Grenades. Device of hand fragmentation grenades
Topic 2. Manual fragmentation
and rocket-propelled anti-tank grenades.
Purpose and combat properties
hand fragmentation grenades
1. Hand fragmentation grenades (see Fig. 1) are intended to destroy enemy personnel with shrapnel in close combat (during an attack, in trenches, shelters, populated areas, in the forest, in the mountains, etc.).
Depending on the range of scattering of fragments, grenades are divided into offensive and defensive.
Hand grenades RGD-5, RG-42 and RGN are offensive grenades. F-l and RGO grenades are defensive. Hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with modernized unified fuses for hand grenades (UZRGM, UZRGM-2).
Rice. 1 General view of hand fragmentation grenades: a - RGD-5; b - RG-42; c - F-1
The primer of the UZRGM (UZRGM-2) igniter ignites at the moment the grenade is thrown, and its explosion occurs 3.2-4.2 s after the throw (the target sensor of the fuse is to the RGN, the RGO is triggered when the grenade hits an obstacle).
Rice. 2. General view of the RK-3 hand-held cumulative grenade
RGD-5, RG-42, RGN, RGO and F-l grenades explode without fail when dropped into mud, snow, water, etc. The explosion produces a large number of fragments that fly in different directions. Fragments of RGD-5 and RG-42 grenades have the energy necessary to destroy manpower within a radius of up to 25 m, and F-l grenades- up to 200m.
2. The RKG-3 hand-held cumulative grenade (see Fig. 2) is an anti-tank grenade and is intended to combat tanks and other armored targets (self-propelled artillery, armored personnel carrier, armored car, etc.), as well as to destroy strong barriers and field-type shelters.
When a hand-held cumulative grenade hits a target (a hard barrier), it instantly explodes; the gases formed during the explosion, thanks to the cumulative funnel, are collected into a narrow beam, which is capable of penetrating the armor of a modern tank and destroying its crew and equipment inside.
The grenade produces its most effective effect when it hits the target with its bottom. The direction of flight of the grenade, bottom forward, is ensured by a stabilizer. The relatively small mass of grenades allows a trained soldier to Throw them at a distance: fragmentation grenades - 40-50 m; anti-tank grenade - at 15-20 m.
Purpose and combat properties of the RGD-5 grenade
The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy personnel in offensive and defensive situations. The grenade was thrown from various provisions when operating on foot and on an armored personnel carrier. The scattering radius of lethal grenade fragments is about 25 m. The average throw range of a grenade is 40-50 m. The mass of a loaded grenade is 310 g. The burning time of the fuse retardant is 3.2 - 4.2 s.
Design of the RGD-5 grenade
The RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade (see Fig. 3) consists of a body with a tube for a fuse, a bursting charge and a fuse.
The body of the grenade serves to house the explosive charge, the fuse tube, and also to form fragments when the grenade explodes. It consists of two parts - upper and lower.
Rice. 3. Design of the RGD-5 hand fragmentation grenade:
1 - bursting charge; 2 - body; 3 - cap; 4 - cap liner; 5tube for igniter; 6 - cuff; 7 - fuse; 8 - pallet; 9 - pallet liner
The upper part of the body consists of an outer shell, called a cap, and a cap liner. An igniter tube is attached to the upper part using a cuff. The tube serves to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the explosive charge in the body.
To protect the tube from contamination, a plastic plug is screwed into it. When preparing a grenade for throwing, instead of a plug, a fuse is screwed into the tube.
The lower part of the housing consists of an outer shell, called the pan, and a pan liner.
Bursting charge
UZRGM grenade fuse(modernized unified hand grenade fuse) is intended to explode a bursting charge (see Fig. 4). It consists of a striking mechanism and the fuse itself.
U gift mechanism serves to ignite the igniter primer. It consists of a hammer tube, a connecting sleeve, a guide washer, a mainspring, a firing pin, a firing pin washer, a trigger lever and a safety pin with a ring. The impact mechanism tube is the basis for assembling all parts of the igniter. The connecting sleeve serves to connect the fuse to the grenade body. It is placed on the bottom of the impact mechanism tube.
There are imitation fuses in which the impact mechanism is designed in the same way as the impact mechanism of the UZRGM fuse. It differs only in a longer drummer.
The adapter sleeve connects the impact mechanism with the imitation part and protects it from contamination and damage by powder gases.
The impact mechanism and fuse are shown in the figure:
Rice. 4. UZRGM grenade fuse:
a - general VIEW; b - in section; 1 - impact mechanism tube; 2 - guide washer; 3 - drummer; 4 - igniter primer; 5 - retarder bushing; 6 - release lever; 7 - detonator capsule; 8 - moderator; 9 - connecting sleeve; 10 - striker washer; 11 - mainspring; 12 - safety pin
The guide washer is a stop for the upper end of the mainspring and directs the movement of the firing pin. It is fixed in the upper part of the impact mechanism tube
Rice. 5. Striker and striker washer:
1 - groove for the trigger lever fork; 2 - striker washer; 3 - protrusions for supporting the washer; 4 - sting
The mainspring serves to impart to the firing pin the energy necessary to puncture the igniter primer; it is put on the firing pin and its upper end rests against the guide washer, and its lower end against the firing pin washer. The firing pin (see Fig. 5) serves to puncture and ignite the igniter primer. It is placed inside the impact tube.
Rice. 6. Trigger lever:
1 - fork; 2 - eye with holes for safety pin
Rice. 7. Safety pin
The firing pin washer is placed on the lower end of the firing pin and serves as a stop for the lower end of the mainspring. The trigger lever (see Fig. 6) serves to hold the firing pin in the cocked position (the mainspring is compressed); the trigger lever tube is held by a safety pin.
The safety pin (see Fig. 7) passes through the holes in the eye of the trigger lever and the walls of the impact mechanism tube. It has a ring for pulling it out.
Actually fuse(see Fig. 4) serves to explode the explosive charge of the grenade. It consists of a retarder sleeve, an igniter primer, a moderator and a detonator primer.
The moderator sleeve in the upper part has a thread for connecting to the percussion mechanism tube and a socket for the igniter capsule, inside there is a channel in which the moderator is placed, and on the outside there is a groove for attaching the detonator capsule sleeve.
The igniter primer is designed to ignite the moderator.
The retarder transmits a beam of fire from the igniter primer to the detonator primer. It consists of a pressed low-gas composition.
The detonator capsule is used to explode the explosive charge of the grenade. It is placed in a sleeve attached to the BOTTOM of the retarder bushing.
The fuses are always in a firing position. Disassemble fuses and check the operation of the striking mechanism is strictly prohibited.
Purpose and combat properties of the RG-42 grenade
The RG-42 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy enemy personnel on the offensive and in defense. Throwing a grenade is carried out from various positions when operating on foot and on an armored personnel carrier (vehicle). Expansion radius lethal fragments when a grenade explodes - about 25 m. The average throwing range of a grenade is 30-40 m. The mass of a loaded grenade is 420 g. The burning time of the fuse moderator is -3.2-4.2 s.
The device of the RG-42 grenade
RG-42 hand fragmentation grenade(see Fig. 8) consists of a housing with a tube for an igniter, a metal strip, a bursting charge and an igniter.
Grenade body serves to place a bursting charge, a metal strip, a fuse tube, and also to form fragments when a grenade explodes. The cylindrical body has a bottom and a lid. A tube with a flange is attached to the cover to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the explosive charge in the body. When storing and carrying a grenade, the tube is closed with a plastic plug or metal cap.
Metal tape serves to form fragments when a grenade explodes; it is rolled up in 3-4 layers inside the body. To increase the number of fragments, the surface of the tape is cut into squares.
Bursting charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.
Rice. 8 Design of the RG-42 hand fragmentation grenade
1 - fuse; 2 - cover; 3 - bursting charge; 4 - tube with flange; 5 metal tape; 6 - bottom; 7 - body.
The fuse of the UZRGM grenade (see Fig. 4) is intended to explode the explosive charge of the grenade. The design of the fuse, the operation of the parts and mechanisms of the grenade are described above.
Purpose and combat properties of the F-1 grenade
The F-1 hand fragmentation grenade is a remote-action grenade designed to destroy manpower primarily in defensive combat. You can throw a grenade from various positions and only from behind cover, from an armored personnel carrier or a tank (self-propelled artillery unit). The radius of scattering of lethal fragments during a grenade explosion is about 200 m. The average throwing range of a grenade is 35-45 m.
The weight of the loaded grenade is 600 g. The burning time of the fuse moderator is 3.2-4.2 s.
F-1 grenade device
F-1 hand fragmentation grenade(see Fig. 9) consists of a housing, a bursting charge and a fuse.
Grenade body serves to place a bursting charge and fuse, as well as to form fragments when a grenade explodes. The body of the grenade is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves along which the grenade usually breaks into fragments. In the upper part of the body there is a threaded hole for screwing in the fuse. When storing, transporting and carrying a grenade, a plastic plug is screwed into this hole.
Rice. 9. Design of the F-1 hand fragmentation grenade
Grenade body; 2 - bursting charge; 3 - fuse
Bursting charge fills the body and serves to break the grenade into fragments.
UZRGM grenade fuse(see Fig. 4) is intended to explode the explosive charge of a grenade. Its structure and the operation of the parts and mechanisms of the grenade are set out in Art. 8-11.
Purpose and combat properties of RGN, RGO grenades
The offensive hand grenade RGN (see Fig. 10) and the defensive hand grenade RGO (see Fig. 11) are designed to destroy enemy personnel in offensive and defensive battles, respectively, in different conditions terrain and at any time of the year at ambient temperatures from plus 50 to minus 50 C.
Design of RGN, RGO grenades
RGN and RGO hand grenades consist of grenades without a fuse or fuse. RGN and RGO hand grenades without a fuse (Fig. 10, 11) consist of a body, an explosive mixture and a detonator block.
Rice. 10. Design of an RGN hand grenade without a fuse:
1 - plug; 2 - cuff; 3 - glass; 4 - hemisphere; 6 - explosive mixture; 6 - hemisphere; 7 - gasket; 8 - checker.
The body of the RGN and RGO hand grenades is designed to contain an explosive mixture, a detonator bomb, and also to form fragments during an explosion.
Rice. 11. Design of an RGO hand grenade without a fuse:
1 - plug; 2 - cuff; 3 - glass; 4 - hemisphere; 5 - explosive mixture; 6 - hemisphere; 7 - gasket; 8 - checker; 9, 10 - hemispheres.
