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Federal Agency for Education

State Educational Institution of Secondary Professional Education "Altai State Vocational Pedagogical College"

Group No. 371

Specialty 27003 “Construction and operation of buildings and structures”

“Assessment of the technical condition of industrial and public buildings”

Code _______

Test

on history on the topic:

« Second

civil uprising »

Option No. 3-8 third year student

Kuznetsov Ilya Leonidovich

Date sent to college Place of work occupied

Position and address:

Date of registration of the work of OJSC Altaigazprom,

Kosikhinsky section

Operations management,

Dispatcher;

S. Kosikha, st. Ozernaya, 21.

Content:

1. Prerequisites for the creation of a second militia . Page 3-5

1.1 Distressful situation in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Page 3-4

1.2 Collapse of the First Militia. Page 4-5

2. The role of Kuzma Minin in organizing the second militia. Page 5-6

3. Military leader of the second militia, Prince Pozharsky. Page 6-7

4. Beginning of the organization of the second militia. Page 7-8

5. Campaign of the second militia. Page 8-10

6. Performance from Yaroslavl. Page 10

7. Cleansing of Moscow. Page 10-12

8. List of used literature. Page 13

Disastrous situation in the Nizhny Novgorod region

In 1605, the Russian Tsar Boris Godunov died, and a tragic period in its history began for Russia, called the “Time of Troubles.” The Russian people fought against the Polish and Swedish invaders and traitor boyars to preserve Russian statehood.

The Russian state fell into complete desolation and disorder. In Moscow, in the Kremlin, the Poles were sitting. Bands of armed men roamed throughout the country - Poles, Swedes, Ukrainian Cossacks. There was virtually no central authority. Tsars continually replaced the Russian throne; many lands - Smolensk, Seversk, Novgorod, Pskov - were captured by foreigners.

After the murder in May 1606 False Dmitry I and accession Vasily Shuiskynew rumors about the imminent arrival began to circulate around Russiasecond impostor, supposedly saved by False Dmitry I. At the end of 1606, large gangs appeared in the Nizhny Novgorod district and adjacent districts, which were engaged in robberies and atrocities: they burned villages, villages, robbed residents and forcibly drove them into their camps. This so-called “freedom” in the winter of 1607 occupied Alatyr, drowning the Alatyr voivode Saburov in the Sura River, and Arzamas , having established their base there.

Having learned about the disastrous situation in the Nizhny Novgorod region, Tsar Vasily Shuisky sent his governors with troops to liberate Arzamas and other cities occupied by the rebels. One of them, Prince THEM. Vorotynsky , defeated rebel detachments near Arzamas, took the city and cleared the areas adjacent to Arzamas from crowds of freemen.

With the arrival of False Dmitry II on Russian soil, the subsided freemen became more active again, especially since part of the boyars of Moscow and the district nobility went over to the side of the new impostor and boyar children. The Mordovians, Chuvashs and Cheremis rebelled . Many cities also went over to the side of the impostor and tried to persuade Nizhny Novgorod to do so. But Nizhny stood firmly on the side of Tsar Shuisky and did not change his oath to him. Moreover, when at the end of 1608 the city residents Balakhny , having betrayed the oath to Tsar Shuisky, attacked Nizhny Novgorod (December 2), voivode A.S. Alyabyev according to the verdict of the Nizhny Novgorod residents, he hit the Balakhona residents, drove them away from the city and on December 3, after a fierce battle, occupied Balakhna. The leaders of the rebels were Timofey Taskaev, Kukhtin, Surovtsev, Redrikov, Luka Siny, Semyon Dolgiy, Ivan Gridenkov and the traitor, the Balakhna governor Golenishchev , were captured and hanged. Alyabyev, barely having time to return to Nizhny, again entered the fight with a new detachment of rebels who attacked the city on December 5. Having defeated this detachment, he then took possession of the rebel nest Vorsma , burned it and again struck the rebels atPavlovsky prison, capturing many prisoners.

At the beginning of January 1609, Nizhny was attacked by the troops of False Dmitry II under the command of the governor of the prince S.Yu. Vyazemsky and Timofey Lazarev. Vyazemsky sent a letter to the people of Nizhny Novgorod in which he wrote that if the city does not surrender, then all the townspeople will be exterminated and the city will be burned to the ground.

The Nizhny Novgorod residents did not give an answer, but decided to make a sortie, despite the fact that Vyazemsky had more troops. Thanks to the surprise of the attack, the troops of Vyazemsky and Lazarev were defeated, and they themselves were captured and sentenced to hang. Then Alyabyev freed him from the rebels Moore , where he remained as a royal commander, and Vladimir . Alyabyev’s successes had important consequences, as they instilled in people faith in a successful fight against the Pretender and foreign invaders. A number of cities, districts and volosts renounced the Pretender and began to unite in the struggle for the liberation of Russia.

Collapse of the First Militia

The rise of national liberation movement V 1611 resulted in the creationfirst people's militia, his actions and the March uprising of Muscovites, led by Zaraisky voivode princeDmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky.

