Made my first round-the-clock trip. Circumnavigation and travel
The first trip around the world, or rather, voyage, was made by the expedition of the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan in the period from 1519 to 1522. During the expedition, he died and one of the captains of Magellan's squadron named Juan Sebastian de Elcano completed the voyage.
During the first trip around the world, the spherical shape of the Earth was proven in practice. Magellan discovered the eastern coast of South America, the strait connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, as well as the island of Guam and the Philippine archipelago.
The second circumnavigation of the world (and the first English circumnavigation of the world) was made in 1577-1580 by Admiral Francis Drake. He discovered the strait between South America and Antarctica and explored the West Coast of South America.
The third and fourth voyages around the world were completed in 1586-1588 and 1598-1601 by Thomas Cavendish and Olivier de Noort, respectively. They did not make any serious geographical discoveries.
The first trip around the world made by the French took place in 1766-1769. An expedition led by Louis Antoine de Bougainville discovered islands in the Tuamotu and Louisiade archipelagos.
James Cook's three circumnavigations of the world, which he completed in 1768-1771, 1772-1775 and 1776-1779, revealed to Europeans the island status of New Zealand, the existence of the Great Barrier Reef, the mainland of Australia, the Hawaiian Islands and Alaska.
The first Russian trip around the world was made by an expedition under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern in 1803-1806.
The second Russian circumnavigation of the world was accomplished in 1815-1818 by an expedition under the command of Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue. The expedition discovered a number of unknown islands in the Pacific Ocean and explored the northern coast of Alaska.
During the Russian circumnavigation of 1819-1821, an expedition under the command of Thaddeus Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica and several islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
Another Russian circumnavigation under the leadership of Otto Kotzebue was completed in 1823-1826. This time, islands were discovered in South Polynesia, Micronesia and other areas of the Pacific Ocean.
The round-the-world expedition of the Englishman Robert Fitzroy, completed in 1831-1836, is famous for the fact that he took part in it and collected data for the future theory of evolution organic world Charles Darwin.
The first trip around the world, made alone, dates back to 1895-1898. In 3 years 2 months and 2 days, sailing around the world on sailing yacht committed by Joshua Slocum.
The first trip around the world by air, on an airship, was made in 1929 by the German aeronaut Hugo Eckener.
The first non-stop flight around the world was made in 1957 by three US Air Force B-52 aircraft.
1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight around the Earth on spaceship.
The first circumnavigation of the world underwater in autonomous mode without surfacing during the entire voyage was made in 1966 by a detachment of nuclear submarines of the USSR Navy under the command of Rear Admiral A. Sorokin.
The first autonomous voyage around the world on a sailing yacht without visiting ports or any outside support was made in 1968-69 in 313 days by Robert Knox-Johnston.
During the 15th century, the Iberian powers - Spain and Portugal - set out on the path of widespread overseas expansion. In both countries, the features of their internal development and geographical location determined the need and possibility of searching for new lands and new sea routes. In the social battles of the 15th century. both in Portugal and in Spain, the feudal nobility was defeated in the fight against royal power, which relied on the cities. And there, and here, the processes of unification of the country took place under the conditions of the Reconquista - continuous external wars with the Moors, who step by step were forced to cede the lands of the Iberian Peninsula that they had captured in the 8th century. In Portugal, these wars ended in the middle of the 13th century, in Spain - only at the end of the 15th century.
The Reconquista gave birth to chivalry, a class that lived and fed on the war and, as it ended, little by little lost its economic position.
When the last Moorish lands in the south of the peninsula were captured, the knighthood, greedy and indefatigable in its desire to acquire easy prey, rushed in search of new sources of income. Both the young, not yet strong bourgeoisie and the royal power were in dire need of them.
The situation that developed in the same XV century. in Western Asia and in the eastern part of the Mediterranean basin, prevented the establishment of direct connections between Western Europe and richest countries The Far and Middle East, to which the thoughts of profit-seekers rushed. Mongol Empire collapsed, direct trade routes built in the 13th century were closed. by land from Europe to China and Central Asia. The Turks established themselves on the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, blocking the path leading to European merchants through the main gate of the East - Byzantium. True, the southern road to India through Egypt and the Red Sea remained free, but all transit trade that was conducted through Alexandria with South Asia was in the hands of the Venetians.
Finding new routes to the lands of the East - this was the task that they persistently sought to resolve in the 15th century. in all Western European countries, and primarily in Portugal and Spain, located on a peninsula extended far into the waters of the Atlantic.
Random nature photos 
News of the voyages of Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, and Gama causes a fever of discovery in Europe. Rumors about gold, slaves, spices, pearls, expensive and rare wood, about rich and fertile lands, about the rich cities of the Eastern Indies and the still unexplored possibilities of the Western Indies excite and excite profit seekers who rush overseas in the hope of quick and easy enrichment .
Now it is difficult for us to imagine what importance the Europeans of the 15th century attached. cloves, pepper, nutmeg. These now ordinary goods, until the advent of the Portuguese in Southeast Asia, were delivered to Europe through an extremely complex and long route: Arab merchants bought spices from small kings in the Moluccas, Celebes (Sulawesi), Timor, Java and resold their goods in Hormuz or Alexandria to the Venetians. Then, on Venetian ships, spices were delivered to Italy, France, and Spain, and the Venetians, who themselves bought pepper or cloves from the Arabs at a price three times higher than the usual prices in the markets of Southeast Asia, received colossal profits upon sale. After all, the monopoly of the spice trade belonged to them undividedly. The news of the penetration of the Portuguese to the very source of fabulous wealth - the shores of the Moluccas, which bore the tempting name of the Spice Islands, aroused the feverish activity of Spanish profit seekers. Spanish navigators believed that the Moluccas were located very close to Veragua. But it was possible to reach the Spice Islands only if it was possible to find a passage leading from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea.
The Spaniards had no doubt that this passage would soon be open. And as soon as this happens, the Castilian flotillas, following the western, and, as it seemed then, the shortest, route, will reach the Moluccas and expel the zealous Portuguese competitors from there. Therefore, at that time, in the 10s of the 16th century, both the organizers of new overseas enterprises and the greedy gold-loving freemen, ready to go to the ends of the world in search of prey, were faced with a task that required quick and effective resolution. It was necessary at all costs to find a passage to the South Sea and, following them, get to the Spice Islands and oust the Portuguese from there. However, the coveted Spice Islands remained out of reach for the Spaniards. The implementation of the plans of Vespucci, Solis and the unknown Portuguese navigators fell to the lot of Ferdinand Magellan.
This little man with a stiff beard and cold, prickly eyes, dry, reserved and silent, personifies the harsh and stormy era of great overseas enterprises, an era when, in search of gold and spices, people crossed unknown seas and, risking their lives at every step, overcoming immeasurable difficulties, conquered, dooming the lands they discovered to hunger and ruin.
Fernando Magellan
Fernando Magellan, or in Portuguese Fernand de Magalhao, was born in Portugal, in the small village of Saboroja, in the province of Trazos Montes, around 1480. Magellan came from a noble family and, like all young hidalgos of that time, spent his youth at the court of King Manuel as a page. No information has been preserved about this period of Magellan’s life, but one must think that Magellan’s energetic and enterprising nature could not be satisfied social life at the royal court. Be that as it may, Magellan already at the age of twenty left the court service and became an officer in the detachment of Francisco Almeida, who went as governor to India. In 1505 he took part in the Portuguese expedition to East Africa.
It is not known how long Magellan stayed in Africa; it is only known that in 1508 he was already in Portugal, where at that time an expedition was being equipped for new discoveries in the Malay Archipelago. The leadership of this expedition was entrusted to Diogo Lopes da Sequeira, who accepted Magellan among his companions. Together with Sequeira, Magellan visited the city of Malacca, which at that time was the center of international trade in the east. In this city, which lay on the very border of countries unknown to Europeans, from where expensive spices were brought, Magellan carefully tried to find out where cloves, nutmegs, camphor, pepper and cinnamon were brought from.
