Meteorological factors in somatic pathology. The meaning of meteorological factors in medical terms Solar radiation and its prevention

Who wants to explore medical art in the right way, must... first of all

take into account the seasons.

Some facts
? Economically developed countries up to 38% healthy men and 52% of healthy women have increased sensitivity to meteorological factors.
? The number of accidents increases not in rain and fog, but in heat and cold.
? Thermal overload increases the number of road accidents by 20%.
? When the weather changes, the mortality rate in road accidents increases by more than 10%.
? In France, Switzerland and Austria, 40 thousand people die annually from air pollution, and in the USA - 70 thousand people.
? On the old continent, at least 100 thousand people become victims of air pollution every year.

Biological rhythms
? Under physiological conditions, physiological rhythms operate.
? Pathological conditions are a more serious matter.
? On the one hand, there are disturbances in physiological biorhythms, or, even more often, adjustment of physiological biorhythms to the pathological process in order to ensure the best possible resolution (the principle of optimality of the disease).
? On the other hand, this is the appearance of additional rhythms caused by pathological conditions.
? The simplest example– a chronic cyclic disease with cycles of exacerbation and remission.

All the salt is in transient processes
? Biological rhythms, despite their exceptional stability, are not frozen structures.
? Being clearly “tied” to external synchronizers, they have a spectrum of stable states and, when the frequency characteristics of the synchronizers change, they “drift” between the latter, or, in other words, move from one stable state to another. This transition is carried out through so-called transition processes.
? For the circadian rhythm, the duration of the transition process can range from 5 to 40 days.
? It is during transition processes that the probability of disturbances in biological rhythms, collectively called desynchronoses, is highest. Desynchronosis is much more common than we imagine - one of the clinical syndromes of most diseases. The conclusions follow naturally.

on health effects
? indifferent, with minor changes in the atmosphere, when a person does not feel their influence on his body,
? tonic, with changes in the atmosphere that have a beneficial effect on the human body, including chronic diseases such as cardiovascular, pulmonary, etc.,
? spastic, with a sharp change in weather towards colder temperatures, increased atmospheric pressure and oxygen content in the air, which is manifested in sensitive individuals by an increase blood pressure, headaches and heart pain,
? hypotensive, with a tendency to reduce the oxygen content in the air, manifested in sensitive persons by a decrease in vascular tone (the well-being of persons with arterial hypertension improves and those with hypotension worsen),
? hypoxic, with a change in weather towards warming and a decrease in the oxygen content in the air, with the development of signs of oxygen deficiency in sensitive individuals.

Weather sensors
? Skin – temperature, humidity, wind, sun rays, atmospheric electricity, radioactivity
? Lungs – temperature, air purity and ionization, humidity, wind
? Organs of vision, hearing, tactile, taste, sensitivity - light, noise, smell, temperature and chemical composition air

? Everyone reacts to changes in the weather, and to any change in the weather too; the reaction consists of adaptation, which in a healthy person is physiological and complete, without deterioration in well-being
? Every person is weather-sensitive: physically and mentally healthy people with a good genotype feel comfortable in any weather, and adaptation occurs without clinical manifestations; only with health problems do meteopathic reactions develop, increasing with increasing severity; Older people with chronic diseases are most susceptible to meteopathic reactions
? During severe weather disasters (strong, severe geomagnetic storm, geomagnetic storm, sharp decrease and increase in temperature with high humidity, etc.), the risk of developing life-threatening conditions (stroke, myocardial infarction, etc.) increases, cardiac and other death in people with poor health
? The impact of weather changes on health is the same indoors and outdoors, and staying at home will not protect you

? The very first factor is the genetically determined constitutional characteristics of the human body.
? There is no hiding from genetic inheritance.
? And yet preventive measures general order allow you to reduce their intensity, safely maneuvering between the whims of the weather.
?
Meteopathies of the “weaker” sex
? Meteopathy is, first of all, the lot of the “weaker” sex.
? Females react more actively to weather changes and sense the approach and end of bad weather more acutely.
? Many see the reason in the peculiarities of hormonal status, but it is in the peculiarities female body at all.

