from hibernation and fill their stomachs with a new portion of food, and also in the spring until the required amount of food appears. In summer, animals also eat green herbs, various seeds and roots, insects and other small animals (occasionally he can even eat a mouse). Hamsters are active at night. If an enemy (for example, a fox, a dog or a person) unexpectedly cuts off the animal’s path to a hole, the animal boldly rushes at the enemy and can bite him painfully, making his way home. From April to October, the female feeds numerous offspring twice or even three times. In one litter there are most often about 10 cubs, but in some cases even up to 20. The hamster in many places noticeably damages fields and has to be exterminated. Its skins are used as cheap furs.

Birds

Actually indigenous, resident birds in the Kemerovo region there are not so many: hazel grouse, wood grouse, black grouse, gray partridges, woodpeckers, nuthatches, goldfinches, jays, tits, sparrows, blackbirds, crows, magpies. In winter, bullfinches, ptarmigan, redpolls, buzzards, buntings, crossbills, and waxwings join the feathered kingdom.

Kedrovka

It is colored in a dark brownish-brown color with white spots, which are absent only on the upper side of the head. There is a light border at the end of the tail. Being a typical forest bird, it deftly jumps along the branches of coniferous trees, and also hangs from cones hanging on spruce trees. The nutcracker is a typical inhabitant of the taiga. Prefers spruce, cedar and cedar-schist forests. In normal years, he leads a sedentary lifestyle, making only local migrations. The nest is usually placed on a coniferous tree at a height of 4-6 m. If the pine nut harvest fails in some places, the birds move to others where there is a harvest. The main food of the nut is the seeds. cedar pine, ate and insects. In addition, it eats various berries, sometimes small birds and their eggs, amphibians and reptiles. Another remarkable feature of this bird is the storage of food in the form of pine nuts for the winter. She makes storerooms on the ground under moss, lichens, in rocky places, under bark and in tree hollows. When storing food, the nutcracker collects nuts in a special pouch under its tongue. They found 50, 100 and even 120 pine nuts in it. Birds feed on hidden nuts in winter, making deep burrows in the snow, sometimes to a depth of 60 cm. Part of the larder is not used by birds, and the seeds germinate in them. Thus, the nutshell plays a big role in the dispersal of cedar pine. The regeneration of cedar pine in burnt areas occurs exclusively with the help of this bird. It is also useful in exterminating insects harmful to the forest.

Spruce crossbill

Remarkable for its unique beak structure. The mandible and mandible cross each other, and their sharp ends protrude from the sides of the beak. With the help of such a beak, birds quickly and deftly open the scales of conifer cones, selecting the seeds that form the basis of their diet. The plumage of the male is bright red, turning reddish-brown on the shoulders. The ears, wings and tail are brown. In females, the red color is replaced by green-gray and yellow-gray. Lives in coniferous and mixed, but mainly spruce, less often pine and larch forests, but not in cedar forests. Crossbills are also interesting because their nesting time is not constant: it occurs not only in spring and summer, but in the presence of abundant food - in autumn and even winter. However, most often they begin to reproduce in late winter and early spring, when there is deep snow and severe frosts. This time coincides with the greatest abundance of spruce and pine seeds. Spruce crossbill is a favorite bird for cage keeping.

Blackbird

The blackbird is the size of a fieldfare. The blackbird's beak is yellow and its legs are dark brown. The male is all black. The female is dark brown with a whitish throat and a rusty-buff chest with dark spots. Young birds are similar to the female, but lighter and more colorful. In most of the named places it is a sedentary bird, but from northern regions range, some of the birds fly south in the fall. Unlike most blackbirds, the blackbird nests on the ground or on low tree stumps. He leads a secretive lifestyle, and therefore rarely catches the eye. But its song, very similar to the song of the song thrush, but slower and sadder, is not difficult to hear in the forest.

Fieldfare

The male and female fieldfare are similarly colored. The upper side of the head and neck are steel-gray in color with black streaks on the head. The back and shoulder feathers are dark chestnut, the wings and tail are black-brown. The underside of the neck, crop and chest are rusty-red with black longitudinal spots, the middle of the belly is white, the rump is gray. They nest colonially, often making 2-3 nests on one tree; In total, there are from 10 to 30, sometimes more, pairs in a colony. The nests are made in a fork between the trunk and a thick branch or on a horizontal branch far from the trunk, and if the birds are not disturbed, the nests are placed at a height of 1 to 4 m from the ground, but if cattle are often driven through the forest or people walk, the birds build nests are not lower than 7-10 m. The nest itself is a massive hemispherical structure, made of last year's leaves of cereals, roots, dry stems of grass and fastened with clay. The inside walls of the nest are plastered with clay mixed with pieces of moss, and then lined with dry blades of grass and small stems. It takes 4-5 days to build a nest. Fieldfares feed on sedentary ground insects and their larvae, centipedes, earthworms, small mollusks and spiders.

With the onset of warm weather, ducks, bitterns, teals, river and black-headed gulls will arrive to replace their winter flying lodgers. Herons, cranes, waders, snipe, and snipes make summer nesting grounds in swamps and lakes. Fields and forests, groves and gardens are filled with music, the performers of which are small songbirds - orioles, starlings, larks, redstarts, wagtails, kingfishers, swallows, buntings, warblers, warblers. Rooks, quails, cuckoos, and woodcocks are busily darting over the copses and fields.

But summer is leaving, taking with it the carefree polyphony of birds. Another day or two in the darkened autumn sky you can hear the foreign voices of transit birds flying from the north to their wintering grounds. These are swans, geese, sea gulls, and loons returning home. Sometimes they take a short break in the local reservoirs, but not for long. And - on the road again.

In the taiga zone there are fewer songbirds than in deciduous forests, but there are game birds, among which the hazel grouse, wood grouse and black grouse stand out.

Capercaillie

Wood grouse are the largest, but also rare birds. Males weigh up to 4-5 kilograms. They always settle in the wilderness of the taiga, avoiding light forests mixed with larch. Wood grouse and capercaillie keep separate small flocks of 5-10 each, and mixed flocks of males and females are less common. At the beginning of winter, when the snow is shallow, wood grouse walk a lot and feed on pine needles. There is almost no walking on deep, loose snow. Wood grouse spend the winter night under the snow, and in severe frosts they sit there during the day. In the spring, these feathered giants gather on their manes among the swamps to lek. In the evening, red-browed bearded men flock in, and in the morning they begin their extraordinary song, which continues for several days; During mating, wood grouse get into fights. In mid-May, capercaillie stop flying to the leks, and only capercaillie remain on them. With the cessation of arrivals of capercaillie, the fights between males also stop. Capercaillie broods usually stay on the outskirts of forest clearings and areas of open forest. Young capercaillies feed on invertebrates and sedge seeds. As they ripen, berries become the most important food for wood grouse. Young wood grouse begin to feed on wood food later than adults. Wood grouse willingly visit wheat and oat crops.

Grouse

The hazel grouse is widespread in the forest belt, but prefers the flat taiga, from where it penetrates through river valleys into mountain forests. Associated with woody vegetation, the hazel grouse never leaves the forest and leads a sedentary life. In clean moss swamps and dry pine forests without undergrowth, it never settles; it lives in pairs, singles or broods. He spends most of his time on the ground, running quickly in search of food, but, when alarmed, he seeks refuge in the trees, deftly hiding among the dense branches. Its main food in autumn and winter is plant-based - alder and birch catkins, tree buds, various seeds and berries, especially juniper and rowan, but by the time the chicks hatch, the hazel grouse switches mainly to animal food - insects, slugs, worms. In winter, if there is a lot of snow, birds feed on the needles and buds of deciduous trees. They usually spend the night in the thicket of fir trees, and in extreme cold, like wood grouse, they bury themselves in the snow. In spring, hazel grouse form pairs. The hazel grouse's nest is a hole that the female digs in the ground under the cover of a bush or dead wood and is barely lined with blades of grass, leaves, and twigs. It is so well hidden that it is very difficult to detect.

Among taiga birds, pine plays a major role in the distribution of nutcracker. Protect the taiga and woodpeckers, nuthatches, tits, nightjars, orioles, jays, magpies, crossbills and other birds that destroy forest pests. In the art of catching rodents, daytime predators are superior to owls; there are eleven species of them in our region. Owl- the largest owl, it is rare and needs protection.