Having almost been captured by the Malays, Magellan and da Sequeira were forced to hastily retire with their ships from Malacca to Cannanur, where the Portuguese already dominated. Here Magellan met Alphonse d'Albuquerque, Viceroy of India. Together with d'Albuquerque, Magellan participated in the conquest of the city of Goa, in the establishment of Portuguese rule on the Malabar coast and in d'Albuquerque's expedition to Malacca.
Thanks to the study of geographical issues, Magellan conceived a plan to reach the rich spice islands, following not the usual route past Africa and India, but through the western Atlantic Ocean, bypassing the mainland of South America. Magellan, recognizing the spherical shape of the earth, assumed that the western path would be straighter and, therefore, shorter than the eastern one. This idea of a western route to the shores of Asia, as is known, was the idea of Columbus. Magellan told the Lisbon cosmographer Rui Faleiro about his plan, who approved the plan and advised Magellan to contact King Manuel.
However, the king rejected Magellan's proposal. Then Magellan left Portugal and moved to Spain. On October 20, 1517, he arrived in Seville, where his acquaintance, the Portuguese sailor Diogo Barbosa, lived at that time. Soon, Barbosa submitted a petition to the Spanish government to assist Magellan in implementing his plan. For this purpose, a special commission was established to examine Magellan’s project.
In the commission, Magellan proposed “to find a new route to India and to the Spice Islands” and argued that the Spice Islands - this pearl of India - are located, according to the division of the world made by the Pope between Spain and Portugal, within Spanish possessions.
But the commission rejected Magellan's proposal and recognized it as unfeasible, so the commission members assumed that the American continent, like a barrier, stretches from one pole to the other and therefore there is no passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the South Sea. Fortunately for Magellan, among the members of the commission was a certain Juan de Aranda, who alone appreciated the full significance of Magellan’s project and became interested in it. Juan de Aranda got to know Magellan better and obtained an audience with the king for him.
The king took Magellan's proposal seriously; Magellan's proposal was again discussed at the council of ministers, and the king agreed to help him; he only demanded that Magellan mark his path more accurately, since the Spaniards had already explored the coast of the South American mainland at a great distance to the south and had not found a passage anywhere. Magellan replied that he was thinking of looking for a passage to the South Sea far from the equator.
During his voyages around Africa, Magellan noticed that this continent was somewhat pointed to the south; in the same way, studies by Spanish sailors on the coast of Brazil established that beyond Cape Augustine, the coast of South America goes in a southwestern direction. Comparing these two facts, Magellan came to the conclusion that the continent of America, like Africa, ends in a wedge in the southern hemisphere and, therefore, in the south of America there is a passage to the South Sea. This assumption of Magellan is absolutely correct, but, nevertheless, he was not destined to go around the continent of America, he did not reach the extreme tip of this continent, and, although he penetrated the Great Ocean, but not in the way he expected.
Magellan's plan was accepted by the king, and Magellan was appointed admiral and commander of the expedition, consisting of five ships and 265 crew.
In July 1519, all preparations for the departure were completed. After a solemn ceremony of swearing allegiance to the Spanish king, Magellan received the royal standard, and on the morning of August 10, the expedition left Seville. Having replenished its supplies in the harbor of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Magellan’s squadron sailed to open ocean. Magellan himself commanded the ship Trinidad, the captain of the second ship Santo Antonio was Juan de Cartagena; These ships were followed by the caravels "Concepcion" with captain Gaspar de Quesada, "Victoria" under the command of the royal treasurer Luis de Mendoza and, finally, the small ship "Sant Iago" with the helmsman Joao Serran. On Magellan's ship, among the companions were the Portuguese Duarte Barbosa and the Italian Antonio Pifaghetta, the future historian of this first trip around the world.
When the squadron passed the Canary Islands, Magellan, without consulting his comrades, changed course somewhat; The captain of the ship Santo Antonio, Juan de Cartagena, considering himself equal in power to Magellan, protested against this and pointed out to Magellan that he was evading royal instructions. This was the beginning of disagreements between Magellan and Juan de Cartagena. Cartagena began to conspire against Magellan and other officers; Then Magellan, having invited Juan de Cartagena and other officers to his ship for a meeting, ordered the arrest of Juan de Cartagena and put him in chains. On November 29, the coast of South America appeared ahead - Cape Augustine, and on December 13, following along the coast of Brazil, Magellan's squadron reached the bay of Rio de Janeiro. Soon Magellan's ships entered areas completely unexplored until that time. Sometimes stopping near the shore, the Spaniards entered into trade relations with the natives and exchanged fruits and various food supplies for various trinkets and small things.
Describing the natives of Brazil, Pifaghetta says that “the Brazilians are not Christians, but they are not idolaters either, since they do not worship anything; natural instinct is their only law. They walk completely naked and sleep on cotton nets called hammocks, tied to two trees. They sometimes eat human flesh, killing only captives and people of a foreign tribe for this purpose.”
The natives of this area were tall, broad-faced, with red skin, with hair bleached with lime, they were shod in wide fur boots, for which the Spaniards called them “Patagonians,” that is, big-footed.
Anticipating that the winter would be long, and taking into account that there was very little food supplies in the country of the Patagonians, Magellan ordered the crew to be given food in portions. This measure increased discontent among the sailors, and several officers who stood on the side of Juan de Cartagena decided to revolt. They spoke. That further sailing to the south is madness, since in all likelihood there is no strait from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Ocean. But Magellan did not want to hear about going back. Meanwhile, the unrest became more and more serious. The dissatisfied freed Juan de Cartagena and took possession of two ships; Soon the captain of the third ship, Victoria, joined the rebels. The rebels announced to Magellan that he must return to Spain, and if he refused, they threatened to resort to weapons.
Magellan decided to suppress the rebellion with harsh measures. He sent his loyal Gensalo Gomez Espinosa to the ship Victoria with orders for the captain to report immediately. The captain of the Victoria, Luis Mendoza, considering himself completely safe, listened to Magellan's orders with mockery and flatly refused to go to him. Then Espinosa suddenly pulled out a small dagger and struck Mendoza in the neck, another Spaniard who arrived with Espinosa struck a second blow to Mendoza, and Mendoza fell dead on the deck of the ship. A fight ensued, but Magellan, who was watching it from his ship, immediately sent boats with soldiers to the Victoria, and soon a signal flag raised on the Victoria’s mast notified Magellan of the victory.
Thus, the enemy's plans were hit. Struck by Magellan's energy and determination, Juan Cartagena and his comrades decided to secretly sail to Spain. But the very next day, Magellan’s ships, which took a position at the entrance to the harbor, cut off their path. An attempt to break through under cover of darkness ended unsuccessfully, and soon the captains of both ships - Quesada and Cartagena - were already prisoners of Magellan. Magellan decided to severely punish the rebels. Court-martialed, they were sentenced to death. “The conspirators were the superintendent of the fleet, Juan de Cartagena, the treasurer, Luis de Mendoza, the accountant, Antonio de Coca, and Gaspar de Quesada. The plot was discovered, and the caretaker was quartered, and the treasurer died from the blows of a dagger. A few days after this, Gaspar de Quesada, along with one clergyman, was banished to Patagonia. The captain-general did not want to kill him, since the Emperor Don Charles himself appointed him captain.”
Magellan's squadron remained in the harbor of San Julian throughout the winter. Having waited until it's stormy time will pass and spring came, Magellan set off further south. Magellan announced to his companions that he would sail south to 75 degrees south latitude, and only after making sure that the strait did not exist would he turn back to the east. On October 21, Magellan's flotilla reached the cape, which was named Cape Virgenes, in honor of the corresponding holiday. catholic church, coinciding with this day.
Having reached this point and seeing a bay jutting into the mainland in front of him, Magellan had no idea that he was in front of the entrance to the desired strait. The next day he sent two ships to explore the bay, but the ships returned before reaching the end of the bay. Then Magellan decided that this was the strait that he was looking for, and therefore gave the order to the entire squadron to go into the strait. The ships moved forward carefully, exploring the path among the labyrinth of side straits, bays and bays.
