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On July 4, 1967, Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 609-201 set the start of the development of the 122-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S1 “Gvozdika”. The Kharkov Tractor Plant named after S. Ordzhonikidze was appointed the head enterprise. The same plant had previously developed the MT-LB artillery tractor, which was used as a base. However, due to insufficient stability, as well as increased loads, an additional support roller was added to the chassis chassis.

From 1967 to 1972, OKB-9 produced and tested two experimental howitzers D-11 and D-12 of 122 mm caliber. Based on the test results, the D-12 option was chosen, which, after modifications, was assigned the in-plant index D-32 (GRAU Index - 2A31).

Since August 1967, an experimental batch of four 2S1 self-propelled howitzers entered field testing. At the stage of State testing, a serious defect was revealed: when firing, there was severe gas contamination in the fighting compartment. In order to eliminate the comment, about 10 possible options solutions to this problem.
On December 11, 1967, by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense Industry, development of modified howitzers for 2S1 and 2S3 began to reduce gas pollution. On the basis of the D-32 howitzer, the D-16 howitzer was developed with a semi-automatic bolt with a plate shutter. However, due to the low effectiveness of this solution, work on the D-16 project was stopped in 1972. The problem was solved by using a more powerful ejector and sleeves with improved sealing.
After completion of all types of tests and elimination of comments on September 14, 1970, by Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 770-249 self-propelled howitzer 2S1 was put into service.

The SAU 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer was intended to replace the D-30 towed howitzer in artillery battalions of motorized rifle regiments. Being the lightest model of all, it was supposed to have mobility comparable to tanks and infantry fighting vehicles and provide constant fire support advancing motorized rifle and tank units. The 122-mm self-propelled artillery howitzer is designed to destroy and suppress manpower and infantry firepower, destroy field fortifications, make passages in minefields and barbed wire obstacles, as well as to combat enemy artillery, mortars and armored vehicles.

The main armament of the self-propelled artillery unit is a 122-mm howitzer D-32 (2A31), installed in the rear of the vehicle. The howitzer barrel consists of a monoblock pipe, a breech, a coupling, an ejection device and a two-chamber muzzle brake. Semi-automatic vertical wedge shutter. Sector lifting mechanism with manual drive. Guidance of the gun in the vertical plane is carried out in the angle range from -3° to +70°. The recoil brake is hydraulic spindle type, the knurl is pneumatic. The recoil and retractor brake cylinders are fixed in the breech and roll back along with the barrel. The barrel is balanced by a push-type pneumatic balancing mechanism. The ramming mechanism is of an electromechanical type, designed for separate loading of a projectile and a loaded cartridge case into the barrel chamber after placing them on the rammer tray.

The 2S1 “Gvozdika” is equipped with a PG-2 periscope sight, which allows firing from both closed positions and direct fire. PG-2 consists of a panorama, a mechanical sight with a matching unit, optical sight direct fire OP5-37, parallelogram drive and electrical unit.
The transportable ammunition of the 2S1 self-propelled gun is 35 high-explosive fragmentation shells and 5 cumulative shells. Separately loaded ammunition - a projectile and a cartridge case with a charge. Lighting, propaganda, electronic countermeasures, chemical, smoke, and projectiles with special arrow-shaped striking elements can also be used.

A high-explosive fragmentation projectile can be fired at a maximum range of up to 15,300 m. When using an active-rocket projectile, the range increases to 21,900 m. To fire a cumulative rotating projectile BP-1, a special Zh-8 charge weighing 3.1 kg is used, which gives the projectile initial speed 740 m/s. Firing range - up to 2000 m. Armor penetration at a right angle is 180 mm, at an angle of 60° - 150 mm, at an angle of 30° - 80 mm. Armor penetration parameters do not depend on distance.
The rate of fire when firing airborne ammunition shells is 1-2 rounds per minute. “From the ground” - 4-5, while they are supplied inside the fighting compartment using a transport device through a door in the rear of the self-propelled gun hull.
The undercarriage of each side consists of seven road wheels, a driving front wheel and a guide rear wheel. The caterpillar does not have supporting rollers. The track tensioning mechanism is located inside the housing. Track tension is also adjusted from inside the machine. The tracks with rubber-metal hinges are 400 mm wide and can be replaced with wider ones (670 mm) to improve cross-country ability in snow and wetlands. A mechanical transmission is interlocked with the engine. The track rollers are made of aluminum alloy. Between the hub and the outer ring with the rubber band of each roller, two disks are welded, forming an internal air chamber that increases the buoyancy of the machine. The drive wheels, located at the front of the housing, have removable ring gears, making them easy to replace if excessive wear occurs.

