Common Podust (chondrostoma nasus). Podust Fishing rules in Belarus

Belongs to the fish of the carp family (Cyprinidae) of the order Cypriniformes.

In Belarus, a typical sub-dust is found in the rivers of the Western Bug and Neman basins; the Dnieper inhabits the rivers of the Dnieper basin.

The general color of the body is light: the back is dark green, the sides and belly are silvery, the dorsal and caudal fins are gray or blackish, the rest are red or yellowish. In sexually mature males, during spawning, the head is covered with epithelial tubercles, which disappear after spawning.

Podust is a purely river fish. Leads a diurnal gregarious lifestyle. Inhabits flat areas of rivers with moderate currents, sandy and rocky bottoms, usually in the bottom zone. Willingly stays near flooded snags and trees, near large rocky rubble and other flooded objects, on which it finds abundant food. It avoids places with standing water, as well as fast currents, which is why it does not rise into small rivers and the upper reaches of large rivers, and is absent in floodplain reservoirs and lakes. It stays away from the coast, at quite a considerable depth.

A typical podust from the Neman becomes sexually mature at 3-4 years, with a body length of 15-19 cm and a weight of 150-175 g, spawns in April - May at a water temperature of about 7-9 ° C. Males of the Dnieper Podust become sexually mature in the 4th-5th year with a body length of 16-20 cm and a weight of 100-150 g, females - no earlier than in the 5th year with a body length of 21-28 cm and a weight of 200-300 g , spawn in April - May, at a water temperature of about 10°C. Spawning is one-time.

Reaches 50 cm in length and 2.5 kg in weight. Specimens up to 1 kg are common in catches. The typical (Neman) podust grows somewhat faster than the Dnieper one and by the age of 4 surpasses the latter’s growth by a whole year. The overall growth rate is quite good: the annual linear growth in the first years is about 5.5-7.5 cm and begins to fade only from the age of 5.

The food for the undermouth is mainly periphyton, i.e. algae, which he scrapes from stones, sunken trees, driftwood, underwater parts of plants and other objects. Eats various crustaceans and insect larvae.

According to fishing statistics, annual catches of podust amount to 200-400 quintals per year. With the intensification of fishing in river areas, the importance of substub may increase. Podusta meat is quite tasty, but, unfortunately, it quickly deteriorates and does not withstand transportation and long-term storage.

Podustas are caught with float rods and a line from the shore and from a boat. Catching it is more difficult than catching dace and ide, since its bite is very erratic, requiring a quick hook.

In the spring, podust is caught at the beginning of the decline in low water near the banks, near streams flowing into the river or at their mouths. However, its real fishing begins at the height of summer, especially if the weather is calm and hot. Podust begins to take at dawn, but a strong bite is observed at sunrise and continues until 10 o'clock, resuming then from 4 o'clock. day and not weakening until dusk.

If you really want to go fishing during the fishing ban, get ready....
Especially for thrill-seekers, we will tell you about the fines imposed for illegal fishing without permission, or at prohibited times, or in prohibited places, or with prohibited tools and methods, as well as an attempt on such catch.

In the Republic of Belarus, according to Article 15.35 of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses (Article 15.35. Violation of the rules of fishing and fishing) There are various penalties for illegal fishing. Many fishermen often have a question: “ Why was one given a fine of 10 basic, and the other - 30 basic, plus compensation for harm?" Let's try to understand the fees and types of violations.

1. Types of violations:

Without proper permission;
- during forbidden times;
- in prohibited places;
- prohibited instruments and methods;
- an attempt on such prey.

2. Fines.

When suppressing illegal fishing violations "caught" will pay a fine for illegal fishing in the amount of from 10 to 50 basic values, individual entrepreneur - from 50 to 200 basic values, legal entity - from 500 to 1000 basic values. With or without confiscation of mining tools - the court will decide. The amount of the fine depends on aggravating or mitigating circumstances.
- depending on the catch (number of fish caught), you will additionally have to compensate for the damage caused. The amount of damage for 1 copy, regardless of weight and size, in basic quantities is given in the table.