Both banks were deserted. At night, on the southern coast, numerous lights could be seen in different places on the mountain tops, which is why Magellan named this country Tierra del Fuego.
Strait of Magellan and access to the Pacific Ocean
After twenty-two days of sailing through the strait, which sometimes expanded to four or more miles, sometimes narrowed to one mile, Magellan’s flotilla safely reached the other end of the strait. While wandering the strait, one ship, the Santo Antonio, disappeared and its captain returned to Spain. Magellan, having searched for this ship for several days, decided to continue his journey further and finally saw another vast ocean in front of him.
Magellan called the first cape where the strait ended Cape Deseado (desired), “since,” says Pigafetta, “we have long sought to see it.” On November 27, Victoria, sailing ahead of other ships, was the first to reach the open ocean, where the coast of the American continent turned sharply to the north. The cape where the strait ended was named by the Spaniards “Victoria” in honor of their ship.
One can imagine the general joy when the sailors saw a new ocean in front of them. From now on, a new road to the Far East was opened and Magellan’s assumptions were confirmed. The strait through which Magellan first passed received the name from the Spaniards of the Strait of All Saints, since on this day Magellan's ships entered this strait for the first time; subsequent generations, however, did not recognize this name and gave it the name Magellanic, by which it is known today.
Driven by a fair wind, Magellan's ships headed north along the western coast of South America. Magellan wanted to rise to warmer latitudes and then head west again. On January 27, Magellan reached 16 degrees south latitude and here he turned west. Soon the coast of the American continent disappeared from view, and the ships found themselves among a completely unknown vast water desert ocean. Magellan gave the name to this new ocean the Pacific, since, compared to the Atlantic, Magellan encountered fewer storms here.
The ocean voyage lasted four whole months and was accompanied by incredible hardships. There were almost no food supplies, the fresh water had all spoiled and the sailors were forced to eat rotten crackers and rats. Pigafetta, describing the misadventures of his comrades, says: “For three months and twenty days we were completely deprived of fresh food. We ate crackers, but they were no longer crackers, but cracker dust mixed with worms that had devoured the best crackers. She smelled strongly of rat urine. We drank yellow water that had been rotting for many days. We also ate the cowhide covering the grotto to prevent the shrouds from chafing; from the action of the sun, rain and wind, it became incredibly hard. We soaked her in sea water for four to five days, after which they placed it on hot coals for a few minutes and ate it. We ate often sawdust. Rats were sold for half a ducat each, but even for that price it was impossible to get them.
However, worse than all these troubles was this. Some of the crew had their upper and lower gums swollen to such an extent that they were unable to take any food, and as a result they died. Nineteen people died from this disease, including the giant, as well as an Indian from the country of Verzin. Of the thirty crew members, twenty-five were ill, some with their legs, some with their arms, some experienced pain in other places; very few remained healthy. I, thank the Lord, have not experienced any illness.”
Amid such disasters and hardships, the sailors sailed to an unknown destination, and this killed their energy even more. During the three-month voyage across the Pacific Ocean, 19 people died and about 13 were sick. Everyone considered themselves doomed to death. Between there there was not a single island in the ocean. Only in one place in the ocean did the navigators see two islands, but they found nothing on them that could support their forces. Magellan called these islands the Unfortunate.
On March 16, west of the Thieves Islands, Magellan discovered another new island, covered with luxurious tropical vegetation. Here Magellan decided to rest his exhausted crew and pitched two tents for the sick on the shore. Soon the natives came ashore, bringing with them bananas, palm wine, coconuts and fish. The Spaniards exchanged all these products for mirrors, combs, rattles and other small things. This island, named Samar by Magellan, was one of the many islands that form the entire archipelago. Magellan named this archipelago the San Lazaro Archipelago, but later this group of islands became known as the Philippine islands, in honor of King Philip II of Spain.
The favorable reception from the natives, gold and other valuables found on the islands by the Spaniards - all this taken together distracted Magellan for a time from his original goal - reaching the Moluccas. Magellan began exploring these islands and on the night of March 27, approaching one island, he met a Malayan on a boat. The Malay translator who was with Magellan learned that on some islands the inhabitants speak the Malay dialect.
The Malay promised Magellan to bring the rajah of this island to the ships, and, indeed, the next day the rajah of Massawa, accompanied by eight close associates, appeared to Magellan. He brought gifts to Magellan, instead of which he received a caftan of red cloth, cut in an oriental style, a bright red hat; Knives and mirrors were distributed to his associates. Magellan showed the Raja firearms and cannons, the shots from which greatly frightened him.
“Then the captain-general ordered one of our men to put on full armor, and the other three, armed with swords and daggers, to strike him all over the body. The ruler was completely amazed by this spectacle. At the same time, the captain-general told him through a slave that one person armed in this way could fight against a hundred of his own people. To which the ruler replied that he was convinced of this with his own eyes. The captain-general stated that there were two hundred men on each of the ships, armed in the same manner. He showed him cuirasses, swords, shields, and also how to use them,” writes Pigafetta.
When parting, the Rajah asked Magellan to send several people with him to see the Rajah’s treasures and his home. Magellan released Pigafetta with the Rajah, who was given very good welcome. The Raja told him that he found on his island pieces of gold the size of a nut or even an egg; all the bowls and some household utensils of the rajah were made of gold. He was dressed, according to the custom of the country, very neatly and had a handsome appearance. Black hair fell over his shoulders; the silk bedspread hung in beautiful folds; he was scented with styrax and aloe; he had large gold earrings in his ears, and his face and hands were painted with different colors.
On the first day of Easter, the fleet raised its sails and sailed to the island of Cebu, where, as the natives said, food supplies could be found in abundance. Together with Magellan, the Raja of Massawa, who was ready to serve Magellan as a translator, also expressed a desire to visit Cebu.
When the flotilla arrived on the island of Cebu, Magellan sent one of his officers to the local rajah. Magellan's envoy, when asked by the Raja what kind of people they were, said: “We are in the service of the greatest king on earth, and this king sent us to the Moluccas to establish trade relations.”
The Raja received the officer friendly, but told him that if they intended to trade on his island, they must first pay the duties to which all ships coming to Cebu were subject.
The Spaniard objected that his master was too great a monarch to submit to such demands; the officer added that they came here with peaceful intentions, but if they want to wage war with them, then they will talk differently.
A Moorish merchant who was at the Rajah's court confirmed the officer's words about the power Spanish king, and after negotiations, the Raja gave the Spaniards the exclusive right to trade on the island, and he himself went ashore to Magellan.
After this meeting, the natives began to bring food supplies to the Spaniards in abundance, and relations between the natives and the Spaniards became extremely friendly. The Raja and many natives even converted to Christianity.
Not far from the island of Cebu there was another island, Mactan, whose rajah, who had previously recognized the supremacy of the rajah of Cebu, did not want to pay him tribute for some time. When the Rajah of the island of Cebu told Magellan about this, Magellan decided to provide a service to the new vassal of Spain and at the same time show the natives the superiority of the weapons and military art of the Europeans. He invited the Raja to go to Mactan and punish the indignant Raja. On April 26, three boats, which accommodated 60 soldiers, and about thirty native boats, on which were the Raja of Cebu, his nephew and many warriors, set off for the island of Mactan.
