Translation notation: advantages and disadvantages. Outdated tool

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"VOLOGDA STATE UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Humanities

Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication

Coursework on the topic:

TRANSLATION CURSPIT

Supervisor:

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of LimK Krasilnikova E.A.

Completed:

Student gr. GPA-31

Dyachkova D.Yu.

Introduction

Chapter 1 Conclusions

2.1 Initial stage

2.3 Recording language

Information displayed on paper

Chapter 2 Conclusions

Chapter 3 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Conclusion

List of used literature:

Annex 1

Introduction

Modern consecutive interpreting is a complex process that requires special skills and training from a specialist translator working in this field. To successfully carry out this type of translation, it is necessary to study and master such a technique as universal translation shorthand, which allows you to record and reproduce speech of any length. Now this technique can be defined as a system of supporting notes used by the translator when carrying out the translation.

The development and study of cursive writing has been going on since the beginning of the last century. The emergence of this technique was associated with the increased need for oral consecutive translation when conducting international communications on the basis of such platforms as the League of Nations.

Subsequently, cursive writing developed intensively, incorporating new methods and approaches to optimize the work of a translator working with such a complex type of translation that requires special responsibility.

Today, this method of recording and reproducing oral speech is considered comprehensively, using such branches of science as experimental psychology, neuropsychology and comparative linguistics.

Relevance The topic is that today universal translation cursive not only has not lost its applied value, but has even further strengthened its position as the most important tool for a specialist working in such a responsible and difficult field as consecutive interpreting.

Moreover, today this technique recording and reproducing information has received the attention of a whole range of other sciences, such as experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics. This is explained by the fact that every year the importance of consecutive interpreting in the processes of intercultural communication, international negotiations and speeches on the basis of numerous international associations is only growing.

Speeches by speakers at venues such as the UN, for example, require intensive work by a translator, which is why the development of universal technology translation cursive- this is a constant process in which both translators and scientists involved in psychology, semantics and other branches of science take part. This entire amount of work is aimed at achieving one goal - the development of such a system for recording information that will contribute to the maximum efficiency and convenience of the translator's work.

Tasks of this work are:

1. Familiarization with the history of the formation and development of the technique of universal translation cursive writing

2. Study of the basic cursive writing methods used and described by recognized experts in consecutive interpreting

3. Identification of current trends in the development of universal translation cursive writing

4. Description of the main practical elements of translation cursive writing

Object research is a study of the technique of universal translation cursive writing in oral consecutive interpreting

Item given course work- basic methods and elements of universal translation cursive writing, consideration of their main application

When writing this course work, I used: a monograph by Russian specialist Rurik Konstantinovich Minyar-Beloruchev - General Theory of Translation and Interpretation, as well as various scientific literature and textbooks on universal translation cursive writing and oral consecutive translation (Alikina E.V. Translation semantography. Recording during oral translation, Burlyai S.A. Translation recording: Textbook (for fourth-year students of the Faculty of Translation, Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. How to become a translator?, Minyar-Beloruchev, Recordings in consecutive translation, etc.)

translator symbol linguistics

Chapter 1. History of the formation and development of translation cursive

1.1 The initial stage of development of cursive writing. Geneva School of Translations

In the modern world, characterized by the intensification of globalization processes and widespread integration, more and more attention is paid to issues of intercultural communication, and this in turn increases interest in translation activities.

Since the beginning of the last century, the role of oral consecutive translation has been increasing, and one of the components of translation competence in this area is the possession of a special type of recording that allows one to record and subsequently reproduce a speech of any length.

This entry is one of the “professional secrets of the great aces of consecutive interpreting.”

It is also worth noting that in the literature you can find a variety of terms denoting the professional notes of a translator. Among them are “translation notation” (E.N. Sladkovskaya, S.A. Burlyai), “short notation” (V.N. Komissarov), “cursive writing” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev).

In foreign literature, there is a unity of terminology: “notes-taking” in English and “Notizentechnik fur Dolmetscher” in German.

The term "la prise de notes" used by French-speaking authors broadly means "a recording with the purpose of preserving the main thing from what was heard or read."

The emergence of translation records dates back to the 30s of the 20th century. - the heyday of oral consecutive translation associated with the activities of the League of Nations, at meetings of which speeches were provided in two languages: English and French - and the speeches of speakers were not interrupted by translation, but alternated with it.

This provision put forward the requirement for accurate and complete translation of a fairly long segment of speech (up to 30 - 40 minutes), which gave rise to the need to concisely and vividly record incoming information, inventing various rules, signs, symbols, and was the impetus for the development of recording systems and concepts for its theoretical justification .

The first theoretical principles related to translation recording are found in the works of the representative of the famous Geneva school of translators - J. Erbert.

He calls recording the main factor in the technique of consecutive translation, which in turn protects the translator from forgetting the text. At the same time, as J. Herbert notes, the notes are intended for immediate use as guidelines in a statement, the memory of which is still fresh in memory.

In 1956, in Geneva, J.-F. Rosan, a follower and colleague of Erber, published a separate book dedicated to recording, in which he systematized and illustrated with examples the seven basic principles of recording (isolating ideas, using abbreviations, linking with arrows, negation by crossing out, strengthening by underlining, vertical arrangement “stepping”).

Rosan introduced ways to designate some paradigmatic categories: time, gender, number.

Cursive writing was further developed in the works of A. van Hoof, including in “Theorie et pratiique de l'interpretation”, Munich, 1962.

1.2 Domestic and modern cursive research

In our country, a system of translation cursive writing is being built on the basis of the Russian language, which was first outlined in the book by R. Minyar-Beloruchev “A Manual for Interpretation (Notes in Consecutive Interpretation),” which appeared in 1969.

Minyar-Beloruchev developed his own recording method, in which he uses his own functional classification of symbols.

This classification is based on the division of symbols according to the way they designate concepts into literal, associative, derivative and according to their main purpose into predicative, modal, symbols of time and symbols of quality. All symbols proposed by the author meet three requirements: efficiency, clarity, and versatility.

R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, as recognized by many researchers, managed to give the most detailed theoretical justification for recording, based on data from phonology and syntax, as well as methods for teaching recording, showing the importance of using recordings in the process of oral consecutive translation.

In the 1980s, the traditions of the scientific Geneva school were continued by French teaching and practicing translators M. Lederer and D. Seleskovich.

The latter, in particular, studied professional recording from the perspective of psycholinguistics and epistemology in order to identify patterns of speech, language and memory.

D. Seleskovic pointed out the need to combine data from various scientific disciplines, such as experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics, and observations from translation practice - to gain insight into the translation process, including using recording. D. Seleskovich was able to basically describe the mnemonic function of the latter, while outlining the prospects for the development of this problem in an epistemological framework, at the intersection of theory and thinking. So, D. Seleskovich first posed the problem of a comprehensive study of the recording.

