Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education State

educational institution of higher professional education

"Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University"

Tutorial

TD-50, TD-58

A-40, A-50, A-90 (figure - % ammonium nitrate content)

Indexes of some projectiles

Table 2.

Mass deviation signs marked on the projectile

Table 3.

Mass deviation signs	Weight deviation from the table, %
	Easier by more than Easier from to Easier from to Easier from to Easier from to Lighter or heavier to Harder from to Harder from to Harder from to Harder from to Heavier by more than

The markings on the sleeves are applied with black paint on the side surface and indicate:

1. “Reduced” - name of the charge.

3. 122-D30 - caliber and gun index.

4. 4/1 2/0-0 - brand of gunpowder; batch number, year of manufacture of gunpowder and code of the gunpowder factory.

5. 1-0-00 - batch number, year of assembly, you assembled the shot.

Gunpowder is assigned symbol, called a grade of gunpowder. The brand of gunpowder is indicated by a fraction, the numerator of which shows the thickness of the burning arch of grain in tenths of a millimeter, and the denominator is the number of channels in the grain.

For example: 9/7 - thickness of the burning vault 0.9 mm, seven-channel.

After the numbers come the quality indicators of gunpowder:

1. SV - fresh.

2. Per - alteration.

3. Fl - phlegmatized.

4. TR - tubular.

2.1. Approximate markings on shells

https://pandia.ru/text/80/174/images/image011_63.jpg" width="434 height=676" height="676">

Fig.2. Cumulative projectile BK6 (BK6M)

122 - projectile caliber;

H - sign of mass deviation;

Fig.3. BK13 cumulative projectile

00 - equipment factory code;

0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;

122 - projectile caliber;

H - sign of mass deviation;

A-IX-I - explosive code;

Fig.4. High-explosive fragmentation projectile OF-462

00 - equipment factory code;

0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;

122 - projectile caliber;

“+” - sign of mass deviation;

T - equipment code;

Notes: 1. Projectiles with an iron-ceramic leading belt have the letter Zh, for example OF-462Zh.

2. The OF-24 high-explosive fragmentation projectile differs from the OF-462 projectile in the presence of an adapter sleeve and the type of explosive.

3. The OF-56 high-explosive fragmentation projectile differs from the OF-462 projectile in the design of the body (solid body) and the type of explosive (high-power).

Fig.5. Lighting projectile S-463

00 - equipment factory code;

0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;

122 - projectile caliber;

“+” - sign of mass deviation;

102-B - lighting composition code;

Notes: 1. Projectiles with an iron-ceramic leading belt have the index S-463Zh.

Fig.6. C4 illumination projectile

00 - equipment factory code;

0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;

122 - projectile caliber;

“+” - sign of mass deviation;

P - code of the lighting composition;

Note: 1. Projectiles with an iron-ceramic leading belt have the index S4Zh.

Fig.7. Smoke shell D4

00 - equipment factory code;

0-00 - batch number and year of equipping the projectile;

122 - projectile caliber;

“+” - sign of mass deviation;

R-4 - smoke-forming substance code;

Fig.8. Propaganda projectile A1

0 - warehouse number;

0 - batch number;

0-0-0-00 - number of leaflets,

date of equipping the projectile;

122 - projectile caliber;

H - sign of mass deviation;

AGIT - equipment code;

Notes: 1. The projectile body is painted red.

2. The T-7 tube on the safety and ballistic caps has a black ring stripe.

2.2. Approximate markings on sleeves

Fig.9. Special charge

1 - sleeve;

2 - reinforced cover;

3 - cardboard cylinder;

4 - normal cover;

5 - package of gunpowder (9/7+12/1 TR);

6 - igniter;

7 - flame arrester (VTX-10);

8 - capsule sleeve;

9 - braid ring;

10 - lubricant PP-95/5;

9/7 and 12/1 TR - grades of gunpowder;

VTX-10 - brand of flame arrester;

arrow and number of the base that produced

shot assembly.

Fig. 10. Full charge

1 - sleeve;

2 - reinforced cover;

3 - normal cover;

4 - decoupler;

5 - package of gunpowder (12/7+12/1 TR);

6 - igniter;

7 - flame arrester (VTX-10);

8 - capsule sleeve;

9 - braid ring;

10 - lubricant PP-95/5;

122-D30 - gun caliber and index;

12/7 and 12/1 TR - grades of gunpowder;

2/0-0 - batch number, year of manufacture

gunpowder code and gunpowder factory code;

1-0-00 - batch number, year of assembly

arrow and number of the base that produced

shot assembly.

Fig. 11. Reduced alternating charge

1 - sleeve;

2 - reinforced cover;

3 - normal cover;

4 - decoupler;

5 - equilibrium beams (9/7);

6 - nonequilibrium beam (9/7);

7 - main package (4/1);

8 - igniter;

9 - flame arrester (VTX-10);

10 - capsule sleeve;

11 - braid ring;

12 - lubricant PP-95/5;

122-D30 - gun caliber and index;

4/1 and 9/7 - grades of gunpowder;

2/0-0 - batch number, year of manufacture

gunpowder code and gunpowder factory code;

1-0-00 - batch number, year of assembly

arrow and number of the base that produced

shot assembly.

3. Capping ammunition

Capping boxes are designed for storing and transporting ammunition and shot elements.

Complete sets of shots are placed in sealing boxes for shots of separate cartridge loading. To ensure tight packing of shot elements, each box has a set of wooden inserts and fittings. The boxes are closed with a lid attached to the box frame with metal hinges and gramophone-type locks. The boxes are painted with protective paint, over which markings are applied about the combat purpose of the shot and the production data of its elements. All loose closures and inserts for them, as well as cartridge cases of combat charges, are subject to mandatory return for reuse.

Fuses are stored and transported in hermetically sealed galvanized iron boxes placed in wooden boxes.

3.1. Approximate markings on the closure

https://pandia.ru/text/80/174/images/image022_31.jpg" width="313" height="225 src=">

Fig. 13. Marking on the side of the box

The markings on the side of the box indicate:

1. OF-462Zh - projectile index.

2. 0-0-0 - factory code, batch number and year of equipping the projectile.

3. T - explosive code.

The markings on the box lid indicate:

1. A triangle with a number inside is a danger sign and a load discharge.

4. Handling of ammunition during transportation

Transportation of ammunition can be carried out by rail, water, road, air, horse-drawn and pack transport.

Transportation of ammunition by road in troops is the main type of transportation.

Cars, trailers and other vehicles should be loaded with ammunition in such a way that they do not exceed the load capacity established for them.

Ammunition is transported only in standard and working order.

Boxes with ammunition are allowed to be placed in the body both across the vehicle and along it, in the direction of travel, taking into account more complete use of the vehicle's carrying capacity.

Boxes with ammunition in all cases are placed with the lids up and carefully secured to protect them from shocks, shifts, impacts and falls.

It is prohibited to place ammunition boxes higher than the sides, more than half the height of the top row box.

For the transportation of ammunition, technically sound vehicles (with working silencers) are allocated, which are provided with fire extinguishers and a felt mat.

Vehicles with ammunition are equipped with red flags on the left side to indicate the danger of the cargo.

Car drivers must be thoroughly briefed on the rules for transporting ammunition before leaving for a trip.

When transporting ammunition by road, it is prohibited:

1. Exceed the set speed.

2. Refuel loaded cars or transfer gasoline from the tanks of one car to the tanks of another.

3. Warm up the car engine with an open flame.

4. Transport ammunition together with flammable liquids.

5. Drive vehicles into areas, under sheds, and into ammunition storage areas.

6. Stop vehicles with ammunition in populated areas.

7. Stop for rest and rest closer than 50 m from the road.

8. Smoking on vehicles loaded with ammunition or within 25 m of them.

9. Lighting an open fire within 100 m of vehicles with ammunition.

10. Transport ammunition in vehicles that are not equipped with fire extinguishing equipment.

5. Handling ammunition at the OP

Ammunition is supplied to the firing position in a fully loaded form (except for rocket artillery shells), high-precision rounds - only in capped form. The senior battery officer receives ammunition, organizes its unloading by gun crews and fills out a table of the availability and consumption of ammunition.

Ammunition is unloaded in compliance with safety requirements.

Prohibited:

1. throw boxes of ammunition;

2. drag, turn;

3. place them on the side wall;

4. carry on your back and shoulders.

Each box of ammunition is unloaded and transported to the stowage site with the lid up and at least two gun numbers.

At the firing position, ammunition is stored in dry niches of gun trenches and cellars, laid on pads. Niches and cellars must be equipped so that the ammunition contained in them is protected from exposure shock wave nuclear explosion, from bullets and shrapnel and covered with local materials from rain, snow, sand, dust and sunlight.

