Boyko Sergei Mikhailovich internal troops. Military-political aspects of ensuring information security in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization space

XVIII century in the history of Russia, this is the century of the beginning of radical transformations of Peter the Great, which served as an impetus for the further development of the Russian state. Reforms, wars, palace coups - everything is woven into the history of our native Fatherland. At the origins of all glorious undertakings stood the young king, who relied in his activities on the army and its officer corps.

A feature of the process of formation of the regular army and navy of Russia, their further strengthening and development, was the participation in this matter of foreign military specialists - representatives of Western European countries.

Relevance of the study. Studying the problem of attraction in the 18th century. foreign specialists in the Russian army and navy has great scientific, educational and practical significance. This is due to a number of circumstances.

Firstly, this period occupies an important place in the history of Russia. At this time, the foundations of the regular armed forces of the state were laid, an army and navy were created, which became a support for Peter the Great in carrying out reforms in the Fatherland. The armed forces contributed to strengthening the authority of the Russian state in Europe. The victories of Russian weapons placed Russia among the leading powers in the world.

Secondly, domestic historical science has studied only certain aspects of the participation of foreign specialists in the creation of the regular army and navy of the Russian state. However, until now there has not been a comprehensive analysis of the role and place of foreigners both at the initial stage of the formation of the regular armed forces of Russia and subsequently throughout the 18th century.

This study contributes to a comprehensive examination of the participation of foreigners in the formation and strengthening of the army and navy of the Fatherland in the 18th century.

Thirdly, the study of certain aspects of the history of the Russian army and navy meets the requirements of orders of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation No. 207 of April 17, 1993 "On improving military-historical work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation" and No. 84 of April 28, 1995 " On measures to further improve military-historical work in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation."

Fourthly, the study will allow a deeper understanding of the historical situation of the past and will help to more thoroughly evaluate modern approaches to solving Russian state problems.

Fifthly, the results of the study suggest the use of the historical experience of reforming the Russian army and navy in the context of modern reforms of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Thus, the relevance of the study is related to the need for a comprehensive analysis of the role and place of foreign specialists in Russian military service, the characteristics of its completion, and the possibility of using this historical experience in modern conditions. This is explained by the recent expansion of the process of military interaction between Russia and the armies of other countries of the world, the reform of the Armed Forces, and the transition to contract service.

Justification of the chronological framework of the study. XVIII century occupies a special place in the history of Russia and its armed forces. The formation of the first regular regiments in June 1700 entailed the attraction of foreign specialists to the Russian service. Subsequently, over the course of a century, the formation, strengthening and development of the young army and navy took place.

By the end of the 18th century. Russia had one of the best armed forces in the world. Limiting the chronological scope of the study to the end of the 18th century. due to the fact that the involvement of foreign specialists in the last years of the 18th century began to be sporadic. They fulfilled their functions for which they were invited during the reign of Peter I. Russia, having strengthened its national officer corps, no longer felt the need for outside help.

The degree of scientific development of the topic.

In Russian historiography of the 18th century. We can distinguish two main works devoted to the consideration of the military aspects of the history of Russia in the 18th century.

The first, the so-called “Book of Mars,” was prepared in 1711-1712. on the instructions of Peter I, cabinet secretary A.V. Makarov and director of the St. Petersburg printing house M.P. Avramov. It included reports and logs of military operations previously published in Vedomosti and Relations1. These works promoted the superiority of the Russian army over the Swedish. The Book of Mars was considered as a documentary collection that was supposed to facilitate work on the history of the Northern War.

The task of writing the history of the Northern War was set by Peter I immediately after its end. But under Peter the book was not published.

The second work, “The History of the Sveian War,” was published in 1770-1772. historian M.M. Shcherbatov in two volumes entitled “Journal, or daily note of the blessed and eternally worthy of memory

1 Description of civil press publications. 1708-January 1725 - M.-JI., 1955.-P.515-523. sovereign Emperor Peter the Great from 1698 even before the conclusion of the Neustadt Peace"1.

Podennaya memo" was not, in fact, just a journal of military operations. When working on it, the task was to show the foundations of Russian foreign policy on the eve and during the war, to characterize the country's armed forces, etc.

The “Journal” noted that instead of the Streltsy regiments, “a direct regular army was launched, which [was] ordered to recruit eighteen infantry regiments and two dragoons; in two divisions of generals Avtonom Golovin and Adam Weide.”2. At the same time, the book never directly stated that the new army was created according to Western European models and was staffed with foreign officers. On the contrary, Peter I emphasized that “the officers in all those divisions were at the same time recruited and trained from the nobles; and this corps was so amazing, both officers and soldiers were young - all two-year-olds were recruits”3. At the same time, the “Day Note” noted that one of the reasons for the defeat at Narva in 1700 was the betrayal of foreign generals and officers who commanded most of the regiments. The Journal says that, having surrendered to the Swedes, the foreigners “gave over the entire fortune of our army to the enemy”4. Thus, the Podennaya Zapiska was the first domestic publication to note the fact of service and assess the activities of foreigners in the Russian armed forces.

P.P.Shafirov5, F.Prokopovich6, N.I.Novikov7 were also involved in understanding the military-historical events of the wars of the 18th century.

1 See: Journal, or daily note.: In 2 parts - St. Petersburg, 1770-1772.

2 Ibid. - S.Z.

3 Ibid.- P.5.

4 Ibid.- P.26.

5 See: Shafirov P.P. Reasoning, what legitimate reasons did His Royal Majesty Peter the Great, Tsar and Sovereign of All Russia, and so on, and so on, and so on: for starting the war against King Carol 12 of Sweden in 1700, and which of these two potentates was more moderate during this ongoing war? and showed inclinations towards reconciliation, and who in

I.I.Golikov1. Their works examined various military issues. However, the role of foreigners in the creation of the regular army and navy of Russia and their place in the further development and strengthening of the armed forces have not been analyzed. The authors limited themselves to only isolated references to the facts of attracting representatives of Western European countries to military service in the Russian state.

At the end of the 18th century. Compared to his predecessors, Major General I.I. Rusanov, one of the first Russian military historians, covered in more detail the participation of foreigners in the initial period of the formation of the regular army and navy. But in his work “News about the beginning, establishment and state of the regular army in Russia with an indication of the changes that were made in it at times and circumstances”2 only noted cases of inviting foreign officers to the Russian army, without showing their role in the process of creation regular army.

In the 19th century On the issues of transforming the army, there were active discussions between domestic military historians, who were divided into two opposing schools - the “School of Academicians” and the “Russian School”. Supporters of these schools respectively defended or rejected the thesis about the main role played by foreigners in military transformations. the continuation of it, with such a great spill of Christian blood and the devastation of many lands, is guilty, and with which the warring country that war was waged according to the rules of Christian and political peoples." - St. Petersburg, 1717.

6 History of Emperor Peter the Great, composed by Feofan Prokopovich. - Ed. 2. - M., 1788.

1 See: Golikov I.I. Acts of Peter the Great, the wise transformer of Russia: In 12 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1788-1789; Golikov I.I. Additions to the Acts of Peter the Great: In 18 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1790-1797.

2 See: Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA), f.XX (Military Affairs), d.66, sheets not numbered.

For adherents of the first direction, the founder of which was the head of the Nikolaev Military Academy G.A. Leer1, there was a typical point of view according to which military affairs in pre-Petrine Russia was hopelessly outdated and by the time of the accession of Peter I was in a state of complete collapse, and the armed forces were disorganized and incapacitated. Therefore, Peter considered it necessary to completely put an end to the past and, after a thorough study of the state of affairs in European countries, decided to introduce a regular army in Russia. At the same time, he strictly followed Western models in everything related to structure, financing, organization, weapons, education, uniforms, etc.2

This point of view, which had many supporters among Western historians, was supported primarily by a textual analysis of the main military regulations of Peter - the Military Charter (1716) and the Naval Charter (1720) - and the military legislation of European states. With these comparisons - as well as more general studies of the history of the creation of charters and regulations - scientists sought to prove that both army3 and naval regulations4,

1 See: Review of Russian wars from Peter the Great to the present day. A manual for studying military history in military schools. Ed. G.A.Leera: At 4 o'clock, St. Petersburg, 1885-1898.