A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper.

In accordance with his concept, you should first write down the subject group, below it to the right - the predicate group, below it to the right - the direct object, below it to the right - the indirect object.

Homogeneous members of a sentence should be recorded on paper in a column, one below the other in the order in which they appear in speech.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

E.N. Sladkovskaya put forward the idea of improving the principle of verticalism, proposing to rely on the step-diagonal arrangement of symbols on paper not on the syntactic, but on the semantic side of the statement, namely: first the semantic subject is fixed, under it to the right is the action, under it to the right is the semantic object.

Based on their works, describing the basic elements of cursive writing, such as: isolating ideas, using abbreviations, linking with arrows, negating by crossing out, strengthening by underlining, vertical arrangement “stepping”, by modern scientists (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, D. Seleskovich, E N. Sladkovskaya) further developments were carried out using a whole range of disciplines: experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics and others.

This made it possible to take the study of universal translation cursive writing to a completely new level and optimize translation semantics for the greatest convenience of the translator during oral consecutive translation.

Chapter 2. Main stages of preparation and organization of recording during consecutive interpreting

2.1 Initial stage

According to Minyar-Beloruchev, the author of a cursive writing system based on the Russian language, its main advantage is that with the help of cursive writing, a translator can briefly record the main idea of a statement, and then reproduce it on paper as close as possible to the original.

Before proceeding directly to studying the recording system, you should carefully prepare for it by collecting available tools and analyzing the situation. Researchers offer various options for organizing records; consider one of them, proposed by Alikina E.V.

Translation shorthand is used for oral consecutive translation, as well as two-way translation. Examples of such situations: speeches at conferences, presentations, lectures (for monologue consecutive interpreting); official conversations, interviews, negotiations (for two-way translation).

It is recommended to start recording when the speech begins, but it is not prohibited to pause at the beginning in order to catch the speaker’s idea.

The main thing is that the statement and recording end at the same moment, and the translator voices the thought recorded on paper during the pause.

As for volume, it is recommended to pay special attention to the first phrases, since they contain the greatest amount of information. Having written down the first part of the statement in detail, the translator has the opportunity to write the following phrases shorter, since much will already be clear.

2.2 Tools required for translation recording.

You cannot ignore the means at hand. At first, this issue is not a priority. However, it should be remembered that every detail is important when recording, and any means that streamline the work of the translator should be used.

In conditions of two-way translation, when the translator has the opportunity to sit at a table, it is worth using an A4 sheet, laid horizontally and pre-divided into three equal parts. This arrangement will allow you to record a rather long statement, easily find any moment of the recorded speech and avoid flipping through it. Here E.V. Alikina recommends recording information on one side of the sheet so that the entries overlap with each other.

In a situation where the interpreter is standing in front of a microphone and does not have the opportunity to take notes while leaning on the table, a smaller format notebook is suitable, but always in a hard cover, so that it is convenient to write while hanging. Also E.V. Alikina advises taking a notebook with a spring to speed up leafing.

As for the recording tool itself, pencils with an eraser (for possible correction of information) or a light pen are best suited for this.

2.3 Recording language

This is one of the most controversial issues. There are several conflicting points of view. Some authors believe that the recording should be kept in the language of the source, others - in the language into which the translation is made. According to others, in the language in which the recording system was studied, and in the opinion of others, in English as the most common language, which has a large number of generally accepted abbreviations. Fifth people believed that a mixed language was the most suitable option.

But in this matter, of course, everything depends on the preferences of the translator.

2.4 Information displayed on paper

Chapter 2 Conclusions

The recording process during translation requires careful preparation. In this case, several factors should be noted, including: the means at hand, the language in which the recording will be made, as well as the functionality and ease of perception of the information presented on paper. When the preparation for recording is completed, you can move on to the main stage - learning cursive writing techniques.

Chapter 3. Basic Cursive Writing Techniques

The basic techniques of cursive writing are:

1) Semantic analysis

Semantic analysis is the identification of the main idea of a given text, its “economical” formulation, which is compiled from memory reference points. There are three methods for creating memory reference points:

1) Selection of words with the greatest semantic load (foreign names and surnames, geographical names and other proper names, as well as numerals)

2) Transformation method (transformation of impersonal sentences into definitely personal ones, replacement difficult words and constructions with simpler synonyms)

3) Selection of prominent words (emphasis on words with a special emotional connotation or realities).

2) Abbreviated letter notation

"Economy" formulation consists of words that in turn can be abbreviated. This makes it seem like many words (especially long ones) have extra letters.

Thanks to this, it is suggested to write down not all letters in a word. At the same time, the specifics of the Russian language do not allow us to do without the first letters, which are the starting points for obtaining information. For example, there are more than 2,500 words starting with pr- in the Russian language. Instead, you can refuse, for example, vowels in the middle of a word, which allows you to reproduce the entire word during translation. You can also eliminate double consonants, and replace the most common prefixes and suffixes with a single character (such as -tion and -tion, -logy and logia, philo- and filo, psyho- and psycho-).

You can shorten your entries using telescopic titles. For example, page - p., maybe - m.b. and others.

Abbreviation is another well-known way to shorten entries. For example, the USA, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and many others.

An important point in economical recording is numbers. By skillfully writing down numbers, you can reduce the recording several times. For example:

1) numerals:

15" = 15 thousand

15” = 15 million

15""" = 15 billion

2) ordinal:

1) = first

B) "03 = beginning of 2003

0"3 = mid 2003

03" = end of 2003

4) names of months:

I - January, II - February, III - March, IV - April, etc.

Monday, ? - Tuesday, ? - Wednesday, etc.

3) The principle of vertical arrangement of records

Notes provide a visual support for memory. That is why it is important to find a support point that is striking and does not impede visual perception. Vertical writing can be considered effective, since this type of writing significantly saves time (no need to move your hand from left to right and back) and allows you to combine thoughts into groups in their lexical connection. Linguistic probability also adds to the effectiveness of vertical recording. Linguistic probability is the probability of the appearance of a particular phenomenon, a particular linguistic unit, in speech. In this case, the most important thing for the translator is the word order, which performs key syntactic functions. Direct word order suggests that in most cases the subject group will come first, followed by the predicate group. The analysis and processing of a sentence begins not only with consideration of its grammatical basis, but also with the aim of finding a more concise formulation. This is especially useful for long sentences, since this method allows you to highlight the main idea and step-by-step describe the chain of events in a sentence. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev suggests putting the subject group in first place, and the predicate group in second place (a line below and slightly to the right). Concerning

minor members

sentences, they are located to the right of the word they refer to (unless it is an agreed upon definition). If several words refer to the same word, they are written one below the other, regardless of whether they are homogeneous or not.