The consumable stock of ammunition in a closed firing position is laid out and stored in the niches of the gun trench in the amount of 0.25 - 0.5 bq (for high-power guns - in the amount of 0.15 - 0.3 bq).

Charges for high-power guns are stored in hermetically sealed containers.

At an open firing position, the designated amount of ammunition is laid out in niches and on the platforms of gun trenches.

If there is time, the cellars are connected to the gun trenches by communication passages.

Spent ammunition is replenished from cellars.

In niches and on the platforms of gun trenches, ammunition is stored in stacks, capped with the lids up, with open locks, freed from the upper fittings and spacer bars, or laid out from the cap. In the latter case, the ammunition is placed on poles (linings) or on a bedding made of local materials and covered on top with a tarpaulin or other materials that protect them from rain, dust and sunlight.

In cellars, ammunition is stored in sealed containers with closed locks. The maximum height of the ammunition stack should be 0.5 m less than the depth of the cellar or niche of the gun trench.

Store ammunition in crew shelters prohibited .

The senior battery officer is responsible for the correct and safe placement and storage of ammunition at the firing position and compliance with all safety requirements when firing.

When handling ammunition at a firing position, it is prohibited:

1. Disassemble ammunition.

2. Install shells, mines, charges in cartridge cases and unitary shots vertically.

3. Hit fuses and ignition means, and also hit ammunition against each other.

4. Carry by hand more than one uncapped shot or projectile (mine) of 82 mm caliber or more.

5. Carry uncapped, fully loaded shells (mines) of 152 mm caliber or more without supporting devices.

6. Carry ammunition in a faulty closure.

The following shots are not allowed to fire:

1. Having elements prohibited for combat use.

2. Not listed in the Firing Table for this gun.

3. Without markings and with erased markings.

The following shells (mines) are not allowed to fire:

1. With a fuse delivered to the firing position without mounting or safety caps (caps).

2. With the fuse head bushing unscrewed (at least partially).

3. With unscrewed fuses and tubes.

4. With fuses (having a traveling mount), delivered to the firing position with the installation of combat action.

5. With fuses affected by solid rust on the outer surface of the body.

6. With traces of impacts and soot on the body and fuse.

7. With screwed fuses, dropped from a height of 1 m, as well as shells dropped from any height onto the bow.

8. Finally equipped, exposed to an explosion, fire, bombing or artillery shelling.

9. With cracks on the body, with cavities on the centering thickenings.

10. Having explosives leaking through threaded connections in the projectile.

11. With wobbly stabilizers, as well as with bent or broken stabilizer feathers, with bent ballistic tips (for armor-piercing projectiles).

The following ammunition is not allowed to fire:

1. With cartridges that have bruises that prevent loading, as well as those with cracks on the bottom or on the body (cases with cracks on the muzzle that do not violate the tightness of the combat charge are allowed).

2. In cartridge cases and unitary cartridges with unscrewed primer bushings.

3. With drop-out reinforced lids and showing signs of dampness of gunpowder and caps.

4. Soaked and also with torn caps.

5. Unitary cartridges with a skewed projectile that prevents loading, as well as a rotating projectile in the case.

The specified ammunition, except for shells and cartridges with unscrewed fuses and primer bushings, is set aside for shipment to an artillery weapons depot.

When preparing ammunition you must:

1. Remove grease from projectiles and cartridge cases.

2. Remove rust from projectile bodies.

3. Tighten the head fuses or tubes, as well as the primer bushings, if they are partially unscrewed (tighten the primer bushing only with a standard key from the spare parts).

4. Remove nicks on the leading flanges of the projectiles and on the flanges of the cartridge cases.

The preparation of specific samples of ammunition should be carried out in accordance with technical description and operating instructions.

First remove the grease from the projectiles with scrapers, and then with a rag or tow, slightly moistened with white spirit (gasoline, solvent).

When preparing mines special attention Pay attention to removing grease from stabilizers and fire transfer holes.

When removing grease from shells and cleaning them from rust, do not violate the markings on shells, mines and cartridges.

For cleaning, ammunition is removed from the cap and placed on poles, pads or an empty cap one box high.

To eliminate minor malfunctions (tightening fuses, removing nicks), as well as to replace primer bushings (ignition charges), a place is allocated at the firing position (no closer than 50 m from gun or mortar trenches and ammunition magazines) in a specially prepared trench or behind natural cover .

Handling ammunition during firing.

1. When loading shells, do not drop them or hit the head part on the barrel breech or carriage.

2. It is allowed to unscrew the safety caps from the tubes and fuses, the installation caps from the impact fuses, install the fuses, open the hermetic sealing of the warheads and prepare the charges immediately before firing.

3. If, when removing the installation or safety caps, damage to the membrane is discovered, then shells with such fuses are not allowed to be fired.

4. It is prohibited to make any combinations of packages and additional bundles of gunpowder that are not provided for in the Shooting Tables. After making up an alternating charge, be sure to put the normal cap into the sleeve and add it until the charge beams are pressed.

5. It is prohibited to fire with a reinforced cover, except for the charges provided for in the Artillery System Firing Tables.

7. Ignition charges for mines must be sent into the stabilizer tube until the cartridge case stops at the cut of the stabilizer tube. The packaging of additional mortar round bundles must be in good working order.

8. Faulty shells are stored and sent to the warehouse on the instructions of the head of the missile and artillery weapons service.

9. Unused additional bundles of charges must be placed in a serviceable iron or wooden box at a distance of 10 - 20 m from the gun.

Handling ammunition after shooting.

1. It is prohibited to transport loaded guns (except for combat vehicles),

2. Separately loaded guns that remain loaded after firing are unloaded only by firing. Other guns, as well as mortars, are allowed to be unloaded by removing the shot from the barrel while observing safety precautions.

3. At the end of firing, fuses and tubes of shells prepared for loading must be installed at the factory settings, and the removed caps must be put on. To ensure tightness, the threads of the safety caps must be lubricated before screwing on.

4. The removed additional bundles and reinforced covers of the prepared charges are placed in the sleeve, and the joints between the reinforced cover and the walls of the sleeve are covered with the lubricant remaining on the cover.

5. Shots for which the safety caps (caps) have been removed from the tubes and fuses or the caps of the charges have been opened must be expended first the next time the fire is opened.

6. The remaining bundles of gunpowder, spent cartridges, safety caps and empty caps with a full set of fittings after completing the charges are handed over to the missile and artillery weapons service.

7. For spent brass cartridges, after finishing firing, it is necessary to clean the inner surface of powder deposits using local materials (sand, water, rags, etc.), and then wipe dry. The shells, cleaned of carbon deposits, are lubricated over the entire surface inside and outside with a thin layer of lubricant, placed in empty boxes and secured with liners.

8. After finishing firing, steel cartridges are not washed with water, but after wiping with a rag, they are lubricated with any lubricant.

6. Bringing ammunition to its final loaded state

Incompletely equipped artillery shots are brought into final armed form by screwing the fuses into the end of the shells before they are issued for firing.

Bringing shots (shells) to their final loaded form with cored fuses is carried out in a dugout, cabin or ditch with a depth of at least 1.5 m and a base area of ​​1.5 x 1.5 m.

When screwing in and punching fuses, there should be no more than one projectile in the cabin, dugout or ditch.

Before screwing in the fuse, the blank plug is unscrewed from the shell point, while the clamping screw (where available) is loosened. Then the thread of the goggle is wiped with a dry cloth to remove excess lubricant.

Pay special attention to removing grease, dust and sand from the explosive cut.

After removing the lubricant, the fuse intended for it is screwed into the shell of the projectile, and the threaded threads of the fuse are pre-lubricated with projectile lubricant or gun lubricant. When screwing in the fuse, do not allow lubricant to come into contact with the explosive cut.

The fuse is screwed in with a special key until the fuse is pressed tightly against the head end of the projectile. In this case, hitting the key is not allowed.

The screwed fuse in the shell of the projectile is secured with a clamping screw included in the projectile. In steel shells that do not have clamping screws, the fuses are secured by punching into the joint at four opposite points equidistant around the circumference of the joint. Punching should be done only by pressure using hand-held PKV-U devices or mechanical machines.

In steel cast iron shells, the fuses are not cored, but are screwed into varnish No. 67.

Fuses intended for loading projectiles are preliminarily inspected. Fuzes without installed marks, with cracks and dents on the body (mechanical damage), with clogged threads, dented safety caps and damaged membranes are not allowed for equipment.

7. Installation of fuses and tubes

The installation of fuses and tubes is carried out using service keys from the gun spare parts kit immediately before firing after a command received from the battery command post or the senior artillery commander (chief) by the crew number - the installer.

