The International Organization for Standardization ISO was created in. International standardization organizations and their essence

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….………………...3

1. International organization on standardization (ISO)…………….…………………4

2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)……………….………………...9

3. International organizations participating in international standardization…...13

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..16

List of references………………………………………………………17

Introduction

Each of us, both consumers and ordinary people, wants to consume high-quality products: high-quality tasty food, good quality clothes, live in a good reliable home, receive a good education and quality healthcare services, as well as many other goods and services, the quality of which we should not doubt. These tasks are dealt with by various organizations for standardization, certification, and metrology. Each individual state has its own services, departments, and agencies that deal with these issues. But, as you know, as many people as there are, so many opinions. The levels corresponding to proper product quality vary in different countries. In some places, the quality of a product is considered good according to standards, but in others it is no good. Precisely so that at any point globe state that the quality of a pin made in China or a computer assembled in the USA is equally acceptable in both China and the USA, and there are international standards organizations that define a certain level that is acceptable to everyone.

What are they, what goals do they pursue, what functions do they perform and how are they structured? My essay aims to answer these and other questions.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Main goals and objectives. The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standards organizations. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of the ISO as the legal successor of the collapsed state.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this it was decided to use the Greek word isos - equal. That is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has short name ISO (ISO).

The scope of ISO concerns standardization in all fields except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO also deals with certification issues.

ISO defines its objectives as follows: promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world with the aim of ensuring the international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in the intellectual, scientific, technical and economic fields.

Main objects of standardization and number of standards (in % of total number) characterize the wide range of interests of the organization:

Mechanical engineering 29

Non-metallic materials 12

Ores and metals 9

Information technology 8

Agriculture 8

Construction 4

Special equipment 3

Health and Medicine 3

Fundamental Standards 3

Environment 3

Packaging and transportation of goods 2

The remaining standards relate to healthcare and medicine, security environment, other technical areas. Issues of information technology, microprocessor technology

etc. are objects of joint development by ISO/IEC. IN last years ISO places a lot of emphasis on standardizing quality assurance systems. The practical result of efforts in these areas is the development and publication of international standards. When developing them, ISO takes into account the expectations of all interested parties - manufacturers of products (services), consumers, government circles, scientific, technical and public organizations.

Today, ISO includes 120 countries with their national standards organizations. Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation as a committee member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 80 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (22 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization.

Strong national organizations in ISO member countries provide the backbone for its functioning. Therefore, only those organizations that best reflect the position of their country in the field of standardization and have the significant experience and competence required for effective international standardization activities are recognized as member committees.

National organizations are the conductors of all ISO achievements in their countries, as well as exponents of the national point of view in the relevant technical committees of the organizations.

Organizational structure. Organizationally, ISO includes governing and working bodies. Governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Management Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees (SC), technical advisory groups (TAG).

The General Assembly is a meeting officials and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to provide a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers.

The Council directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At Council meetings, decisions are made by a majority vote of Council members present at committee meetings. Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

There are seven committees subordinate to the ISO Council: PLACO (Technical Bureau), STACO (Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization); CASCO (conformity assessment committee); INFKO (committee on scientific and technical information); DEVCO (Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries); KOPOLCO (committee for the protection of consumer interests); REMCO (standard samples committee).

STAKO is obliged to provide methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methodology of development international standards. The committee is conducting a study fundamental principles standardization and preparation of recommendations to achieve optimal results in this area. STAKO is also involved

terminology and organization of seminars on the application of international standards for trade development.

PLAKO prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination technical aspects work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

CASCO deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studies the practice of these activities and analyzes information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in ISO and IEC member countries. The principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade and economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with the creation of general requirements for auditors for the accreditation of testing laboratories and assessing the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

DEVCO studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; Preparation teaching aids on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation international centers training.

KOPOLCO is studying issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs for training consumers in the field of standardization and communicating to them necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by periodical A list of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative testing of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc. KOPOLCO participated in the development of the ISO/IEC guide on preparation of safety standards.

REMCO provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). Thus, a reference book on reference materials and several manuals have been prepared: “Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular, with OIML - the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

INFKO is in charge of information support for standardization work.

The procedure for developing international standards. Direct work on the creation of international standards is carried out by technical committees; subcommittees that can establish TCs, and working groups (WGs) for specific areas of activity. According to data for 1996, international standardization within the framework of ISO is carried out by 2832 working bodies, including 185 TCs, 636 PCs, 1975 RGs and 36 task groups.

All secretariats of the TC and PC are maintained by 35 member committees, including 10 TC, 31 PC and 10 RG assigned to Russia.

In addition to maintaining secretariats, interested member committees can be active members of any TC or PC, as well as observers. For the first case, the ISO has the status of member P, and for the second - the status of member O. Russia is an active member in 145 TCs, and an observer in 16 TCs.

The official languages of ISO are English, French, Russian. About 70% of the entire body of ISO international standards has been translated into Russian.

The process for developing an international standard is as follows: an interested party, represented by a member committee, a technical committee, a committee of the General Assembly (or an organization that is not a member of ISO), submits an application to ISO for the development of a standard. The Secretary General, in agreement with the member committees, submits a proposal to the Technical Management Bureau for the creation of the appropriate TC. The latter is created under the following conditions: if the majority of member committees vote “for” and at least five of them intend to become members of the R in this TC, and the Technical Steering Bureau is convinced of the international significance of the future standard. All issues in the work process are usually resolved on the basis of consensus of member committees actively participating in the activities of the TC.

After reaching consensus on the draft standard, the TC submits it to the Central Secretariat for registration and distribution to all member committees for voting. If the draft is approved by 75% of those voting, it is published as an international standard.

More than 30 thousand experts from around the world participate in ISO technical work. different countries peace. ISO is globally respected as a fair and impartial organization and has a high status among major international organizations.

ISO standards are the most widely used throughout the world, there are more than 10 thousand of them, and 500-600 standards are revised and adopted annually. ISO standards represent a carefully developed version technical requirements to products (services), which greatly facilitates the exchange of goods, services and ideas between all countries of the world. This is largely due to the responsible attitude of technical committees to achieving consensus on technical issues, for which the chairmen of the TC are personally responsible. In addition to the principle of consensus when voting on a draft international standard, ISO also intends to ensure mandatory transparency of the rules for developing standards that are understandable to all interested parties.

ISO's business contacts are very wide: about 500 international organizations maintain contact with it, including all specialized UN agencies working in related areas; ISO maintains constant working relations with

regional standardization organizations. In practice, members of such organizations are simultaneously members of ISO. Therefore, when developing regional standards, the ISO standard is often taken as a basis even at the project stage. The closest cooperation is between ISO and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).

ISO's largest partner is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In general, these three organizations cover all areas of technology with international standardization. In addition, they consistently interact in the field of information technology and telecommunications.

ISO international standards do not have the status of mandatory for all participating countries. Any country in the world has the right to apply or not apply them. The decision on the application of the international ISO standard is mainly related to the degree of participation of the country in the international division of labor and the state of its foreign trade. The ISO standard, if used, is introduced into the national standardization system in the forms described above, and can also be used in bilateral and multilateral trade relations. IN Russian system standardization has found application about half of international ISO standards.

The development of a draft standard in ISO technical bodies is always associated with the need to overcome a certain pressure from representatives of individual countries (often the largest manufacturers and exporters of goods) regarding technical requirements and standards that should be included in the content of the future international standard. The highest achievement for a national member committee is the adoption of a national standard as an international one. However, it should be taken into account that when planning work in ISO for inclusion in the standardization program, the following criteria are taken into account: the impact of the standard on the expansion of international trade, ensuring the safety of people, and protecting the environment. A strong justification for the proposal must be provided based on these provisions.

ISO standards differ in their content in that only about 20% of them include requirements for specific products. The bulk of regulatory documents concern safety requirements, interchangeability, technical compatibility, product testing methods, as well as other general and methodological issues. Thus, the use of most international ISO standards assumes that specific technical requirements for a product are established in contractual relations.