It is proposed to indicate isolated parts of the sentence in brackets.

Compound sentences can be thought of as two or more simple sentences. Accordingly, each of these simple sentences is written one below the other from the beginning of the line.

3) Relative subordination. In speech there are sometimes two different offers, while one of them summarizes the second. Such sentences are called relatively dependent. They are easily transformed into complex sentences using subordinating conjunctions. In translation records it is recommended to separate them from each other with a horizontal line. If the second sentence contains a compound predicate, an equal sign is placed under the line.

4) Comparison. In broad terms, it is the idea of collating and comparing statistical data, as well as a means of expression. Fixed on paper by two.

vertical lines

5) Target indicator. It is believed that progress towards a goal is accompanied by movement. That is why in the records it is proposed to denote this movement with “arrows”.

6) Conditional constructions. In speech, such constructions are usually indicated by the conjunction “if” or phrases “if”, “provided”, etc., which on paper are replaced by the English conjunction if or the French si to save space.

7) Compliance. The grammar especially emphasizes the relationship between action and special condition, i.e. a condition that, being an obstacle, does not create interference. This “concession” gave rise to the term “concession.” The idea of concession is the opposite of the idea of causation, thereby annulling cause-and-effect relationships. Thus, a special designation appeared - a double-crossed slash. 8) Interrogative sentences. To write an interrogative sentence, it is recommended to use inverted question mark(Spanish question mark), which is placed at the beginning of a sentence. This helps achieve two goals at once. First, at the initial stage of sentence analysis, it becomes clear that the sentence contains a question. Secondly, this will allow us to refuse to write interrogative parts of the sentence (

question words

10) Negative sentences. A negative sentence expresses the lack of connection between statements. And absence has its own symbol - the crossing out of that part of the sentence preceded by the particle “not”.

11) Footnote lines. When the entries are arranged vertically, a word that is used several times can be added with special footnote lines to avoid repetition of the word and save time.

Chapter 3 Conclusions

The main methods of translation notation are semantic analysis, abbreviated letter notation and the vertical notation system. Semantic analysis allows us to highlight key points in the recording and saves time, allowing you not to pay attention to “empty” words. As for the abbreviated alphabetic notation, its advantage is that it eliminates “extra” and repeated letters, the absence of which does not interfere with understanding the meaning of the word. The vertical writing system preserves syntactic and logical connections in the text without taking up much space.

Chapter 4. Symbols in translation notation

4.1 Characteristics of the symbol and its grammatical redundancy

A word as a sign is a designation not of one specific object, action or phenomenon, but of a whole group of objects that have a similar meaning. Words differ in their ability to generalize.

For example, in the “proper nouns” group there are much fewer words than in the “common nouns” group. The degree of generalization of the latter, in turn, is not the same: the word “fruit” generalizes much more than the word “apples”. But even words with a high degree of generalization (for example: relationship, means) are not economical.

In order to speed up the recording process, it was decided to create a system of symbols - economical and easily recognizable signs that summarize the most frequently encountered concepts. (See Appendix 1)

The main characteristics of the symbol are its economy, clarity and versatility. The absence of one of the above points casts doubt on the legality of the translator’s use of the symbol for record-keeping.

1) The economy of the symbol is due to both the ease of execution and the large number of concepts that it denotes. For example, the familiar “O” symbol can represent a meeting, convention, meeting, etc.

3) The universality of the symbol is that they are carriers of lexical meaning, showing extreme flexibility and indifference in grammatical terms.

In addition, the same symbol can be used by speakers of different languages without losing its meaning.

According to V.P. Berkova, a significant part of grammatical information is redundant. The practice of translation records confirms this conclusion. The most important for a translator are syntactic connections, which are displayed using vertical notation. “Classification information” is not taken into account by records as it is clearly redundant, it follows from the context or is not significant for a given situation, and therefore may not be indicated.

Basic syntactic connections are expressed by the order of symbols and words. It is not necessary to indicate the number of verbs, the gender of nouns and other characteristics of words, since this is easy to reproduce using memory and context. If in the current situation it is necessary to indicate, for example, the plural of a particular noun, a “two” is placed above it. The designation of categories of objects and modal meanings of verbs in entries is not grammatical information.

4.2 Classification of symbols according to the way they represent concepts

The translator himself chooses a symbol to denote a particular concept; only in this case will it become an effective auxiliary tool for him. Absolutely new signs are not invented for symbols. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev recommends using signs that the translator encounters every day and can easily recognize and “decipher.” According to this principle, symbols are divided into three main groups: 1) Letter characters. Letter symbols are used in cases where the word does not evoke strong associations. Usually, to designate this word in the future, the first letter (or two or three first letters is taken to avoid errors in understanding). For example, GB - Great Britain, TN - Tennessee, etc. Flaw

alphabetic characters lies in their semantic limitations. 2) Associative symbols. This is the largest group of symbols corresponding to

A striking example of an associative symbol is the arrow. An arrow can mean “movement”, “transition from one state to another”. By changing the direction of the arrow, the translator can indicate the concepts of “transmit”, “receive”, “supply” and many others.

3) Derived symbols. There are several ways to create derived symbols:

A) Expansion of the symbol taken as a basis. For example, in translation records the symbol “-” means “to speak”, “to broadcast”. When this symbol is circled, the translator expands its meaning to “print”, “radio”.

B) Specification general meaning using the exponentiation sign.

C) Antonymous approach or denial of the meaning of the original symbol (crossing out).

D) A combination of several original characters. A combination usually has a more specific meaning than the meaning of its constituent symbols.

D) Rethinking the meaning of the predicative symbol. So, if we turn again to the arrows, an arrow pointing up means “growth”, a double arrow pointing up means joy, success, prosperity, etc.

Thus, the group of derived symbols includes symbols that are based on already familiar symbols.

4.3 Classification of symbols according to their main meaning

There are four groups of symbols, distinguished by their main meaning:

1) Predicative symbols. Most of the symbols included in this group denote an action and, accordingly, are predicates in a sentence.

The main symbol of this group is an arrow, which has a large number of lexical meanings, depending on its direction and context.

Another commonly used symbol is quotation marks. According to J.-F. Rosana, quotation marks are a symbol of the word. He also writes: “When someone’s words are quoted, they are placed in quotation marks. Therefore, the natural symbol for the word would be quotation marks.”

2) Symbols of time. Several temporary symbols that are used most often can be defined in one group. Temporal relations in this case are perceived in their general understanding, and not in connection with the category of time.