2 See: Bobrovsky P.O. Military law in Russia under Peter the Great: In 2 parts - St. Petersburg, 1886. - 4.2. Military article.

3 See: Bobrovsky P.O. Military law.; Anners E. Den karolinska militarstrafratten och Peter den Stores krigsartiklar (Kungl. Vetenskapssamhallets i Uppsala Handlingar. Bd. 9, Stockholm, 1961); Hjarne H. Svenska reformer i tsar Peters valde (Ur det forgangna. Historia och politik. Stockholm, 1912). If Jerne believed that the Military Regulations were entirely copied from Swedish military laws, then the other authors believed that we could only talk about a compilation from the laws of several countries, but the Swedish articles still played the role of the main prototype.

4 See: Zeidel I.K. Essay on the history of the Naval Charter, published under Peter the Great // Naval collection. - 1860, August; Veselago F.F. A brief history of the Russian fleet. - St. Petersburg, 1892; Romashkin P.S. The main principles of the criminal and military criminal legislation of Peter I. - M., 1947. certainly had foreign prototypes, whether it was a direct copying of the legislation of individual powers or a compilation from various sources. The Swedish historian E. Anners even used the word “monkeying” in this sense1. He “cannot, apparently, find any other reason for Russian victories than the effectiveness of the use of officers recruited abroad”2.

Supporters of the views of G.A. Leer should include another representative of the “academic school” P.A. Geisman. He created quite a lot of works, among which the most important is “A Short Course in the History of Military Art in the Middle and New Ages”3. In this work, the author indicated that “the regiments of the foreign system were organized according to Western European, mainly German, models.” The same idea ran through other works of P.A. Geisman4.

The position of the “academic school” in the field of the history of military law was defended by the head of the Military Law Academy (1875-1897) P.O. Bobrovsky. The main provisions of his works boiled down to the fact that Russia is not fenced off from Western Europe and is identical with! The West's path of development5. In his work “Military Law in Russia under

1 Anners E. Den karolinska militarstrafratten och Peter den Stores krigsartiklar. - S. 88.

2 Quote. from: Bagger X. Reforms of Peter the Great: a review of research. - M., 1985. - P. 17.

3 See: Geisman P.A. A short course on the history of military art in the Middle and New Ages: In 3 hours, St. Petersburg, 1893-1896.

4 See: Geisman P.A. Main headquarters. Historical sketch of the emergence and development in Russia of the General Staff until the end of the reign of Emperor Alexander I inclusive // ​​Centenary of the Military Ministry.-Vol. 4, part 1, book 2, department 1.- St. Petersburg, 1902; Addition to the article by A.K. Baiov “History of military art as a science// News of the Imperial Military Academy.-1911.-No. 15.

5 See: Bobrovsky P.O. The origin of the Military Article and the depiction of the trials of Peter the Great according to the Military Charter of 1716: In 2 parts - St. Petersburg, 1881; Military law in Russia under Peter the Great. - Part 2. - Military article. - Issue 1-3. - St. Petersburg, 1882-1898; Peter the Great as a military legislator // Military collection. - 1887. - No. 5-7; Russia's transition to a regular army. - St. Petersburg, 1885.

Peter the Great" P.O. Bobrovsky wrote: "In Russia for a long time there were foreign regiments, a foreign system, foreign laws for service people, but there was no army as a firmly organized force. Peter I, realizing the inevitability of reform, knew how to carry out exactly what was required in his time primarily for Russia, and history called him the Great"1.

The founders of the Russian School, D.F. Maslovsky and A.Z. Myshlaevsky, opposed the point of view, whose supporters represented the creation of a regular army under Peter I as a radical change in the course of Russian military history. According to their fundamental theory, Russian military art followed an independent path and developed under special conditions on a purely national basis. In their opinion, there could be no question that Peter introduced anything fundamentally and radically new: his military reforms were only a continuation of those transformations that took place in the 17th century.2 D.F. did especially great work in this direction .Maslovsky. In his works3 he strongly objected to the theory of borrowing and argued that Russian military art developed independently. Referring to Russian sources, Maslovsky argued that “the traditions of the Russian army were developed in their own original way”4. A.Z. Myshlaevsky took a similar position5.

1 Bobrovsky P.O. Military law in Russia under Peter the Great. - 4.2 - P.63.

2 See: Maslovsky D.F. Notes on the history of military art in Russia.-SPb., 1891.- Issue 1; Myshlaevsky A.Z. Officer question in the 17th century. Essay on the history of military affairs in Russia. - St. Petersburg, 1899.

3 See: Maslovsky D.F. Combat and field service of Russian troops during the times of Emperor Peter the Great and Empress Elizabeth. - St. Petersburg, 1883; The Russian army in the Seven Years' War.- Vol. 1-3.- M., 1886-1891.

4 Maslovsky D.F. Notes on the history of military art in Russia.-Issue 1.-P.2.

5 See: Myshlaevsky A.Z. Peter the Great. The war in Finland in 1712-1714 - St. Petersburg, 1896. And

Further, the position was developed that Peter’s military reforms were only the “logical conclusion” of the national development trends of the 17th century, and discussions about possible foreign prototypes are “anti-historical” and, at best, irrelevant.

The theoretical debate between representatives of the two schools in military history and, accordingly, their followers did not pass without a trace - it gave rise to an intermediate point of view, the adherents of which found a rational grain in the statements of supporters of both extreme positions. They argued that the new military formations of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the so-called “regiments of a foreign system,” could rightfully be considered as a prototype of Peter’s regular army. According to the authors, these regiments were created according to Western models and staffed by foreign officers1. Thus, this very common view insisted on the permanence of foreign influence.

N.P. Mikhnevich2 and one of the largest military historians of the early 20th century sought to reconcile the contradictions between both schools. A.K.Baiov3. The latter emphasized that attempts to mechanically implant theories developed in the West in Russia are pointless. At the same time in

1 See: Platonov S.F. Lectures on Russian history. - Pg., 1917; Bogoslovsky M.M. Peter the Great and his reform. - M., 1920.

2 See: Mikhnevich N.P. History of military art from ancient times to the beginning of the 19th century. - St. Petersburg, 1895; Fundamentals of Russian military art. A comparative essay on the state of military art in Russia and Western Europe in the most important historical eras - St. Petersburg, 1898; The Armed Forces of Russia before the reign of Emperor Alexander I//Century of the War Ministry.- Vol.4, book 1, section 1, Introduction; Peter the Great and Poltava.-SPb., 1909.

3 See: Baiov A.K. Course on the history of Russian military art.- Vol. 1-7.-SPb., 1909-1913; History of the Russian army. Course of military schools. - Issue 1. - St. Petersburg, 1912; History of military art as a science. - St. Petersburg, 1912; National features of Russian military art in the Romanov period of our history. - St. Petersburg, 1913.

Course on the history of Russian military art" he wrote: ". They couldn’t find a new one at home. It was necessary to turn to unloved foreigners for him" and, thus, a "transition to a new military system and, moreover, to a system borrowed from foreigners" took place.1 There are contradictions in the statements of A.K. Baiov. Moreover, having taken the path of reconciliation between representatives of the two leading directions, he gradually leaned toward the views of the “academicists.” Moreover, he later adopted the “theory of borrowing,” which finally placed him in the camp of the “academic school.”

The Russian" and "academic" schools were components of the official military historiography of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The main topic of their disputes was the consideration of the influence of the military experience of Western European states on the development of Russian military art. The problem of the direct participation of foreigners in the creation and strengthening of regular armies and The Russian fleet was discussed to a small extent in their works. Therefore, these materials were clearly not enough to study the role of foreign officers in the formation of the Russian armed forces. However, they clearly showed the contradictions in views on the problem under consideration in Russian military historical science.