Table 1. Amounts of fines for compensation for damage caused during fishing

Types of fish	Amount of harm (b.v.)
white cupid	1
White-eye	0,5
Bystryanka	0,1
Messenger bull	0,1
Round goby	0,1
Sandpiper Goby	0,1
Goby-tsutsik	0,1
Verkhovka	0,1
Loach	0,1
Chub	3
Char	0,1
Common minnow	0,1
Lake minnow	0,1
Gorchak	0,1
Gustera	0,2
Dace	0,2
Ruff Balona	0,1
Ruff nosar	0,1
Common ruff	0,1
Asp	4
Needlefish	0,1
Common crucian carp	2
Silver crucian carp	0,2
Carp or carp	2
Three-spined stickleback	0,1
9-spined stickleback	0,1
Small stickleback	0,1
Rudd	0,5
Shrimp	0,5
Brown trout (KK)	1
Bream	1
Tench	2
Salmon (KK)	1
River lamprey (RK)	0,4
Brook lamprey	0,4
Ukrainian lamprey	0,4
Burbot	3
Perch	0,2
Common gudgeon	0,1
Light-finned gudgeon	0,1
Roach	0,2
Sculpin	0,1
Podust (KK)	9
Narrow-clawed cancer	0,5
Striped cancer	0,5
Broad-clawed crayfish (CC)	0,5
Rotan firebrand	0,1
Fish or cheese (KK)	3
Vendace (KK)	1
Whitefish	1
Sinets	0,5
Sneto (KK)	1
Common or European catfish	1
American catfish	0,1
Channel catfish	1
Sterlet (KK)	3,3
Zander	2
White silver carp	1
Bigheaded silver carp	1
Acne	5
Bleak	0,1
Barbel (KK)	4
Rainbow trout	1
Brook trout (KK)	2
Grayling (KK)	2
Chebachok	0,1
Chekhon	2
Golden spined loach	0,1
Common spined loach	0,1
Pike	1
Ide	2

(КК) - species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus.

Magnifying factors:

- triple the amount damage is compensated for each type of fish during the period when their fishing is prohibited;
- fivefold damage is compensated for each type of fish when using means based on the action of an electromagnetic field, ultrasound, or by explosion;
- triple the amount damage is compensated for each type of fish in the territory where their fishing is prohibited;
- triple the amount Damage is compensated for each type of fish included in the Red Book species.

Registration locations:

Brest region - Brest, Stolin districts

Gomel region - Braginsky, Vetkovsky, Gomel, Zhitkovichsky, Zhlobinsky, Kormyansky, Loevsky, Mozyr, Narovlyansky, Petrikovsky districts

Grodno region - Grodno, Dyatlovsky, Ivyevsky, Korelichi, Mostovsky, Novogrudok, Ostrovetsky districts

Minsk region - Stolbtsovsky district

Mogilev region - Bobruisk, Bykhov, Mogilev, Osipovichi districts

Family Carp (Cyprinidae).

In Belarus, the typical form of podust is found in the rivers of the Western Bug and Neman basins; the Dnieper form (Ch. n. nasus natio borystenicum) inhabits the rivers of the Dnieper basin. Absent in the Western Dvina River basin.

Length up to 50 cm, weight up to 2.5 kg. The body is moderately elongated, rounded. It is distinguished by a characteristic lower mouth in the form of a transverse or slightly arched slit. The cartilaginous snout protrudes noticeably forward. The lower jaw is pointed and covered with a horny sheath. The upper lip is thin, solid, poorly developed. The internal body cavity is covered with a black epithelial film. The pharyngeal teeth are single-row, knife-shaped. The gill rakers are of medium size, rather densely set (26-32). The dorsal and anal fins are small. The dorsal fin consists of 3 unbranched and 8-10 branched rays, the anal fin of 3 unbranched and 8-12 branched. The scales are medium in size, with 52-65 scales in the lateral line.

The general body color of the podust is light; the back is gray or dark green, the sides and belly are silvery, the dorsal and caudal fins are gray or blackish, the rest are reddish or yellowish. In sexually mature males, during spawning, the head is covered with epithelial tubercles, orange-yellow spots appear on the gill cover and at the base of the pectoral fins, and a dark stripe appears along the body. There are no other external differences.

Podust is a purely river schooling fish that stays away from the banks. Its flocks can number dozens of individuals of approximately the same size. Podust lives in deep flat sections of rivers with moderate currents, sandy and rocky bottoms, usually in the bottom zone, and willingly stays near flooded snags and trees, where it finds abundant food. It avoids places with standing water, as well as fast currents, therefore it does not rise into small rivers and the upper reaches of large rivers and is absent from floodplain reservoirs and lakes. It spends the winter in pits, and in early spring in flocks it rises upstream quite considerable distances to spawning grounds, after which it gradually slides downstream in smaller groups.

Males become sexually mature at 3-4 with a body length of 18-20 cm and a weight of 80-150 g, females no earlier than 4-5 years with a body length of 21-28 cm and a weight of 200-300 g.