3) Modal symbols. Special modal symbols are used to express the speaker's attitude to the situation. They mean “(imp)ability,” “necessity,” “(un)certainty,” etc.

4) Symbols of quality. The meaning of many words in speech increases or decreases. For example, a small country, a weak enemy, etc.

Quality symbols are used to indicate various characteristics of a word. At the same time, it is not at all necessary that quality symbols replace only adjectives. In some cases, they can replace other parts of speech that strengthen or weaken the meaning of the word.

It should be noted that the symbols included in the above groups are not all existing symbols. The remaining symbols not described in the classification are general-purpose subject symbols. Their number and designation entirely depend on the author of the entry and the field in which he works.

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Symbols are signs divided into groups according to meaning that help to economically prepare a translation record. They can convey lexical meaning regardless of the source language. The symbols use familiar characters, letters, or abbreviations.

According to the designation method, symbols are divided into alphabetic, associative and derivative. According to their main meaning, symbols are divided into predicative symbols, time symbols, modal symbols and quality symbols. The remaining characters are included in large group general purpose subject symbols.

Conclusion

Consecutive interpreting is one of the most difficult types of translation, which is confirmed by the fact that specialists from the most high class, especially when it comes to activities at the international level. That is why translators’ tools are also intensively developing, an important element of which is the technique of universal translation cursive writing. On the one hand, methods of recording and reproducing information are of a purely individual nature, on the other hand, over the years of training of specialists in this field, they have been systematized and scientifically substantiated by scientists in various fields of science.

This is also evident from the history of the development of universal translation cursive. Analyzing it, it is worth noting the contribution of the founders of this method of recording information - representatives of the famous Geneva school of translators: J. Erbert and J.-F. Rosana. Based on their works, describing the basic elements of cursive writing, such as: isolating ideas, using abbreviations, linking with arrows, negating by crossing out, strengthening by underlining, vertical arrangement “stepping”, by modern scientists (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, D. Seleskovich, E N. Sladkovskaya) further developments were carried out using a whole range of disciplines: experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics and others. This made it possible to take the study of universal translation cursive writing to a completely new level and optimize translation semantics for the greatest convenience of the translator during oral consecutive translation.

The process of preparing for the writing process itself is also important; it is worth noting the main methods used in cursive writing: semantic analysis, abbreviated letter writing and a vertical writing system. Semantic analysis allows you to highlight key points in a recording and saves time by allowing you to ignore “empty” words. As for the abbreviated alphabetic notation, its advantage is that it eliminates “extra” and repeated letters, the absence of which does not interfere with understanding the meaning of the word. The vertical writing system preserves syntactic and logical connections in the text without taking up much space.

When analyzing the basics of the developed methods of translation cursive writing, special attention should be paid to the system of symbols, which is undoubtedly not universal for everyone and each specialist adapts it to his own style of translation and introduces his own symbols, but nevertheless is a kind of basis for preparing and simplifying the cursive writing process. Special semantography was developed by such specialists as, for example, R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev is still an integral part of teaching this technique.

The symbols in this system are signs divided into groups according to their meaning, which help to economically prepare a translation record. Symbols can convey lexical meaning regardless of the source language. The symbols use familiar characters, letters, or abbreviations.

According to the designation method, symbols are divided into alphabetic, associative and derivative. According to their main meaning, symbols are divided into predicative symbols, time symbols, modal symbols and quality symbols. The remaining symbols are included in a large group of general-purpose subject symbols.

Having examined and mastered the system of translation notation, the translator must bring to automatism the skill of economically recording text on paper with the help of special exercises. According to R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, you can fully master the proposed system in 2 months of daily training.

List of used literature

1. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. General theory of translation and oral translation. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1980 - 237 p.

2. Burlyay S.A. Translation record: Textbook (for fourth-year students of the Faculty of Translation). - M.: R-Valent, 2001 - 160 p.

3. Komissarov V.N. Theoretical foundations of translation teaching methods. - M.: Rema, 1997 - 244 p.

4. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. General theory of translation and oral translation. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1980 - 237 pp.

5. Alikina E.V. Translation semantography. Recording during interpretation. - M.: AST: East-West, 2006 - 160 p.

6. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. How to become a translator? - M.: Gothic, 1999 - 237 p.

7. Chuzhakin A.P. Interpretation XXI: theory + practice, translation shorthand. - M.: Mir Translation, 2000 - 256 pp.

8. Minyar-Beloruchev, Records in consecutive translation. - M.: Prospekt-AP, 1969 - 176 p.

9. Sachava O.S. Translation cursive: Theory and practice. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance, 2011 - 321 p.

10. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. Consecutive translation. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1969 - 288 p.

11. Zinder L.F. About linguistic probability. In the collection: “Issues of speech statistics”, Leningrad State University, 1958 -576 p.

12. Collection 11 “Materials on mathematical linguistics and machine translation”, Moscow State University 1963 - 199 pp.

13. J.-F. Rozan. La price de notes ein interpretation consecutive. Geneve, 1959 - 71 p.

14. Collection 11 “Materials on mathematical linguistics and machine translation”, Moscow State University 1963 - 199 pp.

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1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION “ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE” DEPARTMENT OF GERMAN AND SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES AND TRANSLATION O.S. SACHAVA TRANSLATION CURSEWRITING: THEORY AND PRACTICE TUTORIAL MANUAL PUBLISHING HOUSE OF ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 2011

2 2 BBK 81 S 22 S 22 Sachava O.S. Translation cursive writing: theory and practice: textbook. allowance / O.S. Sachava. St. Petersburg : Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics, p. The textbook is the result of the author's analysis of various theoretical concepts in the field of psycholinguistics and methods of teaching translation, as well as the result of a generalization of practical experience in teaching consecutive interpreting at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages and Translation, Faculty of Humanities, St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics. The textbook reveals the concept of translation cursive writing, describes the basic principles of its implementation, provides variants of the signs most often used in consecutive translation, and also offers a number of exercises aimed at developing the skill of translation cursive writing at the initial stage of training. The textbook is addressed to 3-5 year students of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics, studying German as a first or second foreign language. The textbook may also be of interest to graduate students, teachers of linguistic departments of higher educational institutions and translators who want to independently master translation cursive. Reviewers: Ph.D. Philol. Sciences, Associate Professor of the department. German language Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A.I. Herzen A.V. Golodnov Ph.D. Philol. Sciences, Associate Professor of the department. Romance languages and translation of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics G.P. Skvortsov BBK 81 SPbGUEF, 2011