The body of the RGN hand grenade consists of two hemispheres made of aluminum alloy.
To increase the number of lethal fragments, the body of the RGO hand grenade, in addition to two outer hemispheres, has two inner hemispheres. All four hemispheres are made of steel.
The lower hemisphere of a defensive grenade, in contrast to the lower hemisphere of an offensive grenade, has a notch on the outer surface for ease of distinguishing grenades by purpose.
In the upper part of the housings, using a cuff, a glass with a thread is rolled in for screwing the fuse into it and ensuring the sealing of the explosive mixture.
During transportation and storage, a plug is screwed into the glass with lubricant.
A detonator block is placed at the bottom of the recess in the explosive mixture of the lower hemispheres of the housings, which serves to transfer detonation from the fuse to the explosive mixture. To prevent the checker from moving, a spacer is placed.
The fuse is designed to detonate the explosive mixture when a grenade hits an obstacle.
In case of failure in the impact action, the igniter is triggered by a remote device in 3.2-4.2 seconds.
Ignition device
The fuse consists of the following parts:
Puncture safety mechanism;
Target sensor;
Remote device;
Long-range cocking mechanism;
Detonating unit.
The pin-safety mechanism, which ensures the safety of the fuse during service use and the pinning of the igniter capsule after throwing a grenade, consists of a sting, a firing pin, a cotter pin with a ring, a spring, a lever, a plug, a strip and a primer.
The target sensor, which ensures that the fuse is triggered when a grenade hits an obstacle, consists of a weight, a sleeve, a sting, a spring and a bushing.
A remote device that ensures the detonator is activated after 3.2-4.2 s. from the moment the grenade is thrown, it consists of a sleeve with compounds and a detonator capsule.
The long-range cocking mechanism, which ensures safety in service handling and cocking of the fuse in 1-1.8 seconds from the moment of throwing, consists of bushings with compounds, stoppers, a slider, a primer and a spring.
The detonating unit consists of a detonator capsule and a bushing fixed in a glass.
All of the listed components and mechanisms are assembled in a housing.
Fuse action
In official use, the striker is kept from moving by a lever secured to the body with a cotter pin, the ends of which are spread apart. The engine is offset relative to the tip and is kept from moving by stoppers. The load is pressed against the body by a sleeve, the movement of which is limited by the engine.
Before throwing a grenade, the cotter pin is straightened (the ends are brought together) and the cotter pin is pulled out, while the lever is held by hand in its original position (pressed to the body of the grenade).
During flight, the lever is thrown back under the action of a spring and releases the striker with a sting, which, under the action of a spring, punctures the capsule. A beam of fire from the primer ignites the compounds.
After the compositions burn out (after 1-1.8 s), the stoppers move and release the engine, which is cocked under the action of a spring.
Due to the overload that occurs when meeting an obstacle, the load moves and causes the sleeve to move, as a result of which the sting punctures the primer. A beam of fire from the primer ensures that the detonator primer is triggered.
If the target sensor fails to operate when meeting an obstacle, the detonator capsule operates from the pulse of the detonator capsule, which is triggered after the compositions burn out (after 3.2-4.2 seconds).
Purpose and combat properties of the RKG-3 hand-held cumulative grenade
The RKG-3 hand-held cumulative grenade is a directional anti-tank grenade designed to combat enemy tanks, self-propelled artillery, armored personnel carriers and armored vehicles, as well as to destroy long-term and field defensive structures. A grenade is thrown from various positions and only from behind cover. The average throwing range of a grenade is 15-20 m. The weight of a loaded grenade is 1070 g.
When a grenade hits a target, it instantly explodes and the resulting stream of gases of high density and temperature penetrates the armor of modern tanks and other durable barriers.
The RKG-3 hand-held anti-tank cumulative grenade (see Fig. 12) consists of a body, a handle, a bursting charge and a fuse.
Rice. 12. Design of the hand-held anti-tank cumulative grenade RKG-3:
1 - body; 2 - bursting charge; 3 - fuse; 4 - handle
Grenade body(see Fig. 13) the cylindrical one serves to place the bursting charge and fuse. The case has:
Rice. 13. Grenade body (sectional view):
1 - cumulative notch; 2 - shell; 3 - main charge; 4 - additional charge; 5 - tube; 6 - thread; 7 - cover; 8 - cardboard lining; 9 - cumulative funnel; 10 - bottom.
below - bottom; inside - a cumulative funnel; on top - a screw cap with a tube for the igniter. The upper part of the lid ends with a thread for screwing on the handle.
Design of the RKG-3 grenade
Throwing rules and markings are applied to the outside of the grenade body.
Lever(see Fig. 14) serves for the convenience of throwing a grenade and activating the impact mechanism.
Rice. 14. Handle:
A - general form; b - in section; 1 - movable coupling; 2 - safety pin; 3 - body; 4 - hinged cap with a strip; 5 - folding bar; 6 - ring; 7 - gasket; 8 - spring of the movable coupling; 9 - tube with flange; 10 - counter-safety spring; 11 - small ball; 12 - mainspring; 13 and 24 - spring and bent ends of the folding bar; 14 - large ball; 15 impact mechanism housing; 16-stabilizer spring; 17- ring; 18 - bushing; 19 - wire feather; 20 - stabilizer; 21 - movable tube; 22 - central tube; 23 - rod; 25 - cuff; 26 - cap; 27 - cap spring; 28 - rod spring; 29 - ball; 30 - nipple; 31-inertial weight; 32 ball; 33 - drummer body; 34 – drummer
It consists of a body, a movable coupling with a spring, a hinged bar, a hinged cap with a bar and a safety pin with a ring.
The handle houses the impact mechanism, stabilizer and safety device.
The handle body is sealed; in front it is closed with a parchment circle, and in the back there are felt pads between the movable sleeve and the cap.
The movable coupling has a thread for screwing onto the cover of the grenade body.
On its side surface there is an eye with holes for a safety pin and two grooves. Using an eye and a pin, the movable coupling is connected to the folding bar. The spring end of the folding bar is placed in one groove of the movable coupling, and the end of the folding cap bar with a ball is placed in the second.
Rice. 15. Impact mechanism:
a - in section; 6 - disassembled; 1 - inertial weight; 2 - drummer body; 3 - body; 4 - tube with flange; 5 - counter-safety spring; 6 - mainspring; 7 - drummer
Impact mechanism(see Fig. 15) is designed to ignite the detonator capsule of the fuse.
It consists of a housing, a tube with a flange, a firing pin housing, a firing pin, a main and counter-safety spring, safety balls and an inertial weight.
The firing pin body is placed in a tube with a flange and has four holes for safety balls. The firing pin and mainspring are located inside the body. Two large safety balls hold the firing pin body in the tube, and two small ones hold the firing pin in the firing pin body.
The counter-safety spring does not allow the inertial weight to move during the flight of the grenade.
Stabilizer(see Fig. 16) serves to give the grenade directional flight with the bottom of the body forward. It consists of a fabric cone, four wire feathers, a sleeve, a ring and a spring.
Safety device includes four fuses la, ensuring safety when handling a grenade and its flight.
Rice. 16. Stabilizer:
1 - spring; 2 - bushing; 3 - fabric cone; 4 - wire feather; 5 ring.
The first fuse, a safety pin, connects the movable coupling to the folding bar and ensures safety when handling the grenade. It turns off before throwing a grenade.
The second fuse ensures the safety of the grenade in case of accidental fall if the safety pin is pulled out. It consists of a hinged cap bar with a ball, a movable coupling and its spring. The safety switch is turned off at the moment the grenade is thrown.
The third fuse ensures the safety of the grenade after being thrown (the second fuse is triggered) in the event of an accidental impact on an obstacle located closer than 1 m from the thrower. It consists of a rod with a cap and a spring, a movable and central tube, a nipple and two balls. The fuse is turned off by the stabilizer after it is deployed during the flight of a grenade.
The fourth fuse, a counter safety spring, ensures the safety of the grenade in flight by keeping the inertial weight from moving forward.
Rice. 17. Fuse (in cross-section):
1 - sleeve; 2 - bushing; 3 - detonator capsule; 4 - additional detonator
Bursting charge designed to penetrate armor (concrete) and destroy durable barriers.
To generate a narrow stream of high-density gases (several thousand atmospheres) during an explosion and direct it towards the armor, the charge in the front part has a funnel-shaped cumulative recess. In addition, between the bottom of the body and the cumulative funnel there is free space (without explosives), which provides the greatest armor-piercing effect of the grenade. The bursting charge consists of a main and an additional charge, between which a cardboard spacer is placed.
Instant fuse designed to explode the explosive charge of a grenade. It is made of a sleeve and bushing. A detonator cap is placed in the sleeve, and an additional detonator is placed in the sleeve.
Purpose, design and combat properties of rocket-propelled anti-tank grenades.
Purpose and combat properties of the RPG-18
The RPG-18 rocket-propelled anti-tank grenade is designed to combat tanks, self-propelled artillery units and other enemy armored vehicles. In addition, it can be used to destroy enemy personnel located in light shelters, as well as urban-type structures. The RPG-18 anti-tank rocket grenade is an individual weapon consisting of a disposable launcher in the form of a telescopic smoothbore tube and a grenade placed in the launcher.
The launcher serves to direct the grenade's flight. It consists of outer and inner pipes.
Grenade - caliber, cumulative action. It has armor penetration, which makes it possible to conduct effective fight with all types of modern tanks and self-propelled artillery installations of the enemy. The grenade consists of a head part and jet engine.
Basic tactical and technical data of the RPG -18: caliber - 64 mm; length in stowed position - 705 mm; length in firing position - 1050 mm; weight - 2.6 kg; initial grenade flight speed - 114 m/s ; direct shot range at a target 2 m high - 135 m; sighting range shooting - 200 m; the time for transferring the starting device from the traveling position to the combat position is 8 - 10 s.
The best shooting results are obtained within the direct shot range.
Concept of the RPG-18 operation
There is no recoil when firing an RPG-18 rocket-propelled anti-tank grenade. Recoillessness when fired is ensured by the flow of powder gases back through the barrel of the launcher. In the rear part of the starting device there is an igniter, closed by a bolt plate with a rubber seal. When fired, the flame from the fuse is transmitted through a tube (gas duct) to the igniter of the grenade's jet engine.