For reference: Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (November 1, 1578 - April 20, 1642) - prince, leader of the Time of Troubles. Pozharsky came from the Starodub princes of the Suzdal land, descendants of Vsevolod Yuryevich, and belonged to the so-called “seedy” princely families, that is, those who did not play an important role in government affairs in previous times. From 1602 he served as steward under Boris Godunov. In 1610 was appointed governor of Zaraysk. Pozharsky was not involved in any connections with impostors and Poles, and this made him a person around whom people could gather true patriots Fatherland.

The failure of the first militia did not weaken this rise, but, on the contrary, strengthened it. Many of the first militias already had experience fighting the invaders. Residents of cities, counties and volosts who did not submit to impostors and invaders also had this experience. And it is no coincidence, in connection with the above, that the stronghold of the further national liberation struggle of the Russian people for their independence and outpost The creation of the second people's militia is precisely Nizhny Novgorod.

Nizhny Novgorod, due to its strategic location, economic and political significance, was one of the key points in the eastern and southeastern regions of Russia. In conditions of weakening of the central government and the rule of the interventionists, this city became the initiator of a nationwide patriotic movement that embraced Upper and Middle Volga regionand neighboring regions of the country. It should be noted that Nizhny Novgorod residents joined the liberation struggle several years before the formation of the second militia.

The initiative to organize the Second People's Militia came from craftsmen and tradersNizhny Novgorod, an important economic and administrative center in Middle Volga. IN Nizhny Novgorod districtAbout 150 thousand males lived at that time, there were up to 30 thousand households in 600 villages. In Nizhny itself there were about 3.5 thousand male residents, of which about 2-2.5 thousand townspeople.

In the summer of 1611, confusion reigned in the country. IN Moscow all affairs were carried out by the Poles, and the boyars were rulers from"Seven Boyars" , sent letters to cities, counties and volosts calling for an oath to the Polish prince Vladislav. Patriarch Hermogenes , while in prison, he advocated the unification of the country's liberation forces, punishing not to obey the orders of the military leaders of the prince's Cossack regiments near Moscow D.T. Trubetskoy and Ataman I.M. Zarutsky. Archimandrite Trinity-Sergius Monastery Dionysius , on the contrary, called on everyone to unite around Trubetskoy and Zarutsky.

It was at this time that a new upsurge of the patriotic movement arose in Nizhny Novgorod, which already had its own tradition and again found support in the townspeople and service people and the local peasantry. A powerful impetus for this popular movement was the letter of Patriarch Hermogenes received by the residents of Nizhny Novgorod 25-th of August 1611. The undaunted old man from the dungeonChudov Monasterycalled on the people of Nizhny Novgorod to stand up for the holy cause of liberation Rus' from foreign invaders.

The role of Kuzma Minin in organizing the second militia

An outstanding role in organizing this movement was played by the Nizhny Novgorodzemstvo elder Kuzma Minin , elected to this position in early September 1611. According to historians, Minin first began his famous calls for the liberation struggle among the townspeople, who warmly supported him. Then he was supported by the Nizhny Novgorod city council, governors, clergy and service people.

For reference: Kuzma Minin (full name - Kuzma Minich Zakharyev Sukhoruky) - figure in the Time of Troubles; Nizhny Novgorod citizen, one of the organizers and leaders of the Zemsky militia 1611-1612. Kuzma Minin was a simple townsman who sold livestock. The pain and suffering of the Russian people caused by the desecration of the Fatherland echoed in his heart. Details about his activities become known only in 1611, when a letter from Patriarch Hermogenes or from the Trinity Lavra arrived in Nizhny Novgorod (exactly unknown). Minin was elected senior in organizing the Nizhny Novgorod militia. With an “iron hand,” he collected funds for the needs of the militia (each farm contributed 20% of its cost) and organized those who wanted to participate in the campaign against Moscow. After reading it, Archpriest Savva convinced the people to “stand for the faith,” but Minin’s passionate words turned out to be much more convincing: “We want to help the Moscow state, so we don’t spare our property, don’t spare anything, sell yards, pawn wives and children, beat him with our foreheads, who would stand up for the true Orthodox faith and be our boss.”

Militia formation

Note 1

In June 1611, after a year and a half of siege, Smolensk fell. After that Sigismund III declared his intention to take the Russian throne. At the same time as the Poles, the Swedes began to act more actively - they occupied $16$ July Novgorod, the city authorities recognized the claims to the throne of the son of Charles IX Carla Philippa.

At the same time in First militia there was a final breakdown. In July he was killed in a Cossack camp Prokopiy Lyapunov. After this, many nobles left the camp. U Trubetskoy And Zarutsky There was not enough strength to fight the Poles.

Under these conditions, cities are beginning to organize themselves again. Head of Nizhny Novgorod Posad Kuzma Minin In the fall of $1611, he began collecting funds for the formation of a detachment. The prince became the commander of the detachment Pozharsky D.M., who took part in the Moscow uprising in the spring of $1611. Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky became leaders of the new Council of the whole earth.

Yaroslavl

From Nizhny Novgorod at the end of February 1612, the militia rose along the Volga. For $4 months it stood in Yaroslavl, dealing with organizational issues. The Second Militia took into account the mistakes of the First, so it was attentive to negotiations and establishing connections, although this was difficult with the Cossacks.