Table of fuses settings for 122 mm G D-30

Table 4.

Brand of fuse (tube)	Required projectile action		Shooting setup	Field (factory) installation
Cap
	Cumulative				The cap is on
	Cumulative
	Cumulative				The cap is on
	Cumulative
	Shrapnel High explosive Ricochet or high-explosive with deceleration. Smoke (when firing a D4 projectile).	“Adult Osk.” “Adult. Fugue.” “Adult. Deputy.” “Adult Osk.”			The cap is screwed on, the tap is on “O”.
	Air gap.	“Fuse 00” (number of divisions).		Ring on “UD”.
	Illumination when firing the S-463ZH (S-463) projectile. Propaganda when firing an A1 projectile (A1D, A1ZhD).	“Tube 00” (number of divisions).	The safety cap has been removed. Ring for the commanded number of divisions.	Ring for 165 parts. The safety cap is screwed on.
	Illumination when firing a S4Zh (S4) projectile.	“Tube 00” (number of divisions).	The safety cap has been removed. The ballistic cap is rotated by the commanded number of divisions.	The installation groove and the protrusion are aligned. The safety cap is screwed on.
	Air gap.	“Around with RV. Explosive number of divisions), low (high)”. “Around with RV. Fuze 80".	Accordingly communication with the team.	On “N” or	Switch “N”, distance ring on “UD”, safety nitial number The pack is on.
	Air gap.	“Around with RV. Explosion number of divisions), low (high)". “Around with RV. Fuse on impact.”	Accordingly communication with the team.	On “N” or	Switch to “H”, spacer ring to “8”, safety cap on.
	Air gap.	“Sh1 shell. Tube 00 (number of divisions).” “Sh1 shell. Kar-flow.”	Accordingly communication with the team.		The distance ring is on “P”, the safety cap is on.

8. Composition of charges

The composition of combat charges is carried out immediately before firing after a command received from the battery command post or the senior artillery commander (chief) with the crew number - charging.

Table of charges for 122 mm G D-30

Table 5.

Charge name	Charge composition	Compilation
Special	One package	Remove the reinforced cover.
Full	One package	Remove the reinforced cover (when firing cumulative projectiles).
Decreased	Basic package + uneven But spring beam + three upper equilibrium beams.
First	Basic package + uneven But spring beam + two equilibrium beams.	Remove the top equilibrium bundle.
Second	Basic package + uneven But spring beam + equilibrium beam.	Remove the top two equilibrium bundles.
Third	Basic package + uneven But spring bun.	Take out three equilibrium bundles.
Fourth	Basic package.	Take out three equilibrium beams and one nonequilibrium one.

9. Measurement of charge temperature.

The charge temperature is measured with a battery thermometer in one of the central drawers of the stack every 1-2 hours.

To ensure the same temperature of the charges, boxes with shots or cartridges with charges laid out from boxes should be securely covered during the day to protect them from heating by the sun, and from cooling at night.

Charge covers for all guns must be of the same type.

To measure the temperature of the charges, remove the reinforced and normal caps from the cartridge case of one of the charges and insert a thermometer into the cartridge case between the gunpowder bundles, after which the lids are inserted into the cartridge case. The sleeve with the thermometer is placed in the middle between the other sleeves. Thermometers are placed in the charges, if possible, no later than an hour and a half before firing. The thermometer reading is taken no earlier than 10 minutes after placing the sleeve with the thermometer in the stack.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST

1. Ground artillery ammunition. Textbook. Part 1. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1970. - 120-124, 145-150, 168-229 p.

2. Firing tables for flat and mountain conditions of the 122 mm D-30 howitzer. TS RG No. 000. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1993. - 6-8, 246, 267-271, 274-285 p.

3. Addition No. 2 to TS RG No. 000. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1992. - 7, 106-109, 111 p.

4. Guide to the combat work of artillery fire units. - M.: Military Publishing House, 2002. - 124-132 p.

1. PAINTING OF AMMUNITION………………………………………………………......3

2. MARKING OF AMMUNITION……………………………………………………3

2.1. Approximate markings on shells……………………………..6

2.2. Approximate markings on cartridges……………………………..14

3. CAPING AMMUNITION………………………………………………………17

3.1. Approximate markings on the closure……………………………17

4. HANDLING AMMUNITION DURING TRANSPORTATION……18

5. HANDLING AMMUNITION AT THE OP……………………………19

6. BRINGING AMMUNITION TO FINALLY LOADED FORM………………………………………………………………………………………..24

7. INSTALLATION OF FUSES, PIPES…………………………….25

8. COMPOSITION OF CHARGES……………………………………………27

9. MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE OF CHARGES……………………………...27

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST……………………………………………………….28

Educational edition

Valery Dmitrievich Parfenov,

lieutenant colonel, senior lecturer of the shooting and fire control cycle

ARTILLERY WEAPONS

MARKING, PAINTING AND CAPING OF AMMUNITION. HANDLING AMMUNITION AT A FIREING POSITION AND DURING TRANSPORTATION. INSTALLATION OF FUSES, PIPES. COMPOSITION OF CHARGES. CHARGE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT. BRINGING AMMUNITION TO FINALLY LOADED FORM.

Stamps and markings on German shells and mortar mines of World War II

Stamps on the bottom of a German armor-piercing shell

Marks on German shells - these are various letters, numbers, signs - are stamped on the surface of the shell. They are divided into service and control marks.
The acceptors' marks are control marks and are the same on all parts of the projectile. Look like a stylized Nazi eagle and the inscription " WaA" (Waffen Amt) under the swastika. Next to the letters WaA there is a number - the military acceptance number.

Service marks carry information about the manufacture, various features of the projectiles, their purpose, and the type of charge.
Stamps are placed on the casing of German mines and shells, on the bodies of head fuses, on cartridges, on primer bushings, tracers, and detonators. Instead of stamps, detonators and tracers were often marked with paint.
On shells and mines, marks are placed on the internal and external surfaces.
The main significance is the marking on the outer casing of German shells and the conical part of mortar mines made during the war. These marks consist of a combination of numbers separated by spaces, for example 92 8 10 41 or 15 22 5 43 . In the absence of markings on German shells, such digital marks provide information about the type of filling of the shell and the date the shell or mine was equipped. The brands given as an example mean:
92 or 15 - explosive type;
8 22 - equipment date;
10 or 5 - a month of equipment;
41 or 43 is the year of equipment.

Fuses and marks on them

The marks on them are placed on the body in one or two lines. They indicate the type of fuse, the company that manufactured it, the batch number of the fuse and the year of its manufacture.
Some fuses have additional marks informing about the type of projectile for which they are intended, the body material, the name of the installation and the deceleration time.
For example " KL. AZ 23 Pr. bmq 12 1943" stands for:

KL. AZ 23 - fuse sample;
Pr. - body material (plastic);
bmq - manufacturer;
12 - batch;
1943 - year of manufacture.

Or brands" Bd. Z. f. 21 cm Gr. 18 Be. RhS 433 1940" denote:

Bd. Z. - bottom fuse;
f. 21 cm Gr. 18 Be. - type of projectile (21cm concrete-piercing projectile model 18);
RhS - company;
418 - batch number;
1942 - year of manufacture;
The most common marks are the following, indicating the installation or deceleration time of the fuse:
I - traveling position;
O or OV - without deceleration;
mV - setting for deceleration;
mV 0.15 or (0.15) - deceleration 0.15 sec;
k/V or K - setting to the lowest deceleration;
l/V or L - setting to the greatest deceleration;
1/V - setting to the first deceleration;
2/V - setting to the second deceleration.

On the cartridges, the stamps are applied on the bottom cut. They carry information about the index of the sleeve, the type of material from which it is made, the purpose of the sleeve, the manufacturer, batch and year of manufacture. For example, the marks " 6351 St. 21 cm Mrs. P 141 1941" means the following:

6351 - sleeve index;
St. - the material from which the sleeve is made, in this case steel;
21 cm Mrs. 18 - sample gun (21cm mortar sample 18);
141 - batch;
1941 - year of manufacture.

Most steel sleeves are laminated, which makes it difficult to determine the material from which the sleeve is made. All sleeves made of brass after the index do not have an abbreviation St., and all sleeves made of steel, regardless of the nature of the anti-corrosion coating, are marked with the abbreviation St.(Stahl)

Capsule bushings

German ammunition used primers and electric bushings. External difference The difference is that capsule ones have a blind bottom cut, while electric ones have a hole in the center of the bottom cut into which the contact rod is placed. The stamps on the bushings are placed on the bottom surface of their body. The stamps indicate the bushing index, what material it is made of, the company, batch number and year of manufacture. For example, the marks "C/22 St. BMW 133 42 " denote:

C/22 - bushing index;
St. - the material from which the bushing body is made, in this case steel;
bmq - company;
133 - batch;
42 - year of manufacture.