The power plant is a YaMZ-238 diesel engine with a power of 300 hp, allowing the vehicle to reach a maximum speed of 60 km/h on the highway. 2S1 "Carnation" - floating. The afloat speed is 4.5 km/h. With a wave height of up to 150 mm and a current speed of no more than 0.6 m/sec, the machine is capable of overcoming water obstacles 300 m wide. Movement through water is carried out by rewinding the tracks.
The machine body is welded from steel plates, maximum thickness which reaches 20 mm. This armor provides protection from lung fire small arms and fragments of small-caliber shells and mines. The control compartment and the engine-transmission compartment are located in the front part of the hull, and the fighting compartment is located in the middle and aft parts of the hull, as well as in the turret. The turret accommodates three crew members: in front on the left is the gunner, behind him is the installation commander and to the right of the gun is the loader. Ammunition is stored in the rear part of the self-propelled gun body. The armor of the self-propelled gun is bulletproof and provides protection against damage by armor-piercing bullets of 7.62 mm caliber at a distance of 300 m.

Crew - 4 people.

The 122-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S1 "Gvozdika" is in service with the ground forces of the CIS countries and the former Warsaw Pact, Algeria, Angola, Yemen, Libya, Syria and Ethiopia. After the reunification of Germany, 374 installations were transferred to the Bundeswehr. In addition to the USSR, the howitzer was produced under license in Bulgaria and Poland.

In 2001, a deep modernization of the 2S1 “Gvozdika” was carried out, receiving the index “M”. The 2AZ1 gun was replaced by a semi-automatic 122 mm 2A80 gun, which has a barrel cooling system. The use of unitary shots and automatic restoration of vodka increased the target rate of fire to 7-9 rounds per minute, and the introduction of more powerful ammunition from the new gun into the ammunition load increased the effectiveness of hitting targets. IN lately In order to improve the installation, a laser-guided projectile, “Kitolov-2,” was developed for it. This projectile can hit stationary and moving targets with a high degree of probability. According to leading specialists of Motovilikha Plants OJSC, after modernization the effectiveness of combat use Self-propelled gun 2S1M "Gvozdika" increases by at least 3 times.

In 1967, by resolution of the Council of Ministers No. 609-201, work began on the development of the second generation self-propelled gun 2S1 “Gvozdika”. The development was carried out by OKB-9 of the Uralmash plant. After two years of hard work, in 1969, prototype a new self-propelled artillery mount entered field testing. Already in 1971, the 2S1 self-propelled gun was put into service. High speed development and manufacturing are quite simple to explain. The designers used the MT-LB tractor as a chassis, on which the famous D-30 howitzer was installed. Having subjected the D-30 in the tracked version to minor design changes, it was given the name D-32 (GRAU index 2A31). The 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled gun is designed to suppress and destroy infantry fire weapons, destroy various field-type fortifications, and make passages into barriers various types, both wire and mine, fighting armored vehicles and artillery, including mortars, destroying enemy personnel. Self-propelled guns were received by artillery divisions of motorized rifle regiments equipped with infantry fighting vehicles.

SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY UNIT 2S1 “GVOZDIKA” – AN ACCURATE HIT!

The ammunition load of the 2S1 self-propelled gun is 35 high-explosive fragmentation and five cumulative shells. Separately loaded ammunition - a projectile and a cartridge case with a charge. A wide range of projectiles includes - illumination, propaganda, electronic countermeasures projectiles, as well as chemical, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation, with special arrow-shaped striking elements. Attempts to create on the basis of the D-32 for 2S1 howitzers - D-16 and D-16M with cap loading were undertaken in 1967. These howitzers did not go into production.