At the same time, Ivan Zarutsky left the camp near Moscow and went to Kaluga, where he sided with Marina Mnishek and her son from the second impostor, Ivan Dmitrievich, nicknamed “Vorenko”.

Relations between the First and Second Militia

The complex relationship between the First and Second Militia worsened in the summer of 1612. The Yaroslavl Council of the Whole Land sought to expand its territory, so they attacked the Cossack detachments Prosovetsky And Tolstoy.

The first militia swore allegiance to the “Pskov thief” - False Dmitry III, however, its leaders took different positions. Following Zarutsky, Trubetskoy began to act separately - he went to negotiations with Minin and Pozharsky.

Meanwhile, in Pskov, Zarutsky’s people neutralized the third impostor. He was hanged after the accession of Mikhail Romanov.

Negotiations with Minin and Pozharsky failed, since the Yaroslavl Council of the Whole Land put forward many conditions:

1. The main thing is the recognition of Karl-Philipp
2. Oath of alliance with the Second Militia
3. Extradition of Marina Mnishek and the “vorenok”

Liberation of Moscow

However, the Second Militia moved towards Moscow at the end of July, as the capital was approaching large army hetman Khodkevich. Approaching Moscow, the militia did not unite with Trubetskoy’s Cossacks, but they had to fight Khodkevich together. As a result, victory over the hetman at the end of August 1612 became possible only after the unification of forces.

The final merger of the militias took place in October 1612 after the issuance of letters to the cities of Trubetskoy and Pozharsky, in which they notified the cessation of friction. A coalition has formed Zemstvo government, which united members of both militias. The united militia continued to support Charles Philip as a contender for the throne. Probably, the leadership of the militia believed that only an outside ruler could stop the Troubles, while the Moscow boyars would certainly deepen the crisis.

After the unification of the militias, victory was close. The fact is that the Poles were counting on the help of the king, who made a loud statement about his desire to take the Russian throne. But Sigismund III did not come to the rescue because he was faced with his own difficulties: the gentry began to oppose the king, fearing his excessive strengthening at the expense of Moscow. On October 22, the detachments took Kitay-Gorod. On October 26, the Poles in the Kremlin surrendered. The militia entered Moscow on October 27.

The collapse of the First Zemstvo Militia did not lead to the end of Russian resistance. By September 1611, a militia was formed in Nizhny Novgorod. It was headed by the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin, who invited Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to command military operations. In February 1612, the Second Militia set out on a campaign to the capital.

Nizhny Novgorod

At the beginning of the 17th century, Nizhny Novgorod was one of the largest cities of the Russian kingdom. Having emerged as a border fortress of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus' on its eastern border, it gradually lost its military significance, but acquired serious trade and craft significance. As a result, Nizhny Novgorod became an important administrative and economic center in Middle Volga. In addition, in Nizhny there was a rather large and quite heavily armed “stone city”; its upper and lower settlements were protected by wooden forts with towers and a moat. The garrison of Nizhny Novgorod was relatively small. It consisted of approximately 750 archers, fodder foreigners (mercenaries) and serf servants - gunners, collars, zatinshchiki and state blacksmiths. However, this fortress could become the core of a more serious army.

Important geographical position(it was located at the confluence of two largest rivers internal Russia- Oka and Volga) made Nizhny Novgorod large shopping center. According to its trade economic importance Nizhny Novgorod stood on a par with Smolensk, Pskov and Novgorod. In terms of its economic importance, it occupied sixth place among Russian cities at that time. So, if Moscow gave the royal treasury 12 thousand rubles in customs duties at the end of the 16th century, then Nizhny - 7 thousand rubles. The city was connected with the entire Volga region river system and was part of the ancient Volga trade route. Fish from the Caspian Sea, furs from Siberia, fabrics and spices from distant Persia, and bread from the Oka River were brought to Nizhny Novgorod. Therefore, the main importance in the city was the trading area, in which there were up to two thousand households. There were also many artisans in the city, and in the river port there were workers (loaders and barge haulers). Nizhny Novgorod Posad, united into a zemstvo world headed by two elders, was the largest and most influential force in the city.

Thus, Nizhny Novgorod, in its military-strategic position, economic and political significance was one of the key points in the eastern and southeastern regions of the Russian state. It was not for nothing that the 16th century publicist Ivan Peresvetov advised Tsar Ivan the Terrible to move the capital to Nizhny Novgorod. It is not surprising that the city became the center of the people's liberation movement, which swept the Upper and Middle Volga regions and neighboring regions of Russia, and Nizhny Novgorod residents actively participated in the struggle for the liberation of the Russian state.

Nizhny Novgorod and Time of Troubles

During the Time of Troubles, Nizhny Novgorod was repeatedly threatened with ruin by the Poles and Tushins. At the end of 1606, large gangs appeared in the Nizhny Novgorod district and adjacent districts, which were engaged in robberies and outrages: they burned villages, robbed residents and drove them away into captivity. This “freedom” captured Alatyr and Arzamas in the winter of 1608, establishing its base there. Tsar Vasily Shuisky sent his commanders with troops to liberate Arzamas and other cities occupied by “thieves”. One of them, Prince Ivan Vorotynsky, defeated rebel detachments near Arzamas, took the city and cleared the areas adjacent to Arzamas.