Perspective tasks of ISO. ISO has defined its tasks until the end of the century, highlighting the most relevant strategic areas of work:

Establishing closer connections between the organization’s activities and the market, which should primarily be reflected in the selection of priority developments;

Reducing overall and time costs as a result of increasing the efficiency of the administrative apparatus, better use of human resources, optimization of the work process, development of information technology and telecommunications;

Providing effective assistance to the World Trade Organization by introducing a program focused on progressive recycling technical specifications for the supply of goods to ISO standards;

Stimulating the “self-sustaining” elements of the above program: encouraging the creation of new standards for industry, developing relationships with the WTO on the terms of providing the necessary technical assistance. In particular, it is expected to promote in every possible way the inclusion of requirements for supplied products by states into international ISO standards, which should have a positive impact on the recognition of conformity assessment;

Concern for improving the quality of national standardization activities in developing countries, where the main focus is on equalizing levels of standardization.

In the future, ISO plans to expand the scope of technical services provided. It identifies three priority opportunities: promoting the adoption of widely used industrial standards developed outside of ISO as international standards regulatory documents; identifying priority standardization needs related to special areas; increasing flexibility in planning work to create standards in response to changing market conditions and countries.

In addition, services continue to be a fairly rapidly growing area of international standardization, where ISO standards of the 9000 series will be increasingly used, and the ISO 9000 - 2000 project is being implemented.

Several governments large countries transfer responsibility for developing and implementing standards used for government procurement (especially defense agencies) to the private sector. In this regard, ISO is exploring opportunities for international standardization in the non-governmental sector.

In the future, collaboration between ISO, IEC and CEN will become increasingly important, complementing the activities of these organizations and contributing to the implementation of effective standardization programs in the field of information technology and telecommunications.

In the field of information technology, an interesting new direction in international standardization is CALS technology (Continuous Acquisition and Life Cycle Support). The CALS concept originated in the US military-industrial complex, then penetrated into civilian industry and expanded significantly geographically. The idea of CALS was based on two-level integration:

Processes (integration within an agreed process of design, development, production, operation, maintenance and disposal);

Data (automation and computerization of the exchange of commercial and administrative data between partners).

The significance of the levels changed over time, and by the early 1990s CALS became known as "Continuous Rate Support and life cycle products." This meant that there was an increased emphasis on the methodology of parallel design and integrated logistics support. Later, CALS turned into Commerce At Liqht Speed - "Business in high tempo". This last option serves as the basis for the development of international standards in the field of information technology for e-commerce.

CALS technologies have led to the emergence of a new concept - “virtual enterprise”. Essentially, this is an unregistered organizational association of different companies associated with the development or implementation of one project. They need common rules of action, a common language, and common norms. And this can only be solved through standardization.

Along with other organizations, ISO is involved in standardization in the field of CALS technologies: international standards ISO 10303 (STEP is an informal designation for the standard for the exchange of product models for computer-to-computer exchange of technical information), ISO 13584, etc. have been adopted.

Domestic developments of computer support for the project of CALS technologies and processes do not provide the necessary compatibility of software from various organizations, and international standards have not been implemented in Russia.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

The International Electrotechnical Commission was created in 1906 by international conference, in which 13 countries most interested in such an organization participated. The date of the beginning of international cooperation in electrical engineering is considered to be 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity took place. Later, in 1904, government delegates to Congress decided that it was necessary special organization, which would standardize the parameters of electrical machines and terminology in this area.

After the Second World War, when ISO was created, the IEC became an autonomous organization within it. But organizational financial questions and the objects of standardization were clearly separated. The IEC deals with standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, and instrument making. These areas are outside the scope of ISO.

Most IEC member countries are represented in it by their national standardization organizations (Russia is represented by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation); in some countries, special committees for participation in the IEC have been created that are not part of the structure of national standardization organizations (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, etc. ).

The representation of each country in the IEC takes the form of a national committee. IEC members are more than 40 national committees, representing 80% of the world's population, which consumes more than 95% of the world's electricity. The official languages of the IEC are English, French and Russian.

The main goal of the organization, which is defined by its Charter, is to promote international cooperation on standardization and related problems in the field of electrical and radio engineering through the development of international standards and other documents.

National committees of all countries form the Council - the highest governing body of the IEC. Annual meetings of the Council, which are held alternately in different member countries IEC are dedicated to solving the entire range of issues related to the organization’s activities. Decisions are made by a simple majority of votes, and the president has a casting vote, which he exercises in the event of an equal distribution of votes.

The main coordinating body of the IEC is the Action Committee. In addition to its main task - coordinating the work of technical committees - the Action Committee identifies the need for new areas of work, develops methodological documents that support technical work, participates in resolving issues of cooperation with other organizations, and carries out all tasks of the Council.

Subordinate to the Action Committee are advisory groups, which the Committee has the right to create if there is a need for coordination on specific problems in the activities of the TC. Thus, two advisory groups divided among themselves the development of safety standards: the Advisory Committee on Electrical Safety (AKOS) coordinates the actions of about 20 technical committees and PCs on electrical household appliances, radio-electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc., and the Advisory Committee on Electronics and Communications (ACET ) deals with other standardization objects. In addition, the Action Committee considered it appropriate to organize a Coordination Group on Electromagnetic Compatibility (CGEMC), a Coordination Group on Information Technology (CTIT) and a Working Group on Size Coordination to more effectively coordinate the work on creating international standards.

Structure technical bodies The IEC, which directly develops international standards, has a structure similar to ISO: these are technical committees (TC), subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG). 15-25 countries participate in the work of each TC. The largest number of TC and PC secretariats are held by France, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the Netherlands. Russia leads Six Secretariats.

International IEC standards can be divided into two types: general technical, intersectoral in nature, and standards containing technical requirements for specific products. The first type includes regulatory documents on terminology, standard voltages and frequencies, different kinds tests, etc. The second type of standards covers a huge range from household electrical appliances to communication satellites. Every year, the IEC program includes more than 500 new topics on international standardization.

Main objects of IEC standardization:

Materials for the electrical industry (liquid, solid, gaseous dielectrics, copper, aluminum, their alloys, magnetic materials);

Electrical equipment for industrial purposes ( welders, engines, lighting equipment, relays, low-voltage devices, cable, etc.);

electrical power equipment (steam and hydraulic turbines, power lines, generators, transformers); .

Electronics industry products (integrated circuits, microprocessors, printed circuit boards, etc.);

Electronic equipment for household and industrial purposes;

Power tools;

Equipment for communication satellites;

Terminology.

The IEC has adopted more than 2 thousand international standards. In content, they differ from ISO standards in being more specific: they set out technical requirements for products and their testing methods, as well as safety requirements, which is relevant not only for IEC standardization objects, but also for the most important aspect of conformity assessment - certification for compliance with the requirements of standards on safety. To ensure this area, which is of current importance in international trade, the IEC develops special international standards for the safety of specific products. In view of the above, as practice shows, IEC international standards are more suitable for direct application in member countries than ISO standards.

Attaching great importance to the development of international safety standards, ISO and IEC have adopted ISO/IEC Guide 51, General requirements for the presentation of safety issues in the preparation of standards. It notes that safety is an object of standardization that manifests itself in the development of standards in many different forms, at different levels, in all areas of technology and for the vast majority of products. The essence of the concept of “safety” is interpreted as ensuring a balance between preventing the danger of physical harm and other requirements that the product must satisfy. It should be borne in mind that absolute safety practically does not exist, therefore, even though it is at the highest level of safety, products can only be relatively safe. When manufacturing products, safety-related decisions are usually based on risk calculations and safety assessments. Risk assessment (or establishing the likelihood of harm) is based on accumulated empirical data and scientific research. Assessing the degree of safety is associated with a probable level of risk, and safety standards are almost always established at the state level (in the EU - through directives and technical regulations; in the Russian Federation - so far by mandatory requirements of state standards). Typically, safety standards themselves are influenced by the level of socio-economic development and education of society. Risks depend on the quality of the design and production process, as well as, no less, on the conditions of use (consumption) of the product.

Based on this concept of safety, ISO and IEC believe that safety will be facilitated by the application of international standards that establish safety requirements. This may be a standard that relates solely to safety or may contain safety requirements along with other technical requirements. When preparing safety standards, both the characteristics of the object of standardization that may have a negative impact on humans and the environment, as well as methods for establishing safety for each product characteristic, are identified. But the main purpose of standardization in the field of safety is to find protection against various types of hazards. The scope of activities of the IEC includes: injury hazard, electrical hazard, technical hazard, fire hazard, explosion hazard, chemical hazard, biological hazard, equipment radiation hazard (sound, infrared, radio frequency, ultraviolet, ionizing, radiation, etc.).