Spawning is one-time. Spawns in April, at a water temperature of at least 10°C (according to other sources, not below 7-9ºC), usually in places with fast currents and a rocky or pebble bottom. Podust is very demanding regarding the nature of spawning grounds and, where proper conditions are absent, is usually few in number. Absolute fertility ranges from 9.5 to 30 thousand eggs, relative fertility - 25-40 eggs per 1 g of body weight. The bottom eggs of the podust are quite large (about 2 mm in diameter) and adhere well to the ground.

The overall growth rate of the undergrowth is quite good: the annual linear growth in the first years reaches 5.5-7.5 cm and begins to fade only from the age of 5; At 2 years of age, the subsnout weighs 25-30 g, at 3 years - more than 100 g, at 4 - about 250 g, at 8 - about 750 g. In catches, individuals weighing 500-600 g are common, less often up to a kilogram. A typical Podust from the Neman grows somewhat faster than the Dnieper Podust and by the age of 4 is ahead of the latter in growth by a whole year. The life expectancy of the subust is 8-9 years.

Feeds under food throughout the daymainly by algae, which are scraped off from stones, sunken trees, driftwood, underwater parts of plants and other objects by the lower jaw, covered with a horny sheath. In addition to plants, the podust eats various crustaceans, insect larvae, and in the spring large quantities of fish eggs.After hatching from the eggs, the young podusta feed on food of animal origin for some time, but very soon switch to algae.

Sometimes the podustu, whose mouth is at the bottom, has to swim belly up in order to be able to grab food from the surface of the water.

The economic importance of podust in Belarus is small, the share of podust in commercial catches is low - up to a maximum of 2% of the total fish catch. In the 1970-80s, the annual total catch of podust in the waters of Belarus was 200-400 c. At the end of the twentieth century. the number has sharply decreased - the catch in the river. The Dnieper and Pripyat decreased by more than 100 times, and in the river. Neman and Sozh species are absent from catches. In this regard, the view was included in the 3rd edition. "Red Book", however, in the 4th ed. transferred to the Appendix as a species requiring attention.

Podust is the only fish in the Belarusian ichthyofauna that uses periphyton reserves (plant and animal organisms that grow on stones, snags and other underwater objects) for food, and does not compete in this regard with other fish.

Sport fishing for podust requires skill and dexterity from the fisherman. Podust are caught with float rods from the shore and from a boat. In spring, fishing begins with the beginning of the low water recession. The best bite occurs at the height of summer, especially if the weather is calm and hot. It begins to take podust at dawn, but by about 10 o'clock the bite stops and, resuming at 4 o'clock in the afternoon, does not weaken until dusk. The underwater attachment should drag along the bottom and not lie in place. The best bait throughout the entire period is considered to be pieces of a worm, but ant eggs, maggots, bloodworms, and steamed wheat are also suitable. Fishing is more successful if bait from buckwheat porridge, finely chopped worms, bloodworms, and ant eggs is used.

The undermouth bite is unclear, requiring quick, energetic hooking. A rather strong fish, the podust, once hooked, exhibits serious resistance - it rushes to the sides, rests on the bottom, walks in zigzags, makes sharp turns, etc., so it must be quickly brought to the shore or boat and caught with a net, otherwise he often breaks down.

Podust is a very brave and trusting fish and often, having fallen off the hook, after a while it returns to bait again.

Podusta meat is quite tasty, but quickly deteriorates and cannot withstand transportation and long-term storage.

Photo © Christa Rohrbach / Flickr. CC BY-NC-SA 2.0

International relevance:
Annex III of the Berne Convention. It is included among the rare and endangered fish of Europe as a globally declining species, and in some parts of its range it is on the verge of extinction. The species is included in the Red Book of Lithuania.

Description:
The body is moderately elongated. The general color of the body is light, the back is gray-green or dark green, the sides and belly are silvery, the dorsal and caudal fins are gray or blackish, the rest are red or yellowish. It is distinguished by a characteristic lower mouth in the form of a transverse or slightly arched slit. The cartilaginous snout protrudes noticeably forward, the lower jaw is pointed and covered with a horny sheath. The peritoneum is black. The dorsal fin consists of 3 unbranched and 8-10 branched rays, the anal fin of 3 unbranched and 8-12 branched. Scales in the lateral line are 52-65. The pharyngeal teeth are single-rowed, knife-shaped and serrated, usually 6-6, rarely 7-6 and 6-5. The gill rakers are of medium size, rather densely set (26-32). In sexually mature males, during spawning, the head is abundantly covered with epithelial tubercles, orange-yellow spots appear on the gill cover and at the base of the pectoral fins, and a dark stripe appears along the body. Reaches a length of 50 cm and a weight of 2.5 kg.

