The name of the kruzenshtern. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - famous Russian navigator

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern dreamed of becoming a military sailor since childhood. And his dream was destined to come true. But, having served only a short time on naval warships, he realized that his real calling was to explore the vast and mysterious expanses of the ocean.

Childhood and youth

The future was born famous navigator in 1770 in Reval in a family of Russified German nobles. None of his family before him had been connected with the sea. But it attracted Ivan from his earliest years. Therefore, when he turned 16, he, without hesitation, entered the naval cadet corps.

Due to the outbreak of war with the Swedes, young Krusenstern is released early with the rank and takes part in naval battles. But they all took place near his native Baltic shores, and the young man was already drawn to distant sea voyages.

Having no other opportunity to fulfill his dream, Ivan Fedorovich enlisted in the British Navy in 1793. For six years he sailed on English ships in the waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It was at this time that the idea of ​​the first round-the-world sea expedition was born.

Circumnavigation and scientific activities

Returning to Russia, Kruzenshtern developed and presented a project for creating a sea route from the Baltic ports to Alaska. He is initially rejected. But then, when the question of a round-the-world expedition arises, Ivan Fedorovich is assigned to lead this matter.

In 1801, on two ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, under the leadership of Kruzenshtern, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped and set sail. However, it cannot be called simply a circumnavigation. It lasted two and a half years and was of great scientific importance. During this time, it was possible to map many still undiscovered islands and clarify some unaccounted island lands. Also, 1000 kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were explored and the cause of the glow of the northern sea was clarified.

After completing the round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern is engaged in scientific work. In 1809-1812 he published the three-volume Travel Around the World, which was translated into 7 European languages, and "Atlas of the Sea Traveler". In 1813, Ivan Fedorovich was elected a member of the largest European academies and scientific societies.

For a long time, Kruzenshtern was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps. At this educational institution, on his initiative, a higher officer rank was created, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy. Due to his advanced age, he no longer participates in sea expeditions, but provides all possible support to famous sailors and travelers.

August 24 marks 170 years since the death of the Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern (birth name - Adam Johann von Krusenstern) was born on November 19, 1770, died on August 24, 1846. This is the famous Russian navigator, admiral. Krusenstern became the leader of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, he was the first to map most of the coast of Sakhalin Island, and became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. Today, a strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, a passage between the island of Tsushima and the islands of Iki and Okinoshima in the Korea Strait, a mountain on Novaya Zemlya, islands in the Bering Strait and the Tuamotu archipelago bear his name.

Without a doubt, Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern was unique historical figure, was one of the founders of Russian oceanology. He had a significant influence both on the history of Russian sea expeditions and on navigation in general. His short biography is found in all textbooks today, and is taught in all special educational institutions in Russia. Today this is a name that is familiar to everyone without exception. educated person in our country. It is inextricably linked with Russian geography and oceanology.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern comes from the Baltic nobles. He is a descendant of the Russified noble family of Krusenstern, the great-great-grandson of the founder of Russia, Philip Crusius von Krusenstern, the son of judge Johann Friedrich von Krusenstern (1724-1791) and Christina Frederica, née von Toll (1730-1804). After five daughters, Karl Friedrich (1769-1847) was born in their family, and, finally, Adam Johann himself, who became the seventh child in the family.

From the age of 12, Kruzenshtern studied for three years at the city school at the Dome Cathedral in Reval (modern Tallinn), and then continued his studies at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1787 he was promoted to midshipman. It should be noted that from childhood, the future navigator and admiral dreamed of circumnavigating the entire globe. This is a rare case when a childhood dream really came true, although it was not possible to realize it right away.

In 1788, due to the outbreak of war with Sweden, he was released early from the Naval Cadet Corps and promoted to midshipman, receiving an appointment to the 74-gun ship Mstislav. On July 6, 1788, in the Gulf of Finland, 50 kilometers west of the island of Gogland, a meeting of two squadrons took place - Russian and Swedish. The squadrons lined up, one opposite the other. At the same time, the movement of ships was seriously hampered due to the lack of wind. In fact, Russian and Swedish ships targeted each other for several hours.

The Russian squadron lost more than 300 people killed and more than 600 wounded in this battle. The 74-gun ship Mstislav suffered the most in the battle. This ship almost lost control, the ship was severely damaged by Swedish cannon fire, but remained in service until the end of the battle. Both sides took credit for the victory in the Battle of Hogland, although their losses were approximately comparable. The 60-gun ship Prince Gustav surrendered to the Swedes; in the Russian squadron, the flag was forced to lower the 74-gun Vladislav, whose crew lost 260 people. If we talk about the strategic outcome, the victory here was for the Russians. The Swedish fleet was forced to retreat and take refuge in the Sveaborg fortress. Swedish war plans were frustrated already in the first naval battle.

In pursuit of the Swedish fleet and the blockade of Sveaborg, which lasted until late autumn, the seriously damaged Mstislav also took part. Almost all the officers on the ship were killed or wounded, so midshipman Krusenstern was appointed assistant commander of the Mstislav. Having distinguished himself in the Battle of Hogland, already in 1789 Kruzenshtern took part in the Battle of Eland. Among the few losses of the Russian squadron in this battle, the most difficult was the death of the commander of the 74-gun Mstislav, Grigory Ivanovich Mulovsky, who was preparing to commit the first in the history of Russia trip around the world, subsequently it was destined to be carried out by Krusenstern, who served on the same ship. In 1790, Ivan Kruzenshtern took part in naval battles at Revel, Krasnaya Gorka, and Vyborg Bay. After these battles, he was promoted to lieutenant at the age of 19.

In 1793, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, among 12 excellent Russian officers, was sent to England to improve maritime affairs and skills. At that time, England firmly held the title of the greatest naval power. With the British, Krusenstern went to the shores of North America, where he took part in battles with the French. During this voyage with the British he visited Barbados, Bermuda and Suriname. To explore East Indian waters and open trade routes to the East Indies for Russia, Krusenstern visited the Bay of Bengal. Interested in the Russian fur trade with neighboring China, which was carried out from Okhotsk by land route to Kyakhta, Ivan Fedorovich decided that if trade was carried out directly by sea, it would be much more profitable. He also planned to establish direct relations between the metropolis and the Russian possessions located in America in order to be able to supply them with all the necessary supplies. In 1799 in St. Petersburg, Ivan Krusenstern presented his vision, but his project was rejected. At the same time, in 1802, the main department of the Russian-American Company made a similar proposal, this proposal was satisfied Russian Emperor Alexander I. To carry it out, the first Russian round-the-world expedition was equipped. This is exactly how Krusenstern’s childhood dream came true.