The procedure for developing an IEC standard is similar to that used by ISO. On average, they work on a standard for 3-4 years, and often it lags behind the pace of product renewal and the appearance of new products on the market. In order to reduce deadlines, the IEC practices the publication of a Technical Guidance Document (TOD) adopted through a short procedure, containing only the idea of a future standard. It is valid for no more than three years and is canceled after the publication of the standard created on its basis.

An accelerated development procedure is also applied, relating, in particular, to shortening the voting cycle, and, what is more effective, to expanding the conversion of regulatory documents adopted by other international organizations or national standards of member countries into international IEC standards. Technical means also help speed up the work on creating a standard: automated system control over the progress of work, the Teletext information system, organized on the basis of the Central Bureau. More than 10 national committees have become users of this system.

Within the IEC, the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) has a somewhat special status, which standardizes methods for measuring radio interference emitted by electronic and electrical devices. Permissible levels of such interference are the subject of direct technical legislation in almost all developed countries. Certification of such devices is carried out for compliance with CISPR standards.

CISPR involves not only national committees, but also international organizations: European Union Radio Broadcasting, International Radio and Television Organization, International Union of Electrical Energy Manufacturers and Distributors, International Conference on Large Electrical Systems, International Union of Railways, International Union of Public Transport, International Union of Electrothermal. The International Radiocommunication Committee and the International Civil Aviation Organization participate in the work of the committee as observers. CISPR develops both regulatory and informational international documents:

International standards of technical requirements, which regulate methods for measuring radio interference and contain recommendations for the use of measuring equipment;

Reports presenting the results scientific research on CISPR issues.

International standards have the greatest practical application, which establish technical requirements and maximum levels of radio interference for various sources: vehicles, pleasure boats, internal combustion engines, fluorescent lamps, televisions, etc.

IEC cooperates with ISO, jointly developing ISO/IEC Guides and ISO/IEC Directives on current issues of standardization, certification, accreditation of testing laboratories and methodological aspects. The Joint ISO/IEC Program Committee divides the responsibilities of the two organizations on issues related to related technical fields and plans work.

The Soviet Union has participated in the work of the IEC since 1921, resuming its participation interrupted by the war in 1946. Russia, represented in the IEC by Gosstandart of the Russian Federation, became its legal successor. The procedure for participation, goals and objectives are determined by the governing documents of Gosstandart, taking into account the relevant provisions of the Laws "On Standardization" and " On certification of products and services." These documents are common for work in ISO and IEC. The Russian side takes part in more than 190 technical committees and subcommittees. More than half of the international standards adopted by the IEC in the field of electronics and electrical engineering have been implemented in Russia.

In addition to standardization, the IEC is engaged in certification of products in its field of activity.

International organizations involved in international standardization

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) is an organ of the UN ECOCOC (UN Economic and Social Council). It was created in 1947, first as a temporary organization to provide assistance to countries affected by the war. But in 1951, the UN ECOSOC decided to extend the powers of the WEC for an indefinite period, defining the main directions of its activities as development economic cooperation states within the UN. In addition to the EEC member states (there are about 40 of them), any UN member countries can participate in its work as observers or consultants. The main task of the UNECE in the field of standardization is to develop the main directions of standardization policy at the government level and determine priorities in this area.

The UNECE, in cooperation with ISO, IEC and other international organizations, publishes the “UNECE List of Standardization”, which defines priorities in this area. The purpose of this publication is to help the governments of EEC member countries in solving problems of national standardization, as well as to accelerate international standardization in priority areas and coordinate the efforts of all countries involved in standardization issues.

In this regard, the EEC recognizes the need for:

Promoting the implementation of international standards;

Use of uniform terminology;

Removing technical barriers to trade based on international standards;

Establishing close contacts between organizations developing international standards for the same product (service);

Unification of the design of international and regional standards in general or in individual elements, which, according to EEC experts, should serve to accelerate their implementation.

The EEC recommends measures for coordinating standardization activities at the national and international levels of standard development. At the national level, the following are recommended: the appointment of one body or official responsible for coordinating government standardization policies; government assistance to standardization in priority areas in accordance with the EEC List of Standardization; government support for public procurement carried out in accordance with international (regional) standards or national regulatory documents harmonized with them.

On international level governments are invited to take measures to comply with certain principles in international standardization activities: before starting work, it is necessary to collect and analyze information on existing standards in this area; if possible, when developing new standards, one should go from the international to the regional level. Exceptions are allowed when regional needs, due to their specificity, cannot be satisfied in this way.

The problems of standardization, certification, quality, along with the Working Group on Policy Issues in the Field of Standardization - the main working body of the EEC on these problems - are also dealt with by other bodies (main and auxiliary): the Transport Commission, which develops the UNECE Rules for the Homologation of Vehicles, the Committee on agriculture (standardization and certification of agricultural products), Forestry Committee (standardization, quality control, certification of forest products), Committee on settlements(agreements on the adoption of uniform quality standards for construction products), Trade Development Committee (standardization of trade documents), Coal Working Group (international coal classification systems), etc.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Founded in 1945 as an intergovernmental specialized organization of the UN. About 160 states are its members. The purpose of the organization, according to the Charter, is to promote the rise of general well-being through individual and joint actions to raise the level of nutrition and living standards of peoples, increase the efficiency of production and distribution of food and agricultural products, and improve living conditions rural population, which in general should contribute to the development of the world economy.

Despite the fact that standardization is not a direct goal of FAO, many of the organization's services are involved in standardization: the Land and Water Development Division, which deals with problems of irrigation, drainage, supply rural areas water, etc.; department of agricultural machinery, whose main focus is on the mechanization of agricultural work and rural construction; department for plant cultivation and protection; separation of animal products; forest resources department; Department of Forestry and Trade; department for the use of atomic energy in Food Industry and agriculture; from the division of fish resources.

FAO collaborates with approximately 25 ISO technical committees to develop normative documents in these areas. International standards concern the unification of control methods (for example, in fisheries and in the use of isotopes), quality requirements (water, fishing trawlers, residential buildings for rural areas, etc.). The Milk Group is engaged in the standardization of equipment and methods for milk processing.

A significant place in standardization activities is occupied by the joint work of FAO with the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop international food standards.

World Health Organization (WHO). Created in 1948 on the initiative of the UN Economic and Social Council and is a specialized agency of the UN. The goal of B03, which is defined by its Charter, is the achievement by all peoples of the highest possible level of health (health is interpreted as the totality of complete physical, mental and social well-being). In 1977, WHO defined its strategy as achieving universal health by the year 2000. More than 180 states, including Russia, are WHO members.

Among the wide range of issues that WHO deals with, the main focus is on the development of health services, the prevention and control of diseases, the development of a broad range of health workforce, the improvement of environmental

environment. It is obvious that many of WHO's problems are related to standardization, which is what its divisions do: the department of health and environment; health protection department; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.

WHO has consultative status with ISO and participates in more than 40 technical committees. In particular, with a focus on the quality of drinking water, WHO has been involved in standardizing drinking water pipes and researching and establishing requirements for plastics used.

WHO is directly involved in standardization together with FAO through the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

Codex Alimentarius Commission for the Development of Food Standards. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was organized by FAO and WHO to implement a joint program to create international food standards. The Commission's work is based on recommendations adopted by FAO committees. Its task is to coordinate the preparation of draft standards. More than 130 member countries participate in the implementation of the joint FAO/WHO program.

The Commission considers one of its main tasks to be promoting the conclusion of an international agreement on basic food standards and the adoption of these standards in national standardization systems. Main aspects of food standardization: composition, additives, contaminants, mineral fertilizer residues, hygiene, sampling, analysis, labeling.

The goals of the Codex Alimentarius are formulated as follows: coordination of work on food standardization carried out by governmental and non-governmental organizations; protecting consumers from hazardous products and fraud; ensuring compliance with fair food trade standards; finalization of draft standards and, after their acceptance by government organizations, publication as regional or international standards; promoting the simplification of international trade in food products.