All steel bushings have the abbreviation " St."(Stahl).
On steel formatted capsule or tinned electric ones, white markings are often placed instead of stamps.
Stamps or white markings on the tracers were applied on the protruding part. They are often placed on the surface of key recesses. The stamps indicate the company, batch number and year of manufacture. For example, the brand " RDF 171 42" Means:

Rdf - company;
171 - batch;
43 - year of manufacture.

Stamps on the detonator

stamps on the bottom of the detonator

On detonators, stamps were placed on the bottom of the aluminum shell. Three-letter code of the manufacturer and designation of the explosive with which the detonator is equipped. For example, " Np. 10"(nitropenta 10%) means that the detonator is equipped with PETN, phlegmatized with 10% mountain wax (ozokerite).
In addition to the standard and general stamps and markings shown, on some parts of the projectiles, most often on the cylindrical part of the body, there are additional special stamps that have a special meaning

Painting of German shells and mines

Painting Painting of shells and mines has two purposes, protecting the shell of the projectile from corrosion and providing easily perceptible information about the type, purpose and effect of the ammunition. Fuses with a plastic body and an iron shell are painted to protect the glasses from corrosion, and are also painted to protect them from corrosion.

Coloring of German mines, shells and fuses:

Painted in dark green protective color:
A) all shells of the main and special purpose ground artillery, except for all armor-piercing and propaganda shells and two types of 37-mm fragmentation-tracer grenades intended only for ground fire.

b) all mines with steel shell
V) fuses with a plastic body covered with a thin iron shell.

Painted black- all armor-piercing shells, all calibers, systems and devices.

IN yellow painted- all fragmentation ammunition of anti-aircraft and aviation artillery, except for 37-mm fragmentation-tracer grenades intended for ground firing from anti-aircraft guns; such shells are painted in a dark green protective color.

Painted red:
A) all mines with a shell made of steel or ductile iron;
b) Propaganda shells, the head part of which is painted white.

Standard markings of German shells and special distinctive features

Standard markings include conventional combinations of letters and numbers found on the elements of a shot in order to determine all the necessary data on them or on the shot as a whole for their official operation.
Standard markings are available on shells and mines, on the cartridge cases of cartridge-loading shots and the caps of their combat charges, and on the caps of variable combat charge bundles. Often this marking is duplicated by labels attached to the cap of the variable charge and on the closure of the ammunition, regardless of their design.
The markings are applied in white, black or red paint.
On all shells, with the exception of armor-piercing shells of all calibers, painted black, and 20mm fragmentation and armor-piercing incendiary-tracer shells, markings are applied with black paint and only on the cylindrical part and head. Armor-piercing shells of all calibers have similar markings, but in red.
20mm fragmentation-incendiary-tracer and 20mm armor-piercing incendiary-tracer shells, like all shells of this caliber, are marked only on the cylindrical part, the former being red and the latter being white, which serves as an additional distinctive feature of incendiary shells of this caliber.
In addition to the standard black markings on the cylindrical part and head, shells of separate cartridge-loading shots have additional white markings on the bottom section.
The weight category, or ballistic mark, is placed in the form of a Roman numeral on the cylindrical part of the projectile on both sides and only on projectiles of 75mm caliber and above.

Meaning of ballistic signs:

I - Lighter than normal by 3-5%
II - Lighter than normal by 1-3%
III - Normal +- 1%
IV - Heavier than normal by 1-3%
V - Heavier than normal by 3-5%
There are no standard markings on armor-piercing tracer projectiles with a tungsten carbide core.
The standard markings on mines are painted black, and their meaning is completely similar to the meaning of the markings on shells.
The standard markings on cartridge-loading shot casings are applied with black paint on their body. The same markings are applied to the caps or semi-caps of the combat charge of these shots.
The standard markings on the caps of variable-combat charge bundles differ from the markings on the caps of the combat charge of cartridge-loading rounds only in that the former additionally have an indication of the bundle number.
Standard markings on closures with cartridge-loading rounds indicate only their number, caliber of shells and the purpose of the latter, and on closures with combat charges of separate cartridge-loading rounds only their purpose. See labels for more details.
Special distinctive features very diverse. they play an important role and are applied to various elements shots in the form of colored stripes, letters or numbers to indicate the characteristics of the equipment, design or use of ammunition. The location of their application and conventional meanings are shown in the figure “Special distinctive features”

LABEL

Labels are attached to the closure with the elements of the shot or complete shots in order to obtain all the information about the ammunition without opening the closure, which is often sealed, and therefore opening for inspection of ammunition without special need for this is required in the future extra work to bring it into proper order.
Labels can be multi-colored or single-colored. Colored ones are used when capping cartridge-loading rounds for small-caliber systems (up to 30mm inclusive), and their variety of colors has a connection with design features shells and, therefore, with the combat use of certain shots. The conventional color meaning of such labels is given in the corresponding configuration tables.
On closures with elements of shots or complete shots of caliber 37mm and above, single-color labels are used, the content of which varies. Below, as an example, are shown the most common labels and the meaning of the data given in them.

Labels on the closure with elements of shots of separate cartridge loading

a) With a projectile

1-caliber and projectile sample;
2 - fuse sample;
3 - there is no smoke-producing block in the bursting charge;
4 - symbol of explosive
5 - material of the leading belt
6 - ballistic sign
7 - place, day, month and year of the final equipment of the projectile and the sign of the person responsible for the equipment.

B) With combat charges

1 - abbreviated designation of the weapon to which the combat charges are intended;
2 - number of warheads;
3 - weight of gunpowder in each combat charge;
4 - brand of gunpowder;
5 - factory, year of manufacture of gunpowder and batch number;
6 - place, day, month and year of manufacture of the charge and sign; person responsible for production;
7 - symbol of the nature of gunpowder;
8 - sleeve index.

Etiquette on closure with cartridge loading shot

1 - Caliber and sample of the projectile and purpose of the shot
2 - fuse sample
3 - grade of gunpowder
4 - factory, year of manufacture of gunpowder and batch number
5 - place, day, month and year of shot assembly and sign of the person in charge
6 - sample of a smoke-generating bomb
7 - symbol of explosive
8 - material of the leading belt on the projectile
9 - ballistic sign
10 - symbol of the nature of gunpowder
11 - sleeve index

To ensure the convenience and reliability of the operation of ammunition from the moment of its manufacture to the moment of combat use and to ensure the ability to obtain the necessary characteristics of the combat and technical properties of ammunition without accompanying documents, all ammunition during manufacture is subject to branding, painting and marking.

Branding consists of extruding, knocking out or etching symbols on metal and plastic parts of ammunition, called brands and consisting of letters, numbers, geometric shapes and their combinations. On small ammunition, such as small caliber shells, fuzes, primer bushings and cartridge cases, marks can be the main identifying marks.

The coloring of ammunition is divided into safety and distinctive. Preservative painting is applied to peacetime wild gray color for shells with a caliber of 57 mm or more and green color for wooden ammunition closures. Preservative painting can be applied to the centering thickenings and leading belts. Distinctive coloring is applied in the form of stripes of a specific color to projectiles, fuses, cartridge cases, ignition media and closures.

Marking consists of applying symbols and inscriptions with paint or varnish to shells, ammunition (caps and cartridges) and closures. The marking is done in a standard drawing font with a solid black line, and on the black color - white.

The marking contains all the basic service data necessary for the correct operation of ammunition in the military. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the preservation of markings in the troops.

In Fig. 4.5 shows the content and location of markings on projectiles. On small-caliber shells, weight marks are not indicated in the markings. On armor-piercing shells, the type of fuse is indicated under the equipment code. On solid projectiles, instead of equipment data, the manufacturer, batch number and year of manufacture of the projectile are indicated.

In Fig. 4.6 shows the content and location of markings on combat charges and in cartridge cases. If several combat charges or a variable combat charge are intended for a given type of gun, the corresponding inscriptions are applied on each combat charge and on individual packages (bundles): “Full”, “Reduced”

variable", "Special", "Charge No. 4", "Main package", "Upper beam", etc. On separately loaded cartridges

they put the combat charge index, and on the cartridge cases of unitary cartridges - the shot index. Under the primer sleeve in the sleeve there is a paper circle duplicating combat markings for row.

Markings are not applied to the cartridges of ignition charges and to the cartridges of additional mortar charges. It is replaced by labels with similar inscriptions, which are glued to the upper wad of the ignition charge and to the paper wrapper of additional charges.