In total, the first Russian round-the-world expedition, which forever entered the history of our country, included two ships: “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. “Nadezhda” was personally commanded by Kruzenshtern, “Nevay” was commanded by another famous Russian sailor, Lieutenant Commander Lisyansky. The circumnavigation of the world began on August 7, 1803 with the departure of ships from Kronstadt. Their path ran across the Atlantic; on March 3, 1804, they rounded Cape Horn. From the Russian and neighboring lands in the North Pacific Ocean, the participants of this expedition paid special attention to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The circumnavigation of the world ended in Kronstadt on August 19, 1806.

During the expedition, Krusenstern conducted a large amount of various research, the results of which can be summarized as follows:

Were significantly corrected geographical maps; deep-sea studies of the World Ocean were carried out (determining the specific gravity and salinity of water, measuring temperature at different depths, determining the speed of currents, etc.);

The western coast of Japan, the eastern coast and the southern part of Sakhalin were mapped, and part of the Kuril Islands was explored;

Installed new way to Russian possessions located in Kamchatka and Alaska.

Ivan Fedorovich not only discovered and mapped many islands, described part of the northwestern coast of the Pacific Ocean and compiled its first atlas, but also became one of the founders of oceanological research. The round-the-world expedition under his leadership collected rich ethnographic, botanical, zoological collections, and also conducted large number astronomical observations. In his notes about his trip around the world, Kruzenshtern told a lot of new and interesting things about what he saw during his voyage, especially about the character and life of savages. For its time, the atlas of the Pacific Ocean he compiled was magnificent; it was replete with plans, maps and drawings. Lisyansky, who controlled the second ship of the expedition, the Neva, sometimes sailed separately from the Nadezhda. In his book about the same trip around the world there was a detailed description of the coasts of Kodiak and Sitka.

According to Ivan Fedorovich’s contemporaries, he stood out quite strongly in his environment. Kruzenshtern was distinguished by an athletic build, and with his heroic chest and shoulder girdle he surpassed all participants in the round-the-world expedition. It is interesting that while swimming, despite the bewilderment of his colleagues, he carried weights with him and worked out with them every day. The navigator's favorite exercise was the press press. Kruzenshtern exercised with two-pound (32 kg) weights every day, devoting approximately 30-40 minutes to these exercises.

In 1811, Ivan Kruzenshtern was appointed inspector of classes of the Naval Cadet Corps. In 1814, he developed detailed instructions to conduct a round-the-world expedition of 1815-1818 under the command of Kotzebue, one of the junior officers of the first Russian circumnavigation. Kruzenshtern also visited England in order to order the instruments necessary for the expedition. Returning back to Russia, he received an indefinite leave, devoting it to the creation of the Atlas South Sea" His work, which was published in Russian and German languages, was soon translated into French, and then into all European languages ​​without exception. This work of Krusenstern was awarded the full Demidov Prize.

An interesting detail is that at the beginning Patriotic War In 1812, Kruzenshtern, being a poor man, donated a third of his fortune to the people's militia. At that time it was a large sum - a thousand rubles. Also in 1812, Kruzenshtern published a three-volume set of his own work, “A Journey Around the World...”, and in 1813 he was elected a member of many scientific societies and academies around the world, including in England, Germany, Denmark and France.

In 1827, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was appointed director of the Naval Cadet Corps and became a member of the Admiralty Council. As director of this educational institution, which he himself once successfully completed, he spent 16 long years. His activities at this time were marked by the introduction of new subjects into the training courses of the Naval Corps, the enrichment of the library and museum of the educational institution with numerous teaching aids. It was also during this period that the Higher Officer Classes were created and approved, which were later transformed into the Naval Academy. Under Ivan Fedorovich, corporal punishment of students was completely abolished in the Naval Cadet Corps.

In 1842, with the rank of admiral, Ivan Krusenstern resigned. After leaving service, he went to his estate, but here the famous navigator continued to work. In 1845, together with such Russian scientists as: F. P. Wrangel, F. P. Litke and K. M. Baer, ​​Kruzenshtern took a direct part in the creation of the Russian Geographical Society. After some time, this society became one of the largest centers of geographical sciences not only in Russian Empire, but also all over the world.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern passed away on August 24, 1846 at his Ase estate at the age of 75. The navigator was buried in Reval in the Vyshgorod (Dom) Church. But his work was continued by his son, Pavel Ivanovich, and then by his grandson, Pavel Pavlovich. Both of them became famous travelers who explored the northeastern shores of Asia, the Caroline and other islands of the Pechersk region and the Ob North.

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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - biography of the famous Russian admiral

Kruzenshtern was born on November 8, 1770 into the family of the German noble family of Kruzenshtern (the founder of the family in Russia was Ivan’s great-grandfather, Philip Krusius), his father was a judge. When he turned 12 years old, the young man entered a church school, where he studied for two years, and after that he entered the Naval Cadet Corps. He completed his studies in 1788 due to the outbreak of the war between Russia and Sweden.

In the life of Ivan Fedorovich there are many interesting facts, for example, it is known that he even went in for sports on his ship (he exercised daily with 2-pound weights), loved animals very much, and one of his favorites always sailed with him. It was a spaniel, and they say that before each departure from the port, the crew tore the dog's hand. long ears– people were convinced that after this “rite” the voyage should be successful. And in fact it was so. Also, the well-known cat Matroskin (from the cartoon “Prostokvashino”) claimed that his grandmother sailed under the command of Krusenstern, and a minute later the admiral was completely confused with Santa Claus. And also Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern - a man and a ship!

From the start of his service in the navy, he was assigned to the battleship Mstislav, on which Kruzenshtern fought in the Battle of Hogland in 1788, and a year later he proved himself in the Battle of Öland. And a year later, in 1790, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant for a number of important victories in naval battles that year.

Meanwhile in the world...

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern is born

Battle of Patras between the Russian and Ottoman Empires

The most interesting thing for you!

In 1793, Kruzenshtern, together with his future round-the-world travel partner Yuri Lisyansky, was sent to England, where he stayed for 6 years. In the service of the English King, he managed to fight with the French, visit the coasts of both American continents and Africa. During these long voyages, he carefully studied the routes and looked for a way out. Russian ships into East Indian waters and looked closely at sea routes for trade with China.