The grenade is fired using a jet engine, the powder charge of which is completely burned during the movement of the grenade in the barrel of the launcher. When the head of a grenade meets a target (obstacle), a cumulative (concentrated, directed) jet is formed, which penetrates the armor (obstacle), affects manpower, destroys weapons and equipment, and also ignites fuel.
To prevent the grenade from moving in the launcher barrel during transportation in the stowed position and to keep the grenade from falling out at declination angles in the firing position, a stopper is used. When transporting the RPG-18, the stopper is pressed against the glass of the rear cover.
The stopper is a steel plate with a cutout and a curved end. The stopper is cut out onto the eye of the grenade stabilizer and fits into the groove of the feather. The bent end of the stopper comes out of the inner tube of the starting device and rests against the end of its breech end. At the moment of firing, the end of the stopper is unbent and the grenade is released from the mount. After the grenade leaves the launcher, the stopper jumps off the pen when it opens under the influence of centrifugal force.
Starting device
The launcher has outer and inner pipes that make up the barrel, which serves to direct the flight of the grenade. The outer tube houses a sighting device and a trigger mechanism. The inner tube has an impact mechanism and a locking mechanism.
Outer pipe made of fiberglass. It has a base, a casing, two linings and a ring.
The base is designed to attach a spring-loaded front sight, front cover and shoulder strap swivel to it.
The casing serves to mount the spring-loaded diopter and accommodate parts of the trigger mechanism. The casing is held on the pipe using three clamps.
The pads are attached to the back of the pipe and are stamped plates. The left cover has a groove in which a spring-loaded pipe clamp is placed. The right pad serves to limit the rotation of the inner tube in the radial direction. Both front plates have grooves into which corresponding protrusions on the casing fit, limiting the displacement of the casing in the longitudinal and transverse directions.
The ring is riveted to the rear end of the pipe. The back cover with the shoulder strap swivel is attached to the ring.
The front and back covers have ties. Rubber gaskets are glued inside the covers to prevent dust and moisture from entering the pipes.
Labels are affixed to the right and left sides of the outer pipe.
Inner pipe made of aluminum alloy. On the breech of the pipe there is a rubber ring and a split bushing is riveted. The housing is attached to the split bushing on top, and the spoke and guide ruler are attached to the housing.
The housing serves to house the impact mechanism, locking mechanism and ignition device. The housing has two sockets: the front one is for placing the impact mechanism, the rear one is for placing the ignition device. The rear socket is closed by a bolt plate with a rubber seal. In addition, the housing has a transverse through hole for the axis of the locking mechanism.
Trigger mechanism serves to fire a shot and consists of a trigger and impact mechanisms.
Trigger is located mainly in the casing of the outer pipe and consists of a spring-loaded sear, a fuse with a stop and a spoke. The sear is a lever that has a through hole for the axle, a front arm for interaction with the guide line disconnector, and a rear arm for engagement with the safety stop when the impact mechanism is cocked. The upper part of the rear shoulder of the sear serves as the trigger lever. On the inside, a limiter is welded to the sear to ensure forced retraction of the sear beyond the fuse stop.
The safety lock is used to prevent accidental discharge.
The spoke serves to connect the parts of the trigger and impact mechanisms.
Impact mechanism is located in the front slot of the housing. It serves to break the primer of the ignition device, located in the rear socket of the housing, and consists of a mainspring, a plug, a bushing and a striker, interconnected and put on a spoke.
Locking mechanism located in the rear part of the body, serves to block the striking mechanism in the stowed position, prevent a shot when the launcher pipes are not fully extended and block the clamp of the pipes in the firing position. It consists of an axis and a lever with a spring.
The axis serves to block the striking mechanism in the stowed position and prevent a shot when the trigger tubes are not fully extended. To do this, it has a blind hole into which the firing pin enters under the action of the mainspring. In addition, the axis has a through hole, which in the cocked (combat) position of the striking mechanism is aligned with the axis of the striker and the axis of the rear socket of the housing for the ignition device. The lever with a spring is designed to provide the ability to fold the launcher after a shot for return transportation in a park closure and for folding a failed RPG-18 with artillery weapons. The lever is attached to the axis of the locking mechanism using lugs, the left of which has a hole for a flexible stopper. The stopper is designed to block the clamp of pipes in the firing position.
Guide ruler serves to connect the outer and inner pipes. It consists of a strip, a disconnector, a copier and an eye. Loop-shaped ribs are made along the bar for rigidity. The left edge contains a flexible stopper for the locking mechanism lever. On the front of the bar there is a groove for locking the front sight with the front cover in the stowed position and protecting the front sight glass from mechanical damage.
The guide ruler serves to connect the outer and inner pipes. It consists of a strip, a disconnector, a copier and an eye. Loop-shaped ribs are made along the bar for rigidity. The left edge contains a flexible stopper for the locking mechanism lever. On the front of the bar there is a groove for locking the front sight with the front cover in the stowed position and protecting the front sight glass from mechanical damage. The disconnector is riveted on the top of the bar; it is necessary to turn off the sear with the stop of the trigger mechanism when spreading the pipes. The copier is welded to the bar on top. It has a comb to eliminate the possibility of accidentally setting the starter to safety. In the front part of the guide ruler there are two stops, which, when spreading the pipes, rest against the casing liner, limiting the movement of the inner pipe back.
The cutout on the left loop-shaped edge of the strip is used for recessing the pipe clamp.
The eyelet is attached to the rear end of the bar. It serves to connect the guide ruler with the inner pipe by means of a plug of the impact mechanism.
Sighting device serves to aim the launcher at the target.
Rice. 18. Sighting device.
It consists of a spring-loaded front sight and diopter placed on the outer tube.
The front sight is attached to the base of the outer pipe using an axis on which a spring is attached. The front sight has a frame into the grooves of which the front sight itself is inserted, which is a transparent glass with applied aiming marks and numbers 5, 10, 15,20, which correspond to firing ranges of 50, 100, 150,200 m.
At the level of the top of the aiming mark 15 (sight 15), horizontal strokes are applied on both sides, which can be used to determine the range to the tank
The frame has: at the top (above the glass) - a front sight for aiming in conditions of limited visibility (in the form of a protrusion); at the bottom there is a protrusion of the front sight (stamped) for engaging the front cover tie.
The diopter is mounted on the casing of the outer pipe using an axis on which a spring is mounted. The diopter has two diopter holes located close to each other: the top one - for aiming at air temperatures from 0 to -50C; the lower one is for aiming at air temperatures from 0 to +50 0 C.
The upper and lower diopter holes are blocked by a curtain, for which its lower curved end is fixed in extreme positions.
The procedure for preparing grenades for throwing (shooting).
Inspection and serviceability check of grenades
During classes and exercises, grenades are thrown at the command of the commander, and in battle, depending on the situation, either by command or independently.
When throwing live grenades during classes and exercises, observe safety measures to prevent damage to the thrower and his neighbors. After throwing an offensive grenade while moving, without stopping, prepare to fire and continue moving. After throwing a defensive and anti-tank grenade, immediately take cover, and after the explosion, quickly prepare to fire or start moving. When operating on armored personnel carriers, after the explosion, the thrower is prepared to fire through the loophole.
Throwing hand grenades in combat is carried out from various positions: standing, kneeling, lying down, as well as while moving from an armored personnel carrier and on foot (offensive only).
To throw a grenade, you need to choose a place and position that ensures free flight of the grenade to the target (there are no obstacles on the way: tree branches, tall grass, wires, etc.).
The grenade must be thrown energetically, giving it the most favorable flight path.
The procedure for preparing grenades (RG-42, RGD-5, RGN, RGO, F-1) for throwing
Before throwing a grenade. Take the grenade out of the bag, unscrew the plug from the tube, and screw the fuse in its place until it stops.
The parts of the impact mechanism of the fuse are in the following position: the striker is cocked and held in the upper position by the fork of the trigger lever connected to the tube of the impact mechanism by a safety pin. The ends of the safety pin are spread apart, holding it firmly in the fuse.
The procedure for preparing grenades for throwing
Throwing a grenade consists of performing the following techniques: preparing for throwing (loading a grenade and taking a position) and throwing a grenade.
Loading a grenade is carried out by the command “Prepare grenades”, and in battle, in addition, independently.
To load, you need to remove the grenade from the grenade bag, unscrew the plug from the body tube and screw in the fuse (see Fig. 19). The grenade is ready to be thrown.
Rice. 19. Screwing in the fuse
Rice. 20. Pulling out the safety pin
When throwing a grenade. The grenade for throwing is taken in the hand so that the trigger lever is pressed against the body of the grenade with your finger. Without releasing the lever, the safety pin is pulled out (see Fig. 20) and the grenade is thrown.
After the pin is pulled out, the position of the fuse parts does not change; the firing pin is held in the cocked position by the trigger lever, which is released from the connection with the firing mechanism tube, but is pressed with the fingers. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates from the grenade and releases the firing pin. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring, strikes the igniter primer and ignites it. The beam of fire from the igniter primer ignites the moderator, the remote part of the fuse, and, having passed through it, is transmitted to the detonator primer. The detonator cap explodes and detonates the explosive charge of the grenade. The body of the grenade bursts, and fragments of the body and fuse fly in different directions. Throwing grenades is carried out by the command “Grenade - fire” or “In the trench, grenades - fire”, and in battle, in addition, independently. To throw a grenade you need:
Take the grenade in your hand and press the trigger lever firmly against the grenade body with your fingers;
Continuing to press the trigger lever tightly, with the other hand squeeze (straighten) the ends of the safety pin and pull it out of the fuse using the ring with your finger;
Swing and throw a grenade at the target; after throwing a defensive grenade, take cover. In this case, the weapon must be in a position that ensures immediate readiness for action (in the left hand, in the “chest” position, on the parapet of a trench, etc.).
The procedure for preparing a grenade (RKG-Z) for throwing
Before throwing a grenade. Take the grenade out of the bag, unscrew the handle, insert the fuse into the body tube and screw the handle all the way.
The firing pin is held by small balls in the firing pin housing, compressing the mainspring. The striker body is held from moving forward by large balls in a tube with a flange. The folding bar is connected with a safety pin to the movable clutch of the handle and the bent end to the hinged cap; its spring end is located in the groove of the movable clutch. The ends of the safety pin are spread apart and hold it firmly on the handle.
When throwing a grenade. The throwing grenade is taken by the handle in the hand, the safety pin is pulled out, and the grenade is thrown at the target.
When the pin is pulled out, the movable coupling and the folding bar are disengaged. When swinging to throw, the grenade body, together with the movable coupling, moves away from the handle body, compressing the spring of the movable coupling and releasing the ball and the spring end of the folding bar.