The publication of adopted international standards by the FAO/WHO Commission is carried out in a publication called the Codex Alimentarius. It contains a list of accepted international standards, advisory provisions (code of rules, guidelines, etc.), as well as provisions on hygiene and nutritional value of food products, microbiological standards, presentation and labeling, etc. The Commission considers that publication in " The Codex Alimentarius promotes the harmonization of standards and thereby simplifies international trade in food products.

The technical work of the Commission is carried out by subsidiary bodies, which are either intergovernmental and headed by representatives of member countries (committee on general affairs, committee on commodities, regional coordinating committees), or work within the framework of FAO/WHO or its joint bodies with UNECE.

During its activity, the FAO/WHO Commission adopted more than 300 international standards, more than 40 types of rules, a large number of restrictive recommendations regarding mineral fertilizer residues in food products, and rules for determining the degree of purity of food additives.

Codex Alimentarius develops sets of rules for testing animals before and after slaughter, hygiene rules, rules for storing fresh, canned and frozen products, as well as natural mineral waters. These developments are recommended to governments as optional guidelines.

FAO/WHO collaborates with ISO (mainly through FAO), actively participating in a dozen technical committees, with collaborations coordinated by ISO.

Conclusion

There are several international standardization organizations: ISO, IEC, UNECE and others. All of them were created in order to create standards that ensure the proper level of quality, safety and other consumer properties of a wide variety of products, from a carton of milk to a personal computer monitor, which can be used in all countries of the world. The level of professionalism in the preparation of these standards is truly world-class, because the most advanced standardization organizations participate in the development of the standard, and the flexible structure of the organizations themselves also contributes to the quality of the standards. In addition to the leading departments of developed countries, international organizations also include organizations from countries that are just beginning to get on their feet. One of the functions of ISO, IEC, and other organizations is to help such countries get on their feet, in terms of raising their quality standards. new level the products they produce. Another, but no less important, is the assistance function in the organization international space, which will ensure unhindered trade turnover of quality products. In the future, the work of organizations will have a visible effect on the development of society. The development and existence of such organizations as ISO, IEC, WHO and others, which will still be created, perhaps in a few hundred years, will make it possible not to think about the safety, environmental friendliness and quality of the purchased product, but to simply buy the product, paying attention only to its characteristics.

Bibliography

Krylova G.D. Fundamentals of Standardization of Metrology Certification – Second Edition. M.: Unity, 2003. 671 p.

Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….………………...3 1. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)…… ……….…………………4 2. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)……………….………………...9 3. International organizations participating in international

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was created in 1946 at a meeting of the UN Committee for the Coordination of UN Standards. That same year, at a meeting of the General Assembly

The ISO Charter was adopted, which determined the status of the organization, its structure, the functions of the main bodies and methods of work.

The purpose of ISO is to promote the development of standardization on a global scale to facilitate international trade exchange and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activity.

ISO has two types of membership - member committees and corresponding members.

The member committees are national standardization bodies that are the most representative in the field of standardization. For this type of membership, a scale of annual contributions to the ISO budget has been established, which is compiled depending on the share of each individual country in world trade and in industrial production.

Corresponding members, in exchange for a small contribution to the ISO budget, have the right to receive a set of all published international standards, as well as other information publications. Corresponding members are national standardization bodies that do not have member committees. Their representatives are sent to meetings of technical committees only as observers.

ISO's governing bodies include the General Assembly, which is the supreme body, the Council, the Executive Bureau, the Technical Bureau, the technical committees of the Council, and the Central Secretariat (Fig. 4.1).

The officers of the ISO are the President, Vice President, Treasurer and Secretary General.

The General Assembly is the highest governing body of ISO, consists of representatives of all national organizations of member committees and decides all the main issues of ISO activity, meets once every three years. At its sessions, the ISO president is elected for a term of three years. During the General Assemblies, discussions are organized the most important problems and trends in international standardization with the participation of leading industry experts.

During the period between sessions of the General Assembly, the leadership of the ISO is carried out by the Council, headed by the president. The Council consists of 18 member committees elected by the General Assembly for a term of three years. The Council meets at least once a year and decides all issues related to ISO activities, in particular, issues of the structure of technical bodies, publications

Central Secretariat Technical Committees

Subcommittees

Working groups

Rice. 4.1.

international standards, appoints members of Council bodies, as well as chairmen of technical committees, etc.

The Executive Bureau, on behalf of the Council, considers financial issues, as well as issues of organization and management of ISO technical activities. The Executive Bureau consists of the Vice President (Chairman of the Council) and nine representatives of the member committees.

Other bodies of the Council are the Technical Bureau, consisting of a chairman and nine persons appointed by the Council, the Conformity Assessment Committee (CASCO), the Committee on the Protection of Consumer Interests (COPOLCO), the Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries (DEVCO), the Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (INFCO), Committee on Reference Materials (REMCO) and Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization (STACO).

The Council's Technical Bureau makes recommendations to the Council on the organization, coordination and planning of ISO technical activities. The Bureau considers proposals for the creation of new and dissolution of existing technical committees, prepares proposals for amending Directives on technical work,, on behalf of the Council, approves the names of technical committees and determines the scope of their activities, assigns the management of the secretariats of technical committees to member committees, etc.

Since 1970, ISO has moved to developing international standards instead of recommendations. In the same year, it was decided to create a Committee for Certification of Product Conformity to International Standards (SERTICO). In 1985 it was renamed the Conformity Assessment Committee (CASCO). At this time, national certification systems and networks of independent testing laboratories (centers) began to be created. CASCO was entrusted with developing a unified approach to solving certification issues.

Membership of this Council Committee is open to any ISO member committee. Currently, 28 member committees take part in its work and 24 countries participate as observers.

CASCO works in the following areas:

- studying ways to assess the conformity of products and quality assurance systems to standards or specifications;
- preparation of guidelines for testing, inspection and certification of products, processes, services, as well as for the assessment of testing laboratories, inspection organizations, certification organizations and quality assurance systems;
- promoting mutual recognition of national and regional quality assurance systems, as well as the use of international standards for testing, inspection, certification, and quality assurance.

CASCO is working to create ISO guidelines in the field of harmonization of national certification systems, mutual recognition of test results on a bilateral and multilateral basis, and the creation of a methodological basis for the development and accreditation of national certification systems.

In addition, CASCO periodically conducts an analysis of all existing national, regional and international certification systems in order to timely take measures to organize, if necessary, international product certification systems for compliance with ISO standards.

Recently, CASCO, together with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), has prepared a number of guides on the main aspects of certification. These documents are widely accepted in ISO and IEC member countries. In a number of countries, they form the basis of national certification systems, and at the level of regional trade and economic cooperation they are used as a basis for developing agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products.

Currently in work program CASCO has included a new topic concerning the preparation of general requirements for the certification and registration of controllers operating in the factory control system and experts for the certification of testing laboratories, as well as general requirements and criteria for the areas: accreditation of testing laboratories, assessment of the quality of work of accrediting bodies, principles for concluding bilateral and multilateral agreements on mutual recognition of test and control results of products and product certificates.

Committee for the Protection of Consumer Interests (COPOLCO). COPOLCO's task includes studying the following issues:

- ways to assist consumers in obtaining the maximum effect from the standardization of products of interest to the general consumer, as well as measures that need to be taken for greater consumer participation in national and international standardization;
- development of recommendations (from the point of view of standardization) aimed at providing consumers with information, protecting their interests, as well as programs for training them in standardization issues;
- generalization of the experience of consumer participation in standardization work and the application of standards for consumer goods; on other issues of national and international standardization of interest to consumers;
- maintaining contact with various ISO bodies whose activities affect the interests of consumers.

In order to coordinate the activities of various international organizations involved in the standardization of consumer products, the ISO Council has established a Coordination Committee on International Standards for Consumer Products, in which representatives of the International Electrotechnical Commission, the International Center for Quality Assurance and other organizations participate.

The Committee on Scientific and Technical Information (INFKO) was created in 1967 with the purpose of providing the Council with recommendations on methods of collecting and disseminating information and forms of promoting standardization, as well as organizing the work of national standards funds.

The objectives of the ISO Council Information Committee are:

- ensuring the functioning of the ISO information network using computer technology on issues within the competence of ISO;
- coordination of the work of information centers of ISO member countries on standards and related issues;
- development of recommendations for the classification and indexing of standards and other normative and technical documents (NTD) for the purpose of their automated processing;
- promoting the application of international standards in information systems for scientific and technical documentation.