Upon arrival in his homeland, in 1799, Kruzenshtern came to St. Petersburg to Alexander I and asked permission to conduct an expedition to study in more detail the routes that were taken on English ships. But the sovereign refused to sponsor this event, delaying the first Russian trip around the world for 3 years. But in 1802, the Russian-American Company (RAC) made similar proposals, and the emperor approved the company, at the head of which he put Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, and thus he became captain of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

On August 7, 1803, two sloops “Nadezhda” (ship commander Ivan Kruzenshtern) and “Neva” (ship commander Yuri Lisyansky) sailed from Kronstadt to the applause of a crowd of mourners. After returning in 1806, Ivan Fedorovich described the progress of the expedition in detail and presented unique maps. By the way, the modern sailing frigate Nadezhda is named after the aforementioned sloop. In 1811 he was appointed inspector of the Naval Cadet Corps, and 16 years later became its director. But in this time period, Kruzenshtern created the so-called “Atlas of the South Sea,” which included many hydrographic records. The Naval Cadet Corps, during the reign of Ivan Fedorovich, received an incredible amount of new literature, the museum was significantly expanded and a number of new and relevant disciplines were introduced. He died on August 12, 1846, and was buried in Tallinn (Dome Cathedral). And 27 years later, in 1873, a monument to Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was erected in St. Petersburg opposite the Naval Cadet Corps.

Four-masted training sailboat Kruzenshtern

Famous four-masted bark Kruzenshtern is currently a training sailing ship, named after the famous navigator Ivan Kruzenshtern. Based in Kaliningrad. The bark's service life is currently over 85 years.

“Kruzenshtern” was launched in 1926 in the German city of Bremen. The customer was the company of Ferdinand Lajes, it needed new ships for the Kapgornovskaya line. The barque's first name was invented by the shipowner's daughter, who named it “Padua”. In those days, there was a tradition that the names of the ships built for the Lajes company were invented by women from the shipbuilder’s family, and these names had to begin with “P”.

The Padua set off on its maiden voyage under the command of Karl Schuberg. The bark could load a cargo weighing up to 4,100 tons, with a maximum speed of 14 knots. The sailing rig consisted of 31 sails, total area which was equal to 3500 square meters. The total displacement of the sailing ship is 6000 tons. In the first 15 years of its existence, the barque made 17 voyages, most of which were transoceanic.

The most interesting thing for you!

The ship became the property of the USSR after the end of World War II. In 1946, the naval trophies of Germany were divided between the victorious countries, as a result of which the naval banner of the Union was raised on the ship. And immediately after this, the ship received a new name “Kruzenshtern”. And at the beginning of 1959, the barque “Kruzenshtern” had to undergo a major overhaul at one of the Russian shipyards.

During its stay under the banner of the USSR, the bark carried out a number of successful studies in the area Atlantic Ocean, while performing another useful task, which is training young sailors. From 1972 to 1983, the Kruzenshtern regularly changed captains, of whom there were a total of 7 people. In 1983, the command of the Baltic Fleet transferred the bark to the Estrybprom company, which was engaged in fishing, so the port of Tallinn became the center of the ship’s deployment. And only in the first half of 1991 the barque "Kruzenshtern" was transferred to the engineering maritime school city ​​of Kaliningrad.

Nowadays, the barque is used for educational purposes. He often takes part in various regattas, so in 1992 “Kruzenshtern” became the champion in sailing the route from Boston to Liverpool, realizing its excellent speed potential - the maximum speed reached 17.8 knots.

Bark Krusenstern: long navigation 2014

The legendary bark Kruzenshtern never stays at the pier for long. For several decades now, it has been doing difficult work, serving as a training ground for future sailors.

This year, the sailing ship made 3 large voyages, departing from Kaliningrad on December 25, 2013, and returning to the port just now, October 3, 2014. The sailing barque “Kruzenshtern” spent as many as 283 days on the sea expedition. During this time he successfully passed 22 thousand 652 nautical miles, visiting the ports of Germany, France, Morocco, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Belgium. In total, the ship visited two dozen ports in 15 countries.

During the cruises, the ship managed to visit the Olympic Sochi, and also took part in the naval parade in honor of Victory Day, held in Sevastopol.

During the 2014 navigation, more than 360 cadets from various Russian and foreign educational institutions had the opportunity to undergo training on the Kruzenshtern.

First flight: Kaliningrad-Sochi (12/25/2013-02/25/2014)

Preparations for this year's navigation began in an unusual way - with an extensive school excursion. On December 24, 2013, the day before sailing, the bark was visited by Kaliningrad sixth-graders, who were given the opportunity to study this proud ship inside and out. Well, on December 25, after the ceremonial formation at the 24th berth of the Kaliningrad sea fishing port, the sailing ship set off.

The route of the first flight is Kaliningrad-Sochi. The Kruzenshtern was supposed to be in its final port during the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Well, the first port the ship entered during this navigation was the German Bremerhaven, where the cadets and the crew (almost 200 people) celebrated the New Year.

The next stop was in warm Morocco - at the port of Tangier. Here the cadets were able to relax a bit and explore a new culture through excursions to the local market, mosques and museums. Before Sochi, the ship had 2 more stops - in the Italian Bari and the Greek Patras, after which it headed for the Russian, Sochi shores.

In Sochi, the Kruzenshtern moored strictly on schedule - on the morning of February 6. Here the ship remained until February 25, fulfilling the honorable mission of the landmark, and 50 of the 113 cadets who passed special training and received the appropriate certificates, worked as volunteers at the Olympics.

With completion Olympic Games The main mission of this year's Kruzenshtern was completed, and it began to carry out other tasks.

Second flight: Sochi-Sochi (26.02.2014-17.05.2014)

The second voyage took place between the ports of Cherny and Mediterranean seas, and was even more eventful with various events.

From Sochi, the bark this time went to Moroccan Agadir, then visited French Sete and arrived in Bulgarian Varna. There, Kruzenshtern attended the opening ceremony of the SCF Black Sea Tall Ships Regatta 2014, which was held for the first time in the Black Sea. In addition, the bark itself became a participant in the Black Sea STI Regatta, which was hosted for the first time by the Russian ports of Novorossiysk and Sochi. In addition to the Kruzenshtern, Russia was represented there by the Vladivostok sailing ship Nadezhda and class “A” training ships - the sailing ship Mir, as well as the world-famous sailing ship Sedov. In total, 50 riders from two dozen countries took part in the race. The colorful participants were Pakistani and Dutch vessels.