At the moment the grenade is separated from the hand, the body of the handle, under the action of the spring of the movable coupling, moves towards the body of the grenade and takes its previous (before throwing) position. The hinged cap, under the action of its spring, moves back from the handle, turns the hinged bar and, freed from engagement with it, is separated from the handle.
The stabilizer spring pushes the stabilizer out of the handle, which, under the action of the wire feathers and the force of air resistance, opens and pulls out the movable tube, which releases the balls of the third fuse holding the rod. The rod, under the action of its spring, comes out of the firing pin (the third fuse has tripped) and releases the large balls, and therefore the firing pin body. The forward movement of the inertial weight and the firing pin body is prevented by a counter-safety spring and friction. Small balls, located in the walls of the firing pin and firing pin housing, do not allow the firing pin to move forward (see Fig. 21).
At the meeting With goal (obstacle). At the moment the grenade hits the target (obstacle) with the bottom of the body or the side part, the counter-safety spring is compressed under the action of an inertial weight, and the striker body moves forward until the small balls enter the groove of the tube with a flange and release the striker. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring, sharply moves forward, pierces the detonator cap of the fuse, it ignites and causes an instant explosion of the grenade.
Rice. 21. Grenade during flight:
1 - stabilizer spring; 2 - fabric cone; 3 - hinged cap with a strip; 4 - cap spring; 5 - wire feathers; 6 - movable tube
Firing an RPG-18 shot
To fire a shot, depending on the task and the situation, a command is given to open fire or the shooter fires independently (see Fig. 22 a, b, c). The command to open fire specifies who to shoot, the target, where to turn the lower end of the range curtain (to take into account the air temperature), the aiming mark (sight) and the aiming point. For example: “So-and-so, on the lead tank, curtain to the right, fifteen, fire in the middle.”
Rice. 22. Positions for firing a rocket-propelled anti-tank grenade: a) lying down; b) from the knee; c) standing.
When firing at tanks (self-propelled artillery units), in tense moments of battle, a shortened command to open fire can be given, for example: “Fire at such and such a medium tank.” In this case, the shooter fires independently, turning the lower end of the diopter curtain in the desired direction, selecting the aiming mark and the aiming point.
Firing a shot includes moving the launcher from the traveling position to the combat position, placing the butt, aiming and pressing the sear trigger lever.
To transfer the launcher from the traveling position to the combat position, you must:
Press and turn the lower end of the diopter curtain in the desired direction;
Open the rear zipper and fold down the back cover; spread the starting device pipes all the way (see Fig. 23).
Rice. 23 Decomposition of the starting device pipes
Rice. 24. Cocking the trigger mechanism
place the RPG -18 on the right shoulder and cock the firing mechanism (see Fig. 24).
To apply you need:
place the RPG -18 on the right shoulder approximately in the middle of the visible part of the inner pipe and, continuing to hold the left hand from below near the middle of the outer pipe, move the right hand to the casing, positioning it so that the index finger lies on the sear trigger lever;
when shooting from a prone position (see Fig. 25), place your elbows on the ground in the most comfortable position, approximately shoulder-width apart, with your legs slightly spread with your toes outward (there should be an angle of about 45° between the shooter and the trigger);
Rice. 27. Firing a shot from a standing position
Place your right cheek on the inner tube so that the distance of the right eye from the diopter when aiming is 10-15 cm. Direct the RPG -18 towards the target.
To aim, you need to close your left eye, and look with your right through a certain (upper or lower) diopter hole so that the top of the desired aiming mark is located in the center of the hole, i.e. take an even front sight and align it with the aiming point (see Fig. 28 ).
Rice. 28. Determining the range to the target (150 m)
using horizontal strokes of the front sight and aiming at the tank (no lateral correction)
To press the sear trigger lever, you must first hold your breath, take a straight front sight and align it with the aiming point, and then smoothly press the sear trigger lever until the shot occurs.
If, when aiming, the straight front sight deviates significantly from the aiming point, it is necessary, without increasing or weakening the pressure on the sear release lever, to clarify the aiming, and then increase the pressure on the sear release lever.
Inspection and check of serviceability of grenades. (RG-42, RGD-5, RGN, RGO, F-1, RKG-Z, RPG-18)
Grenades are delivered to the troops in wooden boxes. In the box, grenades, handles and fuses are placed separately in metal boxes. There is a knife for opening boxes. There are markings on the walls and lid of the box that indicate: the number of grenades in the box, their weight, the name of the grenades and fuses, the factory number, the manufacturer's date, the batch number of the grenades, the year of manufacture and the danger sign.
All supplies of grenades and fuses, except for portable ones, should be stored in factory sealed containers.
Soldiers carry grenades in grenade bags (see Fig. 29).
The fuses are placed in them separately from the grenades, and each fuse must be wrapped in paper or a clean rag. In tanks (armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery units), grenades and fuses separately from them are placed in bags.
Rice. 29. Grenade bags:
a - with fragmentation grenades; b - with anti-tank grenades; 1 - grenades; 2 - pocket for fuses
Before being placed in a grenade bag and before loading, grenades and fuses are inspected. When inspecting, pay attention to the fact that the grenade body does not have deep dents or rust; the igniter tube was not clogged and had no through damage; the fuse was clean and free of rust and dents; the ends of the safety pin were spread apart and had no cracks at the bends. Fuses With cracks or With green coating is not suitable for use.
Protect grenades and fuses from strong shocks, impacts, fire, dirt and dampness. If they have been dirty or wet, as soon as possible, thoroughly wipe the pomegranates and dry them in the sun or in a warm room, but not near a fire. Drying pomegranates must be done under supervision. Grenades stored long time in grenade bags, must be inspected periodically. Defective grenades and fuses are sent to a warehouse for destruction.
Inspection and serviceability check of RPG-18 grenades
The outer tube of the launcher of each RPG-18 anti-tank rocket grenade when finally equipped is painted in a protective color and has markings. In addition, labels are pasted on the right and left sides of the outer tube, which briefly outline: the top - safety measures, the bottom - shooting techniques.
To ensure long-term storage, the finally equipped RPG-18 anti-tank rocket grenades are sealed in sealed film bags, having previously placed cardboard canisters boiled in paraffin on the breech and muzzle parts, and placed in 8 pcs. In wooden boxes. The box has a lid with two locks and is painted in a protective color. Markings of the finally equipped RPG-18 are applied to the walls and lid of the box.
Safety requirements for throwing (shooting)
Loading a grenade (inserting the fuse) is permitted only before throwing it.
When throwing hand grenades and firing a rocket-propelled anti-tank grenade, observe the following precautions:
Do not allow the fuse to be screwed in unnecessarily and the trigger device to be moved from the traveling position to the firing position; the fuse should be screwed in and the tubes of the starting device should be screwed in immediately before firing. It is prohibited to transfer the starting device from the firing position to the traveling position. If the grenade (with pipes separated) is not used up, it is necessary to discharge the RPG-18 with a shot towards the enemy.
In a training environment, throwing grenades and firing live grenades at armor or tank targets should only be carried out from a trench or other shelter, since fragments from the armor, as well as from the grenade itself, in some cases fly at a distance of up to 150 m. People outside the shelter must be no closer than 300 m from the target.
Make sure that when firing a rocket-propelled anti-tank grenade there are no people, ammunition, explosives or flammable substances behind the launcher in sector 900 or closer than 30m. This requirement must be observed especially carefully when shooting at night.
In all cases, when throwing grenades (shooting), it is strictly prohibited:
rest the breech of the starting device against any objects or into the ground; between the breech and the wall of a trench or other shelter there must be a distance of at least 2 m;
throw grenades (shoot) if the tubes of the launcher or the fuse are clogged with dirt, snow, etc.;
allow persons to throw (shoot) who do not have practical skills in performing throwing (shooting) techniques and who have not mastered the safety requirements and conditions for performing the exercise;
touch unexploded grenades after firing. Such grenades must be destroyed at the site of their fall, taking appropriate precautions.
When firing, the muzzle of the launcher must be no closer than 20 cm from the parapet or shelter to prevent the grenade stabilizer feathers from touching the ground and other objects.
There should be no local items, which could be touched by a grenade during flight.
When throwing (shooting), the serviceman must position himself in relation to the location of the grenade explosion in such a way as to avoid being hit by fragments and the blast wave.
When throwing (shooting) from all positions, you should protect your ears with improvised means.
When performing training exercises, it is prohibited to throw without a supervisor’s command beyond dangerous directions if a white flag is raised on the cover.
Table 1
MAIN COMBAT CHARACTERISTICS OF HAND GRENADES
|
Basic data |
Grenades |
|||
|
RGD-5 |
RG-42 |
F1 |
RKG-3 |
|
|
Grenade type |
Offensive |
Offensive |
Defensive |
Anti-tank |
|
Character combat action grenades |
Shrapnel |
Shrapnel |
Shrapnel |
Cumulative-directionalnon |
|
Operating principle of the grenade mechanism |
Remote |
Remote |
Remote |
Percussion |
|
Burning time of the ignited fuse |
3.2-4.2 s |
3.2-4.2 s |
3.2-4.2 s |
Instant |
|
Lethal radius of fragments |
Up to 25 m |
Up to 25 m |
Up to 200 m |
|
|
Weight of loaded grenade |
310 g |
420 g |
600 g |
1070 g |
|
Average grenade throw range |
40-50 m |
30-40 m |
35-45 m |
15-20 m |
|
Weight of a box of grenades |
14 kg |
16 kg |
20 kg |
24 kg |
|
Number of grenades and fuses in the box |
20 pcs. |
20 pcs. |
20 pcs. |
12 pcs. |
A grenade is an explosive ammunition designed to destroy enemy equipment and manpower by hand throwing. Typically, hand grenades are used in open areas, in forests, mountains, trenches or communication passages, when fighting in locality.
The name of the weapon comes from the Spanish word Granada, which means pomegranate fruit. The first types of hand grenades were very similar in size and shape to the fruit of a tree.
Classification
For combat purposes grenades are anti-personnel, anti-tank, special and training.
Anti-personnel hand grenades, in turn, are divided into incendiary and high-explosive fragmentation. High-explosive fragmentation grenades can be used defensively or offensively. Defensive grenades have a large damage radius and can only be used from behind cover. Offensive grenades have a smaller damage radius, so they can be used while on open space. Anti-tank grenades have no additional classification. Special grenades are divided into: smoke, lighting, signal, light and sound, gas, etc. Training grenades have the weight and shape of a combat grenade.