More details about the role of foreigners (in relation to Russian artillery) in the 18th century. wrote one of the most prominent artillery historians N.E. Brandenburg2. They gave a particularly vivid description of the 30-40s. XVIII century, when in the Russian artillery “foreigners who did not even know how to write their surnames worked

1 Baiov A.K. Course on the history of Russian military art. - Issue 1. - P. 126127.

2 See: Brandenburg N.E. Materials for the history of artillery control in Russia. Artillery order. 1701-1720 - St. Petersburg, 1876; 500th anniversary of Russian artillery. 1389-1889 - St. Petersburg, 1889. Russians." Under them, the matter was limited to "only appearance and unsuccessful and stupid changes in the material part of our artillery"1.

Notable in this regard is the work of D.P. Strukov, “The Main Artillery Directorate. Historical Essay,” written by him for the anniversary publication for the centenary of the Ministry of War2, in which the author pointed out Peter’s use of the experience of Western Europe and the invitation of foreign officers to the Russian service. And at the same time, echoing N.E. Brandenburg, Strukov noted the stagnation in Russian artillery in the second quarter of the 18th century.

In “Materials for the history of engineering art in Russia,” Nikolaev Academy professor F.F. Laskovsky wrote that foreigners took an active part in the transformations of Peter I in engineering3. According to Laskovsky, Russians at the beginning of the 18th century! were simply students of Western Europe.

Naval historiography of the problem is represented mainly by the works of historians of the second half of the 19th century. S.I.Elagina4 and F.F.Veselago5. The latter’s conclusions about the training of personnel and the role of foreigners in the formation of the young Russian fleet are interesting! He wrote that, accepting foreigners into the fleet, Peter I used them until

1 Brandenburg N.E. 500th anniversary of Russian artillery. - P.40.

2 See: Strukov D.P. Main Artillery Directorate. Historical sketch // Centenary of the War Ministry. - Vol. 6, part 1, book 1. - St. Petersburg, 1902.

3 See: Laskovsky F.F. Materials for the history of engineering art in Russia: In 2 parts - St. Petersburg, 1861. - 4.2.

4 See: Elagin S.I. Materials for the history of the fleet: In 4 parts - St. Petersburg, 1865-1867; List of ships of the Baltic Fleet built and taken from the reign of Peter the Great. 1702-1725.- St. Petersburg, 1867; History of the Russian fleet. Azov period.-SPb., 1864.

5 See: Veselago F.F. Essay on Russian maritime history. - Part 1. - St. Petersburg, 1875; Materials for the history of the Russian fleet. - 4.5-15. - St. Petersburg, 1875-1895; General maritime list. - 4.1-8. - St. Petersburg, 1885-1894; A brief history of the Russian fleet.-Issue 1-2.- St. Petersburg, 1893-1895. until their own Russian cadres grew up: “The Emperor, apparently, cared about the speedy replacement of foreigners with Russians”1.

Thus, domestic military historians of the 19th and early 20th centuries. the problem of foreigners in the Russian service of the 18th century was not sufficiently addressed. The main attention was paid to the influence of Western European military art on the course of military transformations in Russia.

At the same time, such an analysis allows us to take a deeper look at the indirect influence of representatives of European countries who are carriers of this art, who were in the Russian armed forces, on the development of military affairs in the Russian state. Based on this, the works of representatives of the “Russian” and “academic” schools, and other military historians are of practical interest for research;

Studying the military history of Russia in the 18th century. was also carried out by Soviet scientists. L.G. Beskrovny, A.A. Strokov, as well as P.P. Epifanov and M.D. Rabinovich in their works explored the problems of the formation of Peter the Great’s regular army, its recruitment, organization, management, conduct of combat operations and the development of military art2. They developed the position that Peter’s military reforms were only the “logical conclusion” of the national development trends of the 17th century, and discussions about possible foreign prototypes are “anti-historical” and, at best, irrelevant.

1 Veselago F.F. Essay on Russian maritime history.- Part 1.- P. 416.

2 See: Beskrovny L.G. Construction of the Russian army in the 18th century: Dis. doc. ist. Sciences - M., 1950; Strokov A.A. General course of military art.-M., 1951; Epifanov P.P. Essays on the history of the army and military affairs in Russia (second half of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries): Dis. doc. ist. Sciences - M., 1968; Rabinovich M.D. The fate of service people of the “old services” and members of the same palace during the formation of the regular Russian army at the beginning of the 18th century: Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences. - M., 1953.

They emphasized that Peter’s regular army continued to be built on the basis of “regiments of a foreign system” established by his father Alexei Mikhailovich1. The mentioned historians argued that the fleet also had stable traditions, and the fact that foreign officers served in the Russian army was of absolutely insignificant significance2.

Along with these authors, the issues of the formation of a regular army, navy, artillery, their further development, and personnel training were considered in the studies of V.N. Avtokratov, L.P. Bogdanov, V.A. Galkin, E.E. Kolosov, A.E. Suknovalova3.

But in all the above-mentioned works, the problems of the service of foreign generals and officers in the Russian army and navy were not considered, and a comprehensive analysis of their activities to strengthen the Russian armed forces was not carried out. The authors limited themselves to only mentioning the recruitment of foreigners to the first regular regiments in Russia and the attraction of officers from Western Europe to serve in the emerging army and navy.

The studies of the 80-90s are of a similar nature. XX century.4 Among them, the work of S.V. Volkov “Russian Officer Corps”1 stands out.

1 See: Beskrovny L.G. Russian army and navy in the 18th century - M., 1958; Porfiryev E.I. Peter I is the founder of the military art of the Russian regular army and navy. - M., 1952. This author resolutely denied the possibility of even “critical” or “creative” borrowing from foreign sources.

3 See: Autocrats V.N. Management of the Russian armed forces at the beginning

XVIII century (Based on materials from the Order of Military Affairs): Dis. Ph.D. ist. nauk.-M., 1963; Bogdanov L.P. Russian army at the end of the 18th - first quarter

XIX century: (Organization, management, recruitment, weapons): Dis. doc. ist. Sciences - M., 1981; Kolosov E.E. Reorganization of Russian artillery in connection with military reforms of the first quarter of the 18th century: Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences - L., 1961; Suknovalov A.E. Essays on the history of naval education in Russia under Peter I: Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences. - L., 1947.

4 See: Gavrishchuk V.V. Military reforms of Peter I in Russian historiography (1917-1991): Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences - M., 1993; Gonchar A.E. Traditions of the Russian army in the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries: (essence, history, lessons): Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences - M., 1994; Kutishchev A.B.

The author, based on an analysis of documents, various sources (including archival ones), and research by his predecessors, presented certain information about the attraction of foreign officers to the Russian army and navy, the procedure for their admission to the Russian service. They provided a description of the ranks of foreign officers. However, it should be noted that there is an inaccuracy in the work. The author points to the 1704 manifesto on the admission of foreigners into the Russian service, which is not confirmed by either documentary or archival sources.

However, other issues related to the service of foreign officers in Russia and their activities in various fields of military affairs were not considered in the work of S.V. Volkov.

Along with domestic historians, the problem of the participation of foreigners in the creation and strengthening of the Russian regular army and navy, and the influence of the experience of Western European specialists on the development of military affairs in Russia, were also studied by their foreign colleagues. Thus, in the works of Swedish authors E. Anners, H. Jerne2 the main attention was paid to such an aspect as Russia’s borrowing of the experience of other countries when carrying out military reforms. The same problem was devoted to the historiographical study of the Danish scientist H. Bagger “Reforms of Peter the Great: a review of research”3, which examined various aspects of reforms (including military ones) in Peter’s time. The author analyzed Russian and foreign historiography for 125 years,

Peter I’s use of domestic and Western European military experience to create a regular Russian army: Dis. Ph.D. ist. nauk.-Ekaterinburg, 1996; Lebedev A.L. Serving foreigners in Russia in the 17th century. 1613-1689: Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences. - Yaroslavl, 1998.