Meteopathies and age
? Meteopaths are children until the formation of regulatory systems and adaptation mechanisms is completed, as well as older people.
? Minimum weather sensitivity (maximum weather resistance) at the age of 14-20 years, and then only increases with age. By the age of fifty, half of people are already meteoropaths - with age, the body’s adaptive resources decrease, and many still accumulate diseases.
? As a person ages, the frequency and intensity of meteopathic reactions increase even more, which is associated with the involution of the body and a further decrease in adaptation resources, the development and progression of chronic diseases, especially aging diseases (atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, cerebral vascular insufficiency, coronary heart disease, chronic ischemic disease lower limbs, diabetes mellitus type 2, etc.).

Urban factors
? City residents suffer from meteoropathy much more often than villagers. The reason is more severe environmental conditions, including the oversaturation of urban air with heavy ions, shorter daylight hours, and decreased intensity ultraviolet radiation, more powerful impact of technogenic, social and psychological factors leading to the development of chronic distress.
? In other words, the further a person is from nature, the stronger his meteopathic reactions.

Factors contributing to meteopathies
? Excess weight body, endocrine changes during puberty, pregnancy and menopause.
? Previous injuries, acute respiratory viral and bacterial infections, other diseases.
? Conditions of deteriorating socio-economic and environmental conditions.

Criteria for meteopathies
? Slower adjustment to changes in weather or the presence of others climatic conditions
? Deterioration of health when the weather changes or stays in other climatic conditions
? Stereotypical reactions of well-being to similar weather changes
? Seasonal deterioration of health or exacerbation of existing diseases
? Dominance of weather or climatic factors among possible changes in well-being

Phases of development of meteopathies
? the appearance of signal stimuli in the form of changes in weather electromagnetic pulses, infrasound signals, changes in oxygen content in the air, etc.
? atmospheric-physical weather complex during passage atmospheric front with the establishment of unfavorable weather
? subsequent meteotropic reactions caused by weather changes with changes in the state of the body

? anticipation of a change in weather,
? deterioration of health,
? decreased activity
? depressive disorders,
? discomfort(including painful ones) in different organs and systems,
? absence of other reasons for deterioration or exacerbation of the disease,
? repeatability of symptoms when climate or weather changes,
? rapid reversal of symptoms when the weather improves,
? short-term manifestation of symptoms
? absence of signs in favorable weather.

Three degrees of meteopathies
? mild (grade 1) – minor subjective discomfort due to sudden changes in weather
? moderate degree (grade 2) – against the background of subjective malaise, changes in the autonomic nervous and cardiovascular systems, exacerbation of existing chronic diseases
? severe degree (grade 3) – pronounced subjective disturbances (general weakness, headaches, dizziness, noise and ringing in the head and/or increased excitability, irritability, insomnia and/or changes in blood pressure, pain and aches in joints, muscles, etc. .) with exacerbation of existing diseases.

Meteopathies in ICD-10
? ICD 10 does not have a special section dedicated to meteopathies. And, nevertheless, a place is reserved for them in it, since meteopathies, by their nature, have a special (maladaptive) reaction of the human body to stress.
? F43.0 – acute reaction to stress
? F43.2 – disorders of adaptive reactions

The most common meteopathic symptom complexes
? Cerebral – irritability, general agitation, dyssomnia, headaches, breathing disorders
? Autonomic somatoform disorder – fluctuations in blood pressure, autonomic disorders, etc.
? Rheumatoid – general fatigue, fatigue, pain, inflammation of the musculoskeletal system
? Cardiorespiratory – cough, increased heart rate and respiratory rate
? Dyspeptic - unpleasant sensations in the stomach, right hypochondrium, along the intestines; nausea, appetite disturbances, stool
? Immune – decreased immunity, colds, fungal infection
? Skin-allergic – skin itching, skin rashes, erythema, other skin-allergic changes
? Hemorrhagic - bleeding rashes on the skin, bleeding from the mucous membranes, rushes of blood to the head, increased blood flow to the conjunctiva, nosebleeds, changes in clinical blood parameters.

Frequency of leading meteopathies in descending order
? asthenia – 90%
? headache, migraine, respiratory disorders – 60%
? lethargy, apathy -50%
? fatigue – 40%
? irritability, depression – 30%
? decreased attention, dizziness, pain in bones and joints - 25%
? gastrointestinal disorders – 20%.