By throwing method grenades are divided into: hand grenades (thrown by hand); rifle, pistol, under-barrel grenade launcher (shot fired from special means); rifle-hand (grenades are fired or thrown by hand).
Historical reference
In the 9th century, the prototype of hand grenades were clay vessels with incendiary mixture or lime. The first garnets were primarily made from clay. In the 15th century, Konrad Kaiser von Eichstadt first proposed making the body of a grenade from cast iron, and also leaving it in the center powder charge cavity. This cavity was supposed to speed up the combustion process of the mixture and increase the likelihood of crushing the body into fragments. Kaiser grenades were used in the defense of fortresses. Conrad's hand grenade was ignited from a fuse in a wooden plug, which in turn plugged the seed hole. Such a grenade could not be considered reliable. Often the explosion occurred either too early or too late; the device clearly needed improvement.
In connection with the advent and development of hand grenades, such a military specialty as the grenadier appeared. A grenadier is an infantryman specially trained to throw grenades. The first professional hand grenade throwers appeared in the 17th century in France. The strongest and tallest recruits were selected to become grenadiers. However, over the years, battle tactics have changed. Priorities for field battles were now given to manual firearms and artillery. In many armies, grenadier regiments were preserved, however, their role as grenade launchers was forgotten.
Interest in hand grenades was renewed during the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). They already widely used high explosives based on ammonium nitrate and Nobel detonators. Some grenades had grating or spring fuses, most had Bickford powder fuses.
First World War(1914-1918) was protracted. Often the forward trenches were several tens of meters apart. In these conditions it was very convenient to use hand grenades. Their development by gunsmiths from Germany, England and France was kept secret. In 1913 military industry Germany began producing the Kugelhandgranate 13 grenade. These grenades had a large body that was difficult to reach, an unreliable fuse, and a weak fragmentation effect. In 1915, the Englishman Mills created the “Grenade No. 5”. Around the same time, the French invented the world famous lemon juice.
In Russia in 1909, artillery captain Vladimir Iosifovich Rdultovsky developed a “1912 model” grenade. She officially entered service Russian army. In 1914, Vladimir Iosifovich changed the shape of the grenade body, improving the fragmentation effect. By the summer of 1916, the production of grenades was established and amounted to 3.5 million per month. During the First World War, mainly high-explosive fragmentation grenades were developed and improved. Around the same time, there was a division of grenades into defensive and offensive.
In 1933, the RGD-33 offensive-defensive grenade appeared in the USSR. However, it turned out to be expensive to produce and inconvenient in practice. In 1942, the RGD-33 was replaced by the RG-42, designed by Korshunov. The small selection of domestic grenades was explained by the fact that the Soviet command at that time considered the development of small arms and armored vehicles to be the highest priority.
Device
Frame
A typical high-explosive fragmentation grenade (damaging with fragments and explosive force) is designed quite simply. It consists of a body, a combat charge and a fuse. In the process of improving the technology for producing grenades, the body of the product began to be made of cast iron. When this type of hull is detonated, the result is hard fragments with sharp edges. To form fragments of the desired shape, longitudinal and transverse grooves are made along the outer surface of the grenade body. The radius of dispersion of offensive grenade fragments is calculated so that the soldier who threw the grenade remains invulnerable. Traditionally, the body of a combat grenade is painted green as a protective color, and the body of a training grenade is painted black.
Offensive grenades have a body made of steel. To prevent it from rusting in combat conditions, grenade bodies are coated with special protective substances. However, the steel case does not produce a significant fragmentation effect. For creating large quantity To remove fragments, a steel strip is placed inside the RG-42 body, rolled into a roll and tightly adjacent to the machines. When an explosion occurs, the tape breaks into a large number of fragments, creating a compact but dense affected area. In addition to cast iron and steel, grenade bodies are made of impact-resistant ceramics, plastic, cardboard and hard rubber with semi-finished fragments pressed into it.
Combat charge
Explosives are chemical compounds or mixtures thereof, which are capable, as a result of any internal processes or external influences explode. During this process, they release highly heated gases and generate heat. During an explosion, explosive decomposition occurs literally in hundredths of a second. Hot gases resulting from chemical reaction, sharply increase in volume and are the main factor in the destructive effect of the explosion. There are many explosive things and mixtures. They differ in different sensitivity to heat, heat and friction.
Fuse
The fuse is needed in order to ensure a reliable detonation after the throw and to prevent the grenade from being detonated without permission. There are two types of grenade fuses based on their action: remote and impact. Remote fuses provide a temporary delay in the explosion, and impact fuses detonate the grenade when it hits the surface with a certain force. The main advantage of a remote salvo is the reliability of the action, the disadvantage is that it is impossible to ensure an instant detonation of a grenade when it touches the target.
Traditionally, there are three main types of igniters: grating, impact and spring. The principle of operation of a grating igniter is similar to a New Year's cracker. A strong, rough thread is pressed into the friction-sensitive pyrotechnic composition. When pulled sharply, it creates the friction necessary for ignition. To activate the impact igniter, the protruding firing pin rod must be struck against any sufficiently hard surface, and then the grenade is thrown as quickly as possible. A serious disadvantage of such an igniter is the fact that in the field it is not always possible to find a sufficiently hard surface. The spring igniter is an impact igniter without the disadvantages. An experienced officer can reinsert a pulled pin or hold the hammer spring with his finger to prevent an explosion.
Hand grenades in service with the Russian army
RGD-5
This is an offensive hand grenade. Its development began back in the 1950s. The grenade is designed to destroy enemy personnel in close combat in defense and attack. By appearance RGD-5 resembles the German M-39 grenade. RGD-5 consists of a body with a tube for the fuse, the UZRGM fuse itself (a modernized unified hand grenade fuse) and an explosive projectile. The body consists of an upper and lower part, each of which contains an outer shell and a liner. During storage, the igniter hole is closed with a plastic plug. The area of dispersion of fragments is 28-32 m². Grenade weight - 315g. To carry hand fragmentation grenades, a canvas bag for two grenades with a pocket for fuses is used. RGD-5 grenades were used in wars and military conflicts in the 20th and early 21st centuries. The Soviet army used the RGD-5 in Afghanistan, the Russian army used it in Chechnya during anti-terrorist operations.
F1
Hand defensive grenade (“lemon”). The F-1 was developed on the basis of the English grenade with a grate fuse and the French F-1 fragmentation grenade of the 1915 model. It was adopted by the Red Army with a Koveshnikov remote fuse. In 1941, the F-1 was modernized: an easier-to-use UZRG fuse was adopted. The troops nicknamed the grenade “lemon”.
The modern F-1 consists of a body, an URGZI fuse (URZM-2) and a bursting charge. When storing a grenade, the fuse hole is closed with a plastic plug. When ruptured, the hull produces about 290 large fragments with initial speed expansion 730 m/s. The scattering area of the fragments is 75-82 m?. Throwing a grenade is carried out from cover. Soviet fragmentation hand grenades were widely used in military conflicts of the 40-90s. The F-1 grenade is still in service with the Russian armed forces. It is reliable, simple, time-tested, and its production does not require large economic costs.
RKG-3
This is a hand-held cumulative grenade. It is designed to fight enemy self-propelled artillery units, tanks, armored vehicles and armored personnel carriers. With its help you can destroy various barriers, long-term and field structures. RKG-3 consists of a body, handle and fuse. The cylindrical body contains explosive and additional charges and a tube for the fuse. The housing is closed with lids. The top cap has a thread for screwing on the handle. In turn, the handle consists of a body, a movable coupling with a spring, a hinged bar, a hinged cap with a bar and a safety pin with a ring. The stabilizer, impact mechanism and safety device are located in the grenade handle. The first fuse is a folding bar. It is pressed against the handle by a movable coupling and held by a pin and keeps the cap from falling off. The second fuse consists of a hinged cap bar with a ball, also pressed to the handle. It provides safety in case of accidental fall of a grenade when the pin is pulled. The third one is switched off after the stabilizer and ensures that the volley is triggered no closer than 1 meter from the thrower. The fourth fuse is controlled by a ball-shaped weight, which is pressed back by a special counter-safety spring.
RGO and RGN
RGN (offensive) and RGO (defensive) are equipped with a special target sensor and are triggered when they hit any obstacle. They consist of a body, a detonation block, a salvo, a charge of an explosive mixture and a charge unified for both models. The RGN body consists of two aluminum spheres with internal notches. In addition to the outer hemispheres, the RGS body has two inner hemispheres. All four hemispheres are made of steel.
The fuse glass is rolled in the upper part of the housings. The detonation block is located under the glass in a recess inside the explosive mixture. The fuse consists of a pin-safety mechanism, a target sensor, a long-range cocking mechanism, a detonating unit and a remote device. Safety in handling is ensured by the pin-safety mechanism. It consists of a hammer with a sting, a spring, a cotter pin with a ring, a plug, a strap and a capsule. The target sensor facilitates the firing of a salvo when it hits an obstacle. It consists of a spherical weight, a sleeve, a sting, a spring and a bushing. Deceleration of detonation after a throw by 3.2-4.2 s. provides a remote device. For cocking the fuse it takes 1-1.8 s. after the throw, the long-range cocking mechanism is used. The detonating unit consists of a detonator capsule and a bushing, it is fixed in a glass. The temperature range of the fuse ranges from -50 to +50 degrees C.
When an RGN grenade explodes, it forms 220-300 fragments with an initial expansion speed of 700 m/s with an average weight of 0.42 g. and a reduced scattering area of 95-96 m?. The RGO grenade produces 670-700 fragments with a speed of up to 1200 m/s and a weight of 0.46g. and a reduced scattering area of 213-286 m?. RGO and RGN grenades are usually packed in boxes of 20 pieces. Soldiers carry them in a standard grenade bag or in their equipment pockets. Additional personnel training is required to handle these grenades.
NHS
This is a flash and sound grenade. It is intended for psychological impact and temporary incapacitation of the enemy. The DSS consists of a housing with a moderator installed in it, a light and sound composition and a grating igniter primer. The igniter capsule is triggered when the grater is pulled out, then it activates the light and sound composition. The weight of the product is 0.135 kg.
"Vzlyot-M"
This is a multi-focal flash-bang grenade. It is intended to have a psychological effect on the enemy. “Vzlet-M” has an original design: elements filled with a light and sound composition are placed in a spherical body. In 3s. after the scratch-type igniter primer is triggered, they are ejected from the grenade body. The weight of the product is 0.4 kg.