1 See: Volkov S.B. Russian officer corps. - M., 1993.

2 See: Anners E. Den karolinska militarstrafratten och Peter den Stores krigsartiklar (Kungl. Vetenskapssamhallets i Uppsala Handlingar. Bd. 9, Stockholm, 1961); Hjarne H. Svenska reformer i tsar Peters valde (Ur det forgangna. Historia och politik. Stockholm, 1912).

3 See: Bagger X. Reforms of Peter the Great: a review of research. - M., 1985. Valuable historiographical clarifications and bibliographical additions were made.

At the same time, a number of Western European researchers1 fairly objectively examined the specific contribution of foreigners to development. military affairs in the Russian state. Thus, a substantive analysis of the role of foreign officers entering service in the Russian army was made by K. Manstein2. He praised individual foreigners who, in his opinion, made a significant contribution to the formation of the Russian army, emphasizing their exceptional role. At the same time, the author also pointed out the influx of random people from Europe into Russia who are unable to benefit the Russian state.

In addition to K. Manstein, the negative aspects of the service of foreigners were noted in the “Notes” of the Danish envoy to Russia in the 18th century. Julia Yusta3. However, other Western European authors were only praising foreign officers and generals, speaking negatively about the role and importance of Russians in carrying out reforms in the army and navy4.

The works of foreign authors made it possible to comprehensively consider issues related to solving research problems. This predetermined an integrated approach to studying the problem. Unfortunately, there are few publications on the research problem translated into Russian.

1 Morfill W.R. A history of Russia from the birth of Peter the Great to the death of Alexander II.- London, 1902; Report of the Dutchman van der Helst about the Battle of Poltava. From unpublished materials of the Dutch archives. - St. Petersburg, 1909.

2 See: Manstein K.G. Notes on Russia by General Manstein. 1727-1744. Per. from the French original manuscript of the author. - St. Petersburg, 1875.

3 See: Yul Yust. Notes. - M., 1900.

4 See: Reports of the English Ambassador to Russia Charles Whitworth // Collection of the Russian Historical Society. - St. Petersburg, 1884. - T.39; Reports of de Rhodes // Readings in the Society of Russian Antiquities. - M., 1915. - Book 2; Notes of foreman M. de Broso// Sovremennik.- 1937.- No. 2; Fockerdot. Russia under Peter the Great // Readings in the Society of Russian Antiquities. - M., 1874. - Book 2.

The thoroughness of any scientific research depends critically on the richness and diversity of the sources used. Based on this, the author sought to comprehensively analyze the chosen topic based on various documents.

In the study, the author relies on written historical sources, which he divided into historical and literary monuments. The first includes laws, charters, instructions, orders, reports, and the second includes memoirs and theoretical writings.

Among the activists, two large groups can be distinguished. The first includes legislative acts of state power attracted by the dissertation candidate, as well as materials related to their preparation. They define the main directions of state policy in relation to foreigners invited to Russian service, and show specific measures aimed at regulating their life and activities in Russia.

The second group includes intradepartmental memorial monuments that reveal the activities of the central bodies of military command. These materials made it possible to trace the mechanism for implementing decisions made in power structures and their effectiveness, as well as to study the procedure for foreigners to serve in the Russian army and navy, its features and the nature of the changes that took place in it throughout the 18th century.

A significant part of the sources consisted of archival documents. During the research, the author studied materials from more than 160 files from 16 archival funds of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, the Russian State Military Historical Archive, the Russian State Archive of the Navy and the Russian State Historical Archive. These documents made it possible to create an extensive source base for the study, significantly enrich it and fill it with factual material.

The presence of handwritten archival materials in the Old Church Slavonic language, used in the 18th century, predetermined the dissertation student’s study of the basics of this language, as well as the cursive writing tables of the 15th-18th centuries.

Along with the use of archival materials, the author analyzed a large group of published historical sources that reveal the content of the processes that took place in Russia during the period under study. These include, first of all, “Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire 1649-1825 - First collection: In 43 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1830” (Vol. 4-24, 41-43)1. This “Meeting” clearly shows changes in the procedure for the service of foreigners in the Russian armed forces and other documents regulating their activities.

A historiographic analysis of the problem allows us to conclude that in domestic and foreign historiography the issues of the activities of foreigners in the Russian army and navy in the 18th century. were not considered in a comprehensive manner, although certain aspects of the issue under study were reflected in the works of various authors.

This analysis allows us to identify those areas of research that have not yet been adequately considered by historical science. One of the most important but little-studied areas in the history of Russia in the 18th century is the problem of foreigners in the Russian army and navy.

The object of research in the dissertation is foreign specialists, representatives of Western European countries, who served in the Russian army and navy in the 18th century.

The subject of the study is the process of attracting foreigners, its legal basis, regulation of the procedure for their service in Russia, as well as their personal participation in the formation,

The methodological basis of the study is the fundamental provisions of the theory of scientific knowledge, the principles of historical science: scientific character (objectivity) and historicism. In the process of work, civilizational, sociological, systemic, integrated and other approaches were used1.

The main goal of the work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the need and nature of attracting foreigners to the Russian army and navy in the 18th century, the legal basis of this process, the role of foreigners in the formation and development of the regular armed forces of the Russian state.

Based on the purpose of the study, the dissertation author set himself the following tasks.

First, to explore the need, nature and legal basis for attracting foreigners to the Russian service.

Secondly, consider the regulation of the procedure for their service in the Russian army and navy.

1 See: Blok M. Apology of History, or the Craft of the Historian. - 2nd ed., additional - M., 1986; Gareev M. Truths and misconceptions of historical science // Free thought. - 1992. - No. 6; Kovalchenko I.D. Methods of historical research. - M., 1987; Kudryavtsev V.N. On the features of the methodology of social and human sciences // New and recent history. - 1993. - No. 3; Is history one-dimensional? // Questions of history, - 1992. - No. 8-9; Sakharov A.M. Methodology of history and historiography. - M., 1981; Semennikova L.I. Problems of the civilizational approach to history. - Ufa, 1994; Sorokin P. Man, civilization, society. - M., 1992; Toynbee J. Comprehension of history. - M., 1991; Cherepnin L.V. Issues of methodology of historical research. - M., 1981; Jaspers K. The meaning and purpose of history, - 2nd ed. - M., 1993.

Thirdly, to show the role of foreigners in training personnel for the Russian army and navy in European countries and Russia.

Fourthly, to characterize the activities of foreign specialists in military command and control bodies and in implementing transformations of the Russian armed forces.

Fifthly, to present the combat service of foreign generals and officers in the army and navy of the Russian state in the wars of the period under study.

Sixth, to formulate the main lessons of the activities of foreign specialists in the Russian army and navy in the 18th century. and develop scientific and practical recommendations for further study and use of the results of the dissertation research.

The scientific novelty of the dissertation research lies in the fact that for the first time, based on a comprehensive study of a large number of domestic and foreign sources and literature, a comprehensive analysis of the role and place of foreign specialists in the Russian army and navy in the 18th century was carried out. In the dissertation it was introduced into scientific circulation; a number of documents that were not previously used in the study of this period, but significantly expand the understanding of this aspect of Russian history.

The dissertation candidate submits the following main provisions of the dissertation for defense:

Justification of the need and nature of attracting foreign specialists to the Russian service in the 18th century;

Study of the regulation of service by foreigners in the Russian armed forces;

Assessing the role and significance of the participation of representatives of Western European countries in training personnel for the Russian army and navy;

Study of the activities of foreigners in leadership positions in the military administration of the Russian state and in the implementation of reforms in the military field;

A general description of the combat service of foreign generals and officers during the wars of Russia during the period under study;

The scientific and practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the material analyzed in it, the conclusions and generalizations made can, to a certain extent, influence the further development of domestic historical science. Material about the service of foreigners in the Russian army and navy can be used during the educational process in military educational institutions when studying issues of the history of Russia in the 18th century.