The 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled gun is similar in layout to the 152 mm 2S3 Akatsiya self-propelled gun. The driver's cabin is located in the front part of the hull, in the same place as the engine compartment, the fighting compartment is located at the rear. The three remaining crew members: gunner, loader and commander are located in the turret. The tower rotates 360° using a manual or electric drive. Track rollers with individual torsion bar suspension, rubber-metal tracks. Hydraulic shock absorbers have the first and seventh wheels. The sealed body and rewinding tracks allow the self-propelled gun to swim at a speed of 4.5 km/h and cross water obstacles 300 meters wide, while the current speed should not exceed 0.6 m/s and the wave height 150 mm. When crossing water obstacles, there should be no more than 30 shots on board the installation. The Gvozdika installation can be transported on the following types of aircraft An-12, Il-76, An-124. During transportation, support rollers from the second to the seventh can be raised and secured using special devices, which makes it possible to reduce the height of the self-propelled guns. The bulletproof armor of the self-propelled gun allows it to withstand a 7.62 mm B-32 rifle bullet fired from a distance of 300 meters. Three fuel tanks connected in series are located in the walls of both sides of the hull; the total tank capacity is 550 liters. The 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled gun is equipped with a V-shaped eight-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine YaMZ-238V, produced by the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. The gearbox has 11 forward and two rear speeds. The ammunition has the following arrangement: 16 shells are placed vertically along the side walls of the hull, another 24 shells are located along the rear and side walls of the turret. The dispensing mechanism is electromechanical type. The use of this loading mechanism significantly facilitates the process of loading the howitzer. In the case when shooting is carried out with shells that are stored on the ground, they are supplied to the fighting compartment through the rear door using a transport device.

Aiming and guiding the howitzer gun is carried out using the PG-2 sight and the OP5-37 direct-fire optical sight. The vertical aiming angles of the howitzer barrel are from -3 to +70 degrees. Firing range: maximum - 15,200 m, minimum - 4,070 m. The rate of fire of the howitzer when firing shells located outside the fighting compartment (on the ground) is 4-5 rounds per minute, when firing with onboard ammunition 1-2 rounds per minute. 2S1 " Gvozdika" at one time entered service with all armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (with the exception of Romania). After the reunification of Germany, 374 self-propelled guns 2S1 "Gvozdika" were transferred to the Bundeswehr troops. "Gvozdika" is in service with the armies of the CIS and is currently

By the time serial production of the 2S1 self-propelled gun began, various 105-mm self-propelled guns were already in service with NATO countries. artillery installations similar class, created in the 1950s–1960s, for example, the American M108 or the British FV433. Let the reader not be confused by the difference in calibers; this is due to the fact that 122 mm howitzers existed only in Russia, and in the West, the 105 mm caliber was generally accepted for divisional level howitzers. In addition, the high-explosive fragmentation effect on the target of Soviet 122-mm shells and Western 105-mm shells was comparable. Thus, the reduced area of ​​damage to openly located manpower in a prone position for the 122-mm 53-OF462 projectile was 310 m2, and for the high-explosive 105-mm M1 projectile - 285 m2. Only in the early 1970s. The 122-mm howitzers 2S1, D-30 and M-30 received new 3OF24 ammunition filled with a more powerful explosive, due to which their effectiveness increased by approximately 1.5 times.

Upgraded self-propelled gun 2S34 “Khosta” with a 120-mm rifled mortar gun 2A80-1.
Adopted by the RF Armed Forces in 2008.

“Gvozdika” can be compared with the above-mentioned foreign peers. At the time of adoption, the 2S1 self-propelled gun was superior to its American competitor M108 in terms of firing range with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile - 15.2 km versus 11.5 km, but was significantly inferior in maximum rate of fire - 4–5 rounds per minute versus 10 rounds per minute. Both self-propelled guns were floating, but the 2S1 was 5 tons lighter and floated on its own, and for the M108 it was necessary to develop an individual watercraft (six inflatable rubberized containers). The maximum speeds of 2S1 and M 108 were approximately the same - 60 and 56 km/h, respectively. However, the cruising range of the Soviet car, thanks to the diesel engine, was significantly greater - 500 km versus 350 km. In addition to the main armament, the M 108 also had auxiliary weapons - a 12.7-mm anti-aircraft machine gun on the commander's cupola, while the 2S1 self-propelled gun had no defensive machine gun at all.

