The meaning of the word annexation. What is Annexation? Meaning of the word Annexation in the political dictionary Annexation Wiki

- (from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space located in common use international community (Antarctica... Political science. Dictionary.

annexation- and annexation f. The forced political annexation of a country or part of it to another country. Ush. 1935. Forcible annexation, seizure of all or part of the territory belonging to another state or people, as well as ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

See attachment 2 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. annexation noun, number of synonyms: 3 ... Dictionary of synonyms

annexation- annexation. Pronounced [annexation] and acceptable [annexation]... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

- (from Latin annexio annexation) forcible annexation of the territory of another state. International law prohibits A. as a violation of principles territorial integrity, inviolability and inviolability of state borders... Legal Dictionary

From Latin annexuo, English annexation, the seizure or annexation by force of the territory of another state by one state. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Dictionary of business terms

- (from the Latin annexio annexation), a type of aggression, the forcible annexation (seizure) of all or part of the territory of another state or people, as well as the forcible retention of a people within the borders of another state... Modern encyclopedia

- (from Latin annexio annexation) a type of aggression, forcible annexation (seizure) of all or part of the territory of another state or people, as well as the forcible retention of a nationality within the borders of a foreign state... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Annexation, annexation or annexation (lat.) annexation, appropriation. This name denotes the annexation of a region or territory to another state, not based on a formal act of abdication of the former sovereign. IN modern times… … Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- [ane], annexation, female. (from Lat. annexo I bind) (polit.). The forced political annexation of a country or part of it to another country. A world without annexations and indemnities. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ANNEXATION, and, female. (book). Forcible annexation of a state or part of it to another state. | adj. annexation, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

, A. G. Lozhkin. The monograph analyzes the latest research into little-studied aspects foreign policy USSR, shows the controversial process and heated debates on the Sovietization of countries and territories in the 1920s...
Intervention, annexation and Sovietization in the foreign policy of the USSR: historical and legal aspects of the latest research, Lozhkin A.G.. The monograph analyzes the latest research into little-studied aspects of the foreign policy of the USSR, shows the controversial process and heated debates on the Sovietization of countries and territories in the 1920s...

This is the forcible appropriation by one state of part or all of the territory of another state. Annexation involves the effective occupation of the territory in question with the express intention of appropriating it on a permanent basis ( corpus et animus).

Annexation should be distinguished from:

acquisition of "no man's land" ( terra nullius) through effective occupation accompanied by an intention to appropriate the territory;
cessions- peaceful transfer of the territory of one state to another as a result of an agreement concluded between them;
adjudication- transfer of part of the territory of one state to another on the basis of a decision of a judicial or arbitration body;
acquisition of ownership of a territory by virtue of prescription, i.e. legitimation of long-term, actual, peaceful possession of a certain territory;
accretion- natural increase in the territory of the state by newly formed land areas.

Under current international law, annexation is no longer a legally permissible method of acquiring territory because it violates the principle of non-use of force or threat of force in international relations.

Historical development of international legal norms.

Annexations in classical international law.

Classical international law did not prohibit states from conducting military actions. Annexation of the territory of another state through a unilateral declaration or the entry into force of a peace treaty was considered a legally valid method of acquiring territory, provided that a number of conditions were met.

In the case of unilateral annexations during or after a state of war, the conquest of the territory in question must be final and the situation irreversible. Thus, until the cessation of hostilities and the conclusion of a peace treaty, the mere fact of conquest was not considered sufficient legal basis for the transfer of territorial sovereignty. The conquering state could only enjoy the rights of an occupying power granted to it in accordance with the law of war.

Annexation of the territory of another state without a treaty agreement, unless preceded by military action, was considered unlawful, even though the territory in question may already be under the firmly established control of the annexing state. Thus, the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1908 was legally invalid, although this territory was transferred under the control of Austria-Hungary by the Congress of Berlin in 1878.

Most peace treaties concluded before and particularly at the end of the First World War provided for the transfer of the territory of defeated states either to the victorious states or to newly formed states. Although such contracts inevitably included an element of coercion, they were recognized as legally valid.