In modern conditions of the transition to a contract basis of service in the army and navy, the technology of concluding contracts with foreign officers during the period under study is of practical importance.

It seems possible to use the historical experience of attracting foreigners to the Russian service, their participation in training personnel for the Russian army and navy in the conditions of interaction of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with the armies of the Commonwealth of Independent States at the present stage.

Approbation of research and publications on the topic. The main provisions of the dissertation and conclusions were presented by the author in reports at scientific and practical conferences of students of the military pedagogical faculty of the Military University, at a meeting of the Department of History of the Military University. The dissertation material was used in preparing and delivering a lecture for cadets of the Faculty of Social and Cultural Activities and Journalism of the Military University on the topic: “The 18th century in the history of Russia.”

Theoretical aspects of attracting foreign specialists to the Russian army and navy in the 18th century. and analysis of the role of foreigners in the development of military affairs in Russia are set out in the publications:

1. Boyko S.M. Military service of foreign specialists in Russia (XVII century) // Military organization and military affairs in Rus' and in European countries in the Middle Ages (1X-XNUMXth centuries). - M.: VU, 1996. - 0.4 pp.

2. Boyko S.M. On the issue of foreignness: From Peter I to Anna Ioannovna // Pedagogical Search. - 1997. - No. 4. - 0.15 pp.

3. Boyko S.M. Foreign specialists in the Russian army and navy (XVIII century) // Military organization and military affairs of Russia and Western European countries (XVIII-early XX century). - M.: VU, 1998. - 0.7 pp.

4. Boyko S.M. Attracting foreign specialists and the legal basis for their service in the Russian state (XVIII century) // Collection of scientific articles by adjuncts. - M.: VU, 1998. - 1.25 pp.

5. Boyko S.M. Foreign artillerymen in the service of Russia (XVIII century)// Bombardier.- 1998.- No. 9.- 1.0 pp.

The total volume of publications is more than 3 pp.

Conclusions on the chapter.

Analysis of the materials presented in the chapter allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1) The formation of a regular army and navy at the beginning of the 18th century and the lack of specialists in Russia predetermined the participation of foreigners in training personnel for the Russian armed forces. The training of future officers in Western European countries, teaching in Russian military educational institutions, and the use of works of Western European authors on military issues contributed at the initial stage to laying the foundation for the domestic system of training command personnel.

All this made it possible to create a certain basis for the formation of a national officer corps in the shortest possible time. Subsequently, the role of foreigners in training future defenders of Russia was not so high.

2) The work of foreign military specialists in the commissions for reforming the army and navy, the preparation of various kinds of documents on the regulation of army and naval life gave a certain result, especially at the initial stage of Peter the Great’s military reform. Subsequently, a wealth of national experience was accumulated, which made it possible to practically refuse the services of foreigners.

The activities of foreigners in military administration bodies were controversial. In the first quarter of the 18th century. Peter I, despite actively attracting representatives of European states to Russia, did not trust them with key leadership positions. However, subsequently this process was determined by the subjective sympathies of the Russian emperors, which did not bring the desired success and tangible positive results for the army and navy. Direct participation in the leadership of the armed forces often did more harm than good.

3) The most striking example of Russian service was the participation of foreign generals and officers directly in combat operations during the wars of the 18th century. Extensive military knowledge, skillful command and tactical wisdom, fearlessness and courage, perseverance and heroism of some were combined with cowardice and mediocrity of others. The best of the foreigners covered themselves with unfading glory and wrote their names in the chronicle of the heroic victories of Russian weapons. Future Russian commanders learned from the examples of outstanding representatives from Europe.

CONCLUSION.

The problem of the role and place of foreign specialists in the Russian army and navy of the 18th century. is relevant, complex and multifaceted, its aspects have been studied by historians, lawyers and representatives of various military sciences. These studies are still taking place today. And there is a certain pattern in this, since, as the historian N.M. Karamzin wrote, “the present is a consequence of the past. In order to judge the former, one must remember the latter; one is complemented by the other, so to speak, and in connection appears with thoughts more clearly.”1

Search for the most correct approaches to the process of reforming the armed forces in the 90s. XX century to a certain extent echoes the problems that occurred during the formation of the regular army at the beginning of the 18th century. In this regard, the feasibility of a thoughtful and balanced approach to the study of the “national historical heritage” clearly emerges.

The interaction of the country's modern Armed Forces with foreign armies, the use of their experience in the process of its own reform makes it possible to confidently declare the need for a deep and comprehensive study of various aspects of attracting foreigners to the Russian army and navy in the 18th century.

The study of the role and place of foreign specialists in the formation and strengthening of the regular armed forces of the Russian state in the 18th century allows us to draw the following conclusions.

Firstly. Beginning of the 18th century in the history of the Fatherland coincided with the beginning of fundamental transformations of Peter I in all areas of state life, including, first of all, in the military sphere. Russia has taken the path of creating a regular army and navy.

The lack of trained personnel in the Russian state objectively forced Peter I to turn to the practice of inviting foreign specialists. In the manifesto of April 16, 1702, it was announced “On the summoning of foreigners to Russia, with the promise of freedom of religion”1. Having resorted to such a forced measure, the Russian emperor, nevertheless, did not trust Europeans with leadership positions in the army, preferring domestic military leaders to them2. During his reign, all 3 field marshals were Russian. Out of 7 full generals there were 4 Russians and 3 foreigners, out of 7 lieutenant generals - 2 and 5, out of 23 major generals - 16 and 7, respectively3.

This policy of Peter ultimately made it possible not only to create regular armed forces in the shortest possible time, but also, most importantly, to make them one of the best in Europe.

The line of behavior thought out by Peter I in the matter of attracting foreign specialists to the Russian service, the desire to invite the best, sometimes ran into chaos in the actual process of their acceptance into the army and navy of the Russian state. The armed forces often included random people who were unable to bring any benefit to Peter’s military reforms. They got rid of these “specialists”4, but it was not possible to completely solve the problem of high-quality selection of foreigners.

Objectively necessary during the reign of Peter I, the replenishment of the army with foreign generals and officers made it possible to create a combat-ready army and navy in the shortest possible time, win the grueling Northern War, and place Russia among the leading military powers in the world. m^PSZ.-TA-HOSHO.

4 See: Russian State Administration of the Navy: f.176, op.1, d.126; f.212, op.1, d.5 (department Sh); f.233, op.1, d. 175.

In the post-Petrine era, the role of foreigners was no longer so significant. Their numbers in the armed forces were steadily declining. The attraction of foreigners ceased to be widespread1, and by the end of the 18th century. cases of inviting foreigners into Russian service have become isolated2.

In general, foreign specialists have brought some benefit in the development of the regular army and navy of Russia. However, the success of the military reforms of Peter I and the subsequent strengthening of the Russian armed forces were due not only to the activities of foreigners, but also to the skillful use of national and foreign experience.

Secondly. The involvement of foreign generals and officers in the Russian service entailed determining their place in the general environment of military personnel of the Russian army and navy. : To

The position of foreigners in the Russian army and navy throughout the 18th century was characterized, in contrast to Russians, by a different level of material well-being, which was ensured by both high salaries and various forms of rewards. In addition, they were entitled to a number of benefits when deducting from their salary.

At the same time, an analysis of archival and other sources allows us to conclude that the conditions of service for specialists from Western European countries were directly dependent on the need for their invitation to the Russian state.