3 3 Contents Introduction... 4 The concept of translation cursive... 5 The history of the origin and main stages of development of translation cursive... 5 The place of teaching translation cursive in the translator training system, or why is it needed?... 8 Selecting the type of translation note Methodology development of an individual system of translation cursive symbols Location of the translation record on paper Translation difficulties that cannot be removed by non-linguistic recording of information, and ways to overcome them System of exercises aimed at teaching translation cursive Recommendations for performing exercises Bibliographic list... 39

4 4 Introduction In the textbook offered to the reader’s attention, translation cursive writing is considered by the author as one of the most important components professional competence translator The purpose of the textbook is to provide students with basic theoretical information and practical recommendations necessary for mastering the technique of translation cursive writing at the initial stage of learning interpreting, as well as to offer exercises to make the process of mastering translation cursive writing more systematic and effective. The textbook is the result of the author's analysis of various theoretical concepts in the field of psycholinguistics and methods of teaching translation, as well as the result of a generalization of practical experience in teaching consecutive oral translation of the first foreign language at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages and Translation of the Faculty of Humanities of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance. The textbook reveals the very concept of translation cursive writing and defines its place in the system of training translators in higher education. educational institution. Next, the basic principles of translation cursive writing are described and variants of signs most often used in consecutive translation, including in the field of economic communication, are given, and recommendations are given for developing an individual system of signs used in translation cursive writing. Along with the above, a system of exercises is proposed aimed at developing the skill of translation cursive writing, and general recommendations are given on how to organize the exercises. Particular attention is paid to typical mistakes related to translation cursive writing, which, according to our observations, are most often made by students both in the learning process and directly in translation practice. The textbook is addressed, first of all, to 3-5 year students of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics, studying in the specialty “Translation and Translation Studies”. In addition, it may be of interest to graduate students, teachers of linguistic departments of higher educational institutions and translators who want to independently master translation cursive.

5 5 The concept of translation cursive Translation cursive in the context of modern scientific ideas can be defined as a system of auxiliary notes used by a translator when carrying out various types of translation, primarily oral consecutive translation. In the scientific literature, such a system of translation notation is designated by the terms “translation shorthand” (R.K. Minyar-Belaruchev), “universal translation shorthand” (A.P. Chuzhakin), “translation notation” (I.S. Alekseeva) or “translation semantography" (E.V. Alikina). These terms are often used as synonyms, because they essentially mean the same phenomenon in translation activity. However, the terms are different in their internal form and, accordingly, place semantic emphasis differently. Namely, the term “cursive writing” highlights high tempo carrying out the process of recording information; the term “universal” emphasizes the systemic, supra-individual nature of the basic principles that guide the translator when taking notes; the term “semantography” emphasizes the orientation of the process of recording information by the translator not on the linguistic form of the message, but on its semantic, content side. The term “translation notation”, used, in particular, by I.S. Alekseeva, a specialist translating primarily German and Russian materials, is a synonym for the term “cursive writing,” dating back to its German-language equivalent Notizentechnik. Recognizing the right to exist of each of the above terms, in the future we will operate with the most traditional and widely used term today, translation cursive. History of origin and main stages of development of translation cursive How special system high-speed recording of information in the process of translation, translation cursive writing has today almost a century-old history, which is described in sufficient detail in the linguistic literature, in particular, in the works of I.S. Alekseeva, E.V. Alikina, A.P. Chuzhakina and others. In this

6 6 connections, we find it appropriate to list here only the main milestones in the development of translation cursive writing systems, leaving their more detailed consideration and study for independent study. As the researchers note, at the beginning of the 20th century, the use or non-use of recording in translation was considered a personal matter for each translator. As a consciously and professionally used method of recording information in writing when performing oral translation, translation cursive writing appears in the 30s of the 20th century, which is associated with the work of the League of Nations. At meetings of the League of Nations, speeches were provided in two languages: French and English, and translation did not interrupt the speech, but was carried out immediately after its end. As a result of this organization of meetings, the requirements for the volume of orally translated texts, on the one hand, and for the accuracy of translation, on the other hand, increased. In 1941, a professional school of translators was created at the University of Geneva, whose representatives developed the basic rules for maintaining translation records. The development of this school is associated in the history of translation with the names of J. Erbert and J.-F. Rosana, M. Lederer, D. Seleskovic. Teaching translation cursive during consecutive interpreting has remained the core area of work of this school of translator training to this day. The most famous Russian version of the translation cursive system was proposed by R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev in 1969. In Germany, the development of translation shorthand writing technology is associated primarily with the name of H. Matissek (University of Heidelberg), who also proposed his own comprehensive system of translation notation in the 70s of the 20th century. As the consistent study and comparison of these and some other translation recording systems shows, each subsequent one was a kind of improved version of the previous one. Each subsequent system, on the one hand, was based on the leading principles of the previous one, on the other hand, it proposed new methods and strategies for recording information based on new scientific achievements in the field of linguistics, psychology and information theory. Thus, J. Erbert proposed borrowing signs and symbols for translation cursive writing from other areas of science, and also formulated the following rules for taking notes: start recording from the moment the speech begins;

7 7 carry out a logical analysis of speech by highlighting the main thing, underlining, putting in brackets; use the target language in the recording; use abbreviations, write down multi-digit numbers; cross out when negative. In 1956, J.-F. Rosan, a follower of J. Erbert, illustrated these principles in his book with specific examples, proposed his own symbols to designate individual grammatical categories, in particular, tense and voice of the verb, gender and number of the noun, and also formulated the principle of vertical arrangement of writing on paper. R.K. Mignar-Beloruchev, based on systems of non-linguistic information recording that already existed by that time, developed a functional classification of translation cursive signs, namely, he identified predicative, modal symbols, time symbols, quality symbols, etc. In the 80s in France, a scientist-translator D. Seleskovich described from a psycholinguistic point of view the mnemonic function of the translation record, i.e. the role of recording in the processes of memorization, actualization in consciousness and subsequent reproduction of information during oral translation. A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper. In accordance with his concept, you should first write down the subject group, below it is the predicate group to the right, below it is the direct object, and below it is the indirect object to the right. Homogeneous members of a sentence should be recorded on paper in a column, one below the other in the order in which they appear in speech. E.N. Sladkovskaya put forward the idea of improving the principle of verticalism, proposing to rely on the stepwise diagonal arrangement of symbols on paper not on the syntactic, but on the semantic side of the statement, namely: first, the semantic subject is fixed, under it is the action to the right, below it is the semantic object to the right [the main milestones in the history of translation cursive are given from: Alikina, 2006: 12-18]. Thus, based on the above, we can conclude that the entire history of translation cursive writing from the time of its emergence in the 30s of the 20th century to the present day is characterized by a gradual transition from the use of linguistic means to non-linguistic recording of information, a gradual shift