Owl

The Eagle Owl species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

The eagle owl has a total length of 62-72 cm, with a wingspan of 150-180 cm, a wing length of 41-52 cm, and weighs 2.1-3.2 kg. Females are noticeably larger than males, and both sexes are colored the same. The typical coloration of adult eagle owls is as follows. The dorsal side is variegated - on a reddish, yellowish, sometimes whitish background there is a black-brown longitudinal and transverse pattern. The ventral side is reddish, buffy or whitish, with black longitudinal spots on the crop and chest and with thin brownish or blackish transverse stripes on the belly, sides, undertail, white throat. The iris is bright orange or reddish, the beak and claws are black. Young birds are colored similar to adults, but somewhat paler and duller. The eagle owl is a widespread nomadic and sedentary bird. The nest is a simple hole trampled by the female, without bedding, usually on the ground (the abandoned nests of other birds are rarely occupied). There are usually 2-3, sometimes 4 or even 5 eggs in a clutch. The female incubates for about 35 days. Young eagle owls become well capable of flight at an age of slightly more than three months. There is a high mortality rate among young birds: there are usually fewer chicks in a brood than eggs in a clutch. This is explained by the fact that eagle owls begin to incubate after laying the first egg and therefore the chicks are of different ages. The eagle owl feeds on various medium and small mammals - from hares (hares and hare) to small mouse-like and insectivores. Rodents constitute the preferred food. Occasionally, eagle owls also attack larger animals (female roe deer, young mountain goats). Birds such as wood grouse, black grouse, peregrine falcon, goshawk, rough-legged buzzard, and small passerines also occupy a large place in the eagle owl's diet. Occasionally, eagle owls feed on frogs and even fish. The eagle owl is a nocturnal and crepuscular bird, but in the north it also hunts during the day.

Great tit

The great tit is a rather beautiful bird. The dorsal side is yellowish-green, the ventral side is yellow with a wide black stripe along the chest and belly. The upper side of the head, sides of the neck, throat and adjacent part of the crop are shiny black with a bluish steel tint, the sides of the head are white. The wing is grayish-blue with a light transverse stripe. The tail is blackish with a bluish coating. The great tit is one of the largest representatives of the family: its body length is 130-165 mm, weight is about 20 g. The tit is a sedentary bird, and only partially wanders. In spring, it returns to its nesting sites in the second half of February - early March. At this time, the males sing a monotonous, but not devoid of pleasant, ringing song. It can be expressed in words as repeated “drink-drink-drank...”. Tits settle in a wide variety of areas of the tree stand, but still prefer to nest in deciduous forests. Nests are made in the hollows of woodpeckers, less often in rotten wood of a tree in the place of a fallen twig, behind loose bark, in crevices of wooden buildings, in old squirrel nests, between thick twigs and branches that form the skeleton of an old nest birds of prey, as well as in other closed places, usually at a height of 2-6 m from the ground. A nest is usually built from thin twigs, roots, dry grass stems, moss, lichens, as well as plant fluff, feathers, scraps of wool, cocoons and webs of spiders and insects. The tray is lined with horsehair, soft hair from various animals and soft feathers. Tit eggs are white, slightly shiny with a large number of reddish-brown spots scattered on their surface. Only the female incubates them for 13-14 days. The male only occasionally brings her food. The hatched chicks are fed exclusively by the male for the first 3-5 days of life, while the female warms the chicks during this time. The chicks remain in the nest for 19-21 days; the parents feed them, making about 400 flights with food to the nest per day. Among the insects eaten by the great tit, economically harmful species predominate, such as silkworms, various beetles (weevils, leaf beetles), bugs, and aphids. It is also important that tits continue to exterminate harmful insects with particular intensity in winter, reducing their numbers many times by spring.

In birch groves, forest-steppe is common black grouse, partridge, quail. They nest along the banks of rivers, lakes and swamps. geese, ducks, cranes, waders, corncrakes and other types of birds.

Kestrel

The kestrel is a widespread and very useful bird. The total length of the kestrel is 31-38 cm, the wing length is 23-27.5 cm, weight is 180-240 g. An adult male kestrel has a gray crown with narrow black longitudinal spots; the dorsal side is brick-red with teardrop-shaped brown spots; The flight feathers are dark brown, whitish on the inner webs; tail feathers are gray with a whitish apical border and a wide black apical stripe; The ventral side is buffy with brown longitudinal markings. Adult female kestrels have a reddish-buff head with brown streaks; the dorsal side is red with a brown transverse pattern; the tail ones are reddish, often with a gray coating, with transverse brown stripes. Young kestrels are similar in color to females, but their primaries have light edges. The iris is dark brown, the beak is bluish, turning black at the end, the wax and legs are yellow, the claws are black. The kestrel inhabits forests, forest-steppes, parks, gardens, cities, mountains and deserts. In our country, the common kestrel is a migratory bird. In terms of nesting conditions, the common kestrel is a very unpretentious bird: it nests on rocks, along cliffs, in trees (also in hollows), in human structures, in holes on the ground. The kestrel does not build its own nests; it often occupies the buildings of other birds, and if they are not there, it is limited to constructing the internal lining of the nest.

Kobchik

The falcon has a short and relatively weak beak, and short fingers. The falcon is a medium-sized bird. Female falcons are larger than males. The coloring of the floors is very different. Male falcons are bluish-brown with a blackish head and blackish tails; the back of the belly, the undertail and the plumage of the lower leg are rufous. Female falcon are gray with dark brownish-gray transverse stripes on the dorsal side; crown red with dark longitudinal spots; the ventral side is buffy or red, sometimes with a longitudinal dark narrow pattern; flight feathers are gray with a white transverse pattern on the inner webs; the tail is grayish with buffy transverse stripes. Usually falcons use nests built by other birds (rooks, crows, magpies, etc.). Sometimes they nest in hollows, occasionally on bushes or on the ground. They usually nest in groups or colonies, rarely in individual pairs. The main food of the falcon is insects, which it catches on the fly or grabs on the ground. In addition, the falcon feeds on small rodents, shrews, lizards, and rarely birds.

Sparrowhawk

The sparrowhawk is a typical representative of the group of hawks, which differs from goshawks in its smaller size, lighter build, and relatively longer tarsus and toes. Female sparrowhawks are much larger than males. Adult males are bluish-gray on the dorsal side in different shades, with a blackish crown, white eyebrow and white streaks on the back of the head; the primary flight feathers and tail feathers are striated (sometimes stripes are absent on the middle tail feathers); the ventral side is whitish or buffy with a brown or red transverse pattern. Females differ from males in the brown coloration of their dorsal side; their ventral side is white with a brown transverse pattern. Sparrowhawks nest in the same area year after year, but every year they build a new nest near the old one. Forest edges are preferred as a nesting site - near river valleys, roads, etc. Nests are located mainly on coniferous trees, especially pine trees. During the nesting period, the sparrowhawk feeds almost exclusively on small birds (however, females also hunt partridges). During non-breeding times, the sparrowhawk's food also includes small rodents - mice and voles, especially during the years of mass reproduction of rodents.

Common buzzard

This bird is so named because its tarsus is feathered down to the toes. Females, as usual, are larger than males. Adult buzzards have the following color: the dorsal side is dark brown with an admixture of white or blackish color; primary flight feathers with a grayish coating, with a blurred dark transverse pattern and whitish bases of the internal webs; tail feathers are white with a thin black transverse pattern and a wide black apical stripe; the ventral side is white with a dark spot on the crop, with dark brown longitudinal markings and with transverse stripes on the belly, sides and leg feathers. Young birds of the common buzzard in the first annual plumage are paler, without blackish tones, without a transverse pattern on the ventral side; The transverse pattern is also poorly developed on the tail feathers. The bushy buzzard's nests are built from twigs and located on the ground, rarely on trees or rocks.

Field Pipit

The field pipit is colored: the overall tone of the plumage is gray. This pipit, like the meadow pipit, spends most of its time on the ground, only when singing it sits on the branches of dried bushes. Running deftly and quickly along the ground, the bird constantly rises on its feet, taking on an almost vertical position. They fly to North Africa for the winter, and also spend the winter in Asia - from Syria and Jordan to India and Sri Lanka. The nest is made on the ground: in the rut of an old road, in a hoof mark, or simply in a natural hole. There is 1 clutch per season, usually consisting of 5 eggs.