At the beginning of the 18th century. the invitation of foreigners to the newly formed regular army and navy was due to an urgent need. In the subsequent years of the century, the involvement of foreign military specialists ceased to be vital, which immediately affected their financial situation. In the first quarter of the 18th century. They

1 See: PSZ, - T.Yu. - No. 7255, T.P. - No. 8635; RTA Navy, f.212, op.1, dts.17, 32, 44. had a significant monetary superiority compared to Russian officers. The monthly salaries of foreigners were 1.5-2 times higher than the salaries of their Russian colleagues1. Foreigners were not subject to various deductions from maintenance2. The high level of material support for the invited foreigners led to an influx of random people rushing to Russia in order to enrich themselves.

The strengthening of the national officer corps led to a decrease in the need for European officers, which made it possible already in the early 30s. XVIII century to be freed from some foreigners who had fulfilled their main purpose.

These circumstances led to changes in the position of foreign generals and officers, including in their salaries. Thus, in 1731, their monthly salaries were equalized with the corresponding salaries of Russian military personnel, and by increasing the value of the latter3. Equal order was established in the rank production.

Thirdly. A study of the role and place of foreign specialists in the Russian army indicates their definite contribution to the training of officers for the Russian armed forces.

At the beginning of the 18th century. Russia did not have its own military educational institutions. The creation of a national military school for the training of the national officer corps occurred in parallel with the formation of the regular army and navy. At the initial stage of reforms, the state tried to solve such an acute problem by sending young Russian nobles to study abroad4.

1 See: PSZ.- T.4.- No. 2319.

2 See: Soloviev S.M. History of Russia since ancient times. - T. 18.-M., 1963.

3 See: PSZ.- T. 10.- No. 7742.

4 See: PSZ, - T.Z. - No. 1567, T.5. - No. 2999, 3058, 3067; RGA Navy: f.177, op. 1, dd.50, 68; f.223, op. 1, no. 19; f.233, op. 1, dd.8, 15, 29, 43,248.

At the same time, the process of establishing the first military schools was actively underway in Russia with the goal of establishing its own system for training future officers. Foreign specialists also taught at these institutions. Invited from Europe, de Saint-Hilaire, de Coulon, I. Ginter, N. Bidloo, V. Gennin and a number of other foreigners headed military schools and cadet corps.

The best foreign military teachers, including F.E.Anhalt and P.I.Mellisino, throughout the 18th century. were able to bring great benefit to the Russian state and write their names in the history of the Russian armed forces1. However, some representatives of Western European countries turned out to be insufficiently qualified and were unable to fulfill their main purpose. »

The influence of foreigners on the training of future officers of the Russian armed forces also occurred indirectly, since the training process included the use of educational literature by foreign authors, the need for which was especially acute at the beginning of the 18th century. And subsequently, throughout the 18th century, the works of foreigners on military issues were also actively used in military educational institutions of the Russian state. But this was explained by the desire to know the achievements of foreign specialists, the strengths and weaknesses of a potential enemy, in order to subsequently successfully use the acquired knowledge in practice.

Fourthly. The ongoing military reforms of Peter I and further transformations in the military field entailed the creation of central military command and control bodies. Representatives of Western European states who entered Russian service also took a direct part in the activities of these institutions.

Peter I sought to prevent foreigners from controlling the army and navy. This did not find support among some of his followers on the Russian throne. The sympathies of individual Russian emperors for the West predetermined the emergence of foreigners at the head of the military departments, who to varying degrees influenced the course of development of the armed forces of the Russian state.

The assessment of the activities of these henchmen is still ambiguous and causes a lot of controversy. Some historians exaggerate it1, others give more restrained judgments2. However, all authors agree on one thing - the appearance of foreigners at the head of military departments did not bring the expected result. The conducted research confirms these conclusions. The only exception is the participation of foreign specialists in the management of Russian artillery and navy at the initial stage of Peter the Great's reforms.

Second half of the 18th century. was characterized by strong leading positions of domestic military leaders at the head of the army and navy. However, the participation of foreigners in the implementation of transformations of the Russian army and navy continued, in addition to their direct activity in leadership positions in military command and control bodies, through work as part of various commissions created to develop further directions for reforms of the armed forces, the preparation of charters and instructions regulating service and life Russian military personnel.

1 See: Manstein K.G. Notes on Russia by General Manstein. 1727-1744. Per. from the French original manuscript of the author. - St. Petersburg, 1875; Centenary of the War Ministry. 1802-1902. Historical sketch of the development of military control in Russia. - Book 1. - St. Petersburg, 1902.

2 See: Baiov A.K. History of the Russian army. Course of military schools. - Issue 1. - St. Petersburg, 1912; Beskrovny L.G. The Russian Army and Navy in the 18th Century (Essays).-M., 1958; Kersnovsky A.A. History of the Russian Army: In 4 volumes - M., 1992. - Volume 1; Maslovsky D.F. Notes on the history of military art in Russia.-Vol. 1, - St. Petersburg, 1891.

Testing the effectiveness of these documents and their usefulness for the Russian army and navy was carried out on the battlefields. The study of this issue allows us to recognize that the work carried out by foreigners deserves an ambiguous assessment: from positive to negative.

Thus, being in leading military positions in the Russian armed forces, taking part in the preparation of legislative acts, foreigners made a certain contribution to the development of military affairs in Russia, contributed to the strengthening of the ground army, navy and artillery. At the same time, it should be noted that their strong influence on these processes noticeably affected only the initial stage of the reforms of Peter I. In the subsequent years of the 18th century, the participation of foreigners in the implementation of military reforms noticeably decreased, and they no longer had a significant influence on this process.

Fifthly. The service of foreigners in the Russian army and navy predetermined their participation in the combat operations of the Russian armed forces in numerous wars of the 18th century.

The study of the results of military campaigns made it possible to draw two parallels in assessing the merits of representatives of Western European countries. One of them includes the leadership of troops by large foreign military leaders and an analysis of their leadership abilities. The other defines the personal courage and heroism of foreign generals and officers shown in battles.

The study of the first aspect revealed the skill and ability of some foreigners1, the lack of will and unpreparedness of others2. Along with the talented and courageous European military leaders who successfully commanded Russian troops during the battles, there were also such

1 See: Kersnovsky A.A. History of the Russian Army: In 4 volumes - M., 1992. - Volume 1; Pavlenko N.G. Russian artillery. Essays on the history of Russian artillery 1389-1812 - M., 1940.

2 "Journal, or daily note." - St. Petersburg, 1770; Kersnovsky A.A. Decree. Op. who, with his incompetent leadership, doomed the army to meaningless sacrifices and disgraced the honor of the Russian uniform.

The second aspect of the analysis made it possible to see that the majority of foreign generals and officers in the army and navy fought bravely on the battlefields along with the Russians1. This fact is clearly confirmed by the fact that among the holders of the most honorable military order, the Order of St. George, almost half are foreigners2.

Thus, while serving in the land army and navy, many of the foreign generals and officers earned the respect of their descendants with their courage and valor. It is their merit that the victories of Russian weapons have placed the Russian state among the leading military powers in the world.

The analysis of the role and place of foreign specialists in the Russian army and navy in the 18th century was carried out. allows you to identify and formulate lessons, as well as recommendations of a theoretical and practical nature.

Lesson one. A historical study of the attraction of foreign specialists to the Russian service in the 18th century was carried out. showed the need for a comprehensive approach to the study of this process. The use of Western European experience when implementing reforms in the military field at the present stage should also be subject to a similar analysis. Research and comparison of various approaches to assessing these phenomena requires further serious study.

1 See: Beskrovny L.G. The Russian Army and Navy in the 18th Century (Essays).-M., 1958; Military Encyclopedia: In 18 volumes / Ed. K.I. Velichko, V.O. Novitsky and others - St. Petersburg, 1914. - T. 12; History of domestic artillery.- T.1.- Book.2.- M., 1960; Krotkov A.S. The Russian fleet during the reign of Empress Catherine II from 1772 to 1783 - St. Petersburg, 1889.

2 See: Stepanov V.S., Grigorovich N.I. In memory of the centennial anniversary of the military order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George (1769-1869). - St. Petersburg, 1869.