Annexations after the entry into force of the Charter of the League of Nations.

The first serious challenge to the legitimacy of annexations was the Charter of the League of Nations (1920), in which Art. 10 directly guaranteed the territorial integrity and political independence of states, and Art. 12–16 the right to start wars was limited.

The next important step was the entry into force of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), which prohibited war as a means of achieving political goals.

Based on such legal changes, wars of aggression increasingly came to be regarded as illegitimate, and the acquisition of territory resulting from such unlawful recourse to force also came to be regarded as illegitimate and invalid under international law.

Annexations after the entry into force of the UN Charter.

The UN Charter, which came into force in 1945, enshrined in international law a general ban on annexation. Clauses 3 and 4 of Art. 2 of the Charter oblige member states to resolve their international disputes exclusively by peaceful means, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

Thus, not only war, but also the use of force in any form has come to be considered an internationally wrongful act from which no rights can be derived. Accordingly, no annexation can be legal.

States are legally obligated not to recognize territorial changes carried out by annexation. Moreover, even the annexation of the entire territory of a state does not automatically lead to the disappearance of this state as a subject international law, despite the fact that it is no longer capable of exercising sovereign and effective control over its territory.

Current legal situation.

The principle of the illegality of annexations has been repeatedly confirmed in various resolutions of the General Assembly and the UN Security Council. As early as 1967, Security Council resolution 242 (1967) emphasized “the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war.”

The 1970 Declaration of Friendly Relations, within the framework of the principle prohibiting the use of force, declares that “the territory of a State shall not be the object of acquisition by another State as a result of the threat or use of force. No territorial acquisition resulting from the threat or use of force shall be recognized as lawful.”

This is also confirmed by paragraph 3 of Art. 5 Resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 1974 of the UN General Assembly on the definition of aggression, which states that “no territorial acquisition obtained as a result of aggression is or can be recognized as legitimate.”

On regional level Helsinki Final Act 1975 recognizes in its principles I–IV sovereign equality of all states, the obligation of states to refrain from the threat or use of force, and the inviolability of the borders and territorial integrity of states and thereby excludes annexation from the legal means of acquiring territory.

The obligation of third states not to recognize as legal any territorial changes caused by annexation may be based on the provisions of paragraph 2 of Art. 41 of the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts. According to this Project Articles States must not recognize as lawful a situation resulting from a serious breach of obligations arising from general international law.

Annexations in the modern world.

Annexation of Tibet.

After the military invasion of Tibet in 1950 and the defeat of the small Tibetan army, the PRC imposed a treaty on the Tibetan government, according to which Tibet was declared part of China, although it received the right to broad autonomy.

Some authors consider the annexation of Tibet to China as an illegal annexation, however, China has consistently stated that Tibet has always been an integral part of China and has never been an independent territory. This situation reflects the fact that the status of Tibet has always been quite controversial.

Despite the question of the compatibility with international law of the 1951 act of incorporation, which is purportedly an act of annexation, the question of whether the act and the subsequent exercise of sovereignty by China over Tibet constitutes a violation of the right of the Tibetan people to self-determination remains open. This problem mostly decided by governments Western states and a number of non-governmental organizations, but has not been the subject of any UN General Assembly resolution since the adoption of Resolution 2079 (XX) in 1965. The Chinese government has always maintained that the principle of self-determination does not apply to Tibet since it has never been subject to colonial rule.

Annexation of Jerusalem and the Golan Heights.

According to the UN Partition Plan of 1947, Jerusalem was to become international city. It was not to be included in either the proposed Jewish or Arab states. During the Arab-Israeli War of 1948 western part Jerusalem was captured by Israel, and East Jerusalem (including Old town) was captured by Jordan. The war ended with the signing of armistice agreements in 1949.

As a result of the victory in the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel captured East Jerusalem, thus gaining control over the entire territory of the city, after which it declared its sovereignty over a united Jerusalem.