Lapwing

The lapwing or pigtail has a black head, neck and crop with a blue-green sheen, and the chest, belly and sides of the head are white. The dorsal side of the lapwing is olive green with a purple sheen. On the back of the head there is a crest of several very narrow feathers. The legs are four-toed, somewhat longer than those of plovers. The beak is rather short and straight. The wing is wide and blunt; in males, the inner primaries are elongated. During current flight, they vibrate, producing a peculiar noise similar to rustling and buzzing. They winter in England, in the eastern parts of France, on the Iberian Peninsula, in North-West Africa, in some places in South-West and then in Southeast Asia, and also winter in Eastern Transcaucasia and in places in Central Asia. Lapwings arrive in our country quite early, often when their nesting habitats are still covered with snow. After arrival, the birds settle down near snow puddles, on wet fields plowed in the fall that are beginning to thaw, along the outskirts of swamps, etc. Then they move to their nesting sites - damp meadows, the outskirts of grassy swamps in forests and steppes, less often dry ones are chosen for nesting area of meadow; More and more often, lapwings are beginning to nest in fields. Lapwings can settle either in individual pairs or in large colonies. Lapwings are lively, active, noisy birds. They quickly and deftly run among the grass, often on uneven, hummocky ground, at times they suddenly stop (look around, and then run on, sometimes grabbing an insect that comes along. In case of alarm, the bird takes off and easily betrays its presence with an annoying-sounding, mournful, often repeated cry “Whose-you... Whose-you...” Lapwings feed mainly on insects and their larvae, as well as mollusks, earthworms and centipedes. They often eat beetles - click beetles, weevils, leaf beetles, and eat a lot of caterpillars of butterflies, such as moths. also larvae of dipterans and click beetles. On occasion, mole crickets and locusts are caught. Like all waders, lapwings molt twice a year. In August, they begin a full, post-nesting moult, which ends in November.

Field lark

The field lark is a medium-sized bird, about the size of a house sparrow. The body is dense, the head is large with a relatively small cone-shaped beak. The bird looks a little heavy, but it runs quickly and deftly along the ground. The hind toe is armed with a very long, spur-like claw. The plumage of the dorsal side of the body is earthy-brown with yellowish-grayish-white dashes and black-brown spots. The head, throat, upper chest and sides of the body are rusty-brown with dark stripes; the rest of the chest and belly are yellowish-grayish white. There are two light, faint transverse stripes on the wings. The tail is brownish-black, with a shallow notch at the end, the outer tails are white. Larks fly away from the northern regions of their habitat for the winter; in the southern regions they lead a sedentary lifestyle. These birds winter in Western Europe, southern Asia and northern Africa.

Landrail

The corncrake is a small bird, slightly larger than a thrush. The general color of the plumage is reddish-brown. The corncrake spends most of its life on the ground in thickets of tall grasses. When in danger, the corncrake tries to escape. He runs amazingly fast, deftly making his way among the grasses and often changing direction. Unexpectedly startled, the corncrake flies nearby and again descends into the grass. It flies poorly, it is rarely possible to see Crake, but it is easy to detect by its peculiar loud, creaky, abrupt cry “twitch-twitch”. Crakes live alone and never form flocks; they fly alone and winter. The favorite habitats of the corncrake are damp grassy meadows, meadows overgrown with bushes, grain and clover fields, and forest clearings. The Crake is a migratory bird that winters in Africa. The corncrake is one of the latest arriving birds. The corncrake feeds on both animal and plant foods. From animals it eats a variety of insects, worms, slugs, spiders, etc., from plants - seeds of various herbs, less often grains of cultivated cereals. Crake meat is tasty, but due to its small size, it is caught by hunters accidentally and in small quantities.

Rook

The rook is about the size of a crow, but is slimmer and has a straighter and thinner beak. Its plumage is black with a metallic sheen. The frenulum, chin, base of the beak and part of the cheeks are bare and whitish in color. In the northern parts of its range, the rook is a migratory bird, in the southern parts it is sedentary and nomadic. It winters in the southern parts of the nesting area, or slightly leaving it. Like the crow, it is typical to spend the winter in cities, in large aggregations shared with crows and jackdaws. It nests in colonies in gardens, parks and on groups of trees in or near human settlements, as well as in groves. It feeds in fields, meadows, wastelands and other open spaces. In spring, the rook arrives early, with the appearance of the first thawed patches. Rooks feed on various insects and their larvae, mouse-like rodents, grains and garden crops. Accumulating in areas of mass reproduction of pests, rooks play a significant role in eliminating these areas. Along with this, in some places, rooks cause some harm, pecking out the seeds of grain and garden crops sown in the spring, and during the ripening period, the seeds of corn and sunflowers, damaging watermelons, melons and potato tubers. However, in general, the benefits of the rook outweigh the harm and it should be considered an unconditionally useful bird.

White-banded swift

It is generally quieter than the black swift, but during games it can be as noisy as the black swift. In the east it is distributed to Kamchatka and the Japanese Islands, south to Yangtze Jiang and the northern parts of the Mongolian People's Republic. In addition, it nests in the Himalayas. It nests in the cultural landscape and in the mountains where there are human settlements, sometimes above the taiga belt. Nests are placed in high buildings and on various kinds of cliffs, rocks and cliffs. The nest is built from dry plant stems, straws, etc. There are 2-3 eggs in the clutch. This swift flies to Indochina, the islands of Indonesia and Australia to spend the winter. Molting occurs in wintering areas.

Wagtail complete

The complete wagtail looks like a pliska, but is slimmer and longer. It differs from all other wagtails by its longer tail. The dorsal side of the male mountain wagtail is ash-gray, the ventral side is yellow-gray. The rump is greenish-yellow. The wing is dark brown, turning gray at the shoulders. The tail is brownish-black with white edges. The throat is blackish-gray with a white border and white spots, and above the eyes there is a white eyebrow. Females are much lighter than males. From the northern limits of the nesting range, this wagtail flies to warm countries for the winter; in the southern ones it leads a sedentary lifestyle, making vertical migrations from the mountains where it nests to the valleys. Mountain wagtails, leading a migratory lifestyle, winter in South Africa, southern Asia, on the islands of the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea and the Philippine Islands. Mountain wagtails usually collect food near mountain streams, but often far from water - on rocks and: cliffs. Therefore, various semi-aquatic insects and their larvae, small crustaceans, as well as beetles, spiders, etc. are more often captured.

Redstart

The redstart is the size of a sparrow. A very beautiful, brightly colored bird. In breeding plumage, the head and back of the male are dark ash-gray. The forehead is white, the wings are brown. The tail, chest, belly and sides are rusty red. The throat, crop, cheeks and area around the eyes are black. The predominant color of the female is brown with a reddish-reddish rump and tail. Redstarts leave their wintering grounds only at the end of March, but fly quite quickly. They sing almost around the clock, falling silent for a short time in the deepest part of the night, but especially intensely at morning and evening dawns. At this time, the bird especially often and loudly repeats its calling cry (whistle “... fi-it, fi-it...”) and often twitches its tail, causing the purple tones of its plumage to “flare up”, exposing it (the tail “burns” with the crimson colors of the sunset, That’s why the bird itself received the name “redstart”). To build a nest, birds occupy all kinds of hollows in tree trunks, shelters in woodpiles, under piles of dead wood, voids under the roots and between the roots of trees or shrubs (especially if they grow on the edge of a cliff or ravine), shallow caves along cliffs, places under stones, and in populated areas they make nests behind loose eaves or wall cladding and in attics.

Nightingale

The nightingale is a nondescript bird. The back is olive-brown with a more reddish tail. The ventral side of the body is whitish, the sides are brownish-gray, and there is a variegated grayish-buff spot on the crop. In the spring, nightingales appear in their homeland only at the beginning of May, occupying after their arrival damp places with fairly dense and shady thickets of bushes, dense bushes along the edges of the forest, willow and alder thickets along the banks of rivers, young groves, large gardens and parks with dense shrubs plantings, etc. Nightingales begin to sing 3-5 days after arrival, when trees and shrubs are covered with leaves. The nightingale sings all night from evening to dawn, and in the first 2 weeks after the start of singing and during daylight hours, falling silent for a short time only in the middle of the day. The nightingale sings, sitting on some branch not high from the ground, slightly hunched over and lowering its wings. In general, the nightingale is a very secretive and cautious bird, which is very difficult to even notice; during intense singing, he forgets about the danger and sings so selflessly that you can get close to him. Nightingales are prone to imitation. Nightingales usually make nests on the ground between the roots of bushes or tree shoots, less often in dense interlacings of bush trunks near the ground.