8 8 emphasis from linguistic form to the level of content and semantic analysis of information. The place of teaching translation cursive in the translator training system, or why is it needed? Why is translation cursive needed? First of all, written recording of information reduces the load on memory and helps to cope with stress caused by high mental and intellectual stress in the process of performing oral consecutive interpreting. The use of translation cursive ensures minimal information loss during full-text translation of a large message presented to the translator orally. In addition, the translation record is a kind of “draft”, on the basis of which the translator can restore all the texts he is translating and prepare for further work within the framework of this event or at other events on this topic with the same or another speaker. Along with the above, translation cursive is also the answer to the traditional question of students: “Where should you keep your hands during the translation process?” Maintaining translation cursive does not allow you to hide your hands in your pockets, gesticulate excessively or cross your arms over your chest (the posture is considered by psychologists as a signal of isolation and unpreparedness for communication). A translator who notates looks more “professional” and feels more confident. The latter is due to the nature of man himself and the basic principles of his perception of information: since ancient times, man, being part of the material world, drew information from it, and recorded it, in turn, on “material” media: in rock paintings, sculpture, books, etc. .d. This is the most natural and familiar way for us to store and perceive information. This is why it is psychologically more comfortable and easier for us to read a book we hold in our hands than text on a screen. Tactile perception always helps us concentrate our attention and therefore relieve stress. This pattern is actively used in preschool and correctional pedagogy and psychology; in this regard, one can recall rosary beads, etc. It should also be noted that a translator who records a speaker’s speech in writing is limited to conducting translation work.

9 9 cursive from extraneous, external, primarily visual, information not related to translation, and it is easier for him to concentrate on the content of the text with which he is working directly at the moment. From the above, it logically follows that training in translation recording today occupies a significant place in the system of professional training of translators in higher education institutions. In each specific university, the time devoted to teaching translation notation is determined by the curriculum for one or more translation disciplines, and teaching cursive writing itself fits organically into the general system of training bachelors/specialists/masters. However, when choosing the time devoted to mastering the skill of translation cursive writing, it is necessary to take into account the following two fundamentally important points: 1. The main prerequisite for successfully mastering the skill of translation cursive writing in the process of translation is developed operational and associative memory. Therefore, learning translation cursive should be preceded by exercises on mnemonics, i.e. on the development of memory and mastery of various strategies and techniques of memorization. A system of such exercises is proposed, in particular, in textbooks on interpretation by I.S. Alekseeva. 2. Systematic training in translation cursive writing should precede training in consecutive translation as a type of translation using recording, on the one hand, and translation practice, where such skills may be required from the student, on the other hand. In other words, the translator training system should be built in such a way that the student, not by himself, by accident, due to external circumstances, but consciously, under the clear guidance and control of the teacher, takes up a pen for the first time to write translation notation. Because in this case, you won’t have to waste time and effort on relearning and overcoming a spontaneously formed “wrong” skill. Thus, the skill of translating cursive writing occupies a significant place in the structure of a translator’s professional competence. Teaching translation cursive writing should be based on the student’s developed memory and thinking and precede training in direct consecutive translation in the translator training system. However, improving the skill of translating cursive writing continues throughout the entire learning process, as well as in further professional translation activities.

10 10 Choosing the type of translation notation Given the presence of a huge number of methodological developments and scientific works devoted to the technique of translation cursive writing, several fundamentally coexist in parallel in translation practice to this day various types records. If we take the language in which the recording is made as a criterion, then, following I.S. Alekseeva, the following three main types of translation cursive writing can be distinguished: 1) recording based on the original language; 2) entry based on the target language; 3) recording information with non-linguistic signs. Each of the above methods has both its positive aspects and its disadvantages. Let's look at them in more detail. 1. When focusing on the original language, the heard text is abbreviated in the same language in which it was presented by the speaker. The advantages of such fixation: speed (if you have the appropriate skill) and absence intellectual tension during the recording process. The main disadvantages of this method: possible loss or distortion of information due to many abbreviations and a large amount of time spent deciphering the text, because in the process of deciphering, it is necessary to read a large volume of text written down quickly and, therefore, often illegible. In addition, when fixing the text in the original language, the translator actually spends twice as much time perceiving the text. It’s paradoxical, but true: in this case, the translator perceives the text as if twice. For the first time, a text is perceived orally as a set of linguistic signs and is predominantly mechanically recoded into written form. The second time, after the end of the sound and immediately before the start of the translation of the text/its fragments, the same text, already in written form, is perceived by the translator as encrypted information, subject to decoding, comprehension and recoding into another language. Of course, such “double” recoding of a text (from oral to written form, and from written to oral form in the target language) is irrational in conditions of time shortage when carrying out consecutive translation. 2. In the case of focusing on the target language when maintaining a translation record, the advantage is the reduction of time for reproducing the text in the target language, because restoring the text,

11 11 the translator no longer wastes time searching for a foreign language equivalent. The main disadvantage is that such a recording ties the translator to an almost word-for-word translation of the text into another language and often does not allow him to reformulate the phrase in accordance with the syntactic norms and usage of the target language. In addition, without listening to the sentence to the end and without comprehending it, the translator cannot always find the equivalent of individual words necessary to convey the meaning in a given context. As a result, when recording information in writing in the target language, the translation text is often more or less a “set of words” with a violation of their semantic or syntactic compatibility. Thus, the two methods of linguistic recording of information indicated above are bad in that the translator, recording information in words, becomes dependent on the linguistic form of the text offered to him. The purpose of translation, on the contrary, is to convey information in a different form, in the form of a different text, formulated in accordance with the norms and usage of a different language of the target language. And any “tracing” or approximation to the linguistic form of the original (even without violating the norms and usage of the target language!) often makes it impossible for a speaker of a different language and culture, thinking within a different categorical system, to correctly decode information. Vivid examples of this are non-equivalent phraseological units, real words that require explanation, intertextual references that are not understandable to a speaker of another culture, etc. In the cases mentioned above, the translator’s task is not literal translation, but, on the contrary, the maximum possible abstraction from the form of the original and the transfer of content by other linguistic (and, possibly, non-linguistic) means. 3. From the above, it logically follows that the translation process, in its form and structure, should be focused, first of all, on the content side of the message. This problem can be solved by recording information through non-linguistic signs, or symbols. The main advantage of this type of information recording is that this recording, unlike recording by linguistic means, does not establish a strict connection between the content of the text and its linguistic form. In addition, fixing information with symbols involuntarily forces the translator to focus his attention on the content of the original text already at the stage of perception, which significantly saves the time of decoding the meaning at the stage of transcoding the message into another language. First action