All member committees are admitted to membership in INFCO, either as active members or as observers.

INFKO has developed a manual for indexing regulatory and technical documentation; a manual for library workers on processing foreign documents; trilingual (English, French and Russian) thesaurus, which is necessary for organizing automated information search.

Under the auspices of INFCO, an automated system of information about standards was created - the ISONET network.

ISONET is a network of national standards information centers and communication channels between them, and includes the ISO Clearinghouse in Geneva. Any country may be represented in ISONET by one and only one national member.

The ISONET Governing Council is the highest executive body of ISONET. The ISONET Council is responsible for administering administrative, procedural and financial matters, as well as implementing policy decisions.

The Committee for Assistance to Developing Countries (DEVCO) was created in 1961. Its purpose is to organize and improve the activities of national standardization bodies.

The main functions of DEVCO include:

- identifying needs and providing assistance to developing countries on standardization issues and related areas (for example, quality control, metrology, certification, etc.);
- creating conditions for broad discussion of all aspects of standardization and activities in related areas in developing countries and for the exchange of experience between industrialized and developing countries.

Reference Materials Committee (REMCO). The result of REMCO's work is the preparation of guidelines for ISO technical committees, which make references in international standards to reference materials; Reference book on standard samples.

An important place in the activities of REMCO is occupied by the coordination of ISO activities in the field of reference materials with other international organizations, in particular with the activities of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML).

The Committee for the Study of Scientific Principles of Standardization (STACO) was created in 1952 to assist the ISO Council on the principles and methods necessary to achieve optimal results in the field of international standardization.

All work of STAKO is carried out within working groups, for example, on the principles of standardization, its effectiveness, the application of international standards in countries, etc.

Much work is being done within the working group on STACO terminology. A guide to terms and their definitions in the field of standardization, certification and accreditation of testing laboratories has been prepared and published. The STACO terminology guide was also approved at the intergovernmental level by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Currently, STAKO is mainly engaged in organizing international seminars on the prospects for the development of international standardization and the application of international standards for the development of trade between countries.

Technical bodies and SOs, development of international standards. ISO's main activity is the development of international standards. Main structural unit organizations are technical committees.

ISO international standards are not mandatory; each country applies them in whole or in separate sections, or not at all. However, product manufacturers seeking to maintain high competitiveness of their products are forced to apply the standards of ISO and other international organizations.

The development of standards is included in the program of technical bodies only if these standards are necessary to expand trade between countries, if they are aimed at ensuring the required level of human safety, health protection, and environmental protection.

In the practice of international standardization, the main emphasis in the development of product standards is on the establishment of uniform test methods for products.

In addition to establishing these requirements, international standards define requirements for products in terms of their safety for human life and health, environmental protection, interchangeability and technical compatibility.

The entire scope of ISO's activities is divided between technical committees, which have developed over 7,000 International Standards. Today there is virtually no technical field other than the standards developed by the IEC in which ISO standards have not been developed.

The development of standards in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and communications is carried out by the IEC in accordance with the agreement in force between these two international organizations.

Each technical committee (TC) has a scope of activity approved by the ISO Council. Technical committees are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. The activities of general technical committees are aimed at solving general technical and intersectoral problems.

Examples of such committees are TC 10 “Technical drawings”, TC 12 “Values, units, designations, conversion factors and tables”, TC 37 “Terminology”, etc.

In the ISO structure there are TCs that represent an entire industry (TCs on aviation and space technology, chemistry, etc.). In such cases, subcommittees are created within the TC that carry out work in narrower areas of activity.

The development of information technology has given ISO and IEC the task of creating a joint technical committee "Information technology" (JTC I), which included ISO/TC 97 "Information processing systems", IEC/TC 83 "Information technology" and IEC/TC 47 B "Microprocessors".

In recent years, in all countries, much attention has been paid to the creation of modern product quality assurance systems at enterprises, which would maximally guarantee the consumer full compliance of manufactured products with the requirements of standards. In a number of industrially advanced countries of the world, national standards, containing recommendations for creating such systems in enterprises (USA, France, UK, etc.). In order to develop a uniform approach to solving product quality issues at enterprises, it was decided to create TC 176 “Quality Management and Quality Assurance”, whose task is to standardize the fundamental principles of quality systems (9000 series):

- ISO 9000 "General quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for selection and application";
- ISO 9001 "Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in design and (or) development, production, installation and maintenance";
- ISO 9002 "Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in production and installation";
- ISO 9003 "Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in final inspection and testing";
- ISO 9004 "Total quality management and elements of a quality system. Guidelines."

A trilingual dictionary of terms and their definitions in the field of product quality assurance (ISO 8402) has been developed.

Enterprises implementing product quality assurance systems can include all stages of the product life cycle, from its design (development) to its operation (ISO 9001 standard), or only part of them, for example, quality control of the final product (ISO 9003 standard ). At the same time, the ISO 9000 standard provides recommendations for choosing the quality assurance system at an enterprise that is required depending on specific conditions.

The most comprehensive product quality assurance system is the system recommended by ISO 9001. It notes that the requirements for product quality assurance systems are established when the manufacturer is able to design, manufacture and service the product well.

The procedure for developing international standards, the functions of ISO bodies and their secretariats are determined by Directives approved by IEC/ISO.

This procedure allows all countries, without exception, participating in the work of technical bodies to take part in meetings of these bodies, submit proposals for the development of international standards to other member committees, submit comments and vote on draft standards. The draft international standards themselves are developed by working groups, in which experts from leading countries in each area under consideration take part. Depending on the level of interest, each ISO member committee determines the status of its participation in the work of each technical committee. Membership can be: active (members "P"), as an observer (members "O").

Active membership obliges to send representatives to meetings of technical committees, take part in the development and consideration of draft international standards, and vote on the documents under consideration.

Members of the "O" enjoy the right to receive one copy of all working documents of the TC and can participate in meetings as observers.

The following stages of development of standards are provided:

- proposals are being considered to include the development of one or another international standard in the TC work program. All proposals are sent by the TC secretariat or subcommittee (SC) to all member committees receiving Active participation in the work of this committee (subcommittee) along with the rationale for the feasibility of developing a standard. If a positive decision is made on the proposal, the development of a working draft of the document begins;
- in most cases, working drafts of documents are developed by working groups specially created for these purposes, the members of which are, as a rule, leading experts in this field of interested countries. Working drafts may also be submitted to the TC or PC for consideration by a separate member committee (in most cases, such drafts represent national standards of countries). This method of presenting working drafts is widely used by the most industrially advanced countries due to the fact that the adoption of further project as an international standard, it will not require changes or revisions to the national standard, and therefore will not be associated with additional costs in production. If the developed working draft is approved either at a meeting of the TC or SC, or through correspondence with members of the TC or SC, it is registered with the ISO Central Secretariat as a draft proposal for an international standard and is assigned a registration number;
- the draft proposal is sent by the secretariat of the TC or PC to all active members of this body for comments, and after receiving them, an international meeting is convened at which the technical content of the project is considered. As a rule, the input of one meeting cannot be achieved general solution, therefore, after each meeting, a revised draft is prepared (first draft, second draft, etc.), which is considered at the meetings. However, the development of no more than three projects is allowed, after which the feasibility of further development of such a standard is considered due to the impossibility of reaching a compromise solution;
- in case of general approval by the meeting, the draft under consideration is sent to the Central Secretariat for registration as a draft international standard and for its distribution for voting by the active members of this TC or PC. Once the draft is approved, it is sent for voting to ISO member committees, i.e. national standardization organizations.

This procedure is due to the fact that in a number of cases the opinion of specialists in working bodies may differ from the opinion of the national standardization organization, which only has the right to adopt final decision regarding the draft international standard. However, to reduce the time required for approval of the standard, a combined vote is provided, when the project is simultaneously sent to active members of the TC or PC and national standardization organizations;

- a draft international standard is considered approved if two-thirds of the votes of the active members of a given TC or PC are for it and no more than a quarter of the total number of votes of the member committees that took part in the vote are cast against it;
- publication of an international standard by the ISO Central Secretariat is carried out in English and French, i.e. in the working languages of the organization. However, a number of publications, in particular terminological standards, are also published in Russian.