Nuthatch

The color of the dorsal side of the body of the common nuthatch is ash-gray with a bluish tint, the ventral side is white with an admixture of reddish tones. The sides and undertail are mixed with chestnut-brown color. There are small white stripes on the sides of the head, above the eyes and on the forehead. A black stripe runs from the beak through the eye on the sides of the head to the neck. The common nuthatch is a sedentary and partially nomadic bird. Already at the end of February in clear sunny days in the forest you can hear the calling cry of a nuthatch: a melodic loud whistle repeated several times in a row. In March, they split into pairs and occupy a site suitable for nesting. At the end of March - beginning of April, in an old woodpecker hollow, less often in a natural depression in a tree trunk, usually located at a height of 3-10 m from the ground, birds build a nest. The nuthatch always coats the hole leading into the hollow with clay, leaving only a round entrance with a diameter of about 35 mm. Sometimes the areas of the trunk adjacent to the tap hole are coated with clay. Often, even the inner upper parts of the hollow near the entrance are carefully “plastered.” The bedding for the nest is small scales of the upper layer of pine bark, and if there are no pine trees nearby, birch trees, less often other trees, or tree leaves. It usually takes about two weeks to build a nest.

field sparrow

It is easy to distinguish it from the house sparrow by its brown crown, black spots on white cheeks and two light stripes on the wing. Its black throat spot is small and does not stand out very much. Males and females are almost identically colored. Being an ordinary companion to humans, the tree sparrow, however, more often than the house sparrow, nests in a natural environment - along the edges of groves, in open forests, bushes, parks, large gardens, arranging nests here mainly in hollows and earthen voids. In human settlements, it places nests in approximately the same places as the brownie. In winter, it brings some benefit by pecking at weed seeds. The tree sparrow is more harmful to agriculture than the house sparrow. In areas where its numbers are high, they are fighting it.

Starling

The starling is a small bird. The bird's body is massive, its neck is short, which makes the bird seem somewhat heavy and clumsy. The four-toed, relatively long legs are thick and strong, equipped with large curved claws. The sharp beak is thin and long, slightly curved downwards. The tail is short, almost straight at the end. The plumage of an adult, recently moulted bird is black with a bright metallic tint. Against a general black background, white spots stand out in contrast, larger on the body and on the elytra and small on the head. The metal cast is not uniform. The head, ear and throat areas are purple, the back and lower back are green, and the belly is purple-blue. Lately they have been wintering further north, sticking to city dumps. The common starling is one of the earliest birds to appear at nesting sites: it arrives in central Russia in the spring in March, when the first thawed patches are just beginning to appear in the fields. The starling's song is loud and cheerful in spring. Starlings are skilled mockingbirds: in their song you can hear excerpts from the songs of other birds, the croaking of frogs, the cracking of a whip, and even the growling and barking of dogs. Starlings imitate and human voice, and some birds that have lived long enough in captivity learn to pronounce individual words and even entire phrases. Starlings can nest either in individual pairs or in large colonies. These birds are extremely unpretentious in choosing a place for a nest. They nest in tree hollows, in rock crevices, in ledges of rocky cliffs, in the bases of large nests of birds of prey and large ravens, in widened burrows of shore swallows, in bee-eater burrows, under the roofs of houses, in the voids of dilapidated clay buildings, etc.

Long eared owl

The male and female are identically colored: the dorsal side is buffy with dark brown trunk stripes, with transverse thin streaks and white markings on the shoulder and wing coverts. The flight feathers are yellowish with a brown transverse pattern and grayish tips, the tail feathers are rusty-buff with dark brown transverse stripes and small specks. The ventral side is reddish, buffy or whitish with wide longitudinal and narrow transverse dark brown stripes. It nests in forests, usually in old nests, less often in hollows, and even less often on the ground. On migration and wintering grounds, the long-eared owl, unlike other owls, usually lives in groups or small flocks. The food of the long-eared owl consists mainly of various mouse-like rodents; birds in feeding mode, owls occupy a small space

Wryneck

The whirligig is an inconspicuous bird, not much reminiscent of woodpeckers in appearance. The dorsal side of the whirligig is grayish-brown with dark wavy stripes and specks and light brown spots; A longitudinal blackish-brown stripe stretches from the crown to the lower back. The ventral side is white with sparse brown spots, the throat and lower part of the neck are yellow with transverse wavy stripes. The flight feathers have black-brown edges, and the tail has 5 dark arched stripes. The eyes are yellowish-red, the beak and legs are yellowish. But the beak is completely different from the beak of other woodpeckers: it is medium-sized and slightly curved at the end. Her tail is soft and rather long, rounded rather than pointed. The whirligig cannot climb tree trunks, but it can often be seen on the ground. This is a sedentary bird; it moves along the ground in clumsy leaps, and after flying into the air, it hurries to sit on a tree. Sitting on a tree, the bird constantly turns its head left and right, which is why it got its name.

Cuckoo

The cuckoo is a medium-sized bird with a rounded, stepped tail. It is somewhat reminiscent of a sparrowhawk in color and size. In adult males, the back and tail are dark gray, the throat, crop and chest are light gray. The rest of the plumage is white with dark transverse stripes. The eyes and edges of the eyelids are yellow. The beak is blackish, slightly curved at the apex. The legs are short and orange. Females, unlike males, are either brownish on top, with an ocher coating on the crop, or the dorsal side of the body and the top of their heads are rusty-red with wide black and narrow white transverse stripes. More than 150 species of birds are known in whose nests cuckoos lay their eggs; As a rule, cuckoos throw their eggs exclusively into the nests of small passerine birds, but occasionally into the nests of woodpeckers, waders, etc.

Oriole

This is a very beautiful bird. The predominant color of the adult male is golden yellow, with a black stripe running from the base of the beak to the eye. The wing is black with a yellow spot. The handlebars are black with bright yellow edges at the ends. Females are distinguished by a yellowish-green color on the upper side of the body, their underside is grayish-white, and the undertail is bright yellow. Young birds have a more faded, dirty color. The oriole nests especially willingly in birch and oak forests, where it is dry, the trees are quite far from each other and the rays of the sun warm the ground well. Less commonly, it nests in sparse pine or mixed forests, gardens or thickets along river banks. The nest is built almost always on deciduous trees, very rarely on pine trees. It is attached with its upper edges to the horizontal fork of a branch far from the trunk. Both birds of the pair build the nest within about a week. Having found a suitable fork, the birds weave a skillfully made basket-nest on it, which is lined on the outside with moss and birch bark to match the color of the tree on which it is located. The nest tray is lined with thin plant stems, scraps of wool, and feathers.

Pied Flycatcher

The color of an adult male is black and white, contrasting. The dorsal side of the body and crown are black, there is a white spot on the forehead, the loin is gray, the tail is brownish-black with a white border along the edges. The ventral side is white. The wing is dark brown, almost black, with a large white spot. Females and young males are duller in color: black tones in the plumage are replaced by grayish-brown, white ones by dirty white. The chicks are motley, brownish above, whitish below. In nature, the pied flycatcher can be easily distinguished from other birds by its “magpie” coloring and the frequent shaking of its wings characteristic of flycatchers. Birds nest in forests of a wide variety of types, but are especially willing to settle in lightened areas with overmature hollow trees; They are often found in populated areas, if the latter have at least individual trees. The nest is made in natural hollows, old woodpecker hollows, in tree crevices, under the roofs of wooden buildings. Birds spend 3 to 10 days constructing a nest. The nest is a heap made of dry blades of grass, birch bark (if the nest is in a birch forest) or films of pine bark (if the nest is in a pine forest); it also contains small amounts of moss, hair, and bast fibers. The tray is lined with dry leaves and stems of cereals and other herbaceous plants. Pied flycatchers are indiscriminate in their choice of food. In a coniferous forest, birds consume mainly harmful beetles and, therefore, are beneficial. In deciduous plantations, along with harmful insects, pied flycatchers destroy many beneficial insects for the forest - larvae ladybugs, snipe, so they cannot be considered useful here.