Second lesson. The involvement of foreign specialists at the initial stage of creating the regular army and navy of Russia, the introduction of advanced achievements of the armies of European states during the period under study showed the feasibility of using foreign experience in the context of reforming the Russian armed forces. This will allow you to avoid individual mistakes and implement your plans as quickly as possible. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of foreign experience and the mechanism for its implementation in practice.

The achievements of foreign armies should be viewed through the prism of today's realities, taking into account national traditions. Neither copying the positive features of the armies of foreign states, nor completely rejecting their successes will benefit the reforms of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Only a thorough analysis of world and domestic experience, the search for rational ways of implementing it acceptable to Russia, will give a positive result for the army and navy, for the state as a whole.

Third lesson. The possibility of improving the training of domestic military personnel in foreign military educational institutions in modern conditions forces us to take a closer look at the historical experience of a similar process in the 18th century. The mistakes of the past teach us that we should carefully approach the selection of candidates to study the experience of foreign armies and improve their professional skills.

Further strengthening of the domestic military education system is most effective provided that there is a combination of national experience in solving this problem and the use of advanced achievements of foreign military schools.

Fourth lesson. Despite the impossibility of attracting foreigners to Russian service at the present stage, the historical experience of interaction between the armed forces of different states is useful. Using this experience when jointly solving common problems will improve the efficiency of this process.

The conducted research and the conclusions drawn can be used during the educational process in military educational institutions of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and in research work. They will provide some assistance to the authors of works on the history of the Russian army and navy in preparing their works.

Firstly, it seems appropriate to further study the use of foreign experience in the construction of the Russian army and navy in the 18th century. The author believes that many problems that until recently were considered sufficiently developed have many previously unconsidered aspects. A number of them can become the subject of independent research. This:

Service by foreign and Russian officers in the Russian armed forces in the 18th century. (comparative analysis); -attracting foreigners to the Russian fleet in the 18th century; -experience of interaction between the armies of Russia and European states during military campaigns of the 18th century;

The role of foreign specialists in the formation and strengthening of the material and technical base of the Russian armed forces of the 18th century.

Secondly, in military educational institutions and in the troops, as part of the public-state training program, it is advisable to introduce the topic of attracting foreign specialists to the Russian army and navy, their role and place in the formation and strengthening of the Russian armed forces.

Thirdly, sending officers of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to improve their professional skills in military educational institutions of foreign armies requires careful selection both from the command of military units at the initial stage and from officers of the Main Directorate of Personnel and Military Education of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation .

Fourthly, it is advisable to use the experience of attracting foreign specialists to the Russian armed forces, their joint service and combat operations in the work of the Headquarters for Coordination of Military Cooperation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Office of the Chief Military Representative of the Russian Federation at NATO headquarters in Brussels and in the actions of the Russian contingent as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force.

Fifthly, according to the dissertation author, exhibitions should be prepared in museums and rooms of military glory that reveal the contribution of outstanding foreign commanders to the historical past of the Russian army and navy, and show the merits of foreign generals and officers who glorified Russian weapons. In November 1999, the year of the 230th anniversary of the establishment of the Order of St. George, it is advisable to prepare an exhibition about foreigners - gentlemen of this military order - in the Central Museum of the Armed Forces.

Sixthly, in the course of the history of wars and military art, as well as when studying the history of Russia in military educational institutions, it is advisable to highlight as a separate topic the consideration of the role of foreigners and the use of foreign experience during the period of the creation and formation of the regular army and navy of the Russian state in the 18th century.

Seventh, in preparation for the 300th anniversary of the formation of the first regular regiments of the Russian army, according to the author, it seems possible to recommend that central Russian magazines (Military Historical Journal, Army Collection, Orientir) publish materials about foreigners - commanders of these regiments.

Not all aspects of the problem raised by the author in the dissertation are covered to the same extent. This is due to the versatility and complexity of the subject of research, and the insufficient development of the problem in historical science as a whole. Therefore, some value judgments, generalizations and conclusions will require further clarification and adjustment based on new data obtained as a result of a comprehensive study of the history of Russia in the 18th century.

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56. Chronological index of maritime regulations for the period from 1700 to 1875, with explanations of the codification department of the maritime ministry. - St. Petersburg, 1876.

57. Shafirov P.P. Reasoning, what are the legitimate reasons of His Majesty Peter the Great. to the start of the war against King Carol 12 of Sweden in 1700. SPb., 1716.- 4., 34, , 449 p.

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59. Shteingel V.V. Desktop chronological index of decrees relating to the organization of the military ground forces of Russia from 1550 to 1890 - St. Petersburg, 1890, - 254 pp. 1.I. Archival sources.

60. Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (TGADA).

61. Fund 9 Cabinet of Peter I and its continuation: department 1, book 33; department N, book 6, 64, 85.

62. Fund 20 Military files, op.1:d.66, sheets not numbered, d.197, 34 p.

63. Armory Chamber Fund, op.39, d.52, 549 l.

64. Preobrazhensky Order Fund, op.287, no.336.

65. Russian State Military Historical Archive (TGVIAU

66. Fund 16 Foreign expedition of the Chancellery of the Military Collegium, op. 1/18:d. 12, 2 l.; d.32, 4 l.; d.75, 12 sheets; d. 107, 11 l.; d.108, 11 l.; d.118, 7 sheets; d. 136, 38 l.; d. 152, 12 sheets; d. 162, 8 l.; d. 174, 11 sheets; d. 175, 27 l.; d.198, 20 l.

67. Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGA1. Navy).

68. Fund 175 "The Tsar's Tent on Voronezh", op.1: d.7, 249 l.; d.11-12, 322 l.

69. Fund 176 Cases of the Admiralty Chancellery, op. 1: d. 13, 816 l.; d.15, 1034 l.; d.21, 313 l.; d.26, 229 l.; d.50, 1026 l.; d.53, 774 l.; d.58, 512 l.; d.79, 426 l.; d.92, 786 l.; d.93, 92 l.; d.108, 758 l.; d.126, 268 l.; d. 129, 1048 l.; d.130, 544 l.

70. Fund 177 Order of the Military Marine Fleet, op.1: d. 13, 199 l.; d.28, 863 l.; d.37, 1792 sheets; d.42, 1875 l.; d.45, 245 l.; d.50, 1691 l.; d.57, 1330 l.; d.60, 52 l.; d.62, 6 l.; d.68, 634 l.; d.69, 17 l.; d.88, 920 l.; d.89, 1282 l.

71. Fund 212 State Admiralty Board (1717-1827): Decrees received by the Admiralty Board, its reports, reports: d.4 (department III), 402 sheets; d.5 (department Ш), 150 l.; d.17 (department I), 400 l.; d.18 (department 1), 814 sheets; 34 (department I), 645 l.

72. Cases of the Admiralty Collegium from 1725 to 1765: d.2, 472 l.; d.17 (1735), 294 l.; d.17 (1736), 373 l.; d.18 (1726), 550 l.; d. 18 (1758), 346 l.; d.21, 1166 l.; d.32,61,93 l.; d.34, 82 l.; d.44, 400 l.

73. Affairs of the Admiralty Collegium from 1766 to 1771: d.6, 135 l.; d.27, 5 l.

74. Cases on expeditions (on the Don and Tagangozh expeditions), op.4: d. 1, 1257 l.; d.71, 1178 l.

75. Cases of the Admiralty Collegium for the Office, department II: d.22, 543 l.; d.60, 1091 l.; d.94-96, 690 l.; d.278, 476 l.; d.397-398, 786 l.; d.603, 359 l.; d.2091, 119 l.

76. Fund 223 Manuscripts of Peter the Great and other documents received from the Admiralty Council (collection), on. 1: d.9, 100 l.; d.10.24l.; d.19, 85 l.; d.30, 111 l.

77. Fund 245 Files of the Archive of the Nikolaev Port: d.70, 137 l.; d.89, 262 l.

78. Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA).