Speaking about this campaign, Pigafetta writes: “Then the captain formed us into two detachments, and the battle began. The musketeers and archers fired from a distance for about half an hour, but without any benefit, since the bullets and arrows pierced only their shields, made of thin wooden planks, and their hands. The captain shouted: “Stop shooting! Stop shooting! - but no one paid attention to his screams. When the natives were convinced that our shooting was not reaching the target, they began to shout that they would hold firm, and resumed their shouting with more greater strength. During our shooting, the natives did not stay in one place, but ran here and there, hiding behind their shields. They showered us with so many arrows and threw so many spears towards the captain (some of the spears had iron tips), and also fire-hardened stakes, and stones and earth, that we were barely able to defend ourselves. Seeing this, the captain dispatched several people with the order to burn their houses in order to influence them with fear. The sight of burning houses made them even more furious. Two of ours were killed near their houses, while we burned down twenty to thirty houses. So many natives attacked us that they managed to wound the captain in the leg with a poisoned arrow. As a result, he gave the order to retreat slowly, but ours, with the exception of six or eight people remaining with the captain, immediately fled. The natives only shot at our feet, because we had no shoes. And so great was the number of spears and stones that they threw at us that we were unable to resist. The guns from our ships could not help us, since they were too far away. We continued to retreat and, being within shooting distance of the shore, continued to fight, standing knee-deep in water. The natives continued the pursuit, and, raising the same spear from the ground four to six times, threw them at us again and again. Having recognized the captain, so many people attacked him that the helmet was knocked off his head twice, but still he continued to stand steadfastly, as befits a glorious knight, along with others standing next to him. We fought like this for more than an hour, refusing to retreat further. One Indian threw a bamboo spear right at the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his spear, which was stuck in the Indian's body. Then, trying to pull out his sword, he only drew it halfway, as he was wounded in the arm by a bamboo spear. At the sight of this, all the natives attacked him. One of them wounded him in the left leg with a large cleaver, similar to a Turkish broadsword, but even wider. The captain fell face down, and immediately they pelted him with iron and bamboo spears and began to strike him with cutlasses until they destroyed our mirror, our light, our joy and our true leader. He kept turning back to see if we had all managed to get on the boats.”
Magellan was killed on April 27, 1521, at the age of 41. Although he never reached the goal of his journey - the Moluccas - he went through the most difficult part of the journey, opened a strait at the southern tip of America and was the first to sail across the greatest ocean globe.
The further journey of the expedition after the death of Magellan
Having recovered from their defeat, the Spaniards made an attempt to receive Magellan's body from the natives for a large ransom, but the natives refused. They wanted to have the trophy of their victory. After this ill-fated expedition, the surviving Spaniards returned to the island of Cebu, but here, too, the mood of the Indians, who had been friendly until that time, changed dramatically. A Malayan, Magellan's slave, who served as his translator, considering himself free after Magellan's death, fled from the ship and informed the Rajah of the island of Cebu that the Spaniards had plotted against the Rajah. The Raja believed him and invited Duarte Barbosa and Juan Serrano, who became the leaders of the expedition after Magellan's death. Suspecting nothing, the Spaniards, numbering 26 people, went ashore and arrived at the Rajah's court. But as soon as they entered the Rajah's premises, a detachment of armed Indians surrounded them and attacked them. All resistance was useless. All the Spaniards except Juan Serrano were killed. When the ships learned the sad news that had befallen their comrades, they immediately approached the shore and opened heavy cannon fire on the village. In vain, the wounded Serrano, whom the natives brought ashore, begged to stop the shooting and ransom him from his enemies. The Portuguese Carvalho, who took command of the expedition, did not dare to risk other people and hastened to move away from the island, since it could be expected that the Indians would sail in their shuttles to the ships and could cause harm to the flotilla. The unfortunate Serrano was left to his fate in the hands of the Indians, who probably killed him.
Carvalho, meanwhile, sent his ships to the neighboring island of Bohol. Here the Spaniards became convinced that the total number of expedition members was not enough to manage three ships; as a result, it was decided to burn one ship, the oldest Concepcion, removing everything valuable from it. On the neighboring islands, the Spaniards found guides who promised to lead them to the Moluccas. Indeed, after a short voyage on November 6, the Spaniards saw 4 islands on the horizon. The Indian guide announced that this was the Moluccas. “We,” writes Pigafetta, “as a sign of our joy, fired a volley from all cannons. Our joy at the sight of these islands will not seem surprising to anyone, for for almost 26 months we have been sailing the oceans, visiting many islands, constantly looking for the Moluccas.”
Soon the ships landed on an island, where the Spaniards found spices in abundance. Having loaded the ships with spices and stocked up on food supplies, the Spaniards stood for some time and then headed to the island of Borneo, which was at that time the center of Malay civilization. The Raja of the island of Borneo gave the Spaniards a magnificent welcome: he sent two richly decorated elephants and a guard of honor to pick up the officers. The Spaniards, arriving at the palace, were greeted very cordially by the Rajah himself, who inquired about the purpose of their journey. The Rajah promised to help the Spaniards and supply them with food supplies. He released the Spaniards onto the ships, assuring them of his friendship. However, on July 29, more than a hundred pirogues surrounded both Spanish ships, apparently intending to attack them. Fearing an attack, the Spaniards decided to warn him and fired a volley with all their artillery at the pirogues, where they killed many people. The Raja then sent his apology to the Spaniards, explaining that the pirogues did not come out against the Spaniards at all, but against the pagans with whom the Muslims were at war.
Having left Borneo, the Spaniards landed on another island, more deserted. Here they decided to repair their ships, which were in need of repair. The Spaniards spent more than forty days repairing the ships. Pigafetta at this time was studying the vegetation of the island. On this island, in addition to the usual southern trees, Pigafetta was amazed by the extraordinary trees from which “animate leaves” fall. “We also found trees whose leaves, when they fall, come to life and even move. They are similar to mulberry leaves, but not as long. They have two legs on both sides of a short and pointed petiole. They have no blood, but as soon as you touch them, they immediately slip away. I kept one of them in a box for nine days. When I opened it, the sheet moved inside the box. I believe that these leaves live on air alone."
Having repaired their ships, the Spaniards moved on. They passed the Sulu Archipelago, a den of Malay pirates, then visited the island of Mindanao. From here they decided to continue their journey across the ocean in order to quickly return to their homeland, since the ships, despite extensive repairs, were being destroyed more and more every day. As soon as the flotilla passed Mindanao and headed west, a leak formed on the ship Trinidad, and further navigation on it became impossible. As a result, the squadron landed on one island, where it was decided to make repairs. It was the island of Timor. Here the Spaniards were hospitably greeted by Raja Mansor, who, after repeated conversations with the Spaniards, expressed a desire to be under the patronage of the Spanish king.
The Raja's possessions consisted of several islands included in the Moluccan archipelago group. Pigafetta, describing these islands, admired the valuable plants growing in abundance on these islands. Sago, mulberry, clove, tree grow here nutmeg, pepper, camphor tree and other spice-producing trees. There are also entire forests of valuable ebony here.
Arriving at Timor, Carvalho convened a council at which it was decided to leave the Trinidad in Timor for repairs, and Victoria, with a cargo of spices under the command of Juan Sebastian de Elcano, to immediately send to Spain. 53 Spaniards and 30 Indians went on the Victoria, while 54 Spaniards remained on the Trinidad. Then "Victoria" went southwest, to the island of Sude, or Xula. 10 miles from here, "Victoria" landed on the island of Buru, where she stocked up on food supplies. Then, "Victoria" landed at the island of Solor, whose inhabitants carried on a large trade in white sandalwood. Here the ship remained for 15 days and repairs were made to the ship, and Juan Sebastian de Elcano exchanged a lot of wax and pepper. After that, visiting Timor again, he headed to the island of Java.
After leaving Java, Victoria circled the Malacca Peninsula, carefully avoiding encounters with Portuguese ships. On May 6, Victoria rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and travelers could hope for a successful outcome of the journey. However, the sailors still had to endure many misfortunes. Food supplies had practically dried up; all the crew's food consisted only of rice and water.
On July 9, Victoria reached the Cape Verde Islands, the crew was literally dying of hunger, and de Elcano decided to land near the island of Boavista. Speaking about his arrival at Boavista, Pigafetta cites the following fact in his diary: “Wanting to know whether our diary was kept properly, I ordered to ask on the shore what day of the week it was. They answered that it was Thursday. This surprised me, since according to my records, we only had Wednesday. It seemed impossible to us that we were all wrong by one day. I was more surprised than others by this, since I always kept my journal very regularly and noted, without missing, all the days of the week and the days of the month. Subsequently, we learned that there was no mistake in our account: sailing constantly to the west, we followed the movement of the sun, and, returning to the same place, we should have gained 24 hours compared to those who remained in place.”