SAU 2S1 (right) one of military units IRGC during a review after the exercise.
Iran 2009

The British self-propelled gun FV433 Abbot (“Abbot”), built on the basis of the FV430 universal tracked chassis, was armed with a 105 mm X24 gun. Loading of the gun was separate, semi-automatic - the projectile was sent into the barrel by the loading mechanism, and the charge was inserted by the loader. As a result, the rate of fire of the Abbot self-propelled gun reached 12 rounds/min, for the 2S1 - 4–5 rounds/min. With the L31 projectile weighing 16.1 kg, the maximum firing range was 17 km, for the 2S1 it was 15.2 km. As an auxiliary weapon, a 7.62 mm Bren machine gun was installed on the self-propelled gun turret. In terms of mobility, the English self-propelled guns were inferior to the 2S1, having a maximum speed on the highway of 48 km/h (for the 2S1 - 60 km/h) and a range of 390 km (for the 2S1 - 500 km). To overcome water obstacles Abbot was forced to use an individual flotation device - a waterproof canvas casing, it was attached along the perimeter of the top plate of the hull, stretched over a sliding frame.

Thus, the indisputable advantages of the 2S1 self-propelled guns compared to its modern foreign analogues include high maneuverability and relatively low weight, which allow the 2S1 to be used in conjunction with amphibious infantry fighting vehicles and armored personnel carriers. The disadvantages of the 2S1 self-propelled guns include the low rate of fire, the absence of an anti-aircraft machine gun, and the driver’s limited right field of view.

Technical characteristics of self-propelled gun 2S1 “Gvozdika”

Crew, people
Height, m
Width, m
Maximum speed:
on the highway, km/h
afloat, km/h
Cruising range on the highway, km
Armament	122 mm howitzer D-32 (2A31)
Ammunition, shells
Gun type	rifled howitzer
Firing range, km
Engine
Engine power, l. With.
Booking	bulletproof

The combat path of 2S1 self-propelled howitzers began in Afghanistan. True, the tactics of their use in Afghan war differed from the one for which they were actually developed - 2S1 did not fire from closed positions, but were used as assault guns. For example, in the operation to capture the base areas of Khaki-Safed and Shingar, 2S1 batteries advanced behind the attacking assault groups, destroying enemy resistance points with direct fire. Similar tactics, tested during the Second World War, significantly reduced personnel losses. In difficult terrain, when accompanying assault groups, specially designated 2S1 reserve batteries were also used for fire support.

In 1986, 2S1 self-propelled guns were used during the offensive in Kandahar province. The battalions that were pushing out the Mujahideen who had settled in the green area were provided with additional fire support by a specially dedicated platoon of self-propelled howitzers. During the offensive, this self-propelled gun platoon destroyed seven enemy firing points, and another nine firing points were destroyed by two platoons of 82-mm mortars. In general, we can say that, given the difficult conditions of Afghanistan, the first combat use of the 2S1 self-propelled guns turned out to be quite successful.

Self-propelled gun 2S1 on a transporter in Damascus.
Syria, September 2012

SAU 2S1 on a pontoon, military competition " Open water».
Russia, 2016

After the collapse of the USSR, 2S1 self-propelled howitzers took part in almost all the conflicts that broke out across its vast territory. For example, 2S1s were used in Transnistria during the armed conflict between the troops of the unrecognized Transnistrian Republic (PMR) and the armed forces of Moldova. Moreover, decisions to provide assistance to the PMR not only with equipment, but even with fire from the artillery units entrusted to them, were sometimes made by officers of the 14th Army even without the consent of their superiors. So, on June 20, 1992 “in the morning at training center 59th motorized rifle division Lieutenant Colonel “N” and Major “V” independently brought out a battery of 122-mm 2S1 self-propelled howitzers (at that time there were only four guns in the battery) and opened fire, destroying the concentration of manpower and equipment of the Moldavian army in the area of ​​​​the television tower (Herbovetsky forest) and near traffic police post on the Chisinau-Bendery highway.”