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85. Baiov A.K. History of the Russian Army: Course of military schools. - 1st ed. - St. Petersburg, 1912, - 242 p.

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246. Prudnikov Yu.F. Recruitment of the Russian army (1794-1804): Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences. - M., 1972.

247. Rabinovich M.D. The fate of service people of the “old services” and those of the same palace during the formation of the regular Russian army at the beginning of the 18th century: Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences, - M., 1953.

248. Smirnov Yu.N. Russian Guard in the first half of the 18th century. (social composition, recruitment principles and participation in the public administration system): Dis. Ph.D. ist. Sciences. - M., 1981.

249.VI. Foreign historiography of the problem.

250. Anners E. Den karolinska militarstrafratten och Peter den Stores krigsartiklar (Kungl. Vetenskapssamhallets i Uppsala Handlingar. Bd. 9, Stockholm, 1961).-211 p.

251. Bagger X. Reforms of Peter the Great: a review of research. - M., 1985.-197 p.

252. Bassevich. Notes on Russia under Peter the Great, extracted from the papers of Count Bassevich. Per. from French - M., 1866. - 186 columns.

253. Gordon P. Diary of General Patrick Gordon, kept by him during his Swedish and Polish services from 1655 to 1661 and during his stay in Russia from 1661 to 1699 - B.m. and g. - 244 p.

254. Report of the Dutchman van der Helst about the Battle of Poltava. From unpublished materials from the Dutch archives. - St. Petersburg, 1909. - 8 p.

255. Reports of the English Ambassador to Russia Charles Whitworth // Collection of the Russian Historical Society. - St. Petersburg, 1884. - T.39.

256. Reports of de Rhodes // Readings in the Society of Russian Antiquities.-M., 1915.- Book 2.

257. Notes of foreman M. de Broso// Sovremennik.- 1937.- No. 2.

258. Notes of Captain Philipp Johann Stralenberg on the history and geography of the Russian Empire of Peter the Great. - M., JI., 1985. - 220 p.

259. Hjarne H. Svenska reformer i tsar Peters valde (Ur det forgangna. Historia och politik. Stockholm, 1912). - XI, 210 p.

260. Keep, John L.H. Soldiers of the tsar: Army a. soc. in Russia, 1462-1874.-Oxford, 1985,-431 p.

261. Korb I. Diary of a trip to Muscovy.-SPb., 1906.-2., XII, 322 e., 19 p. ill.

262. Cross A. By the banks of the Neva. Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia.- Cambridge University Press, 1997.- 312 p.

263. Cross A. By the banks of the Thames. Russians in the eighteenth century.-Newtonwill, 1980.- VIII, 358 p.

264. Cournakoff S.N. Russias fighting forces.- New-York, 1942.- IX, 258 p. with ill.1.ons M. The Russians imperial army. A bibliography of regimental histories and related works. - Stanford, 1968, - 188 p.

265. Manstein K.G. Notes about Russia. 1727-1744. Per. from French - St. Petersburg, 1875, -V, 378 e., 16.

266. Minikh B.Kh. Notes of Field Marshal Count Minich. Per. from French-St. Petersburg, 1874, - XXX, 406 e. - (Notes of foreigners about Russia in the 18th century).

267. Morfill W.R. A history of Russia from the birth of Peter the Great to the death of Alexander II.- London, 1902.- 201 p.

268. Sketches on the intrinsic strength of military and naval force of France and Russia. P.I. 1803.-XVI, 182, 18. p.

269. Fokkerodt I.G., Player O. Russia under Peter the Great. Per. from German-M., 1874.- IV, 120.23 p.

270. Hellie R. Enserment and military change in Muscovy. - Chicago London, 1971, -IX, 432 p. with maps.

271. Yul Yust. Notes of the Danish envoy, - M., 1900. - 2., X, 599 e., 1 sheet of illustration.

272. Letter to the Saxons who served in the Swedish army in 1708 (copy)

273. The total number of “traveling foreign artillerymen” for 1693-1702 by state)*

274. Unknown 1 1 2 lands

275. Total 3 39 12 61 1 2 11 2 1 132

276. Distribution of “traveling foreigners” for 1693-1702. by specialty*

277. Left for Russia: Initial men of artillery Corporals of artillery Bombers Engineers Underminers Pontoon Masters and students of cannon work Doctors Total

278. Born in Moscow 1 1

279. Unknown land 1 1 2

280. Total 24 18 18 11 8 7 23 23 132

281. Compiled from: Brandenburg N.E. Materials for the history of the Artillery Directorate in Russia: "Order of Artillery" (1701-1720). - St. Petersburg, 1876.

282. Generals of the Russian army in 1701-1796. (Russians/foreigners)*

283. Russian emperors generalissimo field general marshals generals lieutenant generals 1st majors

284. Peter I (1701-1725) 3/- 4/3 2/5. 16/7

285. Catherine I (1725-1727) 4/- 4/5 12/3 29/16

286. Peter II (1727-1730) 1/- 4/- 2/5 16/9 25/14

287. Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) 3/2 11/9 18/14 30/37 during the regency period (1740-1741) -/1 -/2 6/6 13/6 16/25

288. Elizaveta Petrovna (1741-1761) -/1 7/2 10/17 72/29 62/65

289. Peter III (1761-1762) 7/3 9/7 47/20 49/56

290. Catherine II (1762) 5/2 16/5 31/27 53/48

291. Catherine II (1780) 4/1 12/4** 48/25*** 80/35

292. Paul I (1796) 3/- 13/5 63/33 107/48 1

293. Included: general-feldtseykhmepster, general-quartermaster, general-in-chief.

294. Included: general-provisioner, general-kriegs-commissar, general-lieutenants.

295. Form of oath of foreigners to Russian citizenship (1747)

296. Captains and captains 41 1301. Captain-lieutenants 11 51. Lieutenants 18 1401. Ensigns 44 215

297. Agreement of the Privy Councilor of Baron Goltz upon his entry into the Russian service in 1707 (extract)

298. Points promised in the capitulation of Privy Councilor Goltz.

299. That He, the Privy Councilor Golts, should depend on no one except His Tsar's Majesty and His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov.

300. Promised to him. 5000 efimki. and not pay in pennies.

301. Have rank against other His Royal Majesty Ministers.

302. For the sake of safety, there are always 12 dragoons or soldiers on guard.

303. If, due to illness or other impossibility, he is unable to serve and wants to have his own leave. Then don’t deny him that. And on top of that, an annual salary.

304. If He dies, then all His remaining remains will be given to His heirs without any difficulty.

305. If he goes anywhere, then everything from His Royal Majesty’s treasury will be paid to Him and nothing will be deducted from His annual salary.

306. The authentic surrender was carried out in a convoy under Casimir on June 2, 1707 and signed by His Grace Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov with his own hand; and sealed with a seal"*.

307. States of cavalry and infantry regiments 1711. Second report card (extract) * 1. Cavalry 33rd Regiment:

308. Regimental headquarters Number of people Cash salary for the year

309. Foreign colonels 11,600 Russians 22,300

311. Quartermasters of foreigners 11 84 Russians 22 60

312. Foreign auditors 11 216 Russian 22 1001. Company officers

313. Foreign captains 110 216Russian 220 100

314. Lieutenants of foreigners 110 120 Russians 220 80

315. Ensigns of foreigners 110 84 Russians 220 50

316. Infantry 42 field regiment:

317. Regimental headquarters Number of people Cash salary for the year

318. Foreign colonels 14,600 Russians 28,300

320. Quartermasters of foreigners 14 84 Russians 28 60

321. Foreign auditors 14 216 Russian 28 1001. Company officers

322. Foreign captains 112 216 Russian 224 100

323. Lieutenants of foreigners 112 120 Russians 224 80

324. Second lieutenants of foreigners 112 84 Russians 224 50

325. Ensigns of foreigners 112 84 Russians 224 50