With the arrival of False Dmitry II, various gangs became more active again, especially since part of the boyars, the Moscow and district nobility and the boyars' children went over to the side of the new impostor. The Mordovians, Chuvashs and Cheremis also rebelled. Many cities also went over to the side of the impostor and tried to persuade Nizhny Novgorod to do so. But Nizhny Novgorod stood firmly on the side of Tsar Shuisky and did not change his oath to him. Nizhny Novgorod residents never allowed enemies into the city. Moreover, Nizhny not only successfully defended itself, but also sent its army to help other cities and supported Skopin-Shuisky’s campaign.

So, when at the end of 1608 the inhabitants of the city of Balakhna, having betrayed their oath to Tsar Shuisky, attacked Nizhny Novgorod, governor Andrei Alyabyev, by the verdict of the Nizhny Novgorod residents, struck the enemy, and on December 3 after fierce battle occupied Balakhna. The rebel leaders were captured and hanged. Alyabyev, barely having time to return to Nizhny, again entered the fight with a new enemy detachment that attacked the city on December 5. Having defeated this detachment, the Nizhny Novgorod residents took Vorsma.

At the beginning of January 1609, Nizhny was attacked by the troops of False Dmitry II under the command of the governor Prince Semyon Vyazemsky and Timofey Lazarev. Vyazemsky sent a letter to the people of Nizhny Novgorod, in which he wrote that if the city did not surrender, then all the townspeople would be exterminated and the city would be burned to the ground. The Nizhny Novgorod residents did not give an answer, but decided to make a sortie themselves, despite the fact that the enemy had more troops. Thanks to the surprise of the attack, the troops of Vyazemsky and Lazarev were defeated, and they themselves were captured and sentenced to hang. Then Alyabyev liberated Murom from the rebels, where he remained as a royal governor, and Vladimir.

Nizhny Novgorod residents waged an even more active fight against Polish troops King Sigismund III. Simultaneously with Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod called on all Russians to liberate Moscow. It is interesting that letters with such appeals were sent not only on behalf of the governors, but also on behalf of the townspeople. The importance of urban settlements in the fight against enemy intervention and internal unrest has increased significantly. On February 17, 1611, earlier than others, the Nizhny Novgorod squads marched to Moscow and bravely fought under its walls as part of the First Zemstvo Militia.

The failure of the first militia did not break the will of the Nizhny Novgorod residents to resist; on the contrary, they became even more convinced of the need for unity for complete victory. Nizhny Novgorod residents maintained constant contact with Moscow through their spies - boyar's son Roman Pakhomov and Posadsky Rodion Moseev. They penetrated the capital and mined necessary information. Nizhny Novgorod spies even managed to establish contact with Patriarch Hermogenes, who was languishing in the Kremlin in an underground cell of the Chudov Monastery. Gonsevsky, embittered by the fact that the patriarch denounced the interventionists and their henchmen, called on the Russian people to fight and, not daring to openly deal with Hermogenes, sentenced him to death by starvation. Once a week, only a sheaf of unthreshed oats and a bucket of water were given to the imprisoned for food. However, this did not humble the Russian patriot. From the underground dungeon, Hermogenes continued to send out his letters calling for the fight against the invaders. These letters also reached Nizhny Novgorod.

Minin

From Nizhny, in turn, letters were distributed throughout the country with a call to unite to fight against common enemy. In this strong city, the determination of the people to take the fate of the dying country into their own hands was maturing. It was necessary to inspire the people, to instill in people confidence in victory, and a willingness to make any sacrifices. People were needed who had high personal qualities and such an understanding of what was happening to lead the popular movement. Such a leader folk hero Kuzma Minin became a simple Russian man from Nizhny Novgorod.

Little is known about Minin's origins. However, it is known for sure that the version about the non-Russian origin of K. Minin (“baptized Tatar”) is a myth. On September 1, 1611, Minin was elected to the zemstvo eldership. “The husband is not famous by birth,” notes the chronicler, “but he is wise, intelligent and pagan in meaning.” The people of Nizhny Novgorod were able to appreciate Minin’s high human qualities when they nominated Sukhoruk to such an important post. The position of zemstvo elder was very honorable and responsible. He was in charge of collecting taxes and administered court in the settlement, and had great power. The townspeople had to obey the zemstvo elder “in all worldly matters,” and he had the right to force those who did not obey. Minin was a “favorite” person in Nizhny for his honesty and justice. Great organizational talent, love for the Motherland and ardent hatred of the invaders promoted him to the “fathers” of the Second Zemstvo Militia. He became the soul of the new militia.