The measures taken by Israel were rejected by the international community as illegal acts of annexation that failed to change the city's status under international law. This is clear from the relevant resolutions adopted by both the General Assembly (see, for example, Resolutions 2253 and 2254 of 1967) and the Security Council (see, in particular, Resolution 252 of 1968). This position is consistently confirmed in subsequent resolutions.

Regarding the annexation of the Golan Heights by Israel under its Golan Heights Law of 14 December 1981, the Security Council in its Resolution 497 (1981) determined that “Israel's decision to establish its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan heights is invalid and has no international legal force"(UNSC Resolution 497 of 1981). A similar point of view was expressed by the General Assembly in its Resolution ES-9/1 of 1982.

However, on December 6, 2017, US President D. Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.

Annexation of Crimea.

The Ukrainian revolution of 2014, initiated by the Euromaidan movement in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv, had significant consequences in Crimea. The authorities of the peninsula, populated predominantly by ethnic Russians, always strongly supported the pro-Russian policies of then President V. Yanukovych. His expulsion from the country and replacement with a pro-Western provisional government focused on carrying out “forced Ukrainization” gave rise to separatist demands in Crimea.

On March 17, 2014, after a referendum, the Ukrainian Autonomous Republic of Crimea declared its independence and applied for reunification with the Russian Federation. Crimea's application was welcomed by Russia and the next day, President V. Putin and representatives of Crimea signed an accession agreement, in which the Republic of Crimea was officially declared a federal subject of the Russian Federation.

According to Ukraine’s position, the unilateral secession of Crimea from Ukraine is a violation of the principle of territorial integrity. The Constitution of Ukraine does not provide for the right of secession; accordingly, the secession of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea from Ukraine contradicts the Basic Law of Ukraine. According to it, “issues regarding changes in the territory of Ukraine are resolved exclusively by an all-Ukrainian referendum.” Thus, since issues of changing the Ukrainian territorial status quo can only be resolved by a referendum at the national level, Crimea was not authorized to organize and conduct a local referendum on its separation from Ukraine.

Crimean and Russian authorities, arguing their position, refer to current international law and, in particular, to the right to secession arising from the right of peoples to self-determination.

A similar position is held by International Court, which, in its Advisory Opinion on the compliance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo, recognized that the declaration of independence of Kosovo does not violate international law. This decision met with widespread approval from the international community and primarily from countries such as the USA and Great Britain.

As for the principle of territorial integrity, enshrined in many documents of international law, including Art. 2 of the UN Charter, the International Court of Justice in the said Advisory Opinion concluded that “the principle of territorial integrity is limited to the sphere of relations between states.”

Thus, the territorial integrity of one state can only be violated by another state. Since secession is by definition pursued by entities that are not (yet) states but aspire to become states, unilateral actions aimed at secession are not inconsistent with the principle of territorial integrity.

March 27, 2014 General Assembly The UN adopted Resolution 68/262 on the territorial integrity of Ukraine. The resolution declares the illegality of the referendum held in Crimea on March 16, 2014 and calls on all states and international organizations not to recognize changes in the status of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol.

The term "annexation" implies a type of aggression by one country towards another, during which their territories may be united. At the same time, it is necessary to distinguish the concept in question with another common term - occupation, which implies the abolition of the legal affiliation of the captured territory.

Examples of annexation

A striking example is the events in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where annexation occurred - this is Austria's occupation of these lands in the 19th century, which could only mean one thing - the weakening of the influence of Austrian supremacy with the subsequent return of certain legal freedoms to them (for example, the return of the right to bear the previous name ). Another example is US annexation Hawaiian Islands. We must not forget about such an event as the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany or the annexation of Crimea by Russia. This concept served as a result of the implementation of a policy of aggressive nature more strong country in relation to the state, which was an order of magnitude weaker.