Distribution:
The nominative form lives in Belarus - the common underdust Chondrostoma nasus nasus (L.). The area of ​​its distribution is limited to the basins of the Neman and Western rivers. Bug, Dnieper and Pripyat. Absent in the Western Dvina and further north. In the rivers flowing into the Black Sea from the north, a special form lives - the Dnieper podust - Chondrostoma nasus nasus natio borysthenicum Berg.

Habitats:
Typical habitats are deep riverbeds with moderate currents, sandy and rocky bottoms, usually in the bottom zone. It willingly stays near flooded snags, trees and large rocky rubble, where it finds abundant food. Avoids places with standing water and fast currents. It does not rise into small rivers and the upper reaches of large rivers and is absent from floodplain reservoirs.

Biology:
Schooling fish - schools can number dozens of individuals of approximately the same size. Spawning in April at a water temperature of at least 10 °C. Spawning is one-time, absolute fertility is 9-30 thousand eggs, relative - 25-40 eggs per 1 g of body weight. Bottom caviar, about 2 mm in diameter, adheres well to the ground. Males become sexually mature at 3-4 years with a body length of 18-20 cm and a weight of 100-150 g, females no earlier than 4-5 years with a body length of 21-28 cm and a weight of 200-300 g. They feed on algae, which they scrape off. from stones, sunken trees, driftwood, underwater parts of plants and other objects. It also eats various crustaceans, insect larvae, and in the spring - fish eggs. Life expectancy is about 10 years.

Number and trend of its change:
In the 1970-80s, the annual total catch of podust in the waters of Belarus was 200-400 c. In the last 10-15 years, the number has sharply decreased - the catch in the river. The Dnieper and Pripyat decreased by more than 100 times, and in the river. Neman and Sozh species are absent from catches.

Main threat factors:
The species requires further study.

Security measures:
Measures for protection and restoration of numbers have not been developed.

Compiled by:
Ermolaeva I.A.

The common nastus (lat. Chondrostoma nasus) is a medium-sized representative of the carp family, leading a gregarious lifestyle on the rocky, sandy, hard clay bottom of large and small rivers. The fish has pronounced biological feeding activity during daylight hours, and at night it prefers to rest in pits, snags, stone ridges, and dense bottom vegetation. Despite the daily waking schedule, catching undermouth is not an easy task due to the specific characteristics of the habitat, lifestyle and diet.

The standard size of representatives of the genus Chondrostoma is 25-30 cm with a weight of 400-500 g. Trophy specimens reach 1.2-1.5 kg (40-45 cm). The largest podust weighs 1.8-2.0 kg with a height of over 50 cm. But such individuals are extremely rare, since they reach their maximum dimensions at the end of life, which is 10-12 years.

The fish got its name from the lower terminal mouth (obsolete mouth), located under the elongated cartilaginous snout, like a sturgeon. Another common nickname is the black belly, due to the special dark film on the inner walls of the abdominal cavity.

The main distinctive characteristics of the appearance of the undermouth include:

• body flattened laterally in the shape of a pointed ellipse;
• yellowish-orange pectoral, pelvic and anal fins;
• medium, tightly fitting silvery scales with a rounded posterior edge (cycloid type);
• dark olive color of the back, on which a smoky-gray fin is located (3 unbranched and up to 10 branched rays);
• low head with a flat nose and large eyes;
• clearly visible lateral line of dark color;
• black rim on the tail.

The pattern and tone of the color depend on the genus taxon, specific habitat conditions in the river and the season: during the spawning period, all orange, yellow and red shades on the fins of males become an order of magnitude brighter.

Volzhsky Podust

Latin name: Chondrostoma variabile. Listed in the Red Book of the Saratov Region as a “vulnerable species.” It is distinguished by its more modest size (up to 1.4 kg) and shorter life expectancy (up to 8-9 years). The lower jaw has a sharp end. There are 52-62 scales in the lateral line. The dorsal fins are greenish in color. It lives in tributaries and rivers of the European part of Russia (Volga, Don, Ural), also found in the Sura, Moscow River, Oka and large reservoirs (Kuibyshev, Volgograd, Saratov).

Despite its modest size, the podust is distinguished by great strength and endurance, so the equipment should be light, but withstand powerful jerks.

The optimal gear parameters look like this:

• a rod with a fast action, 3.0-3.5 meters long;
• inertial coil;
• main line – 0.22-0.25 mm (with breaking load from 3 kg);
• leashes – 0.16-0.2 mm;
• hooks with a short shank No. 10-5 (international numbering) or No. 5-8 (standardization of the Russian Federation).