Somatic diseases and conditions with high risk meteopathies
? Seasonal allergies
? Cardiac arrhythmias
? Arterial hypertension
? Arthritis (any joint)
? Pregnancy
? Ankylosing spondylitis
? Bronchial asthma
? Diseases of the appendages
? Dermatomyositis
? Gallstone disease
? Thyroid diseases
? Coronary heart disease
? Climax
? Migraine
? Migraine
Cardiovascular diseases
? This category of people gives the highest demand for emergency services medical care– 50% of calls per day on days of sudden weather changes compared to indifferent days.
? There is a direct connection (95% coincidence) between the formation of unfavorable types of weather and the development of meteotropic reactions.
? Most often, headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, pain in the heart, sleep disturbances. A sudden increase in blood pressure is common. Changes in the blood coagulation system, blood cell morphology, other biochemical changes, and dysfunction of the heart muscle are possible.
? Characterized by the appearance or intensification of angina pain, cardialgia, various heart rhythm disturbances, and instability of blood pressure. High risk of ischemic attacks and heart attacks at different levels.

Bronchopulmonary diseases
? Meteopaths with bronchopulmonary diseases account for up to 60% among adults and 70% among children.
? Almost a quarter of exacerbations of bronchopulmonary diseases are caused by exposure to weather factors, primarily fluctuations in atmospheric pressure and relative humidity, and intensify with sudden cold snaps, strong winds, high humidity, and thunderstorms.
? The frequency of meteorological reactions during the passage of cold fronts increases by more than a third.
? Meteopathic reactions are manifested by general malaise, weakness, the appearance or intensification of cough, low-grade fever, the development of shortness of breath, suffocation, a decrease in the vital capacity of the lungs, and other indicators of external respiration function.
? In almost half of the cases, weather factors are the cause of exacerbation of bronchial asthma.

Nervous and mental illnesses
? In a third of people with nervous and mental illness exacerbations are clearly “tied” to weather factors. Persons with weakened basic higher processes also react more often to weather changes. nervous activity, various kinds of somatoform autonomic disorders even before the development of somatic pathology.
? The frequency of exacerbations is characterized by a seasonal dependence: an increase in autumn and spring and a decrease in summer.
? The influence of weather factors is more pronounced in people with manic-depressive psychosis than in people with schizophrenia. Maximum exacerbations in the depressive phase occur in May-August, and in the manic phase – November-February.
? In case of degenerative diseases of the spine (osteochondrosis, radiculitis, etc.) and large joints, sudden cold weather, as well as windy weather, often causes the development and/or intensification of pain syndrome and its equivalents. General weakness, dizziness, a feeling of weakness, decreased performance, increased irritability and fatigue, a feeling of numbness and weakness of the fingers and toes, pain and morning stiffness in other joints, leading to decreased performance, are common.

Digestive diseases
? Increased weather dependence is characteristic of chronic diseases of the digestive system: gastritis, gastroduodenitis, peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, pancreatitis, different shapes cholecystitis, etc.
? Sudden changes in weather are associated with the occurrence or intensification of pain in the corresponding parts of the abdominal area, the development of dyspepsia with symptoms such as heartburn, nausea, belching and even vomiting against the background of a deterioration in general well-being and decreased performance.
? In severe chronic diseases, more severe disorders are possible, such as exacerbation of an ulcerative process with a high risk of intestinal bleeding, etc.
? For at least 1/5 of those undergoing hospital treatment, sharply changing weather factors cause exacerbations and more severe disease with worsening clinical condition.

Diseases of the urinary system
? Like most other somatic diseases, diseases of the urinary system are mostly of an inflammatory nature, or associated with inflammatory processes, and therefore are characterized by a clear meteopathic “attachment” with exacerbations in the transitional autumn-winter and winter-spring periods.
? Examples: glomerulo- and pyelonephritis, meteopathic reactions of which are manifested by headache, weakness, increased blood pressure, swelling, signs of intoxication, development or worsening of urinary disorders.

Hemorrhagic diseases

STUDY OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN INDUSTRIAL AND EDUCATIONAL PREMISES

Meteorological factors of the working area

The normal well-being of a person at the enterprise and in everyday life primarily depends on meteorological conditions (microclimate). Microclimate is a set of physical factors of the working environment (temperature, humidity and air speed, atmospheric pressure and intensity of thermal radiation), which comprehensively affect the thermal state of the body.

Atmospheric air is a mixture of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, about 1% argon, carbon dioxide and other gases in small concentrations, as well as water in all phase states. A decrease in oxygen content to 13% makes breathing difficult and can lead to loss of consciousness and death; high oxygen levels can cause harmful oxidative reactions in the body.