The process of developing international standards in ISO is quite lengthy, therefore Lately ISO is considering proposals to significantly reduce the time required for developing standards, in particular, by adopting progressive national standards of individual countries as international standards, introducing so-called temporary ISO standards, etc.

International Organization for Standardization, ISO (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) is an international organization that produces standards.

The International Organization for Standardization was created in 1946 by twenty-five national standards organizations, based on two organizations: ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), established in New York in 1926 (disbanded in 1942) and UNSCC (United Nations Standards). Coordinating Committee), established in 1944. In fact, its work began in 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, and twice a representative of Gosstandart was elected chairman of the organization. Russia became a member of ISO as the legal successor of the USSR. On September 23, 2005, Russia joined the ISO Council.

When creating the organization and choosing its name, the need was taken into account for the abbreviation of the name to sound the same in all languages. For this, it was decided to use the Greek word ισος - equal, which is why in all languages of the world the International Organization for Standardization has the short name “ISO”.

The scope of ISO's activities concerns standardization in all areas except electrical and electronics engineering, which falls under the purview of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Some types of work are carried out jointly by these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO deals with certification issues.

Today, ISO includes 164 countries with their national standards organizations. represents Russia Federal agency on technical regulation and metrology as a committee member of ISO. In total, ISO has more than 100 member committees. In addition to member committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members, which are standardization organizations of developing countries. The subscriber category has been introduced for developing countries. Member committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO technical committee, vote on draft standards, be elected to the ISO Council and be represented at meetings of the General Assembly. Corresponding members (45 of them) are not active in ISO, but have the right to receive information about standards being developed. Subscriber members pay reduced fees and have the opportunity to keep abreast of international standardization.

Organizationally, ISO includes governing and working bodies. Governing bodies: General Assembly (supreme body), Council, Technical Management Bureau.

Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TAG).

General Assembly

The General Assembly is a meeting of officers and delegates appointed by member committees. Each member committee is entitled to present a maximum of three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Corresponding members and subscriber members participate as observers. General Assembly 2013 years will pass in St. Petersburg.

The Council directs the work of ISO during breaks between sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without convening the General Assembly, to refer issues to the member committees for consultation or to entrust the member committees with their decision. At meetings of the Council, decisions are made by a majority vote of the committee members of the Council present at the meeting. Between meetings and if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

Seven committees are subordinate to the ISO Council: PLAKO (technical bureau), PROFKO (methodological and information assistance); CASCO (conformity assessment committee); INFKO (committee on scientific and technical information); DEVCO (Committee on Assistance to Developing Countries); KOPOLCO (committee for the protection of consumer interests); REMCO (standard samples committee).

PLACO (PLACO - Planning Committee) prepares proposals for planning the work of ISO, for organizing and coordinating the technical aspects of the work. The scope of work of PLACO includes consideration of proposals for the creation and dissolution of technical committees, determination of the area of standardization that the committees should deal with.

CASCO (CASCO - Committee on conformity assessment) deals with the issues of confirming the conformity of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, studying the practice of this activity and analyzing information. The Committee develops guidelines for testing and conformity assessment (certification) of products, services, quality systems, confirmation of the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment. CASCO, together with the IEC, has prepared a number of guidelines on various aspects of certification, which are widely used in the member countries of ISO and IEC: the principles set out in these documents are taken into account in national certification systems, and also serve as the basis for agreements on assessing the conformity of mutually supplied products in trade. -economic relations between countries in different regions. CASCO also deals with the creation of general requirements for auditors for the accreditation of testing laboratories and assessing the quality of work of accrediting bodies; mutual recognition of certificates of conformity of products and quality systems, etc.

DEVCO (DEVCO - Committee on developing country matters) studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area. The main functions of DEVCO: organizing discussions on a large scale of all aspects of standardization in developing countries, creating conditions for the exchange of experience with developed countries; training of standardization specialists on the basis of various training centers in developed countries; facilitating study tours for specialists from organizations involved in standardization in developing countries; preparation of training manuals on standardization for developing countries; stimulating the development of bilateral cooperation between industrialized and developing countries in the field of standardization and metrology. DEVCO cooperates with the UN in these areas. One of the results of joint efforts was the creation and operation of international training centers.

COPOLCO (COPOLCO - Committee on consumer policy) studies issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization; summarizes the experience of consumer participation in the creation of standards and draws up programs to train consumers in the field of standardization and provide them with the necessary information about international standards. This is facilitated by the periodic publication of the List of international and national standards, as well as guides useful for consumers: “Comparative tests of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc.

COPOLCO participated in the development of ISO/IEC guidance on the preparation of safety standards.

REMCO (REMCO - Committee on reference materials) provides methodological assistance to ISO by developing appropriate guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards).

Thus, a reference book on reference materials and several manuals have been prepared: “Reference to reference materials in international standards”, “Certification of reference materials. General and statistical principles”, etc. In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular with OIML - the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

The International Electrotechnical Commission was created in 1906 at an international conference attended by 13 countries most interested in such an organization. The date of the beginning of international cooperation in electrical engineering is considered to be 1881, when the first International Congress on Electricity took place. Later, in 1904, government delegates to the Congress decided that a special organization was needed to standardize the parameters of electrical machines and terminology in this area.

After the Second World War, when ISO was created, the IEC became an autonomous organization within it. But organizational, financial issues and standardization objects were clearly separated. The IEC deals with standardization in the field of electrical engineering, electronics, radio communications, and instrument making. These areas are outside the scope of ISO.

International organizations involved in international standardization

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) is an organ of the UN ECOCOC (UN Economic and Social Council). It was created in 1947, first as a temporary organization to provide assistance to countries affected by the war. But in 1951, the UN ECOSOC decided to extend the powers of the WEC for an indefinite period, defining the main directions of its activities as the development of economic cooperation between states within the UN. In addition to the EEC member states (there are about 40 of them), any UN member countries can participate in its work as observers or consultants. The main task of the UNECE in the field of standardization is to develop the main directions of policy on standardization at the government level and determine priorities in this area.

In this regard, the EEC recognizes the need for:

Promoting the implementation of international standards;

Use of uniform terminology;

Removing technical barriers to trade based on international standards;

Establishing close contacts between organizations developing international standards for the same product (service);

Unification of the design of international and regional standards in general or in individual elements, which, according to EEC experts, should serve to accelerate their implementation.

At the international level, governments are encouraged to take measures to comply with certain principles in international standardization activities: before work begins, it is necessary to collect and analyze information on existing standards in this area; if possible, when developing new standards, one should go from the international level to the regional level. Exceptions are allowed when regional needs, due to their specificity, cannot be satisfied in this way.

ISO is an international non-governmental organization that began its existence in 1947. Its purpose is to develop international standards for goods and services. Let's take a closer look at this institution - the organization itself, the need for existence - and study the issues that it deals with.

ISO - what kind of organization is it?

Today it includes 157 members representing different countries (one from each). Russia joined the Council of the governing organization in 2007.

The scope of ISO covers all fields except electronics and electrical engineering, which is covered by the International Electrotechnical Commission. Some works are also performed jointly.

Structure

ISO consists of governing bodies and workers.

The first includes the following organs.

General Assembly. It consists of officers as well as delegates who are appointed by committees.
The Council organizes work between sessions of the General Assembly. He can refer issues to committees and assign them to resolve them. Decisions are made by a majority vote of all those present. There are 7 committees subordinate to this body.
Technical management bureau.

The working bodies are the following structural divisions.

Technical committees. Among them: PLAKO is a technical bureau that prepares proposals for planning the work of ISO. STAKO studies the scientific principles of standardization and assists the Council with information by developing the requirements of international standards. CASCO evaluates the conformity of products and services, studies practice on this issue and analyzes it. DEVCO provides assistance to developing countries by developing recommendations for standardization. KOPOLCO - the consumer protection committee is studying the possibility of promoting them through the introduction of a standardization institute. REMCO, being a committee on standard samples, provides methodological assistance to the organization.
Subcommittees.
Technical advisory groups.

Standards

For as long as ISO has existed, standards have been developed by the international organization for standardization. To date, almost 14,000 samples have been published, which are compatible with various technologies and production processes. This also applies to traditional industries ( Agriculture, construction, medical equipment and others), and newest industries(digital coding, high-tech information, etc.).