Minin began his exhortations to “help the Moscow state” both in the “zemstvo hut”, and at the market where his shop stood, and near his house in ordinary meetings of neighbors, and at gatherings where letters that came to Nizhny Novgorod were read to the townspeople, etc. .d. In October 1611, Minin appealed to Nizhny Novgorod residents to create a people's militia to fight foreigners. At the sound of the alarm, people came to the Transfiguration Cathedral for a gathering. Here Kuzma Minin made his famous speech, in which he convinced Nizhny Novgorod residents not to spare anything to protect themselves. home country: « Orthodox people, we want to help the Moscow state, we will not spare our bellies, and not just our bellies - we will sell our yards, we will pawn our wives and children and we will beat our heads so that someone will become our boss. And what praise will all of us receive from the Russian land that such a great thing will happen from such a small city as ours. I know that as soon as we move towards this, many cities will come to us, and we will get rid of the foreigners.”

Kuzma Minin's ardent appeal received the warmest response from Nizhny Novgorod residents. On his advice, the townspeople gave “third money,” that is, a third of their property, for the militia. Donations were made voluntarily. One rich widow, out of 12 thousand rubles she had, donated 10 thousand - a huge amount at that time, striking the imagination of Nizhny Novgorod residents. Minin himself donated not only “his entire treasury” to the needs of the militia, but also silver and gold frames from icons and his wife’s jewelry. “You all should do the same,” he told the Posad. However, voluntary contributions alone were not enough. Therefore, a forced collection of “fifth money” was announced from all Nizhny Novgorod residents: each of them had to contribute a fifth of their income from fishing and trading activities. The money collected was to be used to distribute salaries to serving people.

Peasants, townspeople and nobles volunteered to join the Nizhny Novgorod militia. Minin introduced new order in the organization of the militia: the militia were given a salary that was not equal. Depending on the military training and military merit, the militias were divided (divided) into four salaries. Those on the first salary received 50 rubles a year, on the second - 45, on the third - 40, on the fourth - 35 rubles. A cash salary for all militia members, regardless of whether they were a townsman noble or a peasant, made everyone formally equal. It was not nobility of origin, but skill, military abilities, and devotion to the Russian land that were the qualities by which Minin assessed a person.

Kuzma Minin not only himself was attentive and sensitive to every soldier who joined the militia, but also demanded the same from all commanders. He invited a detachment of serving Smolensk nobles into the militia, who, after the fall of Smolensk, not wanting to serve the Polish king, abandoned their estates and went to the Arzamas district. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod greeted the arriving Smolensk soldiers very warmly and provided them with everything they needed.

With the full consent of all residents and city authorities of Nizhny Novgorod, on the initiative of Minin, the “Council of the Whole Earth” was created, which became by its nature the provisional government of the Russian state. It included the best people Volga region cities and some representatives of local authorities. With the help of the “Council”, Minin recruited warriors into the militia and resolved other issues. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod unanimously bestowed on him the title “elected person by the whole earth.”

Minin's appeal to the people of Nizhny Novgorod in 1611. M. I. Peskov

Commander of the Second Militia

An extremely important question was: how to find a governor who would lead the zemstvo militia? Nizhny Novgorod residents did not want to deal with local governors. Okolnichy Prince Vasily Zvenigorodsky was not distinguished by military talents, and was related to Mikhail Saltykov, hetman Gonsevsky’s henchman. He received the rank of okolnik by charter from Sigismund III, and was appointed to the Nizhny Novgorod voivodeship by Trubetskoy and Zarutsky. There was no trust in such a person.

The second governor, Andrei Alyabyev, fought skillfully and served faithfully, but was known only in his own, Nizhny Novgorod, district. The townspeople wanted a skilled governor, not marked by “flights”, and known among the people. Find such a governor in this Time of Troubles, when the transitions of governors and nobles from one camp to another became commonplace, it was not easy. Then Kuzma Minin proposed to elect Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky as governor.

Nizhny Novgorod residents and militias approved his candidacy. A lot spoke in favor of the prince: he was far from the corrupt ruling elite, did not have a Duma rank, and was a simple steward. He failed to make a court career, but he distinguished himself more than once on the battlefield. In 1608, being a regimental commander, he defeated the Tushin troops near Kolomna; in 1609 he defeated the gangs of Ataman Salkov; in 1610, during the dissatisfaction of the Ryazan governor Prokopiy Lyapunov with Tsar Shuisky, he kept the city of Zaraysk in allegiance to the tsar. Then he defeated the Polish detachment sent against Lyapunov and the “thieves’” Cossacks, who tried to take Zaraisk. He was faithful to his oath and did not bow to foreigners. The fame of the prince's heroic deeds during the Moscow uprising in the spring of 1611 reached Nizhny Novgorod. The residents of Nizhny Novgorod also liked such traits of the prince as honesty, selflessness, fairness in making decisions, decisiveness and balance in his actions. In addition, he was nearby, he lived on his estate just 120 versts from Nizhny. Dmitry Mikhailovich was undergoing treatment after severe wounds received in battles with enemies. The wound on his leg was especially difficult to heal - the lameness remained for life. As a result, Pozharsky received the nickname Lame.