On the body rocket additional data about the combat charge is plotted: type of ignition medium, igniter index and ballistic index (Fig. 4.7).

On sealed boxes with shots, shells and combat charges, markings are applied on the side and end walls that characterize the contents. In addition to the usual information, the number of pieces and gross weight are indicated. The absence of data on the fuse means that the shots or shells are not fully loaded. I

Unitary ammunition was used by B-20 and ShVAK aircraft guns. The ammunition was equipped with high-explosive fragmentation, fragmentation-incendiary, fragmentation-incendiary-tracer, high-explosive fragmentation-incendiary, armor-piercing incendiary and armor-piercing incendiary-tracer shells. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 20 mm; length – 99 mm; shot weight – 325 g; projectile weight - 173 g; explosive mass – 2.8 – 6.7 g; initial speed– 750 – 815 m/s.

Shots 23×115-mm

The unitary ammunition was intended for NS-23 and NR-23 aircraft guns. The ammunition was produced with fragmentation-incendiary, fragmentation-incendiary-tracer, high-explosive fragmentation-incendiary, high-explosive fragmentation-incendiary-tracer, armor-piercing-incendiary-tracer and armor-piercing- incendiary shells. The ammunition is created on the basis of a large-caliber 14.5x114 mm cartridge by increasing the cartridge case neck to 23 mm. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 23 mm; length – 199 mm; sleeve length – 115 mm; weight – 311 g; projectile weight – 200 g; charge weight – 33 g; explosive mass – 13-15 g; initial projectile speed – 700 m/s; armor penetration at a distance of 200 m – 25 mm.

The unitary ammunition was intended for the VYA-23 aircraft cannon. It was produced with armor-piercing incendiary-tracer, fragmentation-incendiary and fragmentation-incendiary-tracer shells. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 23 mm; length – 236 mm; sleeve length – 152 mm; weight – 450 g; projectile weight - 188 g; initial projectile speed - 905 - 980 m/s.

Shots 25×218 SR

Unitary ammunition was used by 25-mm anti-aircraft guns "72-K" and twin installations "94-KM". The ammunition was equipped with fragmentation-incendiary, fragmentation-incendiary-tracer, armor-piercing-tracer, incendiary-tracer, and shells. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 25 mm; weight – 627 – 684 g; projectile weight - 288 g; charge weight – 100 g; explosive mass – 13 g; initial projectile speed – 910 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 100 m - 42 mm; firing range - 2.4 km, firing ceiling - 2 km.

Shots 37×198

Unitary ammunition was intended for aircraft cannon"NS-37. It was equipped with armor-piercing incendiary-tracer, fragmentation-incendiary-tracer and sub-caliber projectiles. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 37 mm; length – 328 mm; sleeve length – 198 mm; projectile weight – 735 – 760 g; initial speed – 810 – 900 m/s; armor penetration at a distance of 300 m - 50 - 110 mm.

The unitary ammunition was intended for the K-1 anti-tank gun model 1930, as well as the 5-K tank gun. The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, fragmentation shells and buckshot. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 37 mm; sleeve length – 250 m; projectile weight – 660 – 950 g; explosive mass – 9 – 22 g; initial projectile speed – 820 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 300 m - 30 mm; firing range - 5.7 km.

The unitary ammunition was copied from the Swedish “25-mm Bofors AA” and was used by the “61-K” anti-aircraft gun and the airborne gun mod. "ChK-M1". It was equipped with caliber, sub-caliber, and fragmentation-tracer shells. During the war years, more than 100 thousand sub-caliber shells alone were fired. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 37 mm; sleeve length – 252 mm; projectile weight – 620 – 770 g; charge weight – 200 – 217 g; explosive mass – 37 g; initial projectile speed – 870 – 955 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 300 m - 50 - 97 mm; firing range - 1.5 - 9.5 km; firing ceiling - 3 km.

Bandolier for 37 mm shovel mortar

The ammunition was intended for a 37-mm shovel mortar model 1939. Performance characteristics of the mine: caliber - 39 mm; weight – 500 g; firing range - 60 - 250 m.

Shots 45×186

The unitary ammunition was intended for the NS-45 aviation automatic cannon. It was equipped with a fragmentation tracer projectile. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 45 mm; length – 328 mm; sleeve length – 186 mm; shot weight – 1.9 kg; drug weight 1 kg; initial speed -780 - 850 m/s; armor penetration - 58 mm.

The unitary ammunition was intended for a 45-mm anti-tank and tank gun mod. 1932/34/37/42/43 (19-K/20-K/53-K/M-42/80-K). The ammunition was equipped with caliber, sub-caliber, armor-piercing incendiary, fragmentation, smoke shells and buckshot. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 45 mm; length – 550 mm; sleeve length – 310 mm; projectile weight - 0.9 - 2.2 kg; initial projectile speed – 335 – 820 m/s; armor penetration at an angle of 90° at a distance of 500 m - 43 - 112 mm; firing range - 4.4 km.

The ammunition was intended for 50-mm company mortars model 1938/40/41. Performance characteristics of mines: caliber – 50 mm; length – 212 mm; weight – 850 – 922 g; explosive mass – 90 g; mass of expelling charge – 4 – 5 g; initial speed of the msina – 96 m/s; firing range - 100 - 800 m.

The unitary ammunition was intended for the ZIS-2 anti-tank and tank gun. To equip the ammunition, caliber, sub-caliber, fragmentation, training shells and buckshot were used. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 57 mm; sleeve length – 480 mm; projectile weight - 1.8 - 3.7 kg; charge weight – 1 – 1.5 kg; explosive mass – 18 – 220 g; number of grapeshot bullets – 324 pcs.; initial projectile speed – 700 – 1270 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 100 m - 112 - 190 mm; firing range - 4 - 8.4 km.

Ammunition was used by a 76-mm mountain gun mod. 1909 assault weapon M1910 and the “short” gun “M-1913”. During the war years, about 226 thousand ammunition was fired. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; sleeve length – 191 mm; weight – 6.2 kg; initial projectile speed – 387 m/s; firing range - 8.6 km.

The ammunition was intended for a 76-mm mountain gun model 1938. The shots were chambered in unitary cartridges, and some cartridges had a removable bottom, which made it possible to remove excess gunpowder bundles and fire with reduced charges. The ammunition was equipped with high-explosive fragmentation, incendiary, armor-piercing and smoke shells, as well as shrapnel. The charge consisted of three beams weighing 200, 135 and 285 g. During the war years, about 1 million ammunition was produced. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; projectile weight - 3.9 - 6.5 kg; sleeve weight – 1.4 kg; explosive mass – 85 – 710 g; initial projectile speed – 260 – 510 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 60° at a distance of 250 m - 42 mm; firing range - 3 - 10.7 km.

The unitary ammunition was intended for 76-mm L-11, F-34 and ZIS-5 tank guns. The ammunition could be caliber, sub-caliber armor-piercing, high-explosive fragmentation, shrapnel and grapeshot shells. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; projectile weight – 3 – 6.5 kg; explosive mass – 85 – 710 g; initial projectile speed – 655-950 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 100 mm – 90 – 102 mm; firing range - 4 - 13.3 km.

Unitary ammunition was used by the regimental gun mod. 1927, divisional guns model 1902/30, “F-22”, “ZIS-3”. The ammunition was equipped with caliber, sub-caliber, and cumulative; high-explosive fragmentation, incendiary, chemical fragmentation shells, buckshot and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; sleeve length – 385 mm; projectile weight – 3 – 6.3 kg; explosive mass – 85 – 710 g; number of shrapnel bullets – 260 pcs.; initial projectile speed – 355 – 950 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 100 m - 77 - 119 mm; firing range - 4 - 13.7 km.

The ammunition was intended for 76 mm anti-aircraft gun arr. 1931/38 "3-K". The ammunition was equipped with fragmentation, armor-piercing tracer shells and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; sleeve length – 558 mm; weight – 11.3 – 11.7 kg; projectile weight - 6.5 - 6.9 kg; explosive mass – 119 – 458 g; initial projectile speed - 815 m/s; armor penetration at a distance of 500 m - 78 mm; firing range - 4 - 14.6 km; firing ceiling - 9 km.

The unitra ammunition was intended for 76.2 mm divisional guns mod. 1939 (USV/ZIS-22-USV). The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, sub-caliber, high-explosive fragmentation, smoke shells and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 76.2 mm; projectile weight – 3 – 7.1 kg; explosive mass – 119 – 815 g; initial projectile speed – 355 – 950 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 60° at a distance of 100 m - 65 - 95 mm; firing range - 4 - 13.2 km.