ISO standards are developments dictated by market developments. When a need arises, representatives of an industry apply for a standard to be developed. Once approved, the application is submitted to the technical committee for further work. It is composed of industry representatives who have expressed a desire to develop a standard. After its approval, the project is put up for discussion and then finally adopted by voting.

The most common standards are ISO 9000 and ISO 14000. Both can be used in different organizations, regardless of what activity they are engaged in.

Standard 9000 and 14000

For example, ISO number 9000 is a standard governing quality management. To obtain it, appropriate technologies and management procedures are introduced into production aimed at meeting needs, as well as guaranteeing the receipt of quality goods and services.

ISO 14000 stands for safety control standard external environment. It is necessary to minimize harmful effects on the environment and work to increase technically safe production.

What are these standards based on?

It should be understood that none of the above standards is a guarantee of quality and safety. They only encourage the organization to implement a management system that achieves optimal quality and ensures the best safety.

When considering the ISO 9000 standard, certain managers have the right to use them to select the optimal system in the enterprise. Let's study them.

Principles

№ 1. Customer focus. At the same time, the organization strives to understand the needs of its customers and tries in every possible way to satisfy them in such a way as to even exceed expectations. To this end:

explore needs;
adjust the strategy;
implement an optimal system for transmitting information about needs to all company employees;
study customer satisfaction with the product;
establish a system of relationships with clients;
try to strike a balance between consumers and others.

№ 2. Leaders organize the setting of goals and objectives and provide all opportunities to achieve them. To do this, the leader:

takes into account the interests of all employees;
sees the future of the organization;
sets goals and objectives;
provides a trusting atmosphere in the company;
provides the necessary resources for completing training;
bears responsibility;
stimulates employees.

№ 3. Attracting personnel. People are what any activity is built on. If employees are involved in the affairs of the company, then it develops much more dynamically, and employees reveal their abilities more. For this purpose, in accordance with international standards, conditions are provided under which:

employees are aware of their contribution when performing their duties;
understand all restrictions;
bear responsibility;
trying to improve their qualifications;
share their experience and knowledge;
discuss pressing problems.

№ 4. The company tries to establish an approach to the work process in such a way that the main thing becomes the task. For this, the following conditions are provided:

the activity necessary to achieve the result is determined;
records are kept of the functioning and responsibility of employees;
attention is paid to those circumstances that affect the main activities;
consequences are assessed.

№ 5. Managerial approach. Optimal efficiency in this case is achieved through a systematic approach. To achieve this, the company takes the following actions:

works on structural issues;
improves intrasystem interdependence;
distributes responsibility fairly;
maintains executive order from the very beginning to the end;
improves working mechanisms by evaluating activities.

№ 6. Activities aimed at continuous improvement are:

constantly improve the quality of the product or service provided;
conduct educational work with staff;
improve the characteristics and work on this of each link of the company;
evaluate the steps taken;
highlight results.

№ 7. Factual approach. This principle includes the following steps:

checking information;
ensuring its accessibility;
analysis;
making decisions and actions based on it.

№ 8. Mutually beneficial relationship. In this case, the following is necessary:

establishing a balance between short-term and long-term goals;
pooling of resources;
identifying main partners and working with them;
information exchange;
building joint plans.

ISO 9000 was developed in 1994. It consists of series 9001, 9002, 9003. And later 9001:2000 and 9004:2000 were added to them. Currently there are sixteen standards, from which companies choose the most suitable for them.

The need for organization

Certification can be mandatory or voluntary. A quality management system is a rather complex process, and not all companies need it. These international data are suitable for companies that seek to:

improve the quality of the product;
bring to optimal level management system;
systematize this manual;
improve image;
gain advantages over competitors;
facilitate licensing;
attract serious partners to business;
receive orders from foreign companies.

Preparation for certification

The management process must be brought into line with established international standards. Evaluating the existing system is sometimes sufficient and there is no need to implement a new one. It is enough to work hard on structural changes. Some organizations require a major overhaul, while others require only a few minor changes. The system is built in accordance with certain tasks. Companies carry out reforms on their own or invite consulting organizations to do so.

The stages for implementing management standards are as follows.

Setting goals.
Setting expectations.
Study of standards.
Choosing one of them.
Diagnostics of the management system.
Identification of processes that influence the delivery of products to consumers.
Development of planned work.
Bringing them to life.
Self-assessment of the system.
Conducting an audit to obtain ISO certification.
Continued improvement of the management system.

Certification bodies

It is important to understand that ISO does not conduct testing or issue ISO certification. She is developing samples. And all relevant procedures for checking them against international quality standards are carried out by accredited organizations. This is done in the country where the company has a commercial interest.

GOST and ISO

The basis for mandatory certification in Russia is GOST standards. ISO, as mentioned above, is the basis for However, for harmonization, a system focused on international standards was created. GOST ISO is chosen by those companies that are focused not only on the domestic domestic market, but also on the external one. Some believe that this approach creates a more correct position in commercial organizations.

The deepening and expansion of international cooperation in all areas of human activity ensured the transfer of work on international standardization to a higher level. At the same time, a qualitatively new stage in the field of standardization on a multilateral basis is characterized by noticeable quantitative, structural and functional growth. Today, out of 4.5 thousand of all international organizations, more than 400 are involved in considering issues related to standardization.

The beginning of international cooperation in the field of standardization dates back to 1921. Official organizations in international system standardizations include:

ISO – International Organization for Standardization.

IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission.

ITU – International Telecommunications Union.

In 1946, under the auspices of the UN, it was created International Organization for Standardization (ISO – International Standards Organization). ISO is a non-governmental organization that develops international standards and the international cooperation in the field of standardization (headquarters in London). More than 120 countries participate in ISO's work. The main goal of ISO is to promote the development of standardization on a global scale in order to simplify international trade and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the field of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activities. ISO's terms of reference include:

Taking measures aimed at simplifying and improving methods for harmonizing standards in all areas of their application on a global scale;

Development, adoption of international standards, their information support;

Organization of internal information flows;

Establishing cooperation with other international organizations to jointly resolve related issues.

The highest body of ISO is the General Assembly. B period between sessions General Assembly The activities of the organization are managed by a Council headed by the ISO President. Review and preparation of decisions on specific issues are dealt with by permanent and temporary committees of the Council. An additional bureau has been created under the Council, which manages ISO technical committees. Draft international standards are developed directly by working groups operating within technical committees.

Technical committees (TC) are divided into general technical committees and committees working in specific areas of technology. General technical technical complexes (there are 26 of them in ISO) solve general technical and intersectoral problems. These, for example, include TC 12 “Units of Measurement”, TC 19 “Preferred Numbers”, TC 37 “Terminology”. The remaining TCs (more than 200) operate in specific areas of technology (TC 22 “Automobiles”, TC 39 “Machine tools”, etc.). TCs, whose activities cover an entire industry (chemistry, aviation and space technology, etc.), organize subcommittees (SC) and working groups (WG).

Depending on the degree of interest, each ISO member determines the status of their participation in the work of each TC. Membership can be active and as observers. A draft international standard is considered adopted if it is approved by a majority (75%) of the active members of the TC.

Recently, all developed countries have been concentrating efforts to develop and implement modern quality systems at enterprises. In a number of countries Western Europe and the USA has introduced national standards defining the parameters of these systems. In 1979, TC 176 “Quality Assurance Systems” was created, whose tasks include standardization and harmonization of the fundamental principles of quality assurance systems. In 1987, the first version of the four ISO 9000 series of standards was published, aimed at a uniform approach to addressing product quality issues in enterprises. ISO 9000 series standards have been adopted as national standards in various modifications in more than 100 countries around the world. For example, in the USA they are known as ANST/ASQC 090, in Japan – JIS 9000, in England – BS 5750, in Denmark – DS/EN 29000, in Germany – DIN/ISO 9000, in France – NF X50.121. In all cases, the content of the standards is almost the same, and they all include requirements for the company’s quality system as the main condition for achieving stable quality of products.

The other bodies of the ISO Council are the Technical Bureau and seven committees: STACO, PLACO, CASCO, DEVCO, COPOLCO and REMCO.

STAKO provides methodological and informational assistance to the ISO Council on the principles and methodology for developing international standards. He studies the fundamental principles of standardization and prepares recommendations for achieving optimal results in this area. STAKO also deals with terminology and organizes seminars on the application of international standards for trade development.