A person is constantly in the process of thermal interaction with the environment. The body constantly produces heat, and its excess is released into the surrounding air. At rest, a person loses about 7,120 kJ per day; when performing easy work– 10,470 kJ, when performing moderate work – 16,760 kJ, when performing heavy work physical work energy losses are 25,140 – 33,520 kJ. Heat is released mainly through the skin (up to 85%) by convection, as well as as a result of the evaporation of sweat from the surface of the skin.

Due to thermoregulation, body temperature remains constant - 36.65°C, which is the most important indicator feeling normal. Changes in ambient temperature lead to changes in the nature of heat transfer. At an ambient temperature of 15–25°C, the human body produces a constant amount of heat (rest zone). When the air temperature rises to 28°C, normal mental activity is complicated, attention and the body’s resistance to various harmful influences are weakened, and performance drops by a third. At temperatures above 33°C, heat is released from the body only due to the evaporation of sweat (I phase of overheating). Losses can be up to 10 liters per work shift. Together with sweat, vitamins are removed from the body, which disrupts vitamin metabolism.

Dehydration leads to a sharp decrease in blood plasma volume, which loses twice as much more water than other fabrics and becomes more viscous. Additionally, sodium chlorides up to 20–50 g per shift leave the blood with water, and the blood plasma loses its ability to retain water. The loss of chlorides in the body is compensated by taking salted water at the rate of 0.5 - 1.0 g/l. At unfavorable conditions heat exchange, when less heat is given off than is produced during labor, a person may experience phase II of overheating of the body - heat stroke.

When the ambient temperature decreases, the blood vessels of the skin narrow, blood flow to the surface of the body slows down, and heat transfer decreases. Strong cooling leads to frostbite of the skin. A decrease in body temperature to 35°C causes pain; when it drops below 34°C, loss of consciousness and death occur.

Sanitary standards and rules (SN) establish optimal microclimatic conditions for the production environment: 19 – 21°C for offices computer equipment; 17 – 20°C for classrooms, offices, auditoriums and gyms; 16 – 18°C ​​for training workshops, lobby, cloakroom and library. Relative humidity air is taken as the norm 40 - 60%, in warm weather up to 75%, in computer technology classes 55 - 62%. The air speed should be in the range of 0.1 - 0.5 m/s, and in the warm season 0.5 - 1.5 m/s and 0.1 - 0.2 m/s for rooms with computer equipment.

Human life can take place in a wide pressure range of 73.4 – 126.7 kPa (550 – 950 mm Hg), however, the most comfortable state of health occurs under normal conditions (101.3 kPa, 760 mm Hg. ). A change in pressure of several hundred Pa from the normal value causes pain. Rapid changes in pressure are also dangerous for human health.

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Books

• Living barometers, I. F. Zayanchkovsky. The heroes of this entertaining book are animals and plants, by whose behavior you can determine the weather. The author talks about the reactions of animals and plants to various meteorological factors, about...
• Meteor dependence, Alla Ioffe (AMI). “Meteor dependence”... That’s what I called this collection. Those who are familiar with what I write will not be surprised. Meteorological factors are something that affects us, but does not depend on us, so I...

It is quite difficult to clarify what, in detail, leads to the above-mentioned results. Attempts to establish these factors with accuracy (at least relative) have only led to incomplete, questionable, and sometimes contradictory results. Of the multiple factors included in the meteorological complex that have been studied (air currents, drafts, dampness, temperature, atmospheric electricity, barometric pressure, air fronts, atmospheric ionization, etc.), most attention has been paid to atmospheric ionization, air fronts and atmospheric pressure that are active.

Some researchers, in their works, most of all refer to some of the above, while others speak broadly, vaguely, without special analysis and clarifications about meteorological factors in general. Tizhevsky considers electromagnetic disturbances of the atmosphere to be a contributing factor to epidemics; Gaas believes that a drop in barometric pressure contributes to the emergence of allergic manifestations, especially anaphylactic shock; Fritsche attributes to atmospheric electrical phenomena meteorotropical beneficial influence for thromboembolic processes; Koje blames sudden changes in atmospheric pressure as factors that trigger myocardial infarction, while A. Mihai claims that air fronts play a significant role and that he has not encountered a single case of a heart attack outside of a frontless day, and Danishevsky refers to magnetic storms etc.