Tear irritant hand grenades
RG-60Az
This type of grenade instantly creates an aerosol cloud of an irritating substance. Typically, the RG-60Az is used when conducting special operations or when crossing crowds. The mass of the grenade is no more than 0.136 kg. The volume of the aerosol cloud is about 3 m?
RKG-60KD
This is a combined-action cluster hand grenade. RKG-60KD is designed to influence enemy personnel or offenders. The grenade does not ignite flammable materials such as dry grass or sawdust. Boards, cardboard, etc. RKG-60KD is used during special operations or when suppressing riots. The weight of the guarantor with PPM is 0.175 kg, without PPM no more than 0.14 kg. The radius of the aerosol cloud is 0.7 m, the formation time of the aerosol cloud is 1.5 s.
"ROULET-VV"
A 60-mm hand-held aerosol grenade of the smoking type RGR “RULET-VV” is designed to suppress the psychological stability of offenders or enemy personnel. Due to the design, during the formation of a cloud of irritating substance, the grenade rotates continuously, so it cannot be thrown back. Used in special operations and riot control. The mass of the grenade is 0.3 kg.
Myths about pomegranate
Myth 1. A hand grenade has such a large damage radius that the explosion destroys buildings and scatters people to the sides.
In reality, using a hand grenade does not always lead to any significant destruction. Even if a grenade explodes in close proximity to a person, it does not always kill. In cinema, effects are created using pyrotechnics.
Myth 2. When a hand grenade explodes, a ball of fire rises and there is a deafening noise around.
The grenade explodes with a sharp bang and raises a small cloud of dust.
Myth 3. The ring of a grenade can be pulled out with your teeth.
In order to pull out the grenade ring, you must first straighten the antennae. Otherwise, it will be almost impossible to pull out the pin even by hand. However, even after straightening the antennae, the pin is still pulled out with great difficulty. This design was created to prevent the pin from accidentally falling out during combat.
Myth 4. When a hand grenade explodes within a radius of 200 meters, the fragments kill almost all living things.
The radius of destruction and the radius of scattering of fragments are two different things. There are offensive grenades with a small radius of expansion and defensive grenades with a large radius. For example, the damage radius of the F-1 grenade is 20 meters, and the scattering of fragments reaches 200 meters. From this we can conclude that when using F-1 within a radius of 20 meters, with a high degree of probability, opponents will be killed or wounded, and 200 meters is a safe distance.
Myth 5. “Limonka” can be activated silently.
All modern fuses make noise when the firing pin hits the primer. The volume is comparable to a pistol shot. Previously, models that were activated with little noise were used in battle. They were soon abandoned due to the danger to the thrower and unreliable operation.
(anti-personnel and anti-tank) are designed to destroy enemy personnel and military equipment. Anti-tank grenades have now largely lost their importance, since they are not capable of penetrating the armor of modern main battle tanks and can only be used against relatively lightly armored targets. At the same time, anti-personnel grenades are used very widely. Hand fragmentation grenades are designed to destroy enemy personnel with shrapnel in close combat (in open areas, in trenches or communication passages, when fighting in a populated area, in a forest or mountains).
These grenades are divided into two groups: offensive (RGD-5, RGN) and defensive (F-1, RGO).
Offensive grenades are used during an offensive when an infantryman throws a grenade while running, unable to hide behind any cover. To avoid being hit by your own grenade, its radius of action must be less than the average throw range. Therefore, in offensive grenades as damaging factor the shock wave of an explosion of a relatively small explosive charge is used. The body of these grenades is made of thin sheets of soft metal (iron or aluminum) or plastic. When a grenade explodes, such materials are dispersed without forming fragments.
Defensive grenades designed to be thrown from behind cover. When they explode, fragments are formed that retain destructive power over a very long distance. Modern defensive hand grenades use the principle of regular fragmentation of the body, ensuring the formation of a large number of fragments of optimal mass. In this case, grenades with ready-made damaging elements (spikes) in the form of steel balls are most often used.
Hand fragmentation grenades are equipped with modernized unified fuses for hand grenades (UZRGM-1, UZRGM-2). The primer of the UZRGM-1, UZRGM-2 ignites at the moment the grenade is thrown, and its explosion occurs 3.2-4.2 seconds after the throw (the target sensor of the fuse to the RGN and the RGO is triggered when the grenade hits an obstacle).
General design of hand fragmentation grenades
Let's look at the example of RGD-5.
The grenade body is designed to house a bursting charge, a fuse tube, and also to form fragments when the grenade explodes. It consists of two parts - upper and lower.
The upper part of the body consists of a cap and a cap liner. An igniter tube is attached to the upper part using a cuff. The tube serves to attach the fuse to the grenade and to seal the explosive charge in the body. To protect the tube from contamination, a plastic plug is screwed into it.
The lower part of the body consists of a tray and a tray liner. The bursting charge is designed to break into fragments.
It is important to know: It should be noted that general device F-1 is similar to the RGD-5 device. These grenades differ from RGD-5 only in the mass of the explosive charge and the design of the body.
The body of the F-1 grenade is cast iron, with longitudinal and transverse grooves along which the grenade usually breaks into fragments. There is a hole in the upper part of the body for screwing in the fuse.
The RGN body consists of two hemispheres made of aluminum alloy.
To increase the number of lethal fragments, the RGS body has two internal hemispheres in addition to two outer hemispheres. All four hemispheres are made of steel.
The lower hemisphere of a defensive grenade, in contrast to the hemisphere of an offensive grenade, has a notch on the outer surface to make it easier to differentiate grenades by purpose.
In the upper part of the body, using a cuff, a glass with a thread is rolled up for screwing the explosive device into it and ensuring sealing of the explosive mixture.
During transportation and storage of the grenade, a plug is screwed into the glass with lubricant.
A detonator block is placed at the bottom of the recess in the explosive mixture of the lower hemispheres of the housings to transfer detonation from the fuse to the explosive mixture. To prevent movement of the checker, a gasket is installed.
In official use, the striker is constantly cocked and held by the trigger lever fork. The trigger lever is connected to the percussion mechanism tube by a safety pin. Before throwing a grenade, the plastic plug is turned out and the fuse is screwed in its place.
It is important to know: When throwing a grenade, take it in your hand so that the trigger lever is pressed with your fingers against the body of the grenade. Continuing to press the trigger lever tightly, with your free hand you compress (straighten) the ends of the safety pin, which is pulled out of the fuse by the ring with your finger. After pulling the pin, the position of the fuse parts does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the firing pin. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring, pierces the igniter capsule. A beam of fire from the primer ignites the moderator and, after passing through it, is transmitted to the detonator primer. The explosion of the detonator capsule initiates the detonation of the explosive charge. The explosion of the explosive charge crushes the grenade body into fragments.
Design and purpose of parts and mechanisms of UZRGM
Impact tube- is the basis for assembling all parts of the fuse. A guide washer is fixed in it, which serves to guide the movement of the firing pin and a stop for the upper end of the mainspring.
Connecting sleeve- serves to connect the fuse to the grenade body.
Action spring- imparts to the striker the energy necessary to heat up the igniter primer, resting its end against the striker washer.
Drummer(Fig. 5) - serves to puncture the igniter primer.
Safety pin- holds the trigger lever on the hammer mechanism tube. The safety pin ring serves to pull it out. Actually fuse
It consists of: a retarder bushing, a retarder, an igniter primer, and a detonator primer. The retarder bushing has a channel inside for placing the retarder.
Primer-igniter- designed to ignite the moderator.
Moderator- transmits a beam of fire from the igniter primer to the detonator primer. It consists of a pressed low-gas composition; the moderator burns for 3.2-4.2 seconds.
Detonator cap- serves to explode the explosive charge of a grenade.
In the initial position, the striker with the sting (3) and the plug with the igniter primer (7) are held by the trigger lever. The trigger lever is connected to the igniter body by a safety pin. The engine (11) with the igniter capsule (10) is offset relative to the tip (13) and is held by the powder fuses stoppers (9), its spring (12) is in a compressed state. The bushing (16) under the influence of the spring (14) presses the load (17).
When preparing a grenade for throwing, the trigger lever is pressed tightly with your fingers to the body of the grenade, the ends of the safety pin are straightened with the fingers of your free hand, then it is pulled out by the ring, while the position of the fuse parts does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the striker with the sting (3) and the bar (6). The plug (7) with the igniter capsule comes out of the igniter housing socket. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring (4), pierces the igniter primer (8) with its sting. The fire beam ignites the powder press-fit fuses (9) and the pyrotechnic composition of the self-liquidator moderator (18). After 1-1.8 seconds. The powder compositions of the fuses burn out and their stoppers, under the influence of springs, disengage with the engine (11). The engine, under the influence of the spring (12), moves into the firing position. The long-range cocking mechanism prevents the grenade from being detonated if it accidentally falls from the hand.
When meeting an obstacle (surface), the load (17) shifts in the direction of the inertial force component and acts on the sleeve (16). The bushing, overcoming the resistance of the spring (14), displaces the tip, which pierces the igniter primer (10). The fire beam is transmitted to the detonator capsule (20), which causes the explosive charge to detonate. In case of failure, the fuse will operate in inertia after 3.3-4.3 seconds. the moderator composition burns out, the detonator capsule (19) of the self-destructor ignites, causing the detonation unit to explode.
Handling grenades
Grenades are delivered to the troops in wooden boxes. In the box, grenades, handles and fuses are placed separately in metal boxes. There is a knife for opening boxes. There are markings on the walls and lid of the box indicating: the number of grenades in the box, their weight, the name of the grenades and fuses, the manufacturer's number, the batch number of the grenades, the year of manufacture and the danger sign.
All supplies of grenades and fuses, except for portable ones, should be stored in factory sealed containers.
Soldiers carry grenades in grenade bags (Fig. 9). The fuses are placed in them separately from the grenades, and each fuse must be wrapped in paper or a clean rag. In tanks (armored personnel carriers, self-propelled artillery units), grenades and fuses separately from them are placed in bags.
Before placing in a grenade bag and before loading, grenades and fuses are inspected.
When inspecting, pay attention to the fact that the grenade body does not have deep dents or rust; the igniter tube was not clogged and had no through damage; the fuse was clean and free of rust and dents; the ends of the safety pin were spread apart and had no cracks at the bends.
Fuses with cracks or with a green coating are not suitable for use.