The history of annexation in Russia

Thus, annexation is, in accordance with international law, the unlawful forcible annexation and seizure by one country of the territory of another. In Russia, this concept was first encountered in the 19th century and it meant the annexation of a region or region to another state. At the same time, there is no at least formally announced act of refusal by the former owner of this territory (the state). Synonyms for this term were “annexation” and “annexation”.

Annexation - a gross violation of rights?

Annexation constitutes a gross violation of international rights. The invalidity of such territorial seizures, which are the result of annexation, is indicated by certain international agreements and acts. For example, this is the verdict of the Nuremberg Military Tribunal (1946), as well as the UN Declaration regulating the inadmissibility of interference in the internal affairs of countries, the Declaration designating and relating to areas of cooperation and friendly relations between states (1970). The act (Final Act) also speaks about the inadmissibility of annexation.

Contribution is a related concept

Annexation and indemnity - often these two concepts closely interact with each other. Thus, the second term implies the imposition of certain payments on the defeated country.

In 1918, after the First World War, a “peace without annexations and indemnities” was proposed. However, as for Russia, this state was imposed unfavorable conditions peace, subject to settlement only by 1922. Thus, such a world, based on historical reality, cannot exist. Based on the definition of the word, annexation is a kind of continuation of aggressive actions, although not the same as during the war years.

Occupation concept

Annexation must be distinguished from occupation. Thus, annexation is the implementation of certain actions that do not entail changes in the legal ownership of the territory. As mentioned above, an example is Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was occupied by Austria-Hungary and annexed by it only in 1908. Before this period, this state formally belonged to the Ottoman Empire.

V.I. Lenin on annexation

Lenin also gave a definition to this concept. In his opinion, annexation is a forced annexation, foreign national oppression, expressed in the annexation of foreign territory.

Negative consequences of indemnity

The concept of indemnity has already been used above, meaning the forced collection of payments or property seizures from the defeated state at the end of hostilities. The basis of indemnity is such a concept as “the right of the winner.” This principle is used regardless of the existence of justice in the conduct of the war by the victorious state. The amount, forms and conditions of payment of indemnity are determined by the winner. This concept arose as a means by which the population of a defeated state or city in a unique way bought off possible plunder.

History leads vivid examples use of indemnity. Thus, to ensure restrictions on the unbridled robbery of the population, within the framework of the articles of the Hague Convention in 1907, the amount of collection was limited. However, during the two world wars, these articles were quite grossly violated. indicating protection civilian population in 1949, there was no provision for collection. The Entente states, in the process of creating the Versailles Peace Treaty, signed in 1919, were also forced to abandon this type of income, but replaced it with reparations. In 1947, principles were established to prevent the use of indemnities. It is being replaced, as mentioned above, by reparations, substitutions, restitutions and other types of material responsibilities countries

Annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany

Turning to the events of World War II, it is necessary to note Hitler’s consistency in achieving his goals. Therefore, if Western politicians had taken his statements seriously, then timely measures could have stopped Hitler much earlier. But facts are an indisputable thing. Thus, after the annexation of the Sudetenland by Hitler, a decision was made to occupy all of Czechoslovakia. This step allowed the German politician, in addition to economic benefits, to also gain a geopolitical advantage in the eastern part of Europe, which contributed to the successful conduct of military operations in Poland and the Balkans.

In order for the seizure of Czechoslovakia to be bloodless, it was necessary to destroy the Czechoslovak statehood. Hitler made more than one statement about the need to prevent a European war. However, after the events in Munich, the German politician began to understand that such a subsequent crisis could only end in war. At the same time, any “flirts” with London also lost their meaning.

Among the latest attempts at diplomacy is the signing of an agreement with France, which guaranteed the inviolability of the relevant borders. This was a kind of addition to the Munich Anglo-German Declaration, designed to ensure short-term peace for Germany on the western flank. And from the position of Paris, these agreements marked the initial stage of a completely new stage in European diplomacy.