To the battalion 82-mm model. 1936/37/41/43 The following mines were produced for mortars: high-explosive fragmentation mines, six-feather and ten-feather fragmentation mines and six-feather smoke mines, as well as propaganda, lighting and practical training mines. Performance characteristics of mines: caliber – 82 mm; total length – 295 mm; case length – 275 mm; mine weight - 3.3 - 4.6 kg; explosive mass – 0.4 kg; firing range – 0.1 – 3 km; damage radius - 60 m.

Unitary ammunition was intended for 85-mm anti-aircraft guns model 1939 “52-K”, “90-K” and tank guns “D-5”, “D-5S”, “S-53”, “ZIS-S” -53". The ammunition was equipped with fragmentation and armor-piercing tracer shells. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 85 mm; projectile weight – 5-9.5 kg; initial projectile speed – 800 – 1050 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 100 m - 119 - 167 mm; firing range – 15.7 km, firing ceiling – 10.2 km.

Unitary ammunition was used by the BS-3 field gun, the B-24/34 naval gun and the D-10 tank gun. It was equipped with armor-piercing tracer and high-explosive fragmentation shells. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 100 mm; weight – 27.1 – 30.1 kg; projectile weight - 15.6 - 15.8 kg; explosive mass - 65 g - 1.5 kg; initial projectile speed – 600 – 897 m/s; armor penetration at a meeting angle of 90° at a distance of 500 m - 155 - 200 mm; firing range - 20.6 km.

The unitary ammunition was intended for the 100 mm/50 Minizini naval guns purchased in Italy for the light cruisers Chervona Ukraine and Krasny Kavkaz. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 100 mm; shot length – 1200 mm; projectile length 500 mm; shot weight - 24.6 - 28.2 kg; projectile weight - 13.9 - 15.8 kg; charge weight – 4.8 – 6.6 kg; explosive mass – 1.3 – 1.9 kg; initial projectile speed – 800 -880 m/s; firing range - 19.6 km.

Unitary ammunition was used by the 102-mm naval gun of the Obukhov plant “B-2”. It was equipped with high-explosive, diving, illuminating shells and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 101.6 mm; weight – 30 kg; projectile weight - 17.5 kg; charge weight – 7.5 – 5.2 kg; initial projectile speed – 823 m/s; firing range - 16.3 km.

The separate-case-loading ammunition was intended for the 107-mm cannon mod. 1910/30 and 107-mm universal divisional gun mod. 1940 "M-60". It had three propelling charges - full, first and second. The ammunition was equipped with caliber, high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, incendiary shells and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 106.7 mm; projectile weight - 16.4 - 81.8 kg; explosive mass – 2 kg; initial projectile speed – 730 m/s; armor penetration at an angle of 90° at a distance of 100 m – 137 mm; firing range - 3 - 18.3 km.

The ammunition was intended for the 107-mm regimental mountain pack mortar mod. 1938 ammunition performance characteristics: 106.7 mm; weight – 8 – 9.1 kg; explosive mass – 1 kg; initial mine speed - 325 m/s; shooting range - 0.7 - 6.3 km.

The mine was intended for 120-mm regimental mortars mod. 1938/43 Used the following types mines: high-explosive fragmentation, smoke, incendiary, lighting. The shot was fired by piercing the primer under the weight of the mine, or using a trigger mechanism when firing powerful charges. The charge was placed in the tail of the mine. To increase the firing range, there were additional charges in fabric caps, manually attached to the shank. The illumination mine was equipped with a pyrotechnic bomb with a parachute and an expelling charge. Performance characteristics of mines: caliber – 120 mm; weight – 16.8 – 17.2 kg; explosive mass – 0.9 – 3.4 kg; initial mine speed - 272 m/s; firing range - 0.5 - 5.9 km.

The separate-case-loading ammunition was intended for the 122-mm casing gun mod. 1931/37 "A-19", guns for self-propelled guns "A-19S" and tank guns "D-25" and "D-25T". It was also used by howitzers “M1909/37”, “M1910/30”, “M-30”, “M-30S” and self-propelled gun “SU-122”. It was equipped with four propelling charges: full, No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3, housed in a metal sleeve. Both cannon and howitzer shells were used for firing. The main shells used (often when firing at tanks) were high-explosive fragmentation shells. Armor-piercing shells were mainly included in ammunition kits self-propelled guns and guns used in coastal defense, such shells were issued to field gun crews only when there was an immediate threat of attack on firing positions by enemy tanks. Concrete-piercing shells were used for firing at long-term firing points. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 121.9 mm; sleeve length – 785 mm; projectile weight - 21.8 - 25 kg; full charge weight – 6.8 kg; explosive mass – 156 g – 3.8 kg; armor penetration at an angle of 90° at a distance of 100 m – 168 mm; initial projectile speed –364 – 800 m/s; firing range - 4 - 20.4 km.

The ammunition was used by the B-7 and B-13 ship guns. The ammunition was equipped with semi-piercing, high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation, diving and illuminating shells. Ammunition performance characteristics: caliber – 130 mm; projectile length – 512 – 653 mm; projectile weight - 33.4 - 36.8 kg; explosive mass – 1.7 – 3.7 kg; initial projectile speed – 823 – 861 m/s; firing range - 20 - 25 km.

The separate-case-loading ammunition was intended for the 152-mm mortar model 1931 (NM). The gun had 5 charges placed in a special cartridge case. The ammunition was equipped with high-explosive fragmentation and smoke shells. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 152.4 mm; sleeve length – 125 mm; projectile weight - 38.3 - 41 kg; explosive mass – 7 – 7.7 kg; initial projectile speed – 250 m/s; firing range - 5.2 km.

The ammunition was intended for 152-mm howitzers mod. 1909/30, 1910/37, arr. 1938 (M-10), “D-1” and howitzer-guns “ML-20”. For firing from a howitzer, 8 types of propellant charges were provided. The ammunition was equipped with cumulative, semi-armor-piercing, fragmentation, high-explosive, high-explosive, concrete-piercing, lighting, smoke shells and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 152.4 mm; shot weight - 36 - 48 kg; projectile weight - 27.7 - 44 kg; explosive mass – 0.5 – 8.8 kg; initial projectile speed – 398 – 560 m/s; armor penetration at an angle of 90° - 250 mm of armor, 1140 mm of reinforced concrete; firing range –5 – 13.7 km.

The ammunition was intended for 152-mm guns mod. 1910/30, arr. 1910/34 and arr. 1937 "ML-20/ML-20S/ML-20M". The ammunition was equipped with caliber, cumulative, concrete-piercing, high-explosive fragmentation, lighting, chemical shells and shrapnel. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 152.4 mm; projectile weight - 27.4 - 56 kg; explosive mass - 660 g - 8.8 kg; initial projectile speed – 600 – 680 m/s; armor penetration at an angle of 90° at a distance of 500 m - 250 mm; firing range - 3 - 18 km.

The separate-cartridge-loading ammunition was intended for the 152-mm cannon mod. 1935 "Br-2". The ammunition was equipped with high-explosive fragmentation, concrete-piercing and chemical shells. There were three charges - full, No. 1 and No. 2. A total of 39.4 thousand ammunition were fired. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 152 mm; projectile weight - 49 kg; explosive mass – 6.5 – 7 kg; initial projectile speed – 880 m/s; firing range - 25 - 27 km.

The twelve-point mine was used by the divisional breech-loading 160-mm mortar mod. 1943 (MT-13). Performance characteristics of mines: caliber – 160 mm; weight - 40.5 kg; explosive mass – 7.8 kg; initial mine speed - 140 - 245 m/s; firing range - 0.6 - 5.1 km.

The ammunition was intended for the B-1-P ship gun. The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, high-explosive, high-explosive fragmentation and concrete-piercing shells. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 180 mm; projectile weight - 97.5 kg; charge weight – 18 – 37.5 kg; explosive mass – 2 – 8 kg; initial projectile speed – 600 – 920 m/s; firing range - 18.6 - 37 km.

The ammunition with separate cartridge loading was intended for the 203-mm howitzer model 1931 “B-4”. It was equipped with ten variable charges. The ammunition was equipped with high-explosive and concrete-piercing shells. In total, at least 659 thousand shells were fired during the war years. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 203.4 mm; projectile weight – 100-146 kg; full charge weight – 15 kg; initial projectile speed – 481 – 607 m/s; firing range - 17.9 km; armor penetration – up to 1 m of reinforced concrete.

The ammunition used was a 210 mm Br-17 model 1939 cannon. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 210 mm; projectile weight - 135 kg; initial projectile speed – 800 m/s; firing range - 30.4 km.