The 2S1 was used in Karabakh, during the civil war in Tajikistan, and during the Georgian-Ossetian conflicts. In 2007, Georgia had 35 2S1 self-propelled guns, and after the August 2008 war, another 12 2S1 self-propelled guns were delivered to Georgia from Bulgaria.

Russian federal troops actively used 2S1 in two Chechen campaigns. For example, self-propelled howitzers 2S1 Marine Corps in the fall of 1999, they provided artillery support to the 100th Special Purpose Division internal troops Russia. It is known that in 1992–1993. Chechen separatists managed to capture several Gvozdika self-propelled guns along with ammunition, which they used against the federals.

Since 1979, 2S1 self-propelled guns have been supplied to Iraq. Until 1989, 150 self-propelled guns were sent to this country, which made it possible to significantly increase the power of Iraqi artillery, which was actively used during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–1988. To be fair, it should be noted that the USSR supplied weapons to both sides of this conflict. Self-propelled guns 2S1 were used by the Iraqi military not only against Iranian troops, but also against international coalition forces during their ground operations. offensive operation for the liberation of Kuwait - “Sword of the Desert”. True, in this case the 2S1 self-propelled guns did not show themselves particularly well, however, like the entire Iraqi army. During the large-scale air attack that preceded the ground offensive, the coalition forces managed to almost completely destroy the command and control system of the Iraqi troops. Almost nothing is known about the use of the 2S1 self-propelled guns during the invasion of Iraq by coalition forces in 2003.

Currently small quantity The Iranian army has the 2S1 self-propelled gun; in all likelihood, these self-propelled guns were captured from Iraq during the 1980–1988 war.

In 2011, during the civil war in Libya, 2S1 self-propelled guns were used by government forces against rebels. IN large quantities Self-propelled guns 2S1 were delivered to Syria. But during the years of the civil war, self-propelled guns of government forces more than once fell into the hands of various opposition forces (including the al-Nusra Front and ISIS) as trophies, so now they are used on both sides of the front.

Judging by some reports, the 2S1 self-propelled gun was also used by the Houthi rebels during the fighting in Yemen - 25 self-propelled guns were delivered to this country.

Returning to European continent, it can be mentioned that the Gvozdika self-propelled guns were used during the Yugoslav wars by all participants in the confrontation. Army of Yugoslavia in 1982–1983 100 2S1 units were supplied from the USSR, which then went to those formed in the territory former Yugoslavia states.

Despite the reliability and unpretentiousness of the 2S1 self-propelled guns, their considerable age is making itself felt, and some countries that operate these self-propelled guns are already looking for a replacement for them. Among them, for example, Finland, which currently has 72 2S1 self-propelled guns (in Finnish army are designated PSH 74). In July 2016, the Finnish Ministry of Defense announced that it was negotiating the acquisition of South Korea 155-mm self-propelled howitzers K9 Thunder. According to unofficial sources, it is planned to purchase about 50 K9 howitzers with the corresponding amount of ammunition. The total procurement budget is approximately 100 million euros.

Back in 2013, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine decided to remove the 2S1 self-propelled gun from service. Ground Forces as outdated. If in 1992 Ukraine had 563 self-propelled guns 2S1, then by 2014 there were 312 units left (according to “Military Balance - 2014”). In the 24th, 30th, 72nd and 93rd mechanized brigades, the artillery divisions were already completely disbanded; in other units they were at various stages of disbandment. By the spring of 2014, 159 self-propelled guns were sent to storage bases, another 12 self-propelled howitzers of the 36th separate brigade Coastal defenses were never returned to Ukraine after the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation.

With the outbreak of hostilities in the Donbass, most of the Ukrainian 2S1 self-propelled guns were returned to service, but the training of crews for them was delayed. As a result, a significant part of the 2S1 self-propelled guns reached the front only in the fall of 2014. It is known that at least five 2S1 self-propelled guns of the 51st separate mechanized brigade were captured by the enemy in 2014 in the Ilovaisk direction.