On September 6, 1522, the Victoria entered safely the harbor of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. Of the 265 people who went to sea on September 20, 1519, only 18 people returned to the Victoria, but they were all sick and exhausted. Two days later, Victoria arrived in Seville.
Conclusion
In the three years that have passed since Magellan's expedition set sail, much has changed in Spain. Mexico was discovered and conquered, and new sources of profit were thus found in that part of the world where the Spaniards did not have to fear Portuguese competition. Has changed significantly and foreign policy Spain. Charles V was guided in his policy by the great-power imperial interests to a much greater extent than by the interests of Spain. A series of bloody and debilitating wars for hegemony in Europe began, and Spain was drawn into these wars. The nobility and chivalry enriched themselves in the military enterprises of Charles V; Moreover, the spoils were obtained not by robbing distant and inaccessible lands, but by ruining neighboring countries - Italy and Flanders, on whose fields there was a continuous war with the French.
Finally, significant events occurred in the internal life of Spain. In 1521 - 1522 The uprising of urban communities (comuneros) was suppressed, and on the ashes of urban freedoms, the nobility celebrated a bloody funeral. The victory over the cities heralded the onset of the era of feudal reaction and dealt a crushing blow to the still fragile bourgeois class, which was being formed in the bowels of the Spanish city.
That is why the message about the opening of a strait leading to the South Sea, and the news that Spanish ships had reached the Spice Islands, did not arouse interest either among the king’s advisers or among all kinds of profit seekers.
WITH geographical point From a perspective, the significance of this first trip around the world was enormous. It was a turning point that separates the ancient period in the field of geosciences from the new era. Before Magellan, the sphericity of the Earth, although theoretically, was recognized by scientists, but still the doctrine of the sphericity of the Earth was just a mental construction. The return of the ship "Victoria", which set off to the west, from the east was the strongest argument in the system of evidence that the Earth is big ball. The journey of Magellan and de Elcano thus contributed to the spread and strengthening in the minds of people of the somewhat strange idea for the human mind about the sphericity of the Earth. No preconceived opinion could resist the convincing power of the fact, and the voyage of the Victoria dealt another powerful blow to previous cosmographic ideas.
The fact that the Earth is a huge ball hanging freely in space had a huge impact on all human thinking; vast horizons immediately opened up before the human mind, and man involuntarily stood before him. new question: if our Earth is a ball, and, therefore, is the same celestial body as the Sun and the Moon, then perhaps it does not stand still, but revolves around the Sun along with other planets? The astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus tried to substantiate and prove this idea, who published his famous book on the revolution of the Earth in 1548, that is, twenty-one years after Juan Sebastian de Elcano returned from his trip around the world.
The crews included: 1) commanders, 2) crown officials and priests, 3) junior commanders, which included ship carpenters, boatswains, caulkers, coopers and bombardiers, 4) sailors marineros - sailors of the first article and grametes - deck sailors and cabin boys, 5) supernumeraries - sobresalientes - people who did not have certain duties on ships, and soldiers (Antonio Pigafetta is among the reserves), 6) servants of commanders and officials.
The national composition of the crew was very diverse. It consisted of: 37 Portuguese, 30 or more Italians, 19 French, not counting the Spaniards, Flemings, Germans, Sicilians, English, Malays, Negroes, Moors, natives of Madeira, the Azores and the Canary Islands.
“Fernando Magellan sought to ensure that other rulers, his neighbors, submitted to this ruler, who became a Christian, but they refused to submit to him. In view of this, Ferdinand Magellan set out one night in his boats and set fire to the settlements of those who refused to submit. 10-12 days after this, he ordered a settlement located half a league away from the settlement he burned and called Mactan, also located on an island, to send him three goats, three pigs, three measures of rice and three measures of millet. In response, they stated that instead of the three pieces of each item he demanded, they were ready to give him two and that if he agreed to this, they would immediately do everything, but if not, then as he pleases, they would not give anything else. . Due to the fact that they refused to give him what he demanded of them, Ferdinand Magellan ordered three boats to be equipped with a crew of 50-60 people and marched against this village on the morning of April 28. They were met by many people, about three to four thousand people, who fought with such tenacity that Ferdinand Magellan and six people who were with him were killed in 1521.”
A week-long tour, one-day hiking and excursions combined with comfort (trekking) in the mountain resort of Khadzhokh (Adygea, Krasnodar Territory). Tourists live at the camp site and visit numerous natural monuments. Rufabgo waterfalls, Lago-Naki plateau, Meshoko gorge, Big Azish cave, Belaya River Canyon, Guam gorge.
CIRCUMSTANCES AND TRAVELS, expeditions around the Earth, during which all meridians or parallels of the Earth intersect. Circumnavigation of the world took place (in different sequences) through the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, initially in search of new lands and trade routes, which led to the Great Geographical Discoveries. The first circumnavigation in history was made by a Spanish expedition in 1519-22 led by F. Magellan in search of a direct western route from Europe to the West Indies (where the Spaniards were heading for spices) under the command of six rotating captains (the last one was J. S. Elcano) . As a result of this most important voyage in the history of geographical discoveries, a gigantic water area called the Pacific Ocean was identified, the unity of the World Ocean was proven, the hypothesis of the predominance of land over water was questioned, the theory of the sphericity of the Earth was confirmed, irrefutable data appeared to determine its true dimensions, and the idea arose about the need to introduce a date line. Despite the death of Magellan on this voyage, he should be considered the first circumnavigator around the world. The second circumnavigation of the world was carried out by the English pirate F. Drake (1577-80), and the third by the English pirate T. Cavendish (1586-88); They penetrated through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean to plunder Spanish-American port cities and capture Spanish ships. Drake became the first captain to completely circumnavigate the world. The fourth circumnavigation of the world (again through the Strait of Magellan) was carried out by the Dutch expedition of O. van Noort (1598-1601). The Dutch expedition of J. Lemaire - W. Schouten (1615-17), equipped with competing compatriot merchants to eliminate the monopoly of the Netherlands East India Company, paved a new route around Cape Horn discovered by it, but company agents seized their ship off the Moluccas, and the survivors sailors (including Schouten) completed their circumnavigation of the world as prisoners on her ships. Of the three voyages around the world by the English navigator W. Dampier, the most significant is the first, which he completed on different ships with long breaks in 1679-91, collecting materials that allowed him to be considered one of the founders of oceanography.
In the 2nd half of the 18th century, when the struggle for the seizure of new lands intensified, Great Britain and France sent a number of expeditions to the Pacific Ocean, including the first French expedition around the world under the leadership of L. A. de Bougainville (1766-69), which discovered in Oceania a number of islands; Among the participants in this expedition was J. Baret, the first woman to circumnavigate the world. These voyages proved, although not completely, that in the Pacific Ocean, between parallels there are 50° northern latitude and 60° south latitude, there are no large land masses east of the Asian archipelagos, New Guinea and Australia except New Zealand. The English navigator S. Wallis, in his circumnavigation of the world in 1766-68, was the first to quite accurately determine the position of the island of Tahiti, several islands and atolls in the western and central parts of the Pacific Ocean using a new method of calculating longitudes. The English navigator J. Cook achieved the greatest geographical results in three voyages around the world.
In the 19th century, hundreds of voyages around the world took place for trade, fishing and purely scientific purposes, and discoveries continued in the Southern Hemisphere. In the 1st half of the 19th century, the Russian sailing fleet played an outstanding role; During the first circumnavigation of the world, accomplished on the sloops “Nadezhda” and “Neva” by I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky (1803-06), inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were identified, and the reasons for the glow of the sea were explained. The subsequent dozens of other Russian circumnavigations connected St. Petersburg with the Far East and Russian possessions in North America via a relatively cheap sea route, and strengthened Russian positions in the North Pacific Ocean. Russian expeditions made a major contribution to the development of oceanography and discovered many islands; O. E. Kotzebue, during his second circumnavigation of the world (1815-18), first made a correct assumption about the origin of coral islands. The expedition of F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev (1819-21) on the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” on January 16, February 5 and 6, 1820 almost came close to the coast of the previously mythical Southern Earth - Antarctica (now Bereg Princess Martha and Princess Astrid Coast), identified an arched underwater ridge 4800 km long and mapped 29 islands.