During the break between the stages of the regatta, Kruzenshtern took part in the most important event of this flight - a festive naval parade in Sevastopol in honor of Victory Day, after which, on May 17, he returned to Sochi.

Third flight: Sochi-Kaliningrad (18.05.2014-3.10.2014)

The last third flight this year is the return of their Sochi home. During this transition, Krusenstern, like his crew with new cadets, went through both common joys and anxieties, which made the trip even more valuable for the acquisition of important maritime experience by young people.

From Sochi the sailing ship departed on May 18 for France, visiting Cannes and Le Havre. Already in July, the ship moored in the German ports of Bremerhaven and Kiel. The next port of visit was the Dutch Harlingen, after which the Kruzenstern went to the Norwegian cities of Fredrik-Stadt and Bergen.

But then, as a result of an unpleasant incident, the sailing ship suddenly became an increased object of media attention - after visiting the Danish port of Esberg, upon leaving it, the sailing giant accidentally sank the tugboat Diver Master, which subsequently, allegedly, resulted in Krusenstern’s refusal to participate in the English regatta This raid vessel was supposed to help the Russian four-masted ship leave the waters of Esberg, but the tugboat crew failed to make ends meet in time, which is why the Kruzenshtern rolled it onto the left side and pulled it under water. The crew, fortunately, was not injured, and the port administration did not make any claims against the Russians, so the Kruzenshtern continued sailing to Rostock, Germany.

From Germany, our sailing ship moved to the Polish port of Gdynia, and then made another crossing to the British Falmouth. It was while stationed in this city, on August 29, that the Kruzenshtern cadets celebrated Vest Day. From the very morning it was announced on the ship's broadcast unusual shape clothes - formal trousers and vest. On this day, everyone on the ship was dressed exactly like this, there was also a ceremony, a concert and lectures regarding the history and significance of the vest in the Russian fleet.

Already on September 16, the Kruzenshtern entered the English Channel, heading to the Belgian port of Zeebrugge. It was on this day that the crew received unexpected entertainment - a dumpling rush was announced. This is an old tradition of this ship, according to which the entire crew devotes one day of each autumn voyage to making dumplings. 172 people took part in the fun, and in two shifts they managed to make as many as 9,097 pieces. True, it was not possible to make a reserve, since most of what was prepared was eaten that same evening.

After dumplings and a visit to Zeebrugge, the sailboat headed for the last port before returning home - the Polish port of Szczecin, which the ship entered on September 26. Here the sailors took part in the solemn wreath-laying ceremony at the memorial “To Those Who Didn’t Return from the Sea.” After a short rest, on September 28, Kruzenshtern left Szczecin.

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Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1864) - Russian navigator, head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, admiral (1842), corresponding member (1803), honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1806). Founding member of the Russian Geographical Society. Head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition of 1803-1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I. Kruzenshtern was the first to map about a thousand km of the eastern, northern and northwestern coast of Sakhalin Island. Author of the Atlas of the South Sea (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826).

Ivan (Adam) Krusenstern was born November 19 (November 8, old style) 1770, at the Hagudis estate, Estonia.

Beginning of a naval career

Coming from a poor noble family, Ivan Krusenstern studied in the Naval Cadet Corps in 1785-88, in the year of graduation he participated in the Battle of Hogland, and in 1789 and 1790 - in three more naval battles; promoted to lieutenant. In 1793-99, he served as a volunteer on English ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea; promoted to lieutenant commander. In 1799 and 1802, Kruzenshtern presented projects for circumnavigation of the world for direct trade communications between Russian ports in the Baltic and Alaska. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

First circumnavigation of the world

In early August 1803, with a large crowd of people, Ivan Kruzenshtern’s expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops - “Nadezhda” (on board which was a mission to Japan led by Nikolai Rezanov) and “Neva” (which was commanded by Kruzenshtern’s classmate and assistant Captain Yuri Lisyansky) . The main purpose of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur and neighboring territories to identify convenient places and routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After a long stay near the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. On March 3 they rounded Cape Horn and three weeks later in Pacific Ocean separated.

From the island of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they separated again: the Neva went to the shores of Alaska, and the Nadezhda arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Kruzenshtern delivered Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, along the way, describing the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay. In the summer of 1805, Ivan Kruzenshtern for the first time photographed about 1000 km of the coast of Sakhalin, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus. From Petropavlovsk in the fall of the same year, Kruzenshtern moved to Canton, and at the end of the summer of 1806 - to Kronstadt.

Participants in the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the position of existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

Scientific and organizational activities

Upon his return, Ivan Fedorovich was assigned to the port of St. Petersburg to create a work on circumnavigation of the world. In 1811 he was appointed teacher of the Naval Cadet Corps. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Kruzenshtern donated to militia a third of your fortune (1000 rubles); For about a year, as a member of the diplomatic mission, he traveled around England and outlined his impressions in notes that remained in the manuscript.

During 1809-12, Ivan Kruzenshtern published the three-volume “Journey Around the World...”, translated in seven European countries, and “Atlas for Travel...”, and in 1813 he was elected a member of the academies and scientific societies of England, France, Germany and Denmark. A developing eye disease and an unsettled relationship with the Minister of the Navy forced Krusenstern to ask for release from work; in December 1815 he was sent on indefinite leave.

Before 1836, Kruzenshtern compiled and published the “Atlas of the South Sea” with extensive hydrographic notes. In 1827-42, gradually rising in rank to full admiral, he was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, the initiator of the creation of a higher officer class at this institution, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy. Many outstanding navigators and travelers turned to Krusenstern for support and advice. He was the organizer of the expeditions of Otto Kotzebue (1815-18), Mikhail Vaviliev-Gleb Shishmarev (1819-22), Thaddeus Bellingshausen - Mikhail Lazarev (1819-21), Mikhail Stanyukovich - Fyodor Litke (1826-29).

Kruzenshter is known as one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. In St. Petersburg in 1873, a monument was erected to Krusenstern (sculptor Ivan Nikolaevich Schroeder, architect Ippolit Monighetti Monighetti).

Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern died died on August 24 (August 12, Old Style) 1846, at the Ass dacha, near Tallinn.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern - quotes

At sea I am my own master, and no Japanese can dictate to me.

During the circumnavigation of the world, when Russian sailors first crossed the equator, according to an ancient maritime tradition, a traditional holiday featuring Neptune. The sea lord, appearing on the deck, where the entire crew had already gathered, approached the captain and sternly asked: “I have never seen the Russian flag in these places before.” Why did you come here with your ships? “For the glory of science and our fatherland,” Kruzenshtern answered him and respectfully brought a glass of wine...

(1770-1846)

Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, an outstanding navigator and organizer of the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, carried out under his command, was also a prominent hydrographer and teacher. He was born in Estland, near Tallinn (Revel), on November 19, 1770. He received his primary education at home, and from the age of twelve he studied at the Revel Cathedral School. At the age of fifteen, in 1785, I. F. Kruzenshtern was sent to the Naval Corps, which was then located in Kronstadt. Due to his relatively late age of entering the Naval Corps, he had to complete the general, so-called “cadet” course within a short two-year period. After this, I.F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to midshipman and began to undergo predominantly special naval subjects. While still in the corps, I. F. Kruzenshtern became close to his fellow graduate Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, a future companion on a round-the-world trip

At this time, Russia was simultaneously fighting two wars at sea: with Sweden in the Baltic and with Turkey in the Black Sea, which required an urgent appointment large number officers to ships. Together with their comrades I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky were released from the corps ahead of schedule in the spring of 1788, but without promotion to officers, but with the designation “for midshipman.” I. F. Kruzenshtern was assigned to the battleship "Mstislav", commanded by captain of brigadier rank G. I. Mulovsky, a brilliant, combative, experienced sailor and a very cultured and educated officer.

All the first years of service of the young Kruzenshtern were spent in a combat situation and were marked by military exploits: in the period 1788-1790. On the ship "Mstislav" he took part in four battles with the Swedish fleet - Hogland, Eland, Revel and Vyborg, and all the time his ship was in the forefront. In these battles, I. F. Kruzenshtern showed great courage and management and was rewarded by being promoted first to midshipman (1789), and then to lieutenant for distinction in the capture of a Swedish rear admiral's ship (1790). In the Battle of Eland, G.I. Mulovsky, the commander of the Mstislav, who was intended to be the commander of an already prepared round-the-world expedition that was not sent due to the war, was killed. He had a great influence on I.F. Krusenstern and instilled in his soul the desire to achieve the organization of the first Russian circumnavigation in the future. After the conclusion of peace, I. F. Kruzenshtern spent two years ashore in Tallinn (Revel), and his relatively small official employment allowed him to improve his maritime theoretical knowledge.

At that time, the Russian navy, busy defending its maritime borders, could not allocate warships for long overseas training voyages. Therefore, it was practiced to send young officers as volunteers on English ships. navy who went on long voyages. Among the twelve distinguished young officers sent to England for 6 years (from 1793 to 1799) were I. F. Kruzenshtern, as well as his friend Yu. F. Lisyansky.

I. F. Krusenstern sailed on various English ships off the coast of North America, visited the seaside cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Norfolk, etc., visited the West Indies and the islands of Bermuda and Barbados, and the Netherlands Guiana, Africa, India and China, after which he returned to England. During these voyages, he repeatedly participated in battles with the French. Having conceived in the future to organize a round-the-world expedition and pave the way for Russian maritime trade to India and China, I. F. Kruzenshteon decided to visit those waters himself and study the progress of trade on the spot. On an English warship, he first reached the Cape of Good Hope, and then further, to the Indian ports of Madras and Calcutta, from where he headed to Malacca and Canton. Here he personally became convinced of the possibility of establishing trade relations between Russian possessions in North America and China. He made his way back to England on an English merchant ship. East India Company, and visited the Cape of Good Hope a second time and visited the island of St. Helena. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to his homeland after a six-year absence as an experienced and knowledgeable navigator.

Returning to Russia, I. F. Kruzenshtern, who during his absence was promoted to captain-lieutenant, in 1800 was appointed to the post of commander of the brig Neptune, on which he sailed in the Gulf of Finland. Soon he decided to take steps to realize his long-standing dream - organizing the first Russian trip around the world, the project of which he drew up while returning by ship from China to Europe. The idea of ​​establishing round-the-world communications with the eastern outskirts of Russia was not new. There were several plans for such expeditions in 1732, 1761, 1781 and 1786, but for various reasons these plans were not implemented. The closest to implementation was a round-the-world expedition organized as part of four warships in 1786 under the command of Captain 1st Rank G.I. Mulovsky. For this expedition, ships manned by personnel had already been allocated, and the official purpose of the expedition was to support the intended government application for the annexation of territories discovered by Russian people in North America to Russia, delivery of goods to Okhotsk, establishment of trade relations with China and Japan and the discovery of new ones along the way lands.

The Russian government, however, was then forced to abandon sending the expedition due to the outbreak of the Russian-Swedish and Russian-Turkish wars and the complications of the general political situation in Europe.

At the beginning of the 19th century. political and economic conditions were more favorable for organizing a round-the-world expedition. Already from the end of the 18th century. in tsarist Russia, capitalist relations begin to develop, destroying the closed natural economy, the number of manufactories increases, and marketability increases agriculture, trade is expanding. For the delivery of goods and the export of furs from Russian possessions in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, more convenient communication routes were required. Transporting goods by land across the entire Asian continent in conditions of almost complete roadlessness was long and difficult. Russian circumnavigations were also a natural stage in the progress of intensively developing Russian science. According to the project of I.F. Kruzenshtern, after the end of the first circumnavigation of the world, it was planned to organize proper sea communication between Russian European ports and Russian possessions in America on Russian ships. At the same time, the planned voyages were supposed to be of a scientific nature, to contribute to new geographical discoveries and the exploration of little-known seas and oceans.

However, initially I. F. Kruzenshtern’s project, despite the fact that it was based on careful calculations, did not meet with sympathy among the leaders of the Naval Ministry. But after palace coup In 1801, the leadership of the maritime department passed to a more enlightened, cultured sailor, Admiral N. S. Mordvinov, who, together with the new Minister of Commerce N. P. Rumyantsev, became interested in the project of I. F. Kruzenshtern. On the initiative of Rumyantsev, the Russian-American company also took part in the implementation of the expedition. According to the decision of the government, the expedition was to include two ships, and all expenses for the maintenance of one of them were accepted at the government expense, and for the second - at the expense of the Russian-American company. I.F. Kruzenshtern was appointed head of the expedition and commander of one of the ships, and both ships were allowed to sail under military flags. I. F. Kruzenshtern’s dreams gradually came true. Naturally, he thought about his comrade Yu. F. Lisyansky, with whom in his youth he was accustomed to share these dreams. Yu. F. Lisyansky willingly agreed to this proposal.

I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky insisted on building ships for the expedition at Russian shipyards, but representatives of the Russian-American company decided to purchase them abroad. For this purpose, Yu. F. Lisyansky was sent to England in September 1802, where he bought two small ships that needed repairs. These ships, which received the new names “Nadezhda” (with a displacement of 450 tons) and “Neva” (with a displacement of 370 tons), arrived in Kronstadt in early June 1803, where they began careful preparation for the upcoming responsible voyage. I. F. Kruzenshtern took command of the ship “Nadezhda”, and Yu. F. Lisyansky took command of the ship “Neva”. The preparations for the expedition were carried out extremely thoughtfully, and the instructions drawn up for it and the selection of seafaring instruments and supplies served for a long time as a model for subsequent expeditions.

The ships had complete collections of nautical charts and a well-chosen library. The expedition had among its supplies many antiscorbutic drugs. The ship's provisions were purchased best quality. The Academy of Sciences took an active part in equipping the expedition, taking upon itself the testing of some instruments, drawing up instructions (on mineralogy, botany, zoology); On May 8, 1803, the head of the expedition, I. F. Kruzenshtern, was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. The personnel of the expedition was selected especially carefully by the commander of each of the ships, and all sailors and non-commissioned officers went as volunteers. The crew of the ship "Nadezhda" consisted of eight officers, two doctors and 52 non-commissioned officers and sailors; in addition, there were three scientists (an astronomer and two naturalists) and three volunteers on board. The Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov and his retinue were traveling to Japan on the ship Nadezhda, so that the total number of personnel on board reached 76 people. Among the officers was the experienced senior officer Lieutenant M. Ratmanov and the future famous navigator F. F. Bellingshausen, and among the volunteers was O. E. Kotzebue, also later known for his scientific expeditions around the world. The ship "Neva" consisted of six officers, one doctor, two people from the ambassador's retinue and 44 non-commissioned officers and sailors, for a total of 53 people. About the selection of personnel, I. F. Kruzenshtern subsequently wrote: “I was advised to accept several foreign sailors, but I, knowing the advantageous properties of the Russian ones, whom I even prefer to the English ones, did not agree to follow this advice. On both ships, except Messrs. Horner, Tilesius, Langsdorff and Liband, there was not a single foreigner on our journey.”

The route of the expedition was tentatively planned as follows: both ships proceed together from Kronstadt around Cape Horn to the Pacific Ocean and at the Hawaiian (Sandwich) Islands they separate: “Nadezhda” goes further to Japan with Ambassador Rezanov and, upon fulfilling a diplomatic mission, for wintering to o. Kodiak; "Neva" follows from Hawaiian Islands straight to the shores of North America and also winters near the island. Kodiak; the following summer, both ships carried goods to Canton, from where they returned together to Russia, around the Cape of Good Hope.

On June 26, 1803, the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva” left Kronstadt and, after short visits to Copenhagen, Falmouth and Canary Islands headed to the shores of Brazil, where on the roads of Fr. St. Catherine's was delayed for over a month for necessary repairs. This was the first time Russian ships crossed into Southern Hemisphere. During the expedition, the expedition personnel and scientific specialists continuously made various oceanographic, meteorological and zoological observations, which were subsequently published and made a valuable contribution to geographical science. During the ships' moorings in tropical ports, scientists collected ethnographic, zoological and botanical collections, which upon the expedition's return to their homeland were transferred to various museums, where they are kept to this day. On February 20, 1804, both ships together rounded Cape Horn, but after a storm they separated: I. F. Kruzenshtern went to the Marquesas Islands, and Yu. F. Lisyansky - to the island. Easter, after which both ships reunited at Fr. Nukagiwa, belonging to the group of Marquesas Islands.

Already at this first stage of navigation in the Pacific Ocean, Russian navigators carried out (in addition to systematically carried out meteorological and oceanographic observations) a number of scientific geographical works: Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky compiled detailed geographical descriptions of how about. Nukagiva, and the entire group of the Marquesas Islands, and Lisyansky compiled a dictionary of the local dialect; Lisyansky, in addition, being in close proximity to Fr. Easter, corrected an error in defining it geographical coordinates, admitted by Cook.

Following the previously established route, both ships then headed to the Hawaiian Islands, in view of which on June 7, 1804 they separated: I. F. Kruzenshtern proceeded without stopping directly to Kamchatka, and Yu. F. Lisyansky stopped by to replenish before departing for the Aleutian Islands provisions for one of the Hawaiian Islands. "Nadezhda" arrived on July 14, 1804 at Peter and Paul Harbor, where cargo was delivered to the Russian-American Company and regular repairs were made. After a six-week stay, on August 27, I.F. Krusenstern left Petropavlovsk for Nagasaki to deliver the Russian ambassador to Japan. The ship "Nadezhda" sailed along the eastern shores of the islands of Hokkaido and Honshu and rounded the island from the south. Kyushu. Along the way, I.F. Kruzenshtern, together with officers and scientists, checked existing maps and described the southern coast of the island. Kyushu. At the last stage of the passage, Nadezhda withstood a typhoon of exceptional strength and almost lost her masts. During this transition, I. F. Kruzenshtern corrected the position of the Van Diemen's Strait, which was incorrectly marked on English and French maps.

For six whole months, from October 8 to April 17, 1805, the ship "Nadezhda" stood in Nagasaki, waiting for the end of diplomatic negotiations, which ultimately ended in failure: the Japanese government refused to accept the embassy. Now I.F. Kruzenshtern had to transport Rezanov to Petropavlovsk and then proceed to Canton to join Yu.F. Lisyansky for the subsequent return to his homeland. For this period of his voyage, Kruzenshtern outlined a whole program of geographical research and decided: 1) first of all, to study the Sea of ​​Japan, which was almost unknown to sailors in that era, and describe its coasts, 2) to describe the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin, 3) to find out whether there is a a strait between this island and the mainland, and 4) pass through some new strait between the Kuril Islands located north of the Bussol Strait. He completed almost this entire program, partly during the transition to Petropavlovsk, partly a little later.

I. F. Kruzenshtern entered the Sea of ​​Japan through the eastern passage of the Tsushima Strait, which was later named after him. Next, he examined certain sections of the western coast of the island. Honshu and the entire western and northwestern shores of the island. Hokkaido with access to them. He gave Russian names to a number of coastal points and bays. Next, I. F. Kruzenshtern left the Sea of ​​Japan through the La Perouse Strait and described in detail and studied (with access to the shore) the shores of Aniva Bay and part of the eastern coast of Sakhalin, and made an important geographical discovery at that time, establishing the identity of the names “Sakhalin” and “Karafuto” "

Along east coast The shores of Terpeniya Bay were described and mapped (also with a visit to the shore). Upon leaving Terpeniya Bay, Nadezhda encountered ice, which is why I. F. Kruzenshtern decided to immediately proceed to Petropavlovsk and return to Cape Terpeniya in more time. favorable time. On the southern and eastern coasts of Sakhalin, a number of geographical features, capes, bays, rivers and mountains were given Russian names.