Pika

The plumage on the dorsal side of the bird is grayish-brown with whitish speckles, the ventral side of the body is silky white. Passes over the eye and over the head white stripe. The beak is long, sickle-shaped. At the end of February and March in the forest you can hear the simple, hasty, but rather melodious trill of a male, and see birds fighting. At this time, the group is divided into pairs. In April, the birds begin building a nest, which is usually located behind loose bark or in a dilapidated hollow of a tree and is always low above the ground: usually at a height of 1 to 2.5 m. It takes 8-12 days to build the nest. First, a loose platform is constructed from thin dry twigs with a diameter of 2-3 mm. The nest itself is set up on this platform, which is built from dry soaked blades of grass, bast fibers, narrow leaves of forest grasses mixed with pieces of bark, wood, tufts of moss and lichen, and fastened with threads of cobwebs. The litter of the nest consists of a large number of small feathers, which are sometimes mixed with wool, cocoons and webs of insects and spiders; sometimes there is no litter.

Fish

The water expanses of Western Siberia are vast and have long been famous for their fish wealth. None of the rivers in our country has such a wide variety of valuable fish as the Ob. Here you can find sturgeon and sterlet, nelma and many whitefish: muksun, peled, vendace and others. In addition, in the Ob and its tributaries, and our Tom is also its tributary. Now in the rivers where natural conditions favorable for the life and development of fish, their species composition is diverse: taimen, lenok, whitefish, dace, burbot, pike, chebak, ide,perch, ruffe, gudgeon, char, loach and others. Found in mountain rivers grayling. They enter our rivers to spawn from the lower reaches of the Ob sturgeon, nelma, muksun. All three species are found in Kiya, they penetrate into Tom, and nelma and in small numbers sturgeon enter through Chulym and Yaya.

Our rivers are beautiful - Tom, Kiya, Yaya, Golden Kitat, Mras-Su, Uryup, Ters... Their banks are rocky, their reaches are quiet, their rapids are fast. They are beautiful and have always been rich in fish. If we give a brief “fish characteristics” of the large rivers of Kuzbass, we will make many discoveries.

In Kiev For example, from the salmon family, nelma, taimen, and lenok lived and gave offspring, and from the sturgeon family, sturgeon and sterlet. Whitefish were also found here. In Yayu Fish of the same breeds came to spawn.

And now we have in Tom taimen, lenok and, as an exception, whitefish are occasionally found.

In the rivers of Kuzbass Previously, pike, ide, burbot, roach, dace, crucian carp, and tench were commercially available. And of the low-value and “weedy” species, perch, ruffe, gudgeon and minnows are still found in abundance.

Place spawning Most of our fish are found in shallow coastal areas, covered with soft vegetation and well warmed by the sun. Eggs are deposited on last year's vegetation, roots and other underwater objects. After fertilization, the eggs stick tightly to the grass until the fry hatch. The beginning of spawning depends on the water temperature. Usually in late April-early May, pike begin spawning, sometimes even under the ice. She lays eggs at a depth of 30-70 centimeters. After 10-12 days, larvae up to a centimeter in size emerge from the eggs. Behind the pike, ide spawns, which gathers in large schools and goes to the spawning grounds. The ide prefers to lay eggs on the slopes of hollows where there is a current. Immediately behind the ide, and sometimes along with it, dace spawn. Its spawning takes place in areas of flooded floodplain with vegetation or on sandy, rocky soil in the bed of the river itself. After the dace, the perch spawns. He hangs the eggs in the form of gelatinous ribbons on the roots and last year's vegetation.

In the second half of May, chebak (roach) begins to spawn, at a water temperature of 9-10 degrees.

Heat-loving fish-bream, crucian carp, tench spawn in June, when the water warms up to 14-15 degrees. Bream spawn and usually migrate in schools; spawning usually occurs in the same place. But crucian carp do not lay eggs immediately, but in portions, sometimes until August.

Fish valuable species , such as sturgeon and sterlet, spawning is carried out in June, when the water temperature is already 18-20 degrees. Sturgeon spawning continues until the end of July. It lays eggs on rocky, pebble soil, in a fast current. As a rule, the size of our Siberian sturgeon is 130-150 centimeters, weight varies from 12 to 24 kilograms. And it feeds on bottom organisms, sometimes destroying the juveniles and eggs of other fish.

Nelma spawn before freeze-up, in the second half of September and early October, at a water temperature of 2-7 degrees. Lives up to 23 years, feeds mainly on fish. The average size of nelma is 55-110 centimeters, and weight ranges from 3 to 12 kilograms. Muksun spawns even later - in October-November - on a sandy, pebble bottom, at a water temperature below 4 degrees. Its average weight is 1.6-1.8 kilograms, length 70-75 centimeters.

“Weed” fish- ruffe, minnow, gudgeon - in the spring they mainly eat eggs laid by other fish.

During spawning, fish lay a huge number of eggs. So, a pike spawns up to 200 thousand eggs at a time, a perch - up to 300 thousand, a sturgeon - up to 700 thousand, but out of all this quantity, only a few fish survive to adulthood. Imagine: for one bream to live to commercial size, 16-50 thousand eggs are needed! Therefore, it is necessary to protect spawning grounds in every possible way.

For fish breeding, they choose floodplain areas - areas that are flooded with water in the spring. Here, in well-warmed water, fertilized eggs begin to develop quickly, and after 7-9 days larvae appear, which gradually turn into mobile fry. As soon as the water begins to recede, the grown and strengthened fry gradually slide into the main reservoirs.

In our region, in the floodplains of the Tom, Ini, and Kiya rivers, there are many small lakes that “burn” in winter, that is, the fish in them suffocate under the ice and die from lack of oxygen.

In recent years, we have observed encouraging phenomena - fish that did not live here before have taken root in our reservoirs. In Tom it is no longer uncommon to catch zander, it is now found much higher than Krapivinsky. In these same places, bream and carp, and even whitefish and nelma, began to be found. But so far in the region, the acclimatization of new fish is mainly carried out by pond fish farms.

They deliver it to the Belovskoye Reservoir grass carp and silver carp. These fish are herbivores and at first will act as land reclamation agents, and in the future they will acquire commercial importance. In addition to silver carp and grass carp, the Belovskoye Reservoir will eventually have bream.

Some types of fish get along well in rivers, lakes, and ponds - pike, chebak, ide, perch, ruff. Tench, crucian carp They live only in lakes and ponds.

Fish stocks of Tom until relatively recently they were significant. Its cold, clear waters provided excellent breeding conditions for muksun, which came from the Ob in large herds, nelma, peled, taimen, uskuch, grayling... In other years, the total fish catch in Tom approached 3,000 centners, including more than 500 centners of salmon alone.

Now in the Kemerovo region fishing practically not carried out, not counting two or three fish procurement organizations that catch no more than 500 quintals of fish per year. Most of this catch comes from Lake Bolshoy Berchikul, and in Tom, only about 50-70 centners are now caught. River pollution from industrial wastes has an impact. Sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, and grayling have become rare.

Recently, pond farming has developed in the Kemerovo region, where a valuable breed of fish is bred - carp, which feed on aquatic plants and grow quickly. Some carp grow up to five kilograms.

Fishes of reservoirs of the Kemerovo region

Fish resources

The main fish resources of the Kemerovo region are concentrated in the rivers Tom (with tributaries), Kiya, Yaya, Chumysh, and Belovskoye Reservoir.

Sturgeon family

There are 2 species living in the region: Siberian sturgeon and Siberian sterlet. Both species are rare, require enhanced protection, and are listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region. The main habitat is the Kiya River. Fishing for both species is completely prohibited.

Siberian sturgeon

The species Siberian sturgeon is listed in the Red Book of Russia

The Siberian sturgeon species is listed in the International Red Book

The Siberian sturgeon forms semi-anadromous and freshwater forms. Inhabits the rivers of Siberia from the Ob to the Kolyma and further to Indigirka. The Siberian sturgeon has a blunt-snouted (typical) and sharp-snouted form. The age limit for Siberian sturgeon is 60 years. The Siberian sturgeon feeds on crustaceans, insect larvae, mollusks, and fish. The Siberian sturgeon forms a cross with the Siberian sterlet, the so-called koster.

Sterlet

The Sterlet species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

The Sterlet species is listed in the International Red Book

In Siberia, it is distributed in the Ob, Irtysh, and Yenisei. In Pyasina, Khatanga, Lena and further to the east. In most rivers there are sharp-snouted (typical form according to Berg) and blunt-snouted forms of sterlet. The largest weight of sterlet is 16 kg and length is 100-125 cm. Sterlet feeds on invertebrates, mainly insect larvae sitting on sunken snags.