12 12 the translator, when fixed by symbols, becomes a semantic analysis, which ensures minimal information losses. It should also be noted that symbols, on the one hand, are more economical, i.e. they are much faster to record; on the other hand, they are more visual, because actualize encoded information in the mind just by looking at them. Along with the above, this method of recording information is effective means overcoming interlingual interference in the process of translation. The experience of teaching a practical course in translation of the 1st foreign language at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages and Translation of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics allowed the author to identify the following pattern: as soon as students master translation cursive writing, their oral translations using cursive writing become significantly less errors caused by interference between two different language systems. For example, these are cases when the translation mistakenly preserves the order of the words of the original, which is not typical for the target language, or chooses the same grammatical form as in the original, which is not typical for the target language: gender, case, etc. However, in written and oral translations without recording, the number of such errors does not decrease. These observations were confirmed by the results of a fairly long pedagogical experiment, during which the same texts were given to different groups of students for translation. One of the groups was asked to translate the text using translation cursive, the other sequentially without writing, from sight or in writing. The results were recorded. By analyzing the resulting translations, it turned out that in the case of using cursive writing, students had fewer errors caused by interference, not only at the grammatical, but also at the lexical level, primarily in the compatibility of words, as well as in pronunciation. This gives us reason to assume that when translating without cursive, the language form of the original text remaining in the RAM, to which the translator constantly mentally returns, provokes interference, not allowing thinking to completely “switch” to the target language. In the case of using translation cursive, the process of speech generation occurs in a fundamentally different way. When answering the question: “What should I say?”, the translator does not mentally return to the linguistic form of the original, because information is recorded through non-linguistic signs, symbols, drawings of ancient forms of information encoding, which were used in rock art. The translator's task in

13 13 in this case, only verbalize this information. Consequently, thinking completely “switches” to the target language. The number of errors caused by interference is significantly reduced. All of the above indicates that it is advisable to teach translation cursive with a focus on the system of recording information with non-linguistic symbols. At the same time, it must be emphasized that the choice of a non-linguistic recording system by both the teacher and students must be conscious. To do this, it seems logical to have practical acquaintance with other options for maintaining notation, including the described methods of recording information in the original language and the target language. It is recommended to discuss the advantages and disadvantages different types recording information in pairs or groups, putting forward your hypotheses and justifying them. As an impetus for further thought and visual evidence in favor of non-linguistic recording of information, the following experiment can be conducted. Students are asked to sequentially translate several texts using different methods of recording information, record their oral translations on tape, or electronic media. Then the recording is listened to in a group, the mistakes made are collectively analyzed and the time spent on translation is compared. Methodology for developing an individual system of symbols for translation cursive writing In practice, translation cursive writing is a system symbols, which is gradually developed and improved by the translator himself, both in the learning process and in the implementation of real translation activities. It should be emphasized that even at the initial stages of training, the signs of translation notation are not imposed on the translator, because each person has his own characteristics of associative memory, his own logic of thinking, his own figurative ideas about certain phenomena. The symbols of translation notation may, at first glance, even be strange. For example, one of the students designated oil with the sign O (an image of a frying pan), because she associated oil with oil spreading over a frying pan (German: Rohöl). And the image of a spring (Fig. 1) meant two fundamentally different concepts for two students. For one of the students, the symbol meant “telephone” (based on the type of telephone wire), for another, “cattle breeding” (a pig’s tail).

14 14 Fig. 1. Spring In this regard, we recommend giving free rein to your imagination. The main thing is that the symbolic notation is understandable to the translator himself. Apart from him, no one needs these notes, and the translator himself refers to them, with rare exceptions, only twice: the first time in the process of recording information, the second time in the process of deciphering it. Along with the countless potential individual and unique signs of translation cursive, there are also a number of generally accepted, fairly successful symbols that denote the most common concepts. Thus, arrows are widely used as verb symbols (see Table 1). Table 1. Use of arrows in translation cursive to leave, fly away, send, make a money transfer, give, send, etc. come, receive, accept, attract, approach, go back, etc. improve, increase, increase, strengthen, develop, etc. decrease, decrease, deteriorate, shrink, lose, subside, fall, etc. gradually increase, grow slowly, go up gradually decrease, slowly decrease take off, rise sharply, significantly increase fall, sharply decrease, unexpectedly decrease

15 15 Continuation of the table. 1 collide, approach, enter into confrontation influence, influence control, supervise, check exert pressure win lose lag overtake, get ahead replace, exchange something return, react Along with arrows, mathematical signs and punctuation marks are widely used in translation cursive (see. Table 2 and Table 3, respectively). Table 2. Use of mathematical signs in translation cursive = to be, to appear, to represent< меньше >more + more, moreover, in addition to the above, add, positive

16 16 Table continued. 2 (start, open an event, start) end, come to an end sum, total quantity combine, in total parallel, simultaneously approximately, about, approximately t time / temperature S V area volume consider Table 3. Use of punctuation marks in translation cursive say, express your opinion, make a toast! pay attention, focus on something? to puzzle, to cause difficulty, to create a problem to be the basis, to be based on something You can substantive verbal signs, in particular the signs presented in tables 1 and 3, by circling them. For example, a question mark in a circle will indicate a task, question, complexity, problem. Quotes circled speech, speech, toast, address, congratulation, report, lecture, newspaper, note, article, etc. depending on the context. It is also proposed to record time in translation notation using symbols. The most frequent and successful, in our opinion, symbols of time, proposed in various manuals, as well as those invented by the students themselves, are presented in Table. 4. Table 4. Time designation in translation cursive morning ( rising Sun) day (sun at zenith)

17 17 Table continued. 4 evening (a ray of sun behind the horizon) night (crescent) winter (snowflake) spring summer autumn (raindrop) now, today, currently 3 hours later 8 days ago It is recommended to write down the days of the week with the corresponding numbers circled. So, Monday will be indicated by the number “1” in a circle, Thursday by the number “4” in a circle, etc. Dates are also written only in numbers, with the year being shortened if the date is not more than 50 years away from the moment of speech. For example, January 15, 2008; March 26, 1994, etc., May 20, but April 14 The most common symbols used in translation in economic, as well as political sphere, are presented in table. 5. Table 5. The most common symbols used in translation in the field of economics and politics planet, world, on a global scale (globe with an axis)

18 18 Continuation of table. 5 country, city, federal land, republic, state, continent, village (any territory, area) Motherland, Fatherland district, federal land, district, region (part of the territory) 1. international, international (i.e. covering several territories) ; 2. mail export, export from the country, access to foreign markets, import, import, purchase, etc. developing countries energy, electricity, power plant, power supply, stress employer (from English work to work) performer negotiations, meeting (round table) official negotiations, summit meeting (table and flag on it) loan, raising capital (bag of money)