Protect grenades and fuses from strong shocks, impacts, fire, dirt and dampness. If they have been dirty or wet, as soon as possible, thoroughly wipe the pomegranates and dry them in the sun or in a warm room, but not near a fire. Drying pomegranates must be done under supervision.
Grenades stored for a long time in grenade bags should be periodically inspected. Defective grenades and fuses are sent to a warehouse for destruction.
It is important to know: Loading a grenade (inserting the fuse) is permitted only before throwing it.
Military grenades should only be issued to those trained in their use.
It is prohibited to disassemble live grenades and troubleshoot them, carry grenades outside of bags (hung by the safety pin ring), touch unexploded grenades, release the lever before throwing RGN and RGO grenades and drop them with the cotter pin pulled out.
To study the structure of grenades, techniques and rules for throwing them, use training, training and simulation grenades and posters.
Trainees who have successfully completed exercises in throwing training and training-simulation grenades are allowed to throw combat grenades.
When learning to throw live grenades, observe the following precautions:
■ trainees must be in steel helmets;
■ before loading, inspect grenades and fuses; in case of detection of malfunctions, report to the commander;
■ throwing defensive fragmentation and anti-tank grenades from a trench or from behind cover not penetrated by fragments, under the direction of an officer;
■ when one trainee throws several grenades, throw each subsequent grenade at least 5 seconds after the explosion of the previous one;
■ if the grenade was not thrown (the safety pin was not removed), it should be unloaded only upon command and under the direct supervision of the commander;
■ keep a record of unexploded grenades and mark the places where they fell with red flags; at the end of throwing, destroy unexploded grenades by detonation at the place of impact in accordance with the rules set out in the Guidelines for the storage and conservation of artillery weapons and ammunition in the military; the detonation of grenades (fuses) is organized by the unit commander;
■ cordon off the area where hand grenades are thrown within a radius of at least 300 m;
■ personnel not engaged in throwing grenades should be taken to cover or to a safe distance from the firing line (no closer than 350 m);
■ the starting position for throwing grenades is marked with white flags, the firing line - with red flags;
■ set up a point for issuing grenades and fuses in a shelter no closer than 25 m from the original position.
P.S. Don't forget to answer the survey.
In service Soviet army a new remote-action hand fragmentation grenade appeared only nine years after the war. It was an offensive RGD-5 with an UZRGM fuse (UZRGM-2), which was put into service in 1954. The RG-42 and F-1 grenades with the same fuse continued to remain in service without any changes.
However, grenades with remote fuses are not suitable for hitting moving targets, vehicles, quickly moving manpower, etc. When thrown, for example, along window openings on the upper floors or in mountainous areas from bottom to top, if it misses, the grenade may bounce or roll back. There is an obvious need to correct this situation.
TAKEN INTO ACCUSED EXPERIENCE
Rice. 1 and 2 Hand fragmentation grenades: offensive RGN (top) and defensive RGO (bottom)
In 1982, two completely new types of grenades were put into service - the offensive RGN and the defensive RGO. They differed from their predecessors in the design of both the housings and the fuses. They had a single latter, developed taking into account the experience of the combat use of hand grenades and new technological capabilities that made it possible to minimize the cost of their production. The development was carried out by two enterprises - SNPP "Basalt" was engaged in the bodies and equipment of grenades, and a specialized enterprise near Moscow created for them a single UDS fuse, the main elements of which were made of injection molded plastics using a high-performance method. The author of the project is V. Kuzmin, led and completed the development by V. Yakunin. The leading performer of the ignition work was D. Denisov.
The body designs of both grenades were developed on the basis of long-term research work, as a result of which methods were found to increase the density of the fragmentation flow within the specified damage radii. To do this, it was necessary to achieve organized crushing of the hull into fragments of more or less equal mass. At an offensive grenade they should lose lethal action at a distance of no more than 10 m to guarantee the safety of the soldier throwing it while moving. In this regard, our RG-42 is far from ideal. Its fragments (albeit at the end) fly up to 20 m from the explosion site, not to mention the fuse parts that were found at ranges of more than 100 m. Having thrown such a grenade while running, you can find yourself in danger zone. Worthy of criticism and, perhaps, the best in its class is our F-1 defensive grenade. Its body, cast from steel cast iron, has corrugations on the outside, dividing the body into 32 parts, but the grenade is not torn along them. When ruptured, its body produces several hundred fragments, the largest of which retain lethality up to 200 m. This grenade can only be thrown from behind cover. But the probability of hitting growth targets at a distance of 15-20 m from the explosion site due to an insufficiently dense flow of its fragments still leaves much to be desired.
All these circumstances were taken into account by the creators of the RGN and RGO grenades. The result of their work was new hand fragmentation grenades, which found widespread use during combat operations in Afghanistan and the North Caucasus.
IMPACT-REMOTE FUZE – UDZ
The fuse has a unique and interesting design. His work is shown in Fig. 4. The drawings were compiled by the author based on mock-up samples of fuses kindly provided to him by the State Research and Production Enterprise “Basalt”; Photographs of grenades were also taken there.
Rice. 3 Device of shock-remote fuse UDZ
The fuse consists of four main components (Fig. 3):
- initiating, including a firing pin 2 with a pin-type mainspring, a safety lever 4 and a pin with a ring 3, holding the firing pin in the cocked position through the safety lever. This unit activates the pyrotechnic chains for arming and self-destruction of the fuse;
- pyrotechnic, which includes an impact capsule-igniter 5, a long-range cocking device in the form of two duplicating pyrotechnic moderators 6 and a self-liquidator 8. Pyrotechnic devices (moderators and self-liquidator) are three tubes made of aluminum alloy with threads for screwing them into a plastic housing fuse. Stably burning and low-hygroscopic low-gas compositions, specially designed for self-liquidators and moderators of various fuses, are pressed into the tubes;
- mechanical, the elements of which are an inertial load 1 (a plastic ball with steel balls filled inside), a cup 12 with a needle and a safety engine 10 with an intermediate captive capsule 9. The engine is under the action of a pin-type spring, pressing it against the retarder rod 7. In this position of the engine, the intermediate capsule is located away from the detonator igniter, and the end of the cup with the needle, resting on the plane of the engine, cannot move in the direction of the detonator. To ensure that the engine with the capsule is kept in a secured position, a second similar retarder is introduced into the mechanism;
- detonator 11 with a beam-type igniter.
The UDS fuse has an interesting design feature. It has two triggering circuits: shock-remote and remote (self-destructive). The chains duplicate each other, and a grenade explosion occurs either from an impact on an obstacle after the long-range arming time has elapsed (1-1.8 seconds) or (if the impact did not occur or it was not strong enough) after the self-destruction time has elapsed (3.2-4. 2 sec).
Rice. 4 Work fuse UDS
At the initial stage of the flight, the firing pin, turning under the action of the mainspring, throws off the safety lever. The intermediate position of the striker is shown in Fig. 4, view B. At the end of the rotation of the striker, its needle pierces the igniter capsule, which, when triggered, activates three pyrotechnic units: two duplicating moderators and a self-liquidator (Fig. 4, views B and D). The spread in the burning time of retardation tubes under different temperature conditions is 0.8–1.1 s.
After the compositions of these tubes burn out, the springs remove the rods 7 inside the tubes, and the released engine is moved by its spring until it stops against the housing wall (Fig. 4, view E). In this position of the engine, the cup with the needle no longer rests on its plane and can move towards the igniter primer. But this does not happen before meeting an obstacle, since the cup with the load is held by a spring.
When a grenade meets an obstacle, the force of inertia shifts the load to the side and displaces the cup with the needle in the direction of the igniter capsule. The flame of the triggered igniter primer initiates the explosion of the detonator and the rupture of the grenade (Fig. 4, view E).
If, due to a weak puncture of the igniter primer, it does not work (for example, when a grenade falls into the snow), then its rupture will occur after the composition of the self-liquidator burns out. Under different temperature conditions, this time can be from 3 to 4.3 s.
OFFENSIVE HAND GRENADE RGN
Rice. 5 RGN grenade in section
The grenade body consists of two thick-walled and smooth outside stamped hemispheres made of aluminum alloy (Fig. 5). The hemispheres have deep grooves inside for organized crushing of the body. Their edges are turned so that it is possible to put the upper hemisphere on the lower hemisphere and connect them by crimping “along the equator”. A sealing polyethylene ring is first placed between them. In the hole of the upper hemisphere there is a thin-walled cup with several turns of M20x2 thread in the upper part for screwing in the fuse.
To equip the RGN, a more powerful explosive was used than for previous grenades - hexogen with the addition of TNT. Crystalline hexogen itself does not melt, but its mixture with TNT can be melted and poured into the grenade body. There are mixtures with different percentages of hexogen and TNT. For example, in TGA there are 50/50. After filling the explosive, a socket for the fuse detonator is drilled into it. The design of the grenade body allows it to be equipped with pressed bombs of an even more powerful explosive, for example A-IX-1, which is a phlegmatized hexogen,
An RGN grenade with an UDZ fuse weighs 310 g. Its explosive weight is 112 g.
Testing the fragmentation effect of grenades using the established method shows an approximately threefold advantage of the RGN over the RG-42.
HAND DEFENSE GRENADE RGO
Rice. 6 RGO grenade in section
The body of this grenade also consists of two hemispheres, but they are not stamped from aluminum alloy, but from thick sheet steel and have deep corrugations on the inner surface (Fig. 6). The lower hemisphere has corrugations on the outside, while the upper hemisphere is smooth on the outside. This was done so that the type of grenade could be determined by touch. To increase the number of fragments, another one was inserted inside these hemispheres, but with only internal corrugations. The joint of the outer hemispheres, like that of the RGN grenade, is sealed with an annular polyethylene gasket. The outside of the body is painted with standard green paint.
In combat position, the RGO has a weight of 530 g, with an explosive weight (TNT with hexogen) of 90 g. The dispersion range of its lethal fragments is significantly less than that of the F-1. According to the "Guide" for this grenade, it is 16 m, but it can still only be thrown from behind cover. Within this range, the fragmentation field density of the RGO is at least three times higher than that of the F-1.
An excerpt from an article by Dmitry Shiryaev from the magazine “World of Weapons” No. 4 / 2005.
Drawings by the author, photo by Olga Khvostunova
Grenade weight - 310g
Weight of combat charge - 110g
Bursting charge - TNT
Deceleration time - 3.5-4.5 seconds
Throwing range - 40-50m
F-1 hand fragmentation grenade
The F-1 remote-action hand grenade belongs to the type of defensive fragmentation grenades and is designed to destroy enemy personnel from behind cover.