Salmon family

The region is home to 5 species. The most numerous species is taimen, living in the Tom, Kiya and their tributaries.

Taimen

The Taimen species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

Taimen differs from the Danube in a smaller number (11 - 12) of gill rakers. Small specimens have 8-10 dark transverse stripes on the sides of the body; small x-shaped and semilunar dark spots are common. During spawning, the body is copper-red. Taimen can reach 1.5 m and weigh more than 60 kg. Taimen is very widespread - it can be caught in all Siberian rivers, up to the Indigirka. Taimen never goes to sea; it prefers fast, mountain and taiga rivers and clean, cold-water lakes. It spawns in May in small channels. This one is large and beautiful fish- the desired catch of an amateur fisherman.

Nelma

The Nelma species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

The Nelma species is listed in the International Red Book

Nelma or whitefish. Like whitefish, nelma has rather large, silvery scales and small caviar. But the mouth of nelma is large, like that of salmon. Nelma is a large fish, up to 130 cm in length and 30-35 kg in weight. Its fatty meat is very tasty. This fish does not like salt water and, when going out to sea, sticks to the desalinated estuarine areas of the Arctic Ocean and the northeastern part of the Bering Sea. A significant part of our nelma herd spends its entire life in the great Siberian rivers, migrating from the mouth to the upper reaches

Nelma lives in the Kiya River basin and its tributaries. Cases of capture in Tom are rare. Rare species in need of protection.

Lenok

Lenok species is listed in the Red Book of Russia

Lenok is the only species of its genus; it resembles whitefish more than other salmonids. Its mouth is relatively small, like a whitefish. The eggs are also quite small. Lenok grows relatively slowly and extremely rarely reaches 8 kg in weight; usually it is much smaller (2-3 kg in the 12th year of life). The color of lenka is dark brown or blackish, with a golden tint. The sides, dorsal and caudal fins are covered with small rounded dark spots; during the spawning period large copper-red spots appear on the sides. Lenok does not go to sea, he lives in Siberian rivers from the Ob to the Kolyma, he is in the Far East in the Amur River and in all rivers flowing into the Okhotsk and Japanese sea. It goes south to Korea. Like taimen, lenok is a voracious predator. Large lenkas, in addition to small fish, can eat frogs and mice swimming across rivers. It also eats large bottom invertebrates - larvae of stoneflies, caddisflies and mayflies. Like ordinary taimen, lenok is an object of recreational fishing.

Lenok inhabits small mountain rivers of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria, preserved in the upper reaches of the Kiya. The species is on the verge of extinction and is listed in the Red Book of the Kemerovo Region. Needs enhanced protection. Fishing is completely prohibited.

Muksun

Muksun has from 44 to 72 stamens. This is a semi-anadromous whitefish feeding in desalinated coastal waters The Arctic Ocean, from where it goes to spawn in the Kara, Ob, Yenisei, Lena and Kolyma, without, however, rising high. Muksun in the sea feeds on amphipods, mysids and sea cockroaches. Occasionally it reaches more than 13 kg of weight, its usual weight is 1-2 kg. Spawns in October - November before freeze-up, on rifts with flagstone and pebble bottoms. Muksun is one of the most important commercial fish in Siberia; its catches are measured in tens of thousands of centners.

Peled

The Peled species is listed in the International Red Book

The peled or whitefish is easily distinguished from other whitefish by its terminal mouth, the upper jaw of which is only slightly longer than the lower jaw, and a large number of gill rakers (49-68). The color of the peled is darker than other whitefish; there are small black dots on the head and dorsal fin. It does not go out to sea, only occasionally being caught in the slightly salty water of Kara Bay. If the omul is an anadromous whitefish, and the tugun is mainly river, then the peled can be called lake

Muksun and peled are rare species coming from the Ob River. Fishing is completely prohibited.

Grayling family

Siberian grayling

The Siberian grayling differs from the European grayling in its large mouth size (the upper jaw reaches approximately the middle of the eye). The teeth on the jaws are more visible. The coloring is the same as that of the European grayling, but varies greatly: in large rivers there are light-colored forms, in small taiga streams - dark ones. The typical Siberian grayling lives in the basins of the Kara (where it lives together with the European), Ob and Yenisei rivers. To the south it goes to the Altai mountain reservoirs and the river. Kobdo in Northwestern Mongolia. Black grayling feeds mainly on caddisfly larvae, stoneflies and amphipods and, on occasion, diversifies its menu with flying insects that have fallen into the water and the eggs of sculpin gobies. The East Siberian grayling, which differs from the typical form in that its dorsal fin is shifted to the front end and the body is covered with smaller scales, reaches 44 cm in length. It inhabits the eastern part of Siberia, found in the rivers Pyasina, Taimyr, Khatanga, Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya, Kolyma and rivers of the Chukotka Peninsula.

Siberian grayling is a widespread mass species that lives in the Tom, Kiya and their tributaries. Needs protection. Sport fishing is permitted.

Pike family

Pike

Pike is common in the northern waters of Europe, Asia and America. Common pike is found in Russia in the basins of the Black, Azov, Caspian, Aral, Baltic, White, Barents Seas, the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk (the Anadyr River, some rivers of the northwestern part of the Kamchatka Peninsula). It is not found only in lakes Issyk-Kul and Balkhash, in the reservoirs of the Crimea and the Caucasus, and in the Amur basin. Common pike reaches a length of more than 1.5 m and a weight of 35 kg or more. Found among thickets of aquatic vegetation. The body color is spotted, light stripes are located across and along the body. Depending on the nature and degree of development of the vegetation of the coastal zone, pike has a gray-greenish, gray-yellowish or gray-brown color, the back is dark, the belly is whitish, with gray specks. In some lakes there is a silver pike. Pike prefers rivers with a slow flow, lakes, and tolerates an acidic environment well. Pike has an elongated, arrow-shaped shape. The head is very elongated, the lower jaw protrudes forward, the teeth on the lower jaw are of different sizes and serve to capture the victim

Pike is a widespread mass species. A valuable object for sport and recreational fishing.

Carp family.

The most numerous. The region is home to 15 species. 10 of them have economic value (dace, ide, roach, bream, silver crucian carp, golden crucian carp, carp, tench, white carp, silver carp).

The ide inhabits the waters of Central Europe and Siberia up to Kolyma. An inexperienced fisherman can easily confuse the ide with a roach or chub. But the ide differs from the roach in having smaller scales and a greenish-yellow iris; from the chub - a higher body, a relatively short head, crimson-red ventral and anal fins. Young ides have a more silvery color than older ones; with age, the ide's back becomes much darker, but the sides and belly remain silver, and the fins become brighter in color. Ide lives in large lowland rivers, lakes and reservoirs. It is especially numerous in rivers with floodplain lakes. Juvenile ide feed on zooplankton and algae; older fish feed on higher vegetation, mollusks, insects falling into the water, and sometimes fish fry. The food of ide is very varied. Ide grows quite quickly. In some pond farms, yellow-red ide, the so-called orpha, is bred. Orpha is very beautiful and is often kept as an ornamental fish in large bodies of water, such as fountain pools or large aquariums.

Gudgeon

The gudgeon is the most famous species. It is found in almost all of Europe, except for its northern and southern parts, up to the upper reaches of the Lena, and is also found in the Amur basin, but is absent in other rivers along the Pacific coast. The common gudgeon lives in rivers with weak or medium-speed currents on sandy or pebble soil, in streams and flowing ponds. It reaches a length of 22 cm, but larger than 15 cm is rare. This is a small fish, well distinguished from other fish due to its appearance: its body is greenish-brownish on top, silvery on the sides and covered with bluish or blackish spots, which sometimes merge into a solid dark stripe, the abdomen is silvery, slightly yellowish; the dorsal and caudal fins are dotted with dark dots, the others are grayish. There are whiskers at the corners of the mouth. This coloring camouflages the typical bottom minnow well; inhabitant, matching the color of the bottom.

Golden crucian carp

Golden crucian carp differs from another species, silver crucian carp, by a smaller number of gill rakers on the first arch (golden crucian carp has 23-33, silver crucian carp has 39-50). The back of crucian carp is usually dark brown, with a greenish tint; the sides are dark golden, sometimes with a copper-red tint; paired fins are slightly reddish. It is widespread in the Middle and Eastern Europe, as well as in Siberia to the river. Lena. The common crucian carp lives in swampy, overgrown reservoirs, in floodplain lakes, it is rare in rivers, and stays in areas with slow flows. Crucian carp are particularly fond of waters with silty soils. For the winter, crucian carp burrow into or survive even when, in cold, snowless winters, small standing reservoirs freeze to the very bottom.