19 19 Table continued. 5 payment of debts, payment of taxes income, profit, profit growth losses, costs, waste tense time, deficit, financial crisis alliance, fusion, merger of enterprises, cooperation, conclusion of an agreement (two rings as a symbol of marriage) head of state, president, mayor, chief, chief physician, leader, deputy, chief, teacher, manager, mentor, scientific supervisor, tour guide, conductor, etc. (head, i.e. head, head of an organization) Supervisory Board, members of the administration, Pedagogical Council, etc. (“top”, consisting of several people) war, quarrel, dispute, conflict, disagreement (crossed swords) law, document, code, normative act woman

20 20 child End of table. 5 work (hammer) aviation, airplane water transport, boat, ship railway transport (rails and sleepers) agriculture environmental protection (flower under a hood) chemical industry(bulb) research, high technology (magnifying glass) terrorism, threat (man with a belt) cemetery, mortal, mourning (cross) victim (lying man)

21 21 In addition to lexical meanings, various translation cursive systems offer to record conventional signs a range of grammatical meanings. See table for examples. 6. Table 6. Methods of fixing grammatical meanings in translation cursive: subjunctive mood and other modal meanings (possibility, probability, doubt, etc.)? interrogative sentence _ negation (affirmative category) (crossing out) Big 2 Big 3 comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs, as well as plural nouns superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs future tense past tense However, as practice shows, symbols fixing grammatical meanings are quite rare usable. This is explained by the phenomenon of linguistic redundancy. For example, if the text indicates the date of the event, then information about the tense form of each individual verb turns out to be redundant. Moreover, the tense forms of the verb do not always reflect the real time of occurrence of the events described. The grammatical form of the present tense in many languages can be used to express both future and past tense, for example: “The train leaves in 15 minutes,” “She was walking, walking, and suddenly she sees: there is a tower at the edge of the forest,” etc. It should also be noted that tense systems in the grammar of different languages often do not fundamentally coincide. In this regard, the same meaning is expressed, for example, in one language by grammatical means, and in another by lexical means. Suffice it to recall the so-called “pre-past” tenses in German and English Plusquamperfekt and Past Perfect, respectively. Due to the presence of these tense forms, the meaning of precedence

22 22 one action to another in German and English will be expressed at the grammatical level. And in the Russian language, the explication of this meaning is often carried out by introducing additional lexical units into the text (“before”, “before this”, “previously”, etc.) or through a complete syntactic transformation of the sentence, first of all, the introduction of participial and participial phrases . Consequently, speaking about the so-called “grammatical” signs of translation cursive, it should be noted that what is important here is not so much the grammatical form itself, but the content side, the meaning, which needs to be recorded. Otherwise, translation shorthand may become a kind of “ciphering” of grammatical forms and relationships in the text, which will begin to “tie” the translator to the language form of the original, making it difficult to express the received information in the target language in accordance with its other grammatical norms. From the above examples it is clear that the non-linguistic signs of translation cursive represent a kind of metalanguage. Moreover, the signs of this metalanguage, on the one hand, allow one to abstract from the linguistic form of the text and capture only the content side of the message. On the other hand, translation cursive signs have much in common with linguistic signs. In particular, these are polysemy, synonymy, motivation, as well as the possibility of their transformation and combination to express new meanings. In this regard, let us recall the use of the image of a square (“area”, “country”, “territory”, etc.) and examples of the possible transformation of this image to denote other concepts (see Table 5). At the same time, we emphasize that the ambiguity and synonymy of the characters of translation cursive writing are not its disadvantage, because oral translation is always carried out within a certain thematic area, and it will not be difficult for the translator to remember from the situation who is designated as the “head”: the president of the country, the head of the company, the chief physician hospital or school principal. It should also be noted that the individual symbol system of translation cursive is always potentially open; it is replenished in the process of translation practice. Therefore, from a methodological point of view, the most important thing in the learning process is not to learn the maximum number of ready-made signs, but to master mental strategies that allow you to quickly come up with signs for new concepts, including transforming and combining already known ones.

23 23 Arrangement of the translation record on paper The most convenient in modern methods of teaching translation is considered to be a stepped-diagonal arrangement of the record on paper. Each semantic structure is recorded from top to bottom, left to right. As a rule, the semantic subject is fixed first, the action is lower to the right, the semantic object is below it even further to the right, and even lower, again with a shift to the right, all the circumstances (see Fig. 2). Subject Action Object Circumstances Fig. 2. Stepped-diagonal arrangement of writing on paper This recording scheme is proposed in most modern textbooks on translation cursive writing. However, it should be noted that not every proposal can or should be presented on paper in the proposed form. For example, it would be more logical to record the sentence “It was snowing” with a snowflake, and the sentence “Everyone was very happy” with an emoticon in a square: 2. Consequently, the scheme proposed above should not be absolute; it should be considered only as one of the possible options for recording semantically complex fragments of a message, which is not universal, but has its advantages. The advantages of such a stepped-diagonal arrangement of writing on paper are that each individual semantic unit (often coinciding with a sentence) begins “on a new line” and is divided into several semantic parts. The proposed spatial composition of the recording makes the presentation of a complex semantic unit more visual and logical. In addition, in the case of step-diagonal writing when moving to a new line, the time for moving the hand is more rationally and evenly distributed, namely, there is no need to move the hand from one edge of the paper to the other after each line. The trajectory of hand movement in the case of traditional recording and stepwise diagonal recording of information is shown in Fig. 3 and fig. 4, respectively.

24 24 Fig. 3. Trajectory of hand movement when recording traditional way Rice. 4. Trajectory of hand movement during step-diagonal fixation of information Separately, it is necessary to say about translators who write with their left hand. In this case, the inclination of the letters and the text itself naturally turns out in the opposite direction, and the time it takes to move the hand from one edge of the sheet to the other with a step-diagonal

25 25 location of the record does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. The trajectory of hand movement in the case of recording with the left hand is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5. Trajectory of hand movement in the case of recording with the left hand. In this situation, it is logical to try to hold the sheet horizontally and write in narrower columns. The sheet can be divided in advance into 3 equal parts by vertical lines (see Fig. 6). Rice. 6. Optimal placement of signs when taking notes with the left hand

26 26 Traditional paper format when conducting translation cursive during negotiations and official meetings when working at an A4 table. When working while standing, for example, when translating reports at conferences, a notepad is used. It is most convenient to use lined notebooks with a hard cover and a vertical layout of the sheet, because They can be held either on your lap or in your hand. A notebook on a spiral is preferable to one on a paper clip or hot glue, because... it does not close “on its own” and does not fall apart into leaves when flipped multiple times, allowing you to