In the 2nd half of the 19th century, when sailing ships were displaced by steamships and the major discoveries of new lands were completed, three circumnavigations of the world took place, making a great contribution to the study of the topography of the bottom of the World Ocean. British expedition of 1872-76 on the corvette Challenger (captains J. S. Nares and F. T. Thomson, who replaced him in 1874) in Atlantic Ocean discovered a series of basins, the Puerto Rico Trench, and underwater ridges around Antarctica; In the Pacific Ocean, the first determinations of depths were made in a number of underwater basins, underwater rises and elevations, and the Mariana Trench were identified. The German expedition of 1874-76 on the military corvette "Gazelle" (commander G. von Schleinitz) continued the discovery of bottom relief elements and depth measurements in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The Russian expedition of 1886-89 on the corvette “Vityaz” (commander S. O. Makarov) for the first time revealed the main laws general circulation surface waters of the Northern Hemisphere and discovered the existence of a “cold intermediate layer” that preserves the remnants of winter cooling in the waters of the seas and oceans.
In the 20th century, major discoveries were made during circumnavigations, mainly by Antarctic expeditions that established general outline contours of Antarctica, including the British expedition on the Discovery-N motor ship under the command of D. John and W. Carey, which in 1931-33 discovered the Chatham Rise in the South Pacific Ocean and traced the South Pacific Ridge for almost 2000 km and conducted oceanographic surveys of Antarctic waters.
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, voyages around the world began to be carried out for educational, sports and tourism purposes, including solo voyages. The first solo circumnavigation of the world was carried out by the American traveler J. Slocum (1895-98), the second by his compatriot G. Pigeon (1921-1925), the third by the French traveler A. Gerbaut (1923-29). In 1960, the first circumnavigation of the world took place on the submarine Triton (USA) under the command of Captain E. Beach. In 1966, a detachment of Soviet nuclear submarines under the command of Rear Admiral A.I. Sorokin made the first circumnavigation of the world without surfacing. In 1968-69, the first solo non-stop circumnavigation of the world was carried out by the English captain R. Knox-Johnston on the sailing yacht Sukhaili. The first woman to make a solo circumnavigation around the world was the Polish traveler K. Chojnowska-Liskiewicz on the yacht Mazurek in 1976-78. Great Britain was the first to introduce solo round-the-world races and make them regular (since 1982). Russian navigator and traveler F.F. Konyukhov (born in 1951) made 4 solo voyages around the world: 1st (1990-91) on the yacht Karaana, 2nd (1993-94) on the yacht Formosa, 3rd e (1998-99) - on the yacht “Modern Humanitarian University”, participating in the international sailing race “Around the World - Alone”, 4th (2004-05) - on the yacht “Scarlet Sails”. The first circumnavigation of the Russian training sailing ship Kruzenshtern in 1995-1996 was timed to coincide with the 300th anniversary of the Russian fleet.
The first trip around the world from west to east was carried out by P. Teixeira (Portugal) in 1586-1601, circumnavigating the Earth on ships and on foot. The second, in 1785-1788, was accomplished by the French traveler J. B. Lesseps, the only surviving member of the expedition of J. La Perouse. In the last third of the 19th century, after the publication of J. Verne’s novel “Around the World in 80 Days” (1872), travel around the world in record time became widespread. In 1889-90, the American journalist N. Bly circumnavigated the Earth in 72 days; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this record was repeatedly improved. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, circumnavigation and travel around the world were no longer considered something exotic; latitudinal ones were added to them. In 1979-82, for the first time in the history of mankind, R. Fiennes and C. Burton (Great Britain) circumnavigated the world along the Greenwich meridian with relatively short deviations to the east and west through both poles of the planet (on ships, cars, motor-sarts, motor boats and on foot) . Travelers contributed to the geographical study of Antarctica. In 1911-13, the Russian athlete A. Pankratov made the first trip around the world on a bicycle in history. The first round-the-world flight in the history of aeronautics belongs to the German airship “Graf Zeppelin” under the command of G. Eckener: in 1929, in 21 days, it covered about 31.4 thousand km with three intermediate landings. In 1949, the American B-50 bomber (commanded by Captain J. Gallagher) made the first non-stop flight around the world (with in-flight refueling). The first space flight around the Earth in human history was carried out in 1961 by Soviet cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the Vostok spacecraft. In 1986, the British crew made the first round-the-world flight in aviation history on an airplane without refueling (D. Rutan and J. Yeager). Spouses Kate and David Grant (Great Britain) with three children traveled around the world in a van drawn by a pair of horses. They left the Orkney Islands (Great Britain) in 1990, crossed the oceans, countries of Europe, Asia and North America and returned home in 1997. Russian travelers P.F. Plonin and N.K. Davidovsky made a horseback trip around the world in 1992-98. In 1999-2002, V. A. Shanin (Russia) traveled around the world on passing cars, airplanes, cargo ships. In 2002, S. Fossett (USA) flew around the Earth alone in a hot air balloon for the first time; in 2005, he made the first solo round-the-world non-stop flight in an airplane without refueling in the history of aviation.
Lit.: Ivashintsov N. A. Russian trips around the world from 1803 to 1849. St. Petersburg, 1872; Baker J. History of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1950; Russian sailors. [Sat. Art.]. M., 1953; Zubov N.N. Domestic sailors - explorers of the seas and oceans. M., 1954; Urbanchik A. Alone across the ocean: One hundred years of solo navigation. M., 1974; Magidovich I. P., Magidovich V. I. Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. 3rd ed. M., 1983-1986. T. 2-5; Faines R. Around the world along the meridian. M., 1992; Blon J. Great hour oceans. M., 1993. T. 1-2; Slocum J. Alone under sail around the world. M., 2002; Pigafetta A. The Voyage of Magellan. M., 2009.
Every educated person can easily remember the name of the one who made the first trip around the world and crossed the Pacific Ocean. This was done by the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan about 500 years ago.
But it should be noted that this formulation is not completely correct. Magellan thought through and planned the route of the voyage, organized it and led it, but he was destined to die many months before it was completed. So Juan Sebastian del Cano (Elcano), a Spanish navigator with whom Magellan had, to put it mildly, not friendly relations, continued and completed the first trip around the world. It was del Cano who eventually became captain of the Victoria (the only ship to return to her home harbour) and gained fame and fortune. However, Magellan made great discoveries during his dramatic voyage, which will be discussed below, and therefore he is considered the first circumnavigator.
The first trip around the world: background
In the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish sailors and merchants vied with each other for control of the spice-rich East Indies. The latter made it possible to preserve food, and it was difficult to do without them. There was already a proven route to the Moluccas, where the most big markets with the cheapest goods, but this path was long and unsafe. Due to limited knowledge about the world, America, discovered not so long ago, seemed to sailors as an obstacle on the way to rich Asia. No one knew whether there was a strait between South America and the hypothetical Unknown South Land, but the Europeans wanted there to be one. They did not yet know that America and East Asia were separated by a huge ocean, and they thought that opening the strait would provide quick access to Asian markets. Therefore, the first navigator to circumnavigate the world would certainly have been awarded royal honors.
Career of Ferdinand Magellan
By the age of 39, the impoverished Portuguese nobleman Magellan (Magalhães) had visited Asia and Africa several times, was wounded in battles with the natives and collected a lot of information about his travels to the shores of America.
With his idea of getting to the Moluccas by the western route and returning the usual way (that is, making the first trip around the world), he turned to the Portuguese King Manuel. He was not at all interested in Magellan’s proposal, whom he also disliked for his lack of loyalty. But he allowed Fernand to change his citizenship, which he immediately took advantage of. The navigator settled in Spain (that is, in a country hostile to the Portuguese!), acquired a family and associates. In 1518, he obtained an audience with the young king Charles I. The king and his advisers became interested in finding a shortcut for spices and “gave the go-ahead” to organize the expedition.