T 
performance characteristics
Grenade weight - 600g
Weight of combat charge - 60g
Bursting charge - TNT
Throwing range - 35-45m
Deceleration time - 3.5-4.5 seconds
The lethal radius of fragments is 200m
The radius of scattering fragments is 250m
Ignition type - UZRGM (remote)
Hand grenade model 1942 RG-42
The RGD-5 remote-action grenade belongs to the type of offensive fragmentation grenades and is designed to defeat enemy personnel immediately before a bayonet attack, when fighting in trenches, communications passages in populated areas, forests, and mountains.
Grenade weight - 420g,
Weight of combat charge - 110-120g
Bursting charge - TNT
Deceleration time - 3-4sec
Throwing range - 30-40m,
The lethal radius of fragments is 25m
The radius of scattering fragments is more than 30m
Ignition type - UZRGM (remote)
Defensive hand grenade rgo
The RGO hand grenade is an impact-remote hand grenade, it belongs to the type of defensive fragmentation grenades and is designed to destroy enemy personnel from behind cover.
T 
performance characteristics
Grenade weight - 530g
Bursting charge weight - 92g
Bursting charge - TNT
Throwing range - 20-40m
Deceleration time - 3.3-4.3 seconds
The lethal radius of fragments is 150m
The radius of scattering fragments is 200m
Effective damage radius - 16.5m
Offensive hand grenade
The RGN impact-remote grenade belongs to the type of offensive fragmentation grenades and is designed to defeat enemy personnel immediately before a bayonet strike, when fighting in trenches, communication passages in populated areas, forests, and mountains.
T 
performance characteristics
Grenade weight - 310g
Bursting charge weight - 114g
Bursting charge - TNT
Throwing range - 30-45m
Deceleration time - 3.3-4.3 seconds
The lethal radius of fragments is 24m
Fuse type - UDZ (remote shock)
Effective damage radius - 8.7m
Question No. 2 The device of grenades.
The RG-42 hand fragmentation grenade consists of:
Housings with an igniter tube;
Metal tape;
Bursting charge;
UZRGM fuse.
The body of the grenade serves to house the explosive charge of the metal strip, the fuse tube, and also to form fragments when the grenade explodes. The cylindrical body has a bottom and a lid. A tube for placing the fuse and protecting the charge from shedding and a threaded flange for screwing in the fuse are attached to the housing cover. For service use, a plastic plug is screwed into the tube flange.
A metal strip cut into squares serves to form fragments when a grenade explodes. It is rolled in 3-4 layers inside the case. The explosive charge is designed to break the grenade body and metal tape into fragments - it is made from V.V. - TNT.
Z 
apal UZRGM (modernized unified hand grenade fuse) is designed to explode a bursting charge. It consists of:
Impact mechanism;
Actually sunk.
The impact mechanism serves to ignite the primer - the igniter.
It consists of:
1 - impact mechanism tubes;
2 - connecting sleeve;
4 - mainspring;
5 - drummer;
6 - striker washers;
7 - trigger lever;
8 - safety pin with ring.
The fuse itself serves to explode the explosive charge of the grenade.
It consists of:
9 - retarder bushings;
10 - primer - igniter;
11 - powder retarder;
The work of the units fuse the UZRGM.
Before throwing a grenade, the plastic plug is unscrewed from the tube, and the fuse is screwed into its place completely. The parts of the impact mechanism are in the following position:
the firing pin is cocked and held by the trigger lever, the mainspring is compressed, the trigger lever is held by a safety pin on the ignition mechanism tube.
When throwing a grenade, the position of the fuse parts does not change, since after the safety pin is pulled out, the trigger lever will remain pressed to the grenade body.
-
When throwing a grenade, the trigger lever is released and, under the action of the mainspring, rotates and releases the firing pin, which punctures the igniter primer and ignites it. The fire beam from the KB is transmitted to the powder retarder, the burning time of which is 3.2 - 4.2 seconds. Then the beam of fire is transmitted to the primer - the detonator. The CD causes the explosive charge of the grenade to explode. The radius of dispersion of lethal fragments of the RG-42 grenade during an explosion is about 25m.
Features of the design of RGD-5, F-1 grenades.
The peculiarity of the RGD-5 grenade is that the body has two parts - upper and lower. The upper part of the body consists of an outer shell, called a cap, and a cap liner. The lower part of the housing consists of an outer shell called the pan and a pan liner.
The explosive charge of the grenade is made of two parts with a configuration the same as that of the internal cavity of the body. During assembly, both parts of the body are connected to each other using a loop.
The action of the RGD-5 grenade is similar to the action of the RG-42 fragmentation grenade.
The F-1 grenade was developed on the basis of the French fragmentation grenade F-1 model 1915. weighing 572g (not to be confused with modern model F I with a plastic body and semi-finished fragments) and an English grenade of the Lemon system, supplied to Russia during the First World War.
The body of the F-1 grenade is cast iron with longitudinal and transverse notches, along which the grenade usually explodes, producing fragments of a given crushing and sufficient strength, capable of hitting enemy personnel within a radius of 250 m.
RGD-5, RG-42 and F-1 had one significant drawback, which was the relatively long period of time between throwing a grenade and detonating it. On sharply rough terrain, in the mountains, this allowed the enemy, who noticed a thrown grenade, to take advantage of the nearest cover, and also created the threat of self-destruction of the thrower in the event of a grenade rebounding from an obstacle or rolling down a slope.
These shortcomings, combined with an insufficiently uniform fragmentation field, needed to be eliminated in new grenades, which were RGN (offensive) and RGO (defensive), developed at the Basalt State Research and Production Enterprise, equipped with a target sensor and triggered when hitting any obstacle.
Each grenade consists of a body, a charge of a chat mixture, a detonation block and a fuse, unified for both models.
The body of the RGN grenade is made of aluminum alloy and consists of an upper and lower hemisphere. A notch is applied to the internal surfaces of the hemispheres in order to obtain a specified crushing of the body upon rupture.
The body of the RGO grenade is made of steel and consists of a lower inner and lower outer hemisphere, an upper outer and an upper inner hemisphere. A notch is applied to each of the hemispheres in order to obtain a specified crushing of the body upon rupture.
batch number, year of manufacture.
Information about grenades:
RGD-5 is the abbreviated name for the grenade.
00-1-57 - plant number, batch number and year of manufacture.
20 pcs - the number of grenades in the box.
Gross 14kg - weight of a box of grenades.
On the right wall of the box, as well as on the body of each grenade, the following is indicated: factory number, explosive designation. There is a danger sign on the lid of the box.
Composition of impact-remote fuse (UDF)
Puncture-safety mechanism:
Trigger lever;
-
striker with sting;
Action spring;
Ring with a pin;
Stub;
The capsule is an igniter.
Long-range cocking mechanism.
Powder fuses;
Capsule – igniter;
Spring.
Target sensor.
Spring;
Detonation unit.
Moderator;
The capsule is a detonator.
Self-destruction mechanism.
The capsule is a detonator.
Interaction of parts and mechanisms of the fuse when a grenade meets an obstacle (surface)
When preparing a grenade for throwing, the trigger lever is pressed tightly with your fingers to the body of the grenade, the ends of the safety pin are straightened with the fingers of your free hand, then it is pulled out by the ring, while the position of the fuse parts does not change. At the moment the grenade is thrown, the trigger lever separates and releases the striker with the sting and the bar.
The plug with the primer - the igniter comes out of the igniter housing socket. The firing pin, under the action of the mainspring, pierces the primer with its sting - the igniter. The fire beam ignites the powder press-fit fuses and the pyrotechnic composition of the self-liquidator moderator. After 1-1.8 s, the powder compositions of the fuses burn out and their stoppers, under the influence of springs, disengage with the engine. The engine, under the influence of a spring, moves into the firing position.
The long-range cocking mechanism prevents the grenade from being detonated if it accidentally falls from your hands.
When meeting an obstacle, the load shifts in the direction of the inertial force component and acts on the bushing. The bushing, overcoming the resistance of the spring, displaces the sting, which pierces the primer - the igniter. The beam of fire is transmitted to the primer - the detonator, which causes the detonation of the explosive charge.
If the fuse fails in inertial action, after 3.3-4.3 seconds the moderator composition burns out, the capsule - the detonator of the self-destructor - ignites, causing the detonation unit to explode.
Question No. 3 Preparing grenades for combat use.
Grenades and fuses must be inspected before placing in the bag and before loading. The body of the grenade should not have deep dents or deeply penetrated rust. The ignition tube and igniter must be clean, without dents or rust; the ends of the safety pin are spread apart and there are no cracks on the bends. Fuses with cracks and green deposits cannot be used. When carrying grenades, they must be protected from shocks, blows, fire, dirt and dampness.
Loading a grenade (inserting the fuse) is permitted only before throwing it.
PROHIBITED:
disassemble combat grenades and troubleshoot them,
carry grenades without bags (hanging by the safety pin ring),
touch unexploded grenades
Combat grenades are issued only to those trained in their use and are carried in grenade bags. The fuses are placed in them separately from the grenades.
It is prohibited to disassemble live grenades or carry them suspended by the safety pin ring. To study the structure of grenades, the techniques of throwing them and the rules for handling grenades, training and training-imitation grenades are used.
Grenades stored for a long time in grenade bags should be periodically inspected. Faulty grenades and fuses are handed over to the warehouse for destruction.
When learning to throw combat grenades, the following basic precautions are observed:
1. Before loading, an external inspection of grenades and fuses is carried out, and if any malfunctions are found, it is reported to the commander;
2. Throwing grenades is carried out from trenches or from behind cover that is not penetrated by shrapnel.
3. Keep a record of unexploded grenades and mark the places where they fell with red flags. At the end of throwing, unexploded grenades are destroyed by detonation on the spot.
Throwing hand grenades in combat is carried out from various positions: standing, kneeling, lying down, and also in motion.
CAPING AND LABELING.
Grenades are delivered to the troops in wooden boxes. In the box, grenades, handles and fuses are placed separately in metal boxes. There is a knife for opening boxes. There are markings on the walls and lid of the box indicating the number of grenades in the box, their weight, the name of the grenades and fuses, the manufacturer's plant number, the batch number of the grenades, the year of manufacture and the danger sign.
Explanation of markings:
UZRGM - abbreviated name for fuses; 00-b5-57 - plant number,
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