For for many years service of the 2S1 self-propelled gun, this successful vehicle did not have many modifications. And those mainly appeared after the end of its mass production and were aimed at maintaining the car at a modern level.

For example, in Poland a modification was developed - 2C1T Goździk with an improved TOPAZ fire control system produced by WB Electronics (the same system was installed on the 152-mm Dana-T self-propelled gun-killer). The Poles proposed a more radical modernization of the 2S1 in 2009 - in the new Rak-120 they replaced the original 122 mm gun with a 120 mm mortar with an automatic loader. The installation's ammunition load was 60 rounds.

A similar modernization of self-propelled guns was carried out in Russia. Here in 2003 they developed a version of the self-propelled gun, designated 2S34 “Khosta”, adopted by the Armed Forces Russian Federation in 2008. The first production 2S34s were handed over to the troops, probably in 2010.

The modernization of the 2S1 self-propelled guns into the 2S34 version was carried out at the Perm OJSC Motovilikha Plants. Instead of a 122-mm howitzer, the vehicle was equipped with a 120-mm rifled semi-automatic gun-mortar 2A80-1 with muzzle brake, as well as a modern automatic guidance and fire control system (ASUNO) 1B168-1 with auxiliary weapons - a 7.62-mm PKT machine gun on the commander’s cupola.

The modern 2A80 mortar gun allows you to fire high-power projectiles, all types of 120-mm Soviet/Russian-made finned mines, as well as 120-mm high-precision guided projectiles. The gun was provided with vertical aiming angles from –2° to +80°, and the installation of ASUNO made it possible to automate the control of its aiming in the vertical and horizontal planes. The car also received automatic system topographic reference and orientation.

After modernization efficiency combat use The self-propelled gun 2S34 “Khosta” has increased approximately 3 times compared to the old 2S1. According to the developer, this result was achieved thanks to increased targeted rate of fire from 4–5 rounds/min to 7–9 rounds/min (unitary shot, automatic aiming restoration), increasing the power of ammunition up to 2 times, improving the firing mode (cooling the barrel, having an indicator of barrel overheating, eliminating gas contamination), improving crew habitability conditions, reducing the preparation time for the first shot.

It is known that the Khosta self-propelled guns were part of the self-propelled artillery battery of the 1st motorized rifle battalion of the 21st separate motorized rifle brigade in Totskoye (Orenburg region).

Technical characteristics of self-propelled guns 2S34 “Khosta”

Crew, people
Booking	bulletproof
Power point	liquid-cooled diesel engine YaMZ-238N
Power, hp
Specific power, hp/t
Maximum speed:
on the highway, km/h
afloat, km/h
Cruising range (on highway), km
Armament	120 mm rifled gun 2A80-1; 7.62 mm PKTM machine gun
Firing range, km
Ammunition	40 shots 120mm

Recently, information has appeared about an attempt to modernize 2S1 in Ukraine. For this purpose, at the beginning of 2016, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine sent three 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled guns to the Kharkov Tractor Plant. According to the plant management, the 2S1 “will replace outdated communications and electrical equipment, and install a modern domestic navigation system, which will significantly reduce the time required to prepare the crew for firing. The combat module and weapons will also be overhauled.” It is planned to replace the engine - instead of YaMZ, one of the European models will be installed (a Volvo diesel is tentatively planned). It was assumed that in the summer of 2016 the updated Gvozdikas would undergo practical tests. However, this has not happened yet.

In addition to modernizing the self-propelled gun itself, work was also carried out to improve the 122 mm ammunition used by the 2S1. Thus, back in 1997, an active-reactive 122-mm high-explosive fragmentation projectile with ready-made rifling was developed, with which the maximum firing range of the 2S1 increased from 15.2 to 21.9 km.

Also, to increase the maximum firing range, a 122 mm artillery shell M95 with a super charge, thanks to which the projectile accelerates to 718 m/s and flies 17.1 km.