Along the coast. Riot
Magellan's first voyage around the world, which was never completed for most of the team members, began in 1519. Five ships left the Spanish harbor of San Lucar, carrying 265 people from different European countries. Despite the storms, the flotilla relatively safely reached the coast of Brazil and began to “descend” along it to the south. Fernand hoped to find a strait into the South Sea, which should have been located, according to his information, in the region of 40 degrees south latitude. But in the indicated place it was not the strait, but the mouth of the La Plata River. Magellan ordered to continue moving south, and when the weather completely deteriorated, the ships anchored in the Bay of St. Julian (San Julian) to spend the winter there. The captains of three ships (Spaniards by nationality) mutinied, seized the ships and decided not to continue the first trip around the world, but to set course for the Cape of Good Hope and from there to their homeland. People loyal to the admiral managed to do the impossible - recapture the ships and cut off the rebels' escape route.
Strait of All Saints
One captain was killed, another was executed, the third was put ashore. Magellan pardoned the ordinary rebels, which once again proved his foresight. Only at the end of the summer of 1520 did the ships leave the bay and continue searching for the strait. During a storm, the ship Santiago sank. And on October 21, the sailors finally discovered a strait, more reminiscent of a narrow crevice between the rocks. Magellan's ships sailed along it for 38 days.
The shore remaining along left hand, the admiral called Tierra del Fuego, since Indian fires burned on it around the clock. It was thanks to the discovery of the Strait of All Saints that Ferdinand Magellan began to be considered the one who made the first trip around the world. Subsequently, the Strait was renamed Magellan.
Pacific Ocean
Only three ships left the strait for the so-called “South Sea”: “San Antonio” disappeared (simply deserted). The sailors liked the new waters, especially after the turbulent Atlantic. The ocean was named Pacific.
The expedition headed northwest, then west. For several months the sailors sailed without seeing any signs of land. Starvation and scurvy caused the death of almost half the crew. Only at the beginning of March 1521 did ships approach two yet undiscovered inhabited islands from the Mariana group. From here it was already close to the Philippines.
Philippines. Death of Magellan
The discovery of the islands of Samar, Siargao and Homonkhon greatly pleased the Europeans. Here they regained their strength and communicated with local residents, who willingly shared food and information.
Magellan's servant, a Malay, spoke fluently with the natives in the same language, and the admiral realized that the Moluccas were very close. By the way, this servant, Enrique, ultimately became one of those who made the first trip around the world, unlike his master, who was not destined to land on the Moluccas. Magellan and his people intervened in an internecine war between two local princes, and the navigator was killed (either with a poisoned arrow or with a cutlass). Moreover, after some time, as a result of a treacherous attack by savages, his closest associates, experienced Spanish sailors, died. The team was so thin that it was decided to destroy one of the ships, the Concepcion.
Moluccas. Return to Spain
Who led the first voyage around the world after Magellan's death? Juan Sebastian del Cano, Basque sailor. He was among the conspirators who presented Magellan with an ultimatum at San Julian Bay, but the admiral forgave him. Del Cano commanded one of the two remaining ships, the Victoria.
He ensured that the ship returned to Spain loaded with spices. This was not easy to do: the Portuguese were waiting for the Spaniards off the coast of Africa, who from the very beginning of the expedition did everything to upset the plans of their competitors. The second ship, the flagship Trinidad, was boarded by them; sailors were enslaved. Thus, in 1522, 18 expedition members returned to San Lucar. The cargo they delivered covered all the costs of the expensive expedition. Del Cano was awarded a personal coat of arms. If in those days someone had said that Magellan made the first trip around the world, he would have been ridiculed. The Portuguese only faced accusations of violating royal instructions.
Results of Magellan's journey
Magellan explored the eastern coast of South America and discovered a strait from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Thanks to his expedition, people received strong evidence that the Earth was indeed round, they were convinced that the Pacific Ocean was much larger than expected, and that sailing on it to the Moluccas was unprofitable. Europeans also realized that the World Ocean is one and washes all continents. Spain satisfied its ambitions by announcing the discovery of the Mariana and Philippine Islands, and laid claim to the Moluccas.
All the great discoveries made during this voyage belong to Ferdinand Magellan. So the answer to the question of who made the first trip around the world is not so obvious. In fact, this man was del Cano, but still the main achievement of the Spaniard was that the world generally learned about the history and results of this voyage.
The first round-the-world voyage of Russian navigators
In 1803-1806, Russian sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky made a large-scale journey through the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. Their goals were: exploring the Far Eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, finding a convenient trade route to China and Japan by sea, and providing the Russian population of Alaska with everything they needed. The navigators (set off on two ships) explored and described Easter Island, the Marquesas Islands, the coast of Japan and Korea, the Kuril Islands, Sakhalin and Yesso Island, visited Sitka and Kodiak, where Russian settlers lived, and also delivered an ambassador from the emperor to Japan. During this voyage, domestic ships visited high latitudes for the first time. The first round-the-world trip of Russian explorers had a huge public resonance and contributed to increasing the prestige of the country. Its scientific significance is no less great.
The discoveries of Russian travelers are amazing. Let us present, in chronological order, brief descriptions of the seven most significant trips around the world of our compatriots.
The first Russian trip around the world - Around the World Expedition of Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky
Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern and Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky were combat Russian sailors: both in 1788–1790. participated in four battles against the Swedes. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky is the beginning of a new era in the history of Russian navigation. 
The expedition started from Kronstadt on July 26 (August 7), 1803, under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, who was 32 years old. The expedition included:
- Three-masted sloop "Nadezhda". The total number of the team is 65 people. Commander - Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern.
- Three-masted sloop "Neva". The total number of the ship's crew is 54 people. Commander - Lisyansky Yuri Fedorovich.
Every single one of the sailors were Russian - this was Kruzenshtern’s condition
In July 1806, with a difference of two weeks, the Neva and Nadezhda returned to the Kronstadt roadstead, completing the entire journey in 3 years 12 days. Both of these sailing ships, like their captains, became famous throughout the world. The first Russian round-the-world expedition had enormous scientific significance on a global scale.
As a result of the expedition, many books were published, about two dozen geographical points were named after famous captains.
On the left is Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern. On the right is Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The description of the expedition was published under the title “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Kruzenshtern,” in 3 volumes, with an atlas of 104 maps and engraved paintings, and has been translated into English, French, German, Dutch, Swedish, Italian and Danish.
And now, to answer the question: “Which Russian was the first to travel around the world?”, You can answer without difficulty.
Discovery of Antarctica - round-the-world expedition of Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev
Aivazovsky's work " Ice Mountains in Antarctica", written based on the memoirs of Admiral Lazarev In 1819, after a long and very careful preparation From Kronstadt, a south polar expedition set off on a long voyage consisting of two military sloops - “Vostok” and “Mirny”. The first was commanded by Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen, the second by Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The crew of the ships consisted of experienced, experienced sailors. was coming long haul to unknown countries. The expedition was tasked with how to penetrate further to the south in order to finally resolve the question of the existence of the Southern Continent.
The expedition members spent 751 days at sea and covered more than 92 thousand kilometers. 29 islands and one coral reef were discovered. The scientific materials she collected made it possible to form the first idea of Antarctica.
Russian sailors not only discovered the huge continent located around South Pole, but also conducted important research in the field of oceanography. This industry of spiders was just emerging at that time. F. F. Bellingshausen was the first to correctly explain the causes of sea currents (for example, the Canary), the origin of algae in the Sargasso Sea, as well as coral islands in tropical areas.
The discoveries of the expedition turned out to be a major achievement of Russian and world geographical science of that time.
And so January 16 (28), 1820 is considered - opening day of Antarctica. Bellingshausen and Lazarev, despite dense ice and fog, passed around Antarctica at latitudes from 60° to 70° and irrefutably proved the existence of land in the region of the south pole.
Amazingly, the proof of the existence of Antarctica was immediately recognized as an outstanding geographical discovery. However, then scientists argued for more than a hundred years about what had been discovered. Was it a mainland, or just a group of islands covered by a common cap of ice? Bellingshausen himself never spoke about the discovery of the mainland. The continental nature of Antarctica was finally confirmed only in the middle of the 20th century as a result of lengthy research using complex technical means.