Only sometimes they appear more clearly: this is the case of certain atmospheric currents (fen, sirocco), the pathogenic effect of which is clearly shown and which cause mass disorders, real small epidemic explosions of pathology. Since in most cases the effect of meteorological factors is relatively unnoticeable, it is understandable that it often eludes identification and especially clarification. It seems that we're talking about about a complex action, multiple, multilateral, and not about the action of one of the above factors: this is the opinion of both Russian researchers (Tizhevsky, Danishevsky, etc.) and Western ones (Picardi, etc.).

Therefore, in works concerning pathogenic action of meteorological factors, different concepts are often used; because among them there are - only rarely - common factors and identical measures of assessment; It is also for this reason that results can rarely be compared. Hence the numerous names and expressions used, as well as certain entities and labels under which the pathological echo of meteorological factors was sometimes presented: “stormy weather syndrome” (Netter), “end of night syndrome” (Annes Diaz), not to mention the syndrome sirocco or, Fohnkrankheit (“Fen disease”), actually corresponding to some more precise conditions.

Meanwhile, it was noticed that some pathological aspects, in humans, could be attributed to certain cosmic and solar factors. It was noticed, first of all, that certain atmospheric changes, sea tides, epidemics coincided and coincide with special cosmic moments: solar flares, sunspots etc. (Tizhevsky, Delak, Kovach, Pospisil, etc.).

Even some widespread economic distress coincided with similar cosmic moments and were attributed to them (Bareilles). More careful research in recent times has established that there is some parallelism between space incidents and certain atmospheric disturbances and disasters. It seems that the connection is valid and that cosmic factors actually have a certain influence (but imperceptible, difficult to detect) on the atmosphere, in which they sometimes cause magnetic storms and other disturbances, through which they further affect the land, sea, people, as well as influence they are affected by the seasons, climate, and to a large extent also subordinate to cosmic factors.

Thus from cosmic factors depends (more or less directly) on biological rhythms, the periodicity of the deployment of the biological elements of the body, rhythms established, as can be seen, in accordance with the general rhythm of cosmic phenomena (daily periodicity, seasonal periodicity, etc.). Also, the strange appearances, serially, of certain atmospheric, social or pathogenetic phenomena, which gave rise to the so-called “law of series”, apparently mysterious (Fore), also depend on the intervention of cosmic factors, because often these phenomena coincide with solar flares or spots and associated magnetic storms.

In people who are called weather dependent, under certain weather conditions there is a deterioration in health. Those who periodically experience increased blood pressure are especially susceptible to fluctuations in air temperature or atmospheric pressure. If such a person constantly suffers from “weather shocks”, to which his body reacts by increasing pressure, over time he may develop hypertension.
It would seem that there is no way out. After all, a person is not able to “set” the optimal weather for himself. Of course, he can change his place of residence, choosing an area with a favorable climate. But not everyone has this opportunity. Therefore, doctors recommend that weather-sensitive people “make friends” with nature. To do this, you need to radically change your lifestyle: spend more time physical activity, observe the correct work and rest schedule, correctly prepare a diet, that is, lead healthy image life. After all, the body’s reaction to weather changes is directly related to the dysfunction of its organs and systems.
Weight lifting
Jumps in blood pressure are observed when lifting weights. Moreover moderate loads are beneficial for the cardiovascular system, but excessive ones have a negative impact on its functioning.
Professional factors
He last place Among the risk factors for the development of hypertension is the region professional activity person. If his work involves high responsibility and acceptance important decisions(managers, doctors), risk to life (military personnel, rescuers, police), processing a huge flow of information (secretaries, dispatchers), constant negotiations and communication with people of different personalities (sales managers, salespeople), then the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases significantly.
As a rule, people do not think about the impact of their chosen profession on their health and continue to work, despite the alarming signals of the body. True, there is another extreme: a person “protects” himself so much that he does not work at all. Experts recommend looking for the best option for yourself: rationally organizing your labor activity or change its direction.

High noise level
Over the past few decades, doctors have attributed high level noise to one of the causes of the development of hypertension.
In primitive society, noise was always a signal of danger. At the same time, the person sharply activated nervous system, adrenaline levels increased. And this was necessary for self-defense, escape or attack.
We, of course, have lost practical significance perception of noise, but the body's reactions to external stimuli have not changed. Excessive noise still causes people to experience a surge of adrenaline and an increased heart rate. And this has a very negative impact on health, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.