To invite Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to the voivodeship, Nizhny Novgorod residents sent an honorary embassy to the village of Mugreevo, Suzdal district. There is information that before and after this Minin visited him several times, together they discussed issues of organizing the Second Zemstvo Militia. Nizhny Novgorod residents went to him “many times so that I could go to Nizhny for the zemstvo council,” the prince himself noted. As was customary then, Pozharsky refused the offer from Nizhny Novgorod for a long time. The prince understood perfectly well that before deciding on such an honorable and responsible task, it was necessary to think carefully about this issue. In addition, Pozharsky wanted from the very beginning to receive the powers of a great governor, to be commander-in-chief.

In the end, Dmitry Pozharsky, who had not yet fully recovered from his wounds, gave his consent. But he also set the condition that the residents of Nizhny Novgorod themselves choose from among the townspeople a person who would join him at the head of the militia and deal with the “rear.” And he proposed Kuzma Minin for this position. That's what they decided on. Thus, in the zemstvo militia, Prince Pozharsky took on the military function, and the “elected person by the whole earth” Kuzma Minin-Sukhoruk began to manage the army’s economy and the militia treasury. At the head of the second zemstvo militia stood two people, elected by the people and invested with his trust - Minin and Pozharsky.

"Minin and Pozharsky." Painter M. I. Scotti

Militia organization

At the end of October 1611, Prince Pozharsky with a small retinue arrived in Nizhny Novgorod and, together with Minin, began organizing the people's militia. They developed vigorous activity to create an army that was supposed to liberate Moscow from the invaders and begin the expulsion of the interventionists from Russian soil. Minin and Pozharsky understood that they could solve such a great task facing them only by relying on the “nationwide multitude.”

Minin showed great firmness and determination in raising funds. Minin demanded that the militia tax collectors not make concessions to the rich, and not unfairly oppress the poor. Despite the general taxation of Nizhny Novgorod residents, there was still not enough money to provide the militias with everything they needed. We had to resort to forced loans from residents of other cities. The taxation was imposed on the clerks of the richest merchants, the Stroganovs, merchants from Moscow, Yaroslavl and other cities connected by trade with Nizhny Novgorod. By creating the militia, its leaders began to show their strength and power far beyond the borders of the Nizhny Novgorod district. Letters were sent to Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan and other cities. A letter sent out on behalf of the Nizhny Novgorod militia to residents of other cities said: “From all the cities of the Moscow state, nobles and boyar children were near Moscow, Polish and Lithuanian people were besieged by a strong siege, but a stream of nobles and boyar children from near Moscow dispersed for a temporary sweets, for robbery and kidnapping. But now we, all kinds of people of Nizhny Novgorod, having exiled ourselves to Kazan and all the cities of the lower and Volga regions, having gathered with many military people, seeing the final ruin of the Moscow state, asking God for mercy, we are all going with our heads to help the Moscow state. Yes, people from Smolensk, Dorogobuzhan and Vetchan came to us in Nizhny from Arzamas... and we, all sorts of people of Nizhny Novgorod, having consulted among ourselves, decided: to share our bellies and houses with them, to give salary and help, and to send them to help the Moscow to the state."

The Volga region cities responded to the call of Nizhny Novgorod in different ways. Small towns such as Balakhna and Gorokhovets immediately got involved. Kazan reacted to this call rather coolly at first. Its “sovereign people” believed that “royal Kazan, the main city of the Ponizov region,” should take precedence. As a result, the core of the militia, along with Nizhny Novgorod residents, became the service people of the border regions who arrived in the vicinity of Arzamas after the fall of Smolensk - Smolyan, Belyan, Dorogobuzhan, Vyazmichi, Brenchan, Roslavtsy and others. About 2 thousand of them gathered, and all of them were experienced fighters who had participated in battles more than once. Subsequently, nobles from Ryazan and Kolomna, as well as service people, Cossacks and archers from the “Ukrainian cities” who sat in Moscow under Tsar Vasily Shuisky, came to Nizhny.

Having learned about the formation of the Second Militia in Nizhny Novgorod and not being able to counteract it, the concerned Poles turned to Patriarch Hermogenes demanding that he condemn the “traitors.” The Patriarch refused to do this. He cursed the Moscow boyars who turned to him on Gonsevsky’s instructions as “damned traitors.” As a result, he was starved to death. On February 17, 1612, Hermogenes died.

The leaders of the second militia needed to resolve the issue of the remnant of the First militia. The leaders of the Cossack freemen, Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, still had significant strength. As a result, since December 1611, two provisional governments operated in Russia: the “Council of All the Land” of the Moscow Cossacks, led by Ataman Ivan Zarutsky, and the “Council of the Whole Land” in Nizhny Novgorod. Between these two centers of power there was a struggle not only for influence on local governors and for income, but also over the question of what to do next. Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, with the support of the rich and influential Trinity-Sergius Monastery, proposed to lead the militia to Moscow as quickly as possible. They were afraid rapid growth strength and influence of the Nizhny Novgorod army. And they planned to take a dominant position near Moscow. However, the “Council of All the Earth” of Nizhny Novgorod considered it necessary to wait in order to properly prepare for the campaign. This was the line of Minin and Pozharsky.