The separate cap-loading ammunition was intended for a 280-mm mortar mod. 1939 "Br-5". The ammunition was equipped with high-explosive and concrete-piercing shells. 6 charges were used for firing. A total of 14 thousand shells were fired. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 279.4 mm; projectile weight - 204 - 286 kg; explosive mass – 33.6-58.7 kg; initial projectile speed – 290 – 420 m/s; armor penetration - 2 m of reinforced concrete; firing range - 7.3 - 10.4 km.

The cartridge-loading ammunition was intended for the 356-mm TM-1-14 railway artillery mount. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 355.6 mm; projectile weight - 512.5 - 747 kg; charge weight – 213 kg; initial projectile speed - 732 - 823 m/s; firing range - 31 - 51 km.

The cartridge-loading ammunition was intended for the B-37 naval 406-mm cannon. The ammunition was equipped with armor-piercing, semi-armor-piercing and high explosive shells. In total, about 300 rounds of ammunition were fired. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 406.4 mm; projectile length – 1908 – 2032 mm; projectile weight - 1108 kg; charge weight – 299.5 – 320 kg; explosive mass – 25.7-88 kg; initial projectile speed – 830 – 870 m/s; armor penetration at an angle of 25° at a distance of 5.5 km – 406 mm; firing range - 45.7 - 49.8 km.

The ammunition with separate cap loading was intended for howitzer mod. 1939 "Br 18". Charges of both Soviet and Czechoslovak production were used. The main shells are high-explosive and concrete-piercing. Performance characteristics of ammunition: caliber - 305 mm; projectile weight - 330 - 470 kg; charge weight – 157 kg; projectile length - 1.3 m; initial speed – 410 – 853 m/s; armor penetration - 2 m of brick wall or reinforced concrete; firing range - 16 - 29 km.

Purpose, general device and classification of live ammunition for small arms, rounds for grenade launchers

Depending on their purpose, cartridges are divided into combat and auxiliary.

Live ammunition are intended for firing from combat individual and group small arms with the aim of destroying manpower and equipment.

Auxiliary cartridges are intended for teaching the rules and techniques of loading and unloading weapons, simulating shooting, testing the strength of weapons and determining the ballistic characteristics of weapons and cartridges.

Depending on the type of weapon used, there are:

revolver cartridges, used for shooting from revolvers;

pistol cartridges, used for firing pistols and submachine guns chambered for pistol cartridges;

machine gun cartridges, used for shooting from machine guns, light machine guns and self-loading weapons;

rifle cartridges, used for firing from light, heavy, tank and aircraft machine guns, as well as from rifles and carbines;

large-caliber cartridges, used for firing from large-caliber machine guns.

The live cartridge is made from the following main components:

1—thrown element—bullet;

2 – sleeves;

3 — propellant charge;

4 — igniter primer.

Live ammunition includes:

5.45 mm MPTs pistol cartridges;

5.45 mm cartridges;

7.62 mm revolver cartridges;

7.62 mm pistol cartridges;

7.62 mm cartridges of the 1943 model;

7.62 mm rifle cartridges;

9 mm pistol cartridges;

12.7 mm cartridges;

14.5 mm cartridges.

With a shot refers to the entire set of ammunition elements necessary to fire a shot from a gun and assembled in the established order.

Shots are divided into:

1. By purpose

• main purpose - combat (O, F, B)
• special purpose - (smoke, lighting, agitation)
• auxiliary purposes (practical, UT and R)

1. By charging method:

• unitary (cartridge) type
• separate-sleeve
• cap-shaped

Classification:

• by caliber
• small (20-75 mm)
• medium (76-155)
• large (more than 155)
• by stabilization method:
• rotating
• feathered
• in relation to the caliber of the gun
• caliber
• sub-caliber
• over-caliber

Hand and rocket-propelled anti-tank grenades

Hand fragmentation grenades designed to destroy enemy personnel with fragments in close combat (during attacks, in trenches, shelters, populated areas, in the forest, in the mountains, etc.).

Hand grenades RGD-5, RG-42 and RGN refer to offensive grenades. F-1 and RGO grenades— to defensive ones.

General design of hand-held fragmentation, offensive and defensive grenades

Manual fragmentation grenade RGD-5- a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy personnel in attack and defense. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various provisions when operating on foot and in vehicles. Expansion radius lethal fragments grenades about 25 m. Average range throw a grenade 40-50 m.

Loaded grenade weight 310 g.

Ignition retarder burning time 3,2-4,2 With.

The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade consists of a body with a tube for a fuse, a bursting charge and a fuse.

F-1 hand fragmentation grenade - a remote-action grenade designed to destroy manpower primarily in defensive combat. You can throw a grenade from various positions and only from behind cover, from an armored personnel carrier or tank (self-propelled guns).

The radius of dispersion of lethal fragments during a grenade explosion is about 200 m. The average throwing range of a grenade is 35-45 m.

Loaded grenade weight 600 G.

Ignition retarder burning time 3.2-4.2 s.

F-1 hand fragmentation grenade consists of: 1-body; 2 – bursting charge; 3-fuse

Offensive hand grenade RGN and defensive hand grenade RGO designed to defeat enemy personnel in offensive and defensive battles, respectively, in various terrain conditions and at any time of the year at ambient temperatures from plus 50 degrees to minus 50 degrees.

RGN and RGO hand grenades consist: 1- grenade without fuse; 2- fuse.

RGN and RGO grenades without a fuse consist of:

1-stopper; 2-cuff; 3-hundred-kan; 4-hemisphere ; 5-explosive mixture; 6-hemisphere; 7- gasket; 8-detonation checker; 9,10 hemispheres.

RKG-3 cumulative hand grenade — a directed-action anti-tank grenade, designed to combat enemy tanks, self-propelled guns, armored personnel carriers and armored vehicles, as well as to destroy long-term and field defensive structures. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various positions and only from behind cover. The average throw range of a grenade is 15-20 m.

The weight of the loaded grenade is 1070 g.

When a grenade hits a target, it instantly explodes and the resulting stream of gases of high density and temperature penetrates the armor of modern tanks and other durable barriers.

The RKG-3 anti-tank cumulative hand grenade consists of: 1 - body; 2 - bursting charge; 3 - fuse; 4 - lever

The body of the grenade is cylindrical and serves to house the explosive charge and fuse. The body has: bottom - bottom; inside - a cumulative funnel; on top there is a screw cap with a tube for the igniter. The upper part of the lid ends with a thread for screwing on the handle.

1-cumulative notch;2-shell;3-main charge; 4 – additional charge; 5-tube; 6-thread; 7- cover; 8-cardboard spacer; 9-cumulative funnel.

Marking and distinctive coloring of ammunition

Marking of cartridges consists, in general, of appropriate distinctive colors, signs and inscriptions applied both to the components of the cartridges and to the packaging with cartridges.
Marking is applied:
on the sleeve - on the end of the bottom part;
on the bullet - on the head part;
for packaging - a wooden box, a metal box, a moisture-proof bag, a cardboard box and a paper bag.
At the end of the bottom part of the sleeve, a marking containing the conventional number of the manufacturer and the year of manufacture (the last two digits of the year) is stamped. During the period 1951-56. the year of manufacture was conventionally indicated by a letter. At the end of the bottom part of individual liner nomenclatures, signs in the form of two diametrically located five-pointed stars can be additionally applied.
For 7.62 mm rifle cartridges intended for firing from the ShKAS aircraft machine gun, an additional letter Ш is applied to the end of the bottom of the cartridge case, and the cap of the primer — the igniter — is coated with red varnish.

Type of weapon	Ammunition used	Distinctive coloring on the head	Capping (number of ammunition)	Box weight (kg)
9mm PM	9Pst – 9mm pistol cartridge with a steel core bullet	without coloring	carton 16 pcs. metal box 80×16=1280 pcs. box - 2 boxes	32
5.45mm AK-74, RPK-74	PS – cartridge with an ordinary bullet	without coloring	paper bag metal box 30×36 = 1080 pcs. box – 2 boxes	29
	T-cartridge with tracer bullet	green
		black and green
	HP - blank cartridge	plastic bullet
7.62mm AKM, RPK	PS – cartridge with a steel core bullet	without coloring	carton metal box 20×35=700 pcs. box - 2 boxes galvanized box 20×33=660 pcs.	30
	T-45 – cartridge with a tracer bullet	green
	US – cartridge with a bullet of reduced speed	black and green
	HP - blank cartridge	no bullet
	Z – cartridge with incendiary bullet	red
	BZ - cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet	black and red
7.62mm SVD	PS – rifle sniper cartridge	without coloring	paper bag metal box 20×21 = 420 pcs. box – 2 boxes	26
7.62mm PKM, PKT	LPS - rifle cartridge with a steel core bullet	silver	paper bag metal box 20×22 = 440 pcs. box – 2 boxes	28
	T-46 – rifle cartridge with a tracer bullet	green
	B-32 – cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet	black and red
	PZ – cartridge with a sighting-incendiary bullet	red
	HP - blank cartridge	no bullet
14.5mm KPVT	B-32 - cartridge with armor-piercing incendiary bullet	black and red
	BZT - a cartridge with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet	purple and red
	MDZ - cartridge with an instant incendiary bullet	red bullet
	Combat	green
	Educational	black

Procedure for preparing for use

Ammunition for weapons of border shells is stored in equipped magazines, and for weapons of group use - in sealed boxes, in locked drawers or cabinets. The duty officer at the outpost (unit) is responsible for their safety.