Silver crucian carp

The silver crucian carp differs from the common crucian carp in the large number of gill rakers, the silver coloring of the sides and abdomen. The silver crucian carp was brought to North America, to the ponds of Western Europe, Thailand, and India. Recently it has taken root well and has become a commercial fish in Russia, in the lakes of Kamchatka. Compared to golden carp, it is more attached to large lakes and is found in large rivers. It usually grows somewhat faster than the common goldfish, reaching 45 cm in length and weighing more than 1 kg. The diet is quite great importance has zoo- and phytoplankton. Silver crucian carp are bred in ponds where carp cannot live, or they are planted in carp ponds.

Dace

The common dace is distributed throughout Europe east of the Pyrenees and north of the Alps, in the Crimea, the Caucasus and the lower Volga, as well as throughout Siberia, except for the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin. The dace lives mainly in rivers and flowing lakes. Siberian dace, also called chebak and megdym. Lives in rivers and flowing lakes from the Ob basin in the west to Kolyma in the east, numerous in lakes Zaisan, Teletskoye, and Baikal. The Siberian dace reaches 33 cm in length and weighs 350 g. It feeds on bottom animals, and the composition of its food varies significantly depending on the composition of the benthos in different reservoirs. For the winter, it enters en masse into uninterrupted rivers, and in the spring, still under the ice, it begins to descend into the Ob.

Bream (valuable commercial fish, more widespread than other species of this genus. In the north, bream reaches the White Sea basin and the eastern part of the Barents Sea (Pechora River), and is acclimatized in reservoirs of Siberia (Lake Ubinskoye, Ob River), Kazakhstan (Lake Balkhash, etc.). Bream prefers calm, warm water with a sandy-silty and clayey bottom and is therefore common in river bays and lakes. The color of bream changes depending on the age of the fish, the color of the soil and water in the reservoir. Small bream are gray-silver; when older, they darken and acquire a golden tint. In peat lakes, bream is brown in color.

Tench

Tench got its name from the word “molt”, since when taken out of the water, it immediately changes color. Tench is distributed almost throughout Europe; in Siberia it is found in the middle reaches of the Ob and Yenisei. Its thick, rather wide body is covered with tightly fitting small scales, and there are small bright red eyes on its head. The mouth is very small, with a short antennae at the corners of the mouth. The pharyngeal teeth are single-row, elongated into a small hook. The color of tench depends on the color of the water of the reservoir where it lives; Usually its back is dark green, its sides are olive green, with a golden sheen; in rivers and clear lakes it is always yellower than in shady, heavily overgrown ponds. Tench reaches 60 cm in length and 7.5 kg in weight. Tench prefers to stay in the bays of rivers and lakes, overgrown with reeds or soft underwater vegetation - urut. He usually stays alone. Before wintering, it gathers in flocks and winters in deep places, sometimes burying itself in silt. Tench feed on small invertebrates.

Roach

The roach is found throughout Europe east of Southern England and the Pyrenees and north of the Alps; in rivers and lakes of Siberia, in the basins of the Caspian and Aral seas. The roach is easily distinguished from other species by the orange color of the iris and the red spot in its upper part. Residential roach is found both in small rivers, almost streams, in ponds, and in large rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, and quite often in each of these reservoirs it occupies one of the first places in numbers among other species. Most of the food consists of algae, higher plants, larvae of various insects, mollusks and other organisms.

white cupid

White carp is a large fish, reaching more than 120 cm in length and 30 kg in weight. The color of the back is greenish or yellowish-gray, the sides are dark golden. Along the edge of each scale (except for those located on the belly) there is a dark rim. The belly is light golden. The dorsal and caudal fins are dark, all others are lighter. Golden rainbow. The peritoneum is dark brown. Amur in its adult state almost exclusively consumes higher vegetation, both underwater and terrestrial, going out to floodplains and floodplain lakes (for which it is called grass carp). Double-row pharyngeal teeth, strongly serrated, with a longitudinal groove on the chewing surface, crush food well. The intestinal tract is long, 2-3 times the length of the body. The places where grass carp feed can be easily noticed by the abundance of floating feces, reminiscent of the excrement of geese and ducks. Grass carp grows quickly, about 10 cm each year. When reared in ponds, grass carp is an omnivorous fish: it eats soft underwater vegetation, picks off young shoots of hard vegetation - reeds and cattails, and readily consumes feeding from various terrestrial vegetation, plant leaves, and vegetables; He also uses animal food - small fish, worms, insect larvae, and artificial feed such as bran and cake. It is especially promising to grow it in cooling ponds at thermal power plants, which are usually heavily overgrown with aquatic vegetation.

All species, except silver carp and grass carp, are widespread and numerous. They are the main objects of recreational and sport fishing.

Grass carp and silver carp are acclimatized in the Belovskoye Reservoir and are not found in other reservoirs. They are objects of sport and recreational fishing. Species that have no economic value are widespread: gudgeon, verkhovka, minnow, Siberian char, Siberian spined loach.

Catfish family

Catfish is a large fish, reaching 5 m in length and 300 kg in weight, inhabiting the rivers and lakes of Europe from the Rhine to the east. The catfish goes north to the south of Finland, south to Asia Minor, the Caspian and Aral seas and the rivers flowing into them. The color of the catfish is variable, usually olive-green, almost black on the back, the belly is white, and there are irregular spots on the sides. A small reed form that lives in the southern part of the Aral Sea, intensely black in color. The dorsal fin of the catfish is tiny, barely noticeable, and there is no adipose fin. The upper jaw bears two long antennae, the lower - four shorter ones. The huge mouth of the catfish reveals it as a predator. Indeed, the catfish is a voracious predator, eating small fish, frogs, and large bivalves. There have been cases of catfish attacks on waterfowl and dogs swimming across rivers. Still, the gluttony of catfish is greatly exaggerated. Typically, catfish stay in deep places, under snags, and in pools near dams. Large catfish are a desirable prey for sports fishermen. Typically, catfish are caught in the summer, during the period of intense feeding, on bottom fishing rods baited with a frog or crayfish neck, or on a track.

American channel catfish is acclimatized and lives in the Belovo Reservoir.

Family Chukuchanov.

Representatives of this family - black buffalo and largemouth buffalo - are also acclimatized to the Belovskoye Reservoir. Both species are of great economic value. Rare and in need of protection species.

Chukuchan

Chukuchan inhabits the waters of the Arctic Ocean basin in Eastern Siberia from Indigirka to the east and throughout North America, in the Bering Sea basin to the river. Anadyr. In the rivers of Siberia, it forms a Siberian subspecies (Chukuchan lives in fast rivers with a rocky bottom. Reaches a length of 60 cm. Males are smaller than females. It becomes sexually mature at 5-6 years. Spawning occurs in May - June. The eggs are quite large, with a diameter of about 2 mm. The mating plumage of males is in the form of small epithelial tubercles on the rays of the anal fin. Juveniles feed on small invertebrates and diatoms, while adults feed on larger benthos.

Since ancient times, the rivers of Siberia have served as spawning grounds for valuable salmon and sturgeon fish. Currently, most of the spawning grounds in the Kemerovo region have lost their former importance for the reproduction of salmon and sturgeon herds due to pollution by industrial waste, gold mining, and gravel mining.

The Kiya River remains the cleanest, as evidenced by the composition of the ichthyofauna (selma, sturgeon, taimen, pike perch, burbot, in addition to the ubiquitous roach, dace, perch, pike).

Sports and sports have developed in the region recreational fishing; fishing was carried out only on Lake Bolshoi Berchikul and the Belovskoye Reservoir.

In the 80s, bream and pike perch were quite rare in ichthyological collections (observation point-kurya Lachinovskaya of the Tom River), but now their numbers in the Tom River have increased sharply.

According to the Kemerovo Fishery Conservation Inspectorate, the number of taimen and grayling has increased in the region as a whole in the last few years.

In Tom, there are now frequent cases of catching sturgeon, sterlet, and nelma, although, of course, these species remain in the category of rare.

Perch

Perch is one of nine genera of the perch family.