Given the interest in the introduction of high-precision artillery ammunition with target guidance at the final part of the trajectory, similar projectiles were developed for the 2S1. In 2002, Russia adopted the Kitolov guided weapons complex, developed by the Tula Instrument Design Bureau, which included adjustable high-explosive fragmentation projectiles with a passive homing head (receives the reflected signal from the target illumination with a laser target designator-rangefinder) of 120 and 122 calibers mm.

The 2S1 Gvozdika self-propelled gun can fire 122-mm Kitolov-2M high-explosive fragmentation shells to a maximum range of 13.5 km. Projectile length - 1,190 mm, weight - 28 kg, of which combat unit accounts for 12.25 kg, the mass of the explosive is 5.3 kg. The probability of hitting targets is at least 0.8. The projectile is controlled along its flight path using aerodynamic rudders equipped with a special drive powered by the energy of incoming air flows. Homing heads for Kitolov-2 ammunition are manufactured by LOMO OJSC.

Unlike ordinary artillery shells of the same caliber, which are effective only when shooting at areas, the Kitolov-2M allows you to hit specific single targets, firing from closed firing positions without preliminary zeroing. However, to do this, there must be an observer-gunner with a laser illumination device not far from the target. This makes the gunner vulnerable, especially if the enemy has laser irradiation sensors (the target must be illuminated within ten seconds). They also play a significant role weather conditions, - for example, in low clouds, the projectile may simply “not have time” to aim at the reflected beam.

In general, despite the fact that back in the 1990s. The 2S1 self-propelled gun was considered obsolete; the time had not yet come to “take off its hooves” (as the hero of the old Soviet film “Crew” said) and send it into final retirement. “Gvozdika” continues to be in service with the armies of Russia and other CIS countries, and is also successfully used in many foreign countries.

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Performance characteristics Calculation, man 4 Weight, kg Dimensions: dl. X lat. X height, m 7.3 x 2.85 x 2.4 Power point 8-cyl. YAME-23N Engine power, l/s Maximum speed, km/h Cruising range, km Angle of slope to be overcome, degrees Height of obstacles overcome, m Width of the ditch to be overcome, m

In the period after the end of World War II Soviet Union paid special attention to the development of towed artillery, while NATO countries developed mainly self-propelled artillery. Although its creation and operation are quite expensive, it has a number of advantages over towed artillery, mobility on rough terrain, full armor protection of crew and ammunition, the ability to install a PX6 protection system, and the ability to quickly deploy to a position. The Soviet Union continued to design specialized anti-tank guns until in 1974, at a parade in Poland, a 122-mm self-propelled howitzer was first demonstrated, which had been in service with the USSR and Poland since 1972. In the NATO classification it received the designation M1974, and in the Soviet Union - “Gvozdika” index 2C1. This artillery system used in Algeria, Angola, Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany and other countries. The howitzer was produced under license in Bulgaria and Poland. It is in service in the former Soviet republics. IN Soviet Army"Gvozdika" were in service with 36 howitzers in each motorized rifle division and 72 howitzers in each tank division.

The Gvozdika self-propelled gun is structurally similar to the M109 self-propelled howitzer, which was in service with the United States. The engine, transmission and driver's seat are located at the front of the hull, and the fully enclosed turret is at the rear. The machine has an adjustable suspension consisting of seven road wheels, a front drive wheel and a rear idler wheel; no support wheels are installed on the machine. When driving through snowy or marshy areas, standard 400 mm wide tracks can be replaced with 670 mm wide tracks to reduce the machine's pressure on the ground. The vehicle's standard equipment includes the PX6 protection system, as well as a full set of night vision devices for the commander and driver. The Gvozdika self-propelled howitzer is an amphibious vehicle, the speed of movement in water is 4.5 km/h.

The turret of the Gvozdika self-propelled gun is equipped with a modernized version of the standard 122 mm towed howitzer D-30. The vertical guidance angle of the gun is +70°, declination -3°, and the turret moves 360° horizontally. The turret and gun have electric drives with manual control. The gun is equipped with a two-chamber muzzle brake, a barrel bore purging system and a semi-automatic vertical sliding bolt; the gun mounting rod in the stowed position is located on the hull.