PLACO prepares proposals for ISO work planning, organization and coordination of technical aspects of the work.

CASCO deals with issues of confirming the compliance of products, services, processes and quality systems with the requirements of standards, the competence of testing laboratories and certification bodies. An important area of CASCO's work is promoting mutual recognition and acceptance of national and regional certification systems, as well as the use of international standards in the field of testing and conformity assessment.

DEVCO studies the requests of developing countries in the field of standardization and develops recommendations to assist these countries in this area.

KOPOLCO is studying issues of ensuring the interests of consumers and the possibility of promoting this through standardization, as well as providing them with the necessary information about international standards. The manuals he publishes play a big role in this: “Comparative testing of consumer products”, “Information about products for consumers”, “Development of standard methods for measuring the performance characteristics of consumer products”, etc.

REMCO is developing guidelines on issues related to reference materials (standards). In addition, REMCO is the coordinator of ISO activities on reference materials with international metrological organizations, in particular the International Organization of Legal Metrology.

The work of ISO is currently carried out within the framework of 185 TC, 636 PC, 1975 RG. ISO's strategic partner, with whom it largely coordinates its activities, is the World trade Organization(WTO).

In general, the representation of Russia in ISO working bodies is significantly smaller than Germany, Great Britain, the USA and France. This circumstance cannot but affect the country's leadership in the development of international standards. Unfortunately, in recent years there has been a sharp decline in the role of Russia in the activities of ISO and other international standardization organizations.

Another, no less authoritative organization is International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – develops standards in the field of electrical engineering, radio electronics, and communications. It was created in 1906. The different periods of formation and different directions of IEC and ISO determined the fact of the parallel existence of two large international organizations, taking into account the common tasks of ISO and IEC, as well as the possibility of duplication of activities of individual technical bodies. An agreement has been concluded between these organizations to delimit and coordinate the scope of their activities.

Our country has been a member of the IEC since 1922. The highest governing body of the IEC is the Council, in which all national committees are represented. The main coordinating body is the Action Committee, which has subordinate committees and advisory groups:

AKOS - advisory committee on electrical safety of household appliances, radio-electronic equipment, high-voltage equipment, etc.;

ASET - Advisory Committee on Electronics and Communications; deals with electrical safety issues, just like AKOS;

KGEMS – coordination group on electromagnetic compatibility;

KSIT – coordination group for information technology;

Size Coordination Working Group.

The IEC budget, like the ISO budget, is made up of contributions from member countries of this organization and revenues from the sale of international standards. The structure of IEC technical bodies is the same as ISO: technical committees, subcommittees and working groups. There are 80 technical committees operating in the IEC, some of which (as in ISO) develop MS of a general technical and intersectoral nature, and the other develop MS for specific types of products (household radio-electronic equipment, transformers, electronic products).

The IEC cooperates with ISO, jointly developing ISO/IEC guidelines and ISO/IEC directives on current issues of standardization, certification, accreditation of testing laboratories and methodological aspects. The Joint ISO/IEC Program Committee divides the responsibilities of the two organizations on issues related to related technical fields and plans work.

The results of cooperation between the two largest international organizations are aimed at increasing efficiency and practical significance international standards, accelerating their adoption as national ones, increasing the interest of all participants in the international exchange of goods and services in standardization as a way to promote trade development and eliminate non-tariff barriers. One of the most significant results is the IEC system for testing electrical equipment for compliance with safety standards, designed to facilitate international trade in electrical equipment for the final consumer sector, namely: household electrical equipment, electronic computing equipment, lighting products, etc.

With common interests in standardization, ISO and IEC agreed to join forces, creating a single body in 1987, Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1), designed to formulate a comprehensive system of basic information technology standards and their extensions for specific areas of activity. . This committee works closely with International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

ITU, classified as an official international organization, is an intergovernmental organization specializing in the field of telecommunication standardization. It unites more than 500 governmental and non-governmental organizations. The main task of the ITU is to coordinate the development of internationally harmonized rules and recommendations for the construction and use of global television networks and their services.

The ITU structure includes three sectors:

Radiocommunications is a sector that includes general functions the Radiocommunications Committee, as well as the tasks performed by the Frequency Registration Council;

Telecommunications standardization is a sector that has taken over the functions of the committee on telegraphy and telephony, as well as the functions of the committee on radio communications related to the access of radio communications to public networks;

Telecommunications development is a sector that determines issues of strategy and policy for the development of telecommunication systems.

The highest level of organizational management of ITU is the General Conference, which determines strategic decisions, related to the areas of activity and structure of the organization, as well as forming the executive body - the Council, which carries out the implementation of the tasks outlined by the conference. The highest governing body of each sector is the world conference of the appropriate (for this sector) thematic focus.

The following five classes of membership are defined for organizations:

Class A – national ministries and communications departments;

Class B – large private corporations operating in the field of telecommunications;

Class C – scientific organizations and enterprises producing communications equipment;

Class D – international organizations, including the ISO organization;

Class E – organizations from other fields of activity, but interested in working in this sector.

Much of the standard development work is carried out by research groups, each with its own focus. Compound research groups quite stable. It was selected on a thematic basis in such a way as to ensure complete coverage of all current areas of Telecommunication Technologies.

A significant result of this cooperation is the agreement on a common text for ISO/IEC standards. In other cases, this cooperation manifests itself in the adoption by one organization of the text of a standard developed by another organization. Another form of cooperation is the joint development of standards.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) is a multilateral agreement containing the principles, legal norms and rules that guide the participating countries in mutual trade relations. This is international economic organization, the predecessor of the WTO, which regulated the rules of international trade according to the principle of liberalism. GATT remained the only instrument for regulating international trade until the moment when a specialized world Trade organisation in 1995

The WTO, as the successor to the GATT, is designed to regulate the trade and political relations of the organization's participants in the field of international trade on the basis of a package of agreements. The agreement establishing the WTO provides for the creation of a permanent forum of member states to resolve problems affecting their multilateral trade relations, as well as to monitor the implementation of agreements and agreements. The WTO functions in much the same way as the GATT, but controls a wider range of trade agreements and has much more powers. The main task of the WTO is to liberalize world trade by regulating it primarily by tariff methods with a consistent reduction in the level of import duties, as well as eliminating various non-tariff barriers, quantitative restrictions and other obstacles in the international exchange of goods and services.

All WTO member countries are committed to implementing key agreements and legal instruments, i.e. multilateral trade agreements, based on the rules and regulations of which over 90% of global trade in goods and services are regulated.

The highest body of the WTO is the Ministerial Conference, which brings together representatives of all participants in the organization. Conference sessions meet to discuss and make decisions on fundamental issues. The WTO Ministerial Conference establishes the Committee on Trade and Development, the Committee on Balance of Payments Restrictions, the Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration, and the Committee on Trade and Environment.

WTO participants are represented by three groups:

Full participants;

Observers;

International organizations.

Russia is conducting active negotiations on joining the WTO. The need for this is due to the tasks of international integration, conditions for access to world markets, attracting foreign investment in Russian economy. What complicates this process is that Russia intends to obtain the status of a country with a market economy, which imposes special conditions on the accession procedure.

CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF METROLOGY

Metrology (from the Greek “metro” - measure, “logos” - study) is the science of measurements, methods and means of ensuring their unity and ways to achieve the required accuracy.

In modern society, metrology as a science and field of practical activity plays an important role. This is due to the fact that there is practically no sphere of human activity where measurement results are not used.

Measurements are an integral part of most work processes. The costs of providing and conducting measurements account for about 20% of the total costs of production.

Based on measurements, information is obtained about the state of production, economic and social processes. Measurement information serves as the basis for making decisions about product quality when implementing quality systems, in scientific experiments etc. And only the reliability and corresponding accuracy of measurement results ensure the correctness of decisions made at all levels of management. Receiving unreliable information leads to incorrect decisions, decreased product quality, and possible accidents.

Effective cooperation with other countries, joint development of scientific and technical programs, further development of trade relations require growing mutual trust to measurement information, which is essentially the main object of exchange when jointly solving scientific and technical problems, the basis for mutual settlements in trade transactions, concluding contracts for the supply of materials, products, equipment. The creation of a unified approach to measurements guarantees mutual understanding, the possibility of unification and standardization of measurement methods and instruments, mutual recognition of measurement results and product testing in the international trade system.