An ordinary perch is dark green on top, the sides are greenish-yellow, the belly is yellowish, 5 - 9 dark stripes stretch across the body, instead of which there are sometimes dark irregular spots; the first dorsal fin is gray with a black spot, the second is greenish-yellow, the pectoral fins are red-yellow, the ventral and anal fins are red, the caudal fin, especially at the bottom, is reddish. The color varies significantly depending on the color of the soil;

Perch stays mainly in places with a quiet current, small and medium-sized ones in summer - mainly at shallow depths, in places heavily overgrown with aquatic plants, from where they rush at small fish, large perches always stay in deeper places. Perches are extremely predatory and voracious and eat all kinds of animals that they can: small fish, fish eggs, insects, worms, tadpoles, crustaceans, especially amphipods, and large ones - crayfish.

Burbot

Burbot is the only cod species that came from sea waters to fresh. Burbot has two dorsal fins, the first is small (9-16 rays), the second dorsal and anal fins reach the caudal fin, but do not merge with it. The head is somewhat flattened. The upper jaw protrudes forward. The burbot has a well-developed barbel on its chin. The jaws and vomer are armed with bristle-like teeth. The body of the burbot is covered with small cycloid scales, located deep in the skin, secreting abundant mucus. Body color varies greatly; usually the dorsal side is green or olive-green, mottled with black-brown spots and stripes. The throat and belly of the burbot are gray. Burbot has retained the cold-loving nature characteristic of the cod family. Burbot is especially numerous in the rivers of Siberia, where it is commercially fished. Burbot loves clean and cold waters, usually found on rocky soils. Sometimes it goes into the pre-estuary spaces of rivers. Burbot breeds under the ice in winter.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

1 slide

Slide description:

The flora and fauna of the Kemerovo region was presented by Bagaeva Nadezhda Nikolaevna MBOU “Gymnasium 25”, Kemerovo

2 slide

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The Kemerovo region has a continental climate. Soils of Kuzbass: chernozems, podzolic, peat-gel and meadow-swamp and others. Change and natural areas from mountain tundra to forest-steppe and steppe. All this affects the diversity of vegetation in the Kemerovo region.

3 slide

Slide description:

The main representative of the dark coniferous taiga is fir. The adaptability of fir to life in the remote taiga is amazing: its needles, due to their structure, use moisture sparingly. Fir shoots can survive up to 70 years, being small in size. In addition to strong wood, fir is valued for the presence of resins and essential oils in its bark, stems and needles. The Kemerovo region is the main supplier of fir oil. From which camphor is made, which is used in the production of film.

4 slide

Slide description:

In almost all areas of the Kemerovo region you can find Scots pine. Among the slender pines, crowned with evergreen crowns, it is unusually easy to breathe, which is why health resorts, tourist centers and dispensaries are built in pine forests. Pine has many uses: telegraph poles, sleepers, resin, cellulose. Vitamin A and vitamin C and much more are obtained from pine needles. But pine also provides food for animals. Wood grouse and elk feed on pine bark, and squirrels, chipmunks and birds feed on pine cones.

5 slide

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Of particular value is cedar. This tree can reach a height of up to 40 meters, and it lives up to 500 years and bears fruit almost its entire life, starting from 30 to 50 years. The average age of cedar forests in Kuzbass is 175 years. It differs from Scots pine in that the needles are collected in a bunch of 5 pieces and the cones are much larger, and the nuts are not only larger, but also have excellent taste. The following are obtained from the nut: cedar milk, cream, cedar cake. Pine nuts provide a well-fed life for many animals: bears, chipmunks, squirrels, rodents, wood grouse, hazel grouse, and black grouse. The nutcracker is a small bird that not only feeds on nuts, but also destroys pests on the tree and participates in the spread of cedar

6 slide

Slide description:

Larch grows in large quantities in the northeastern foothills of the Kuznetsk Alatau in the Tisulsky region. Larch in Russia occupies almost half the area of all Russian forests. In 1960, in America it was decided to plant Friendship Park and from Russia they planted larch. Larch lives up to 500 years, but products made from larch can serve a person for centuries, and they become stronger and stronger. Wood is used to make: sleepers, telegraph poles, turpentine, rosin, sealing wax, matches, tannins, essential oil and much more.

7 slide

Slide description:

Spruce is quite widespread in our Kemerovo region. It can be found on the slopes of mountain ravines and in mixed forests and taiga. A mature spruce tree is a treasure. Spruce wood is used for the best types of paper, artificial silk, wool, leather, alcohols, glycerin, plastics and much more. The bodies of musical instruments are made from its wood.

8 slide

Slide description:

In Gornaya Shoria there is an amazing place that has been preserved since the Tertiary period - this is Kuzedeyevsky Linden Island, which is under state protection. Linden has long been valued as a beautiful, fragrant, honey-bearing tree. Linden flowers are used to treat colds. Leaves with small shoots are an excellent feed for livestock. Linden wood is used for artistic wood carving. Previously, bast shoes were made from linden bast. This led to the extermination of one and a half billion young linden trees.

Slide 9

Slide description:

There is no corner in the Kemerovo region where birch does not grow. In the old days they sang about the birch as about a tree “about four things.” The first thing is to illuminate the world. The second thing is to quiet the cry. The third task is to heal the sick, and the fourth task is to maintain cleanliness. So the birch tree played the role of electricity in poor peasant huts - a splinter. They made tar, wheels for carts, treated with juice, kidneys, and made bath brooms. It is still widely used in our time - making dishes, furniture, skis, hockey sticks and much more.

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The diversity of natural landscapes determines the diversity and richness of the animal world. The largest animal in our forests is the elk. Its height at the withers is 2 meters, and its length is up to three meters. It looks awkward, but is actually very fast and agile. It feeds on plant roots, bark, and berries. Is under state protection.

12 slide

Slide description:

The maral or red deer lives in the mountain forests of the Salair Ridge and in the Mariinsky taiga. Once its population was almost completely exterminated, but now the number of deer is gradually recovering. The deer feeds on herbs, berries, fallen pine nuts, moss, and shoots of young plants.

Slide 13

Slide description:

Musk deer live on the slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau, loving steep cliffs covered with cedar, fir and spruce forests. The main food of musk deer is lichens and mosses. Musk deer are prey for lynx and wolves

Slide 14

Slide description:

A typical inhabitant of the forests of Kuzbass is the brown bear. He prefers to live in dark coniferous forests, where there are a lot of cedar and berry bushes. The bear is omnivorous - it happily eats berries, nuts, horsetail, plant tubers, attacks deer, elk calves, and destroys apiaries. In winter, a female bear gives birth to one or two cubs.

15 slide

Slide description:

Wolverine is a fur-bearing animal. Lives in lowland and mountain taiga. It feeds on carrion, bird eggs, insects, snakes, pine nuts, mushrooms, and berries. The wolverine's body is compressed from the sides, its back is arched, it looks a little like a young bear. Wolverine fur is prized and sold abroad.

16 slide

Birds of the Kemerovo region

Capercaillie

Capercaillie

Woodpecker

Woodpecker

Kingfisher

Kingfisher

Korolek

Korolek

Kite

Nuthatch

Nuthatch

Kestrel

Kestrel

Grouse

Waxwing

Waxwing

Owl

Owl

Jay

Falcon

Owl

Owl

Animals living in the Kemerovo region

Badger

Squirrel

Chipmunk

Chipmunk

Brown bear

Brown bear

Otter

Ermine

Ermine

Hare

Shrew

Shrew

Columns

Columns

Roe

Roe

Fox

Fox

Elk

Elk

Maral

Maral

Mink

Mink

Muskrat

Muskrat

Wolverine

Wolverine

Lynx

Northern

Northern

deer

Sable

Sable

Steppe polecat

Marmot

Marmot

Hamster

Red Data Book of the Kemerovo Region

History of the Red Book

The Red Book is an annotated list of rare and endangered animals, plants and fungi. Red books come at different levels - international, national and regional. Year of publication 1966.

Red Data Book of the Kemerovo Region

The Red Book of the Kemerovo Region was created in 2000. It consists of two parts:

1. The main part (animals that are threatened with extinction from the fauna of Kuzbass).

2.Appendix (candidates are listed in the Red Book)

Animals of the Red Book are divided into several categories.

PROTECTED ANIMALS

Systematic groups of animals

1.Mammals

2.Birds

3.Amphibians and reptiles

4.Pisces

5.Insects

6.Other invertebrates

Reasons for the extinction of plant and animal species:

-their practical value for the population