An inventory of property is posted in the weapons storage room, which includes the number of pyramids, cabinets, boxes, stands, posters and other property stored in this room. The inventory indicates the cabinet numbers and what seal they are sealed with.

Labels indicating the department are attached to each pyramid (cabinet, drawer), military rank and the name of the person responsible, the number of the pyramid (cabinet, drawer) and the number of the seal with which they are sealed.

An inventory is posted in the pyramid (cabinet, box) indicating the type and quantity of weapons stored in it. Each nest of the pyramid (cabinet) must have a label pasted on it indicating the type and number of the weapon and gas mask number, as well as the name of the person to whom they are assigned.

All inventories located in the weapons storage room, in pyramids, cabinets, and boxes are signed by the head of the outpost (unit commander).

Arms and ammunition are issued to border guards and accepted from them by the duty officer at the outpost (unit) with registration in the book for issuing weapons and ammunition; all ammunition is recalculated.

All ammunition described, including hand grenades and shots for anti-tank grenade launchers are stored in the warehouse of the outpost (unit).

It is prohibited to store ammunition near stoves, electric heating devices, etc., or to keep ammunition open in the sun (especially in southern regions).

The weapons of soldiers and sergeants leaving temporarily outside the outpost (unit) for a period of more than 3 days must be handed over to the sergeant major. The surrendered weapons are stored separately from the weapons of the outpost (unit) personnel.

Emphasize to trainees that weapons located in pyramids, storerooms and warehouses must always be unloaded and have the safety on.

Practically prepare your weapon for placement in the pyramid, set it up and order each trainee to perform the same actions with their weapon.

Monitor the correctness of trainees’ actions and correct if necessary.

“The main training and simulation ammunition used in classes and safety measures used when handling them.”

Only specially trained sergeants and soldiers are allowed to use imitation equipment. They must be carefully and specifically instructed.

Training leaders, as well as officers of units (outposts), bear full responsibility for preparing personnel, weapons and simulation equipment for training and exercises.

Loading the machine gun

• attach a loaded magazine to the machine gun, if it was not previously attached to it;
• remove the machine from the safety lock;
• put the translator on the required type of fire;
• vigorously pull the bolt frame back to full strength and release it;
• put the machine gun on safety if there is no immediate opening of fire or the command “fire” is not followed, and move your right hand to the pistol grip.

If the magazine was not loaded with cartridges before loading the machine gun or the cartridges were used up during shooting, then the magazine must be loaded.

Shop equipment

To equip a magazine, you need to take a magazine from left hand with the neck up and the convex side to the left, and in the right hand - cartridges with bullets to the little finger so that the bottom of the cartridge case rises slightly above the big and index fingers.

Shop equipment

Equipping the magazine with cartridges from the clip:

1- -store; 2 – adapter; 3 – clip; 4 – cartridges

While holding the magazine with a slight tilt to the left, pressing thumb insert cartridges one at a time under the bends of the side walls with the bottom of the cartridge case towards the rear wall of the magazine.

Loading a magazine from a clip

To equip a magazine with cartridges from a clip, you must: take the magazine (1) in your left hand. With your right hand, attach the adapter (2) to it so that its bends fit into the corresponding grooves on the neck of the magazine; holding the magazine in his left hand, right hand insert the clip (3) with cartridges (4) into the adapter, with the cartridges pointing upward; pressing the index finger of your right hand on the case body (at the bottom) of the upper cartridge and passing the clip between the middle and index fingers, insert the cartridges into the magazine; remove the empty clip from the adapter, insert a new clip with cartridges and reload the magazine; remove the adapter from the magazine. Using a clip speeds up loading the magazine with cartridges.

Loading the clip with cartridges

To equip the clip with cartridges, insert it into the adapter so that it fits into the grooves of the adapter and rests against its stop (Fig. a).

Loading the clip with cartridges:

a – with adapter; b - without adapter

Holding the clip with the adapter in place in your left hand, with your right hand, holding the cartridge by the bullet and the top of the cartridge case with three fingers (thumb, index and middle), insert it into the grooves of the clip.

The clip can be loaded with cartridges without an adapter; to do this, take the clip in your left hand and the cartridge in your right hand; pressing the spring hook, insert the bullet between the clip and the spring (sink the hook); insert the cartridges into the grooves of the clip (Fig. b); remove the cartridge bullet from under the clip spring.

Safety requirements for handling ammunition

Personnel who have not mastered the safety requirements are not allowed to fire or maintain the fire.
Prohibited enter (enter) areas where there are unexploded grenades and other explosive objects. These areas must be promptly marked with signs and signs with appropriate warning notices.
Prohibited touch unexploded grenades, other explosive objects and imitation devices. Report each unexploded grenade to the senior shooting director and the head of the military shooting range in accordance with the established procedure.
When throwing combat hand grenades, inserting the fuse is allowed only before throwing them at the command of the shooting director. Carrying live hand grenades outside grenade bags is prohibited.
It is allowed to leave cover 15-20 seconds after the explosion of a defensive grenade.
If a loaded live grenade was not thrown (the safety pin was not removed), it should only be unloaded upon command and under the direct supervision of the firing supervisor.
When shooting from a helicopter in flight and from a mock-up helicopter (simulator), loading, firing, unloading and inspecting the weapon should be carried out with the weapon installed on the bracket and at the command (signal) of the director of firing on the helicopter (simulator).
Personnel should get up from their seats and move around in the helicopter cabin prohibited.
Firing by each shooter must immediately stop independently or at the command of the shooting director in the following cases:

• the appearance of people, cars or animals on the target field, low-flying aircraft over the shooting area;
• grenades falling outside the safe zone or near a dugout occupied by people and loss of contact with the dugout;
• raising a white flag (lantern) at the command post or in the dugout, as well as sending another established ceasefire signal from the dugout (explosive package, smoke bomb, rocket, etc.);
• report or submission from the cordon post of an established signal about the danger of continued shooting;
• the occurrence of a fire on the target field.

From the signal "CLUTCH" before the signal "FIRE" It is prohibited for anyone to be at the firing position (shooting site) or approach the weapon left there.
It is strictly prohibited:

• load weapons with live and blank cartridges, as well as live and inert grenades until sound signal "FIRE"(teams of the leader, commander);
• point a weapon at people, to the side and to the rear of a military shooting range, regardless of whether it is loaded or not;
• open and fire from faulty weapons, faulty ammunition, in dangerous firing directions, with the white flag raised at the command (precinct) post and shelters (dugouts);
• leave a loaded weapon anywhere or transfer it to other persons, leave a weapon at a firing position (shooting site) without the command of the shooting director at the site (commander);
• fire from a machine gun equipped with a device for silent and flameless shooting (SBS) with ordinary cartridges;
• enter (exit) areas of a military shooting range (training facility) where there are unexploded live grenades and other explosive objects; These areas are prohibited areas and must be fenced off, marked with signs and signs with appropriate warning notices, for example: "Dangerous! Unexploded grenade, don’t touch!”;
• disassemble combat grenades and troubleshoot them;
• touch unexploded grenades, shells and other explosive objects; Each unexploded grenade (shell), immediately after discovery, must be marked with a pointer with a warning inscription and reported to the head of the military shooting range.

Prohibited In peacetime, for shooting use:

• 30 mm shot (VOG-17) with fragmentation grenade for automatic grenade launchers AGS-17 and AG-17;
• anti-tank round PG-7V for the RPG-7 hand-held anti-tank grenade launcher of all modifications;
• 7.62 mm cartridges mod. 1943 with an incendiary bullet (3) and a bimetallic casing (GZh);
• 7.62 mm rifle cartridges with a light bullet (L) and a bimetallic sleeve or brass sleeve (GL), as well as with a heavy bullet (D) and a bimetallic sleeve or brass sleeve;
• 14.5 mm cartridges with an armor-piercing incendiary bullet (BS-41) and a brass sleeve, as well as with an armor-piercing incendiary tracer bullet (BZT) and a brass sleeve, with an incendiary bullet (ZP) and a brass sleeve.

Ammunition