Traveling around the world by bike
On August 10, 1913, the finish line of a round-the-world bicycle race took place in Harbin, which was ridden by a 25-year-old Russian athlete, Onisim Petrovich Pankratov.
This journey lasted 2 years 18 days. Pankratov chose a rather difficult route. Countries from almost all of Europe were included in it. Having left Harbin in July 1911, the courageous cyclist arrived in St. Petersburg at the end of autumn. Then his path ran through Konigsberg, Switzerland, Italy, Serbia, Turkey, Greece and again through Turkey, Italy, France, Southern Spain, Portugal, Northern Spain and again through France.
The Swiss authorities considered Pankratov crazy. No one would dare to cycle through snow-covered rocky passes that are accessible only to experienced climbers. It took a lot of effort for the cyclist to overcome the mountains. He crossed Italy, passed through Austria, Serbia, Greece and Turkey. He just had to sleep under starry sky, he often had only water and bread for food, but he still did not stop traveling.
After crossing the Pas de Calais by boat, the athlete crossed England on a bicycle. Then, having also arrived in America on a ship, he again got on a bicycle and rode the entire American continent, following the route New York ─ Chicago ─ San Francisco. And from there by ship to Japan. Then he crossed Japan and China on a bicycle, after which Pankratov reached the initial point of his grandiose route - Harbin.
A distance of more than 50 thousand kilometers was covered on a bicycle. His father suggested that Onesimus make such a journey around the earth
Pankratov's trip around the world was called great by his contemporaries. The Gritzner bicycle helped him travel around the world; during the trip, Onisim had to change 11 chains, 2 steering wheels, 53 tires, 750 spokes, etc.
Around the Earth - the first space flight
At 9 o'clock 7 min. Moscow time, the Vostok spacecraft took off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Having flown around the globe, he returned safely to Earth 108 minutes later. There was a pilot-cosmonaut, Major, on board the ship.
The weight of the spacecraft-satellite is 4725 kilograms (excluding the last stage of the launch vehicle), the total power of the rocket engines is 20 million horsepower.
The first flight took place in automatic mode, in which the astronaut was, as it were, a passenger of the ship. However, at any moment he could switch the ship to manual control. Throughout the entire flight, two-way radio communication was maintained with the astronaut.
In orbit, Gagarin carried out simple experiments: he drank, ate, and made notes in pencil. “Putting” the pencil next to him, he accidentally discovered that it instantly began to float away. From this, Gagarin concluded that it is better to tie pencils and other objects in space. He recorded all his sensations and observations on the on-board tape recorder.
After successfully carrying out the planned research and completing the flight program at 10 o'clock. 55 min. Moscow time, the satellite ship "Vostok" made a safe landing in a given area of the Soviet Union - near the village of Smelovka, Ternovsky district, Saratov region.
The first people who met the astronaut after the flight were the wife of a local forester, Anna (Anikhayat) Takhtarova, and her six-year-old granddaughter Rita. Soon, military personnel from the division and local collective farmers arrived at the scene of events. One group of military men took guard over the descent module, and the other took Gagarin to the unit’s location. From there, Gagarin reported by telephone to the commander of the air defense division:
Please convey to the Air Force Commander-in-Chief: I completed the task, landed in the given area, I feel good, there are no bruises or breakdowns. Gagarin
Immediately after Gagarin’s landing, the burnt descent module of Vostok-1 was covered with a cloth and taken to Podlipki, near Moscow, to the sensitive territory of the royal OKB-1. Later it became the main exhibit in the museum of the rocket and space corporation Energia, which grew out of OKB-1. The museum was closed for a long time (it was possible to get into it, but it was quite difficult - only as part of a group, with a preliminary letter), in May 2016 the Gagarin ship became publicly accessible, as part of the exhibition.
First circumnavigation of a submarine without surfacing
February 12, 1966 - a successful round-the-world voyage of two nuclear submarines of the Northern Fleet began. At the same time, our boats passed the entire route, the length of which exceeded the length of the equator, underwater, without surfacing even in little-studied areas Southern Hemisphere. The heroism and courage of Soviet submariners had outstanding national significance and became a continuation of the combat traditions of submariners of the Great Patriotic War.
25 thousand miles were covered and the highest degree of secrecy was demonstrated; the voyage took 1.5 months
Two serial production submarines were allocated to participate in the campaign without any modifications. The K-116 missile boat of Project 675 and the second K-133 boat of Project 627A, which has torpedo armament.
Besides the huge political significance, it was an impressive demonstration of scientific and technological achievements and military power states. The campaign showed that the entire World Ocean has become a global launching pad for our nuclear submarines, armed with both cruise and ballistic missiles. At the same time, it opened up new opportunities for maneuvering forces between the Northern and Pacific fleets. In a broader sense, it can be said that in the midst of " cold war“The historical role of our fleet was to change the strategic situation in the World Ocean, and Soviet submariners were the first to do this.
The first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations on a 5.5 meter long dinghy
On July 7, 1992, Evgeniy Aleksandrovich Gvozdev set off from Makhachkala on his first solo circumnavigation of the world on the yacht “Lena” (micro class, length only 5.5 meters). On July 19, 1996, the journey was successfully completed (it took 4 years and two weeks). This set a world record - the first and only voyage in the history of solo circumnavigations made on a regular pleasure dinghy. Evgeny Gvozdev went on a long-awaited trip around the world when he was 58 years old.
What is surprising is that there was no auxiliary engine, walkie-talkie, autopilot and stove. But there was a treasured “sailor’s passport”, which the new Russian authorities issued to the yachtsman after a year of struggle. This document not only helped Evgeny Gvozdev cross the border in the direction he needed: subsequently Gvozdev traveled without money and without visas.
On his journey, our hero experienced a severe psychological shock after a collision with treacherous Somali “guerrillas” who, at Cape Ras Hafun, robbed him completely and almost shot him.
His entire first trip around the world can be described in one word: “in spite of.” The chance of survival was too slim. Evgeny Gvozdev himself sees the world differently: this is a world similar to a single brotherhood good people, a world of complete selflessness, a world without obstacles to global circulation...
In a hot air balloon around the Earth - Fedor Konyukhov
Fyodor Konyukhov was the first in the world to fly around the Earth in a hot air balloon (on his first attempt). A total of 29 attempts were made, and only three of them were successful. During the trip, Fedor Konyukhov set several world records, the main one being the duration of the flight. The traveler managed to fly around the Earth in about 11 days, 5 hours and 31 minutes.
The balloon was a two-level design that combined the use of helium and solar energy. Its height is 60 meters. A gondola equipped with the best technical instruments was attached below, from where Konyukhov piloted the ship.
I thought that I had committed so many sins that I would burn not in hell, but here
The journey took place at extreme conditions: the temperature dropped to -40 degrees, the balloon entered a zone of strong turbulence with zero visibility, and there was also a cyclone with hail and strong winds. Due to difficult weather conditions, the equipment failed several times and Fedor had to manually fix the problems.
During the 11 days of the flight, Fedor hardly slept. According to him, even a moment of relaxation could lead to irreversible consequences. At moments when it was no longer possible to fight sleep, he took an adjustable wrench and sat down over an iron plate. As soon as the eyes were closed, the hand released the key, it fell onto the plate, making a noise, causing the aeronaut to instantly wake up. At the end of the journey, he performed this procedure regularly. He almost exploded at a great height when he mistakenly started to interfere various types gas It’s good that I managed to cut off the flammable cylinder.
Along the entire route, air traffic controllers at various airports around the world helped Konyukhov as best they could, clearing the airspace for him. So he flew across the Pacific Ocean in 92 hours, crossed through Chile and Argentina, rounded a thunderstorm front over the Atlantic, passed the Cape of Good Hope and returned safely to Australia, where he began his journey.
Fedor Konyukhov:
I circled the Earth in 11 days, it is very small, it must be protected. We don’t even think about it, we people only fight. The world is so beautiful - explore it, get to know it
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