The howitzer can fire using a high-explosive projectile weighing 21.72 kg at a range of 15,300 m; it is also possible to use chemical, illumination, smoke and cumulative projectiles. The latter hit tanks, burning tank armor to a depth of up to 460 mm at 0° deflection at a distance of 1000 m. At a distance of up to 21900 m, high-explosive ARS projectiles can be used. 2S1 "Gvozdika" can also use laser beam guidance artillery ammunition"Kitolov-2" at a range of 12,000 m. The usual ammunition load consists of 40 shells: 32 high-explosive, six smoke and two cumulative. It is believed that the gun's firing plate provides an increased rate of fire (5 rounds per minute), and also allows the gun to be loaded at any vertical pointing angle. The chassis of the 2S1 "Gvozdika" howitzer is similar to the MT-L6 chassis and is used for large quantity control and reconnaissance vehicles, chemical reconnaissance and minelayers.

122-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S1 “Gvozdika”

Years of production: 1969-1991

Issued: more than 10,000 pieces.

The 122-mm SG 2S1 "Gvozdika" - a unit created on the basis of the MT-LBu multi-purpose tracked transporter and armed with a 2A31 howitzer, in terms of ballistic characteristics and the ammunition used, is completely unified with the gun equipped with the towed 122-mm howitzer D-30.

The machine body is welded from steel plates, the maximum thickness of which reaches 20 mm. Such armor provides protection from light small arms fire, shell fragments and small-caliber mines. The self-propelled gun “holds” a 7.62-mm B-32 rifle bullet from a distance of 300 m. Three fuel tanks with a total capacity of 550 liters are located in the walls of both sides of the hull. The engine used in the 2S1 is a V-shaped eight-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine YaMZ-238N from the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. In general, the layout of the howitzer is similar to the 152-mm self-propelled gun 2S3 Akatsiya.

The 2S1 entered service with artillery battalions of motorized rifle regiments. The purpose of the "Gvozdika" is the destruction and suppression of manpower and infantry firepower, the destruction of field-type fortifications, making passages in minefields and wire fences, and fighting enemy artillery, mortars and armored vehicles.

The usual ammunition load of a howitzer is limited to three types of ammunition: high-explosive fragmentation (35 pcs.), smoke and several armor-piercing cumulative (5 pcs.) projectiles with stabilizing tail; The maximum firing range of a conventional high-explosive projectile is 15,200 meters. In the case of using active-missile projectiles, the firing range increases to 21,900 meters.

“Gvozdika” is air transportable, that is, it can be transported on An-12, Il-76, An-124 aircraft. To reduce the height of the self-propelled guns, support rollers from the second to the seventh during transportation can be raised and secured using special devices.

The 2S1 “Gvozdika” at one time entered service with all armies of the Warsaw Pact countries (except Romania).

Today the howitzer is in service with the armies of the CIS, including the Belarusian army. Recently, in order to improve the installation, a laser-guided projectile “Kitolov-2” was developed for it. This projectile can hit stationary and moving targets with a high degree of probability.

The Gvozdika hull is used to create turretless reconnaissance, fire control, radiation and chemical reconnaissance, radar surveillance, mine clearance and command vehicles. Production of the SG 2S1 ceased in 1991, but production of auxiliary combat vehicles on its chassis continues.

Tactical and technical characteristics

Combat weight	15.7 t
Combat crew	4 people
Caliber	122 mm
Dimensions	7260x2850x2725 mm
Engine	V-shaped, 8-cylinder, diesel YaMZ-238N, 300 hp.
Reservations: - forehead of the body - tower forehead	15 mm 20 mm
Armament	122 mm howitzer 2A31
Ammunition	40 shots
Rate of fire	4-5 shots/min
Firing range: - high-explosive fragmentation projectile - active-missile projectile	15,200 m 21,900 m
Maximum speed: - along the highway - cross-country - afloat	60 km/h 26-32 km/h 4.5 km/h
Highway range	500 km
Climbability	35°
Climbable wall	0.7 m
Crossable ditch	3.0 m