However, Hitler was completely occupied with Czechoslovakia. It was Germany that carried out provocations of separatism. The government in Prague made the last attempts to save the remnants of statehood. Thus, he dissolved the Slovak and Ruthenian (Transcarpathia) governments, and also introduced martial law on the territory of Slovakia. This situation in this territory completely suited Hitler. Thus, in 1939, Slovak Catholic leaders (Josef Tiso and Ferdinand Durkansky) were invited to Berlin, where the prepared documents were signed, proclaiming the independence of Slovakia. At the same time, the Reich was called upon to take the new state under its protection. Thus, the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany was carried out.

Annexation

(from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and illegal annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). The illegality of annexation follows from the UN Charter, which prohibits the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity, integrity and political independence of states. Annexation is part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology (a classic example is the “Anschluss” of Austria by Nazi Germany).

Potseluev S.P.

Political science. Dictionary. - M: RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.

Annexation

(from lat. annexio accession)

type of aggression, seizure, forcible annexation of the territory of a state (or part of it) to another state, which is gross violation norms of international law, the principle of national self-determination, violation of the interests and will of the population of the annexed territory.

Political Science: Dictionary-Reference Book. comp. Prof. Science Sanzharevsky I.I.. 2010 .

Political science. Dictionary. - RSU. V.N. Konovalov. 2010.

Synonyms:

See what “Annexation” is in other dictionaries:

See attachment 2 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. annexation noun, number of synonyms: 3 ... Dictionary of synonyms

annexation- annexation. Pronounced [annexation] and acceptable [annexation]... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

- (from Latin annexio annexation) forcible annexation of the territory of another state. International law prohibits A. as a violation of the principles of territorial integrity, inviolability and inviolability of state borders... Legal Dictionary

Annexation, annexation or annexation (lat.) annexation, appropriation. This name denotes the annexation of a region or territory to another state, not based on a formal act of abdication of the former sovereign. In modern times... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

- [ane], annexation, female. (from Lat. annexo I bind) (polit.). The forced political annexation of a country or part of it to another country. A world without annexations and indemnities. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Books

Intervention, annexation and Sovietization in the foreign policy of the USSR: historical and legal aspects of the latest research, A. G. Lozhkin. The monograph analyzes the latest research into little-studied aspects of the USSR’s foreign policy, showing the controversial process and heated debates on the Sovietization of countries and territories in the 1920s...

1) Annexation- (from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). Illegality of annexation follows from the UN Charter, which prohibits the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity, integrity and political independence of states. Annexation is part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology (a classic example is the “Anschluss” of Austria by Nazi Germany).

2) Annexation- (Latin annexio annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). A. constitutes a gross violation of basic norms of international law. The illegality of A. follows from the fundamental provisions of the UN Charter, according to which the use of force or threat of force “against territorial integrity or political independence” is prohibited. Changes to the state border are considered legal if they are carried out on the basis of equal and voluntary agreements between politically sovereign countries.

3) Annexation- Seizure, forcible annexation of the territory of a state (or part of it) to another state, which is a gross violation of international law, the principle of national self-determination, violation of the interests and will of the population of the annexed territory.

Annexation

(from Latin annexio - annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). The illegality of annexation follows from the UN Charter, which prohibits the use or threat of force against the territorial integrity, integrity and political independence of states. Annexation is part of the aggressive foreign policy of states that adopt extremist ideology (a classic example is the “Anschluss” of Austria by Nazi Germany).

(Latin annexio annexation) - the forced and unlawful annexation by one state of the territory or part of the territory of another state, as well as space in common use of the international community (Antarctica, the bottom of the World Ocean beyond national jurisdiction, etc.). A. constitutes a gross violation of basic norms of international law. The illegality of A. follows from the fundamental provisions of the UN Charter, according to which the use of force or threat of force “against territorial integrity or political independence” is prohibited. Changes to the state border are considered legal if they are carried out on the basis of equal and voluntary agreements between politically sovereign countries.

Seizure, forcible annexation of the territory of a state (or part of it) to another state, which is a gross violation of international law, the principle of national self-determination, violation of the interests and will of the population of the annexed territory.

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