The relationship between the two centers of power became openly hostile after Trubetskoy and Zarutsky began negotiations with the Pskov impostor Sidorka (False Dmitry III), to whom they eventually swore allegiance. True, they soon had to abandon their “kissing of the godfather,” since such an act did not find support among ordinary Cossacks and was sharply condemned by Minin and Pozharsky.

Start of the hike

After hard work, by the beginning of February 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia was already an impressive force and reached 5 thousand soldiers. Despite the fact that the work on the military structure of the Second Militia had not yet been completely completed, Pozharsky and Minin realized that they could no longer wait and decided to start the campaign. Initially, the most shortest way- from Nizhny Novgorod through Gorokhovets, Suzdal to Moscow.

The moment for the attack was convenient. The Polish garrison located in Moscow experienced great difficulties, especially an acute shortage of food. Hunger forced most of the Polish garrison to leave the devastated city to the surrounding counties in search of food. Out of 12 thousand There were approximately 4,000 enemy troops left in the Kremlin and Kitai-Gorod. garrison weakened by hunger. The most selected detachments of Polish thugs under the command of Hetman Chodkiewicz were located in the village of Rogachevo near the city of Dmitrov; Sapieha's detachment was in the city of Rostov. There was no help from Sigismund III for the besieged garrison. Is the “Seven Boyars” any real? military force I didn’t imagine myself. Thus, this was the most convenient time for the liberation of Moscow.

Voivode Dmitry Pozharsky drew up a plan liberation campaign. The idea was to take advantage of the fragmentation of the interventionist forces and break them up piece by piece. At first it was planned to cut off the detachments of Khodkiewicz and Sapieha from Moscow, and then defeat the besieged Polish garrison of Gonsevsky and liberate the capital. Pozharsky hoped for help from the Cossack “camps” near Moscow (remnants of the First Militia).

However, Ataman Zarutsky began open hostile actions. He decided to capture a number of large cities North-Eastern Rus' and thereby not allow Nizhny Novgorod residents there and maintain their sphere of influence. Taking advantage of the withdrawal of the Great Detachment of Sapieha from Rostov, Zarutsky in February ordered his Cossacks to capture Yaroslavl, a strategically important Volga city. The Cossack detachment of Ataman Prosovetsky was supposed to head there from Vladimir.

As soon as Zarutsky’s actions became known, Minin and Pozharsky were forced to change the original plan for the liberation campaign. They decided to move up the Volga, occupy Yaroslavl, bypassing the devastated areas where the Cossack detachments of Zarutsky and Trubetskoy, located near Moscow, were operating, and unite the forces that rose up against the interventionists. Zarutsky's Cossacks were the first to break into Yaroslavl. The townspeople asked Pozharsky for help. The prince sent detachments of his relatives, princes Dmitry Lopata Pozharsky and Roman Pozharsky. They quickly occupied Yaroslavl and Suzdal, taking the Cossacks by surprise and did not allow Prosovetsky’s troops there. Prosovetsky’s detachment, which was on the way to Yaroslavl, had no choice but to turn back to the camps near Moscow. He did not accept the fight.

Having received news from Lopata-Pozharsky that Yaroslavl was in the hands of Nizhny Novgorod, Minin and Pozharsky at the beginning of March 1612 gave the order to the militia to set out from Nizhny Novgorod on a campaign to liberate the capital of the Russian state. The militia entered Yaroslavl in early April 1612. Here the militia stood for four months, until the end of July 1612.

– Tsarevo Zaimishche – Klushino – Mozhaisk – Moscow (1611) – Volokolamsk - Moscow (1612)- Moscow Battle

Second People's (Nizhny Novgorod) Militia, second zemstvo militia- a militia that arose in September 1611 in Nizhny Novgorod to fight the Polish invaders. It continued to be actively formed during the journey from Nizhny Novgorod to Moscow, mainly in Yaroslavl in April - July 1612. Consisted of detachments of townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions Russia, non-Russian peoples of the Volga region. The leaders are Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In August 1612, with part of the forces remaining near Moscow from the First Militia, it defeated the Polish army near Moscow, and in October 1612, it completely liberated the capital.

Prerequisites for the creation of the second militia

The initiative to organize the Second People's Militia came from the crafts and trade people of Nizhny Novgorod, an important economic and administrative center in the Middle Volga. At that time, about 150 thousand male people lived in the Nizhny Novgorod district, there were up to 30 thousand households in 600 villages. In Nizhny itself there were about 3.5 thousand male residents, of which about 2.0–2.5 thousand were townspeople.

Disastrous situation in the Nizhny Novgorod region

Nizhny Novgorod, due to its strategic location, economic and political significance, was one of the key points in the eastern and southeastern regions of Russia. In conditions of weakening of the central government and the rule of the interventionists, this city became the initiator of a nationwide patriotic movement that swept the Upper and Middle Volga regions and neighboring regions of the country. It should be noted that Nizhny Novgorod residents joined the liberation struggle several years before the formation of the second militia.

They used Greek manuscripts for cooking, having found a large and priceless collection of them in the Kremlin archives. By boiling the parchment, they extracted from it vegetable glue, which deceived their painful hunger.