After this, I.F. Kruzenshtern headed to the Kuril Islands to describe them, but fog, poor visibility and stormy weather prevented him. Nevertheless, to the north of the strait that now bears his name, I. F. Kruzenshtern discovered a group of dangerous low islands, which he called “Stone Traps.” From the Sea of ​​Okhotsk to the Pacific Ocean, Nadezhda passed through the strait between the islands of Onekotan and Kharimhotan, now named after Krenitsyn. Finally, on June 5, 1805, “Nadezhda” arrived in Petropavlovsk.

After the departure of Rezanov with his retinue, with whom the naturalist Langsdorf also went, the unloading of Japanese cargo and the necessary supplies, the Nadezhda again went to sea on June 5 and headed directly to Cape Terpeniya, entering the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through a strait named after Krusenstern’s ship - the Nadezhda Strait " Having arrived at Cape Terpeniya and determining its exact location, I. F. Kruzenshtern went north along the eastern coast of Sakhalin, describing it (in places with sending officers to the shore), plotting it on a map, determining the location of the capes, many of which were named by him in Honor their officers (Capes Ratmanov, Bellingshausen). Having reached the northernmost tip of Sakhalin and calling it Cape Elizabeth, Kruzenshtern rounded this cape from the north, as well as the neighboring Cape Maria to the west, and headed to Sakhalin Bay. Here he only approached the northern entrance to the Amur Estuary, where his ship began to drift, and one of the officers on a rowboat was sent south to determine the depth and width of the “canal” leading to the mouth of the Amur. I. F. Kruzenshtern’s major mistake was a superficial study of the very important question of whether Sakhalin is an island or a peninsula. Based on the very vague data reported by his officer about the strong current from the south, the presence of shallow depths and, finally, the fresh nature of the water, he concluded that there was no through passage between the island and the mainland. It is possible that Kruzenshtern’s conclusions were influenced by the opinions of such authorities as La Perouse and Broughton. This mistake could be fatal and stop further searches access to the Pacific Ocean, if not for the courage and perseverance of another Russian navigator G.I. Nevelsky, who in 1850 refuted the opinion of his predecessor with the discovery of a strait (named after him) connecting the Amur Estuary with the Tatar Strait, which found a deep-sea entrance to the mouth of the Amur and established that Sakhalin is an island.

The northwestern coast of Sakhalin was examined in detail with landfall. Not daring to “dare,” as I. F. Kruzenshtern writes in the description of his journey, to follow his relatively deep-seated ship further south and trying to connect with Yu. F. Lisyansky in Canton at the appointed time, he decided to turn north and follow to Petropavlovsk along the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Despite the failure of I. F. Kruzenshtern to survey the entrance to the Amur, his biographer, the famous Russian naval historian F. F. Veselago, correctly assessed the merits of the navigator, pointing out that what was done by Kruzenshtern is enough to give the name of Kruzenshtern one one of the most honorable places in the history of hydrography. “All this was done, with the exception of the month spent in the port of Peter and Paul, in only 87 days, and this in places visited for the first time, in seas where fog reigns all summer. Suffice it to say that in these 87 days alone astronomical definitions There are more than 100 points, and the coastline of at least 1,500 versts has been explored and surveyed for the most part.” In the Sea of ​​Okhotsk "Nadezhda" passed nearby about. Jonah and clarified its geographical location. “Nadezhda” left the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through the Fourth Kuril Strait and anchored in the port of Petropavlovsk on August 30. At the beginning of October 1805, I. F. Kruzenshtern left Petropavlovsk and, on his way to China, intended to clarify the location of a number of islands shown on foreign maps, the existence of which seemed doubtful to him. Unsuccessfully searching for these islands, which turned out to be non-existent, I. F. Kruzenshtern circled Japan, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan from the east and arrived at the port of Macau on November 20.

On December 1, 1805, the Neva, led by Yu. F. Lisyansky, arrived there. In Canton (or rather, in the Whampoa roadstead), the ships of the expedition accepted a large amount of Chinese goods and on February 9, 1806, they set out together on the return journey to their homeland. In the Indian Ocean, during fog, both ships separated and continued on their own. I.F. Kruzenshtern, after a 79-day journey, went to the island. St. Helena, where he received news of the war between Russia and France. Fearing a meeting with the enemy, he headed home in a roundabout way around the Shetland Islands and, after making an 86-day journey, came to Copenhagen, where he stayed for four days. On August 19, 1805, he anchored in the Kronstadt roadstead. Thus ended the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, which lasted three years and twelve days.

The three-year circumnavigation of I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky constituted an entire era in the history of Russian geographical science and the Russian navy.

The scientific results of the expedition, in addition to the already mentioned geographical discoveries and mapping of the surveyed coasts and ports, also consisted of a new method of oceanographic research. I. F. Kruzenshtern observed deep temperatures on the Nadezhda, using the recently invented Six thermometer for the highest and lowest temperatures. He and his companion astronomer Horner made vertical rows of temperature observations in seven places, and in total deep-sea observations were carried out in nine places. The famous Soviet oceanographer and geographer Yu. M. Shokalsky believed that, in terms of time, these were generally the first observations of vertical temperature series at depths in the ocean. I. F. Kruzenshtern paid great attention to the study of tidal phenomena and was personally involved in observations of the tides during the long stay of his ship in Nagasaki. Throughout their voyage, Russian sailors and scientists determined the direction and speed of currents, the magnitude of compass declination, and produced meteorological observations. I. F. Kruzenshtern personally owns a summary of all observations of the elements of currents, which were derived from a comparison of the numberable places of the ship with those determined by astronomical observations. Astronomer Horner summarized hydrological and meteorological observations and studied the specific gravity of water in various areas. It is interesting to note that the expedition was the first to establish that “ sea ​​water It glows not because of the movement and friction of its particles, but because the real reason for this is organic substances.”

One can rightfully say that the first Russian circumnavigation of the world laid the foundation and created the basis for a new branch of geographical science - oceanography.

It should be noted that Russian navigators determined their coordinates with an accuracy twice as great as their immediate predecessors - foreign navigators (for example, Vancouver). The voyage of I. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky was not only the first Russian circumnavigation, but also the first Russian voyage in general, in which longitudes were determined no less often than latitudes and with a fairly high level, even according to our modern concepts, accuracy. Latitude on the Nadezhda and Neva was determined by midday heights The sun is always measured when weather conditions allow, on average 20-23 times per month while sailing at sea, and longitude - according to the altitudes of the Sun, measured at the first vertical and by chronometers, 19-20 times. Thus, longitudes were determined based on the joint use of solar altitude data, taking into account the movements of chronometers and measuring lunar distances (chronometer corrections were derived from them 2-3 times a month).

Consequently, the major scientific results of the expedition are explained not only by the art and courage of the Russian sailors, but also by their skillful use of the most advanced methods and techniques of navigation and the latest precision instruments.

The expedition members compiled detailed geographical and statistical descriptions of Kamchatka, the Marquesas Islands, the coastal regions of southeastern China and Russian possessions in North America, short dictionaries in several languages, collected materials about religious beliefs, morals and other characteristics of various nationalities.

Thanks to the excellent organization of the expedition, good supplies and care for the personnel on the part of the command, for all three years on both ships there was not only a single death, but not even a single serious illness; There were also no losses in materiel.

The expedition was greeted at home with great triumph. I. F. Kruzenshtern was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences and a member of the Admiralty Department and promoted to captain of the 2nd rank.

From 1807 to 1809, he was stationed at the St. Petersburg port on the shore and was engaged in processing the materials of his expedition. I. F. Kruzenshtern’s three-volume work “Travel Around the World in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806” with the addition of a beautiful engraved atlas of maps and drawings was published in 1809-1812. and has been translated into most European languages. Its first two volumes contain a detailed description of the voyage, and the third volume contains scientific articles by I. F. Kruzenshtern and scientific experts of the expedition on issues of oceanography, meteorology, ethnography, etc.

In 1809, I. F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the battleship "Grace". This was his last combat assignment and sailing on warship(later he repeatedly summer time commanded the training squadron of the Naval Corps). In 1811, he was appointed inspector of classes of the Naval Corps, but he served in this position for a very short time and was dismissed due to eye disease on long-term leave. This vacation, which he spent on his estate near the city of Rakvere (formerly Wesenberg) in Estonia, was entirely devoted to scientific studies, the fruit of which was the publication of the major publication “Atlas of the South Sea” with the appendix of two volumes of hydrographic explanations. From his vacation, he was called several times to carry out various assignments. So, in 1814, he was involved in organizing the round-the-world expedition of O. E. Kotzebue on the brig “Rurik”, for which, while in England, he ordered astronomical and nautical instruments, and in 1918 he wrote a special note on the organization of the first Russian Antarctic expedition . In 1818, he was appointed to be present in the procurement of ship timber. In 1819, I. F. Kruzenshtern was promoted to captain-commander.

The remarkable work of I. F. Kruzenshtern “Atlas of the South Sea” with two volumes of explanations in Russian and French was published in 1824-1826. In this work he used the results of all Russian and foreign voyages and his own personal experience and compiled the most detailed and authoritative maps of the Pacific Ocean, which have earned recognition throughout the world. Work on maps of the Pacific Ocean did not end with the publication of the Atlas: until the end of his life, I. F. Kruzenshtern continued to monitor all new voyages in the Pacific Ocean and made corrections to his maps (in 1835 he published additions to his Explanations "). There was not a single head of a Russian or foreign expedition who would not consider it his moral duty to inform the author of the Atlas of certain comments and additions to his maps. The Atlas of the South Sea was awarded the full Demidov Prize of the Academy of Sciences.

In 1826, I. F. Krusenstern’s long vacation ended. After promotion to rear admiral, he was appointed inspector of classes and assistant director of the Naval Corps, and already in the next one. 1827 - director of this corps and member of the Admiralty Board. From that time on, his fifteen-year teaching and educational work began as director of the Naval Corps. In it, he showed his progressive ideas in educating the younger generation of sailors, significantly improved pedagogical process, organized laboratories and classrooms, an astronomical observatory and a museum, selected qualified teachers, and paid great attention to teaching foreign languages. He was an ardent advocate of the need for higher specialized education for sailors and organized the so-called Officer Classes with a three-year course of study at the Naval Corps, which were later renamed the Naval Academy. At the invitation of the director, lectures in these classes were given by such outstanding scientists as academicians M. V. Ostrogradsky, V. Ya. Bunyakovsky, E. X. Lenz and A. Ya. Kupfer. The progressive reforms of I. F. Krusenstern met with opposition among the reactionary officers, and one of the reasons for his resignation should be considered the contradiction of these reforms with the spirit and morals of the Nicholas regime. In 1829, Krusenstern was promoted to vice admiral, in 1841 to admiral, and in the same year he was expelled from the post of director of the Naval Corps, but until his death he was listed in active naval service.

I. F. Krusenstern spent the entire period of his life after returning from a circumnavigation of the world intensively scientific activities and maintained scientific contacts with the most prominent Russian and foreign scientists. He was an excellent linguist and corresponded with Humboldt, Murchison, the famous Spanish cartographer Espinosa and other major scientific authorities in the field of cartography and hydrography. His scientific achievements were highly appreciated: he was an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences, an honorary Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Dorpat and a corresponding member of many foreign scientific societies and institutions. I. F. Kruzenshtern was one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.

The anniversary of I. F. Kruzenshtern, celebrated with great solemnity at the beginning of 1839, turned into his true triumph, but the hero of the day especially valued the presence of two old sailors at the celebration, former members his circumnavigation, reaching St. Petersburg from the most remote outskirts of Russia.

I. F. Kruzenshtern died on August 24, 1846 in his estate Ass, near Rakvere (Wesenberg), and was buried in Tallinn (Revel) in the Vyshgorod church. On the embankment of Vasilyevsky Island opposite the Marine Corps in St. Petersburg, a monument was erected to him using funds raised among his students and teachers.

The name of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern went down in the history of Russian science as the name of a brave navigator, organizer of the first Russian round-the-world expedition, as an ardent patriot, as a major hydrographer scientist and as a charming, humane, progressive figure.

References

1. Shwede E. E. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern / E. E. Shvede // People of Russian Science. Essays on outstanding figures of natural science and technology. Geology and geography. – Moscow: State Publishing House of Physical and Mathematical Literature, 1962. – P. 382-393.