When these sources dried up, they dug up the corpses, then began to kill their captives, and with the intensification of feverish delirium they came to the point that they began to devour each other; this is a fact beyond the slightest doubt: eyewitness Budzilo reports last days the siege, incredibly terrible details that he could not have invented... Budzilo names individuals, notes numbers: the lieutenant and haiduk each ate two of their sons; another officer ate his mother! The strong took advantage of the weak, and the healthy took advantage of the sick. They quarreled over the dead, and the most amazing ideas about justice were mixed with the discord generated by cruel madness. One soldier complained that people from another company ate his relative, when in fairness he and his comrades should have eaten it. The accused referred to the regiment's rights to the corpse of a fellow soldier, and the colonel did not dare to stop this feud, fearing that the losing party might eat the judge out of revenge for the verdict.

Pozharsky offered the besieged a free exit with banners and weapons, but without looted treasures. They preferred to feed on prisoners and each other, but did not want to part with their money. Pozharsky and his regiment stood on the Stone Bridge at the Trinity Gate of the Kremlin to meet the boyar families and protect them from the Cossacks. On October 26, the Poles surrendered and left the Kremlin. Budilo and his regiment fell into Pozharsky’s camp, and everyone remained alive. Later they were sent to Nizhny Novgorod. Coward and his regiment fell to Trubetskoy, and the Cossacks exterminated all the Poles. On October 27, the ceremonial entry into the Kremlin of the troops of princes Pozharsky and Trubetskoy was scheduled. When the troops gathered at Lobnoye Mesto, Archimandrite Dionysius of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery performed a solemn prayer service in honor of the victory of the militia. After which, to the ringing of bells, the winners, accompanied by the people, entered the Kremlin with banners and banners.

: In 25 hours / under supervision

In the fall of 1611, after the failure of the first militia, the Nizhny Novgorod elder, merchant Kuzma Minin, began to raise funds to create a second people's militia. More than once Kuzma Minin spoke to the residents of Nizhny Novgorod with a call to rise up to fight against foreign invaders, for the liberation of the Russian state, for the Orthodox faith, not to spare their lives, but to give all their gold and silver to support the military people. In Nizhny Novgorod they heard the calls of their elder, people hastily began to collect money to create a second militia. The tax for these purposes amounted to one fifth of the total property of each citizen. Kuzma Minin was engaged in organizational activities in the second militia, collecting money for its maintenance. The military affairs of the second militia were handled by an experienced governor, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. By the time the liberation campaign of the second militia began, in February 1612, many Russian cities and lands declared support for the movement of Minin and Pozharsky. The people of Dorogobuzh, Vyazma, Kolomna, Aramzas, Kazan and other cities willingly entered under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.

In the spring of 1612, the second militia under the leadership of Dmitry Pozharsky moved to Yaroslavl. A provisional government of Russia was created in Yaroslavl - the “council of all the earth.” The militia stayed in Yaroslavl for four months.

In the summer of 1612, bloody events broke out in Moscow and on the outskirts of it. The Poles sent reinforcements to Moscow, in the form of an entire military corps under the command of Khodkiewicz. It’s good that Trubetskoy’s Cossacks, after the defeat of the first militia, remained not far from Moscow. Cossack hundreds more than once saved the situation for the army of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. During fierce battles, the militia managed to withdraw Khodkevich’s detachments from Moscow. Battle formations The advancing Poles were overthrown, and they fled, abandoning their artillery and their entire supply of provisions. Chodkiewicz's flight largely determined the fate of the Polish garrison in the Kremlin. On October 26, 1612, the Poles capitulated. The army of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin united with the detachments of Trubetskoy’s Cossacks in the Execution Ground area, and together they entered the Kremlin through the Spassky Gate. Muscovites celebrated the victory. The troubles are over.

In 1613, at a meeting Zemsky Sobor Mikhail Romanov was elected to the throne. This is where the glorious three hundred year history of the House of Romanov began. The accession of the Romanovs became one of the main events Russian history 17th century.

Consequences of the Troubles:

1) a new period of Russian history - the Romanovs came to power (new dynasty). The power was legitimate;

2) the role of the Boyar Duma and Zemsky Prikas is strengthened;

3) class boundaries were temporarily erased;

4) a blow was dealt to localism (the system of obtaining important government positions based on the principle of nobility. The principle of Nobility included 3 parameters: - the earlier the ancestors enter the service of the Moscow princes, the better; - the more merit, the better; - the more noble and ancient family, all the better);

5) economic devastation, deepest economic crisis;

6) Russia lost large areas in the North-West and West of the country:

In 1617, the Stolbovo Peace Treaty was signed between Russia and Sweden (the volost of Karelu, Yam-Koporye; Staraya Russa, Novgorod, Gdov, Ladoga were returned and the Swedish indemnity was paid - 20 thousand in silver);

In 1618, Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth signed the “Deulin Truce” for 14.5 years, according to which Russia lost Novgorod-Seversky, Chernigov and Smolensk lands. Vladislav retained the rights to Russian throne. There was an exchange of prisoners of war;

7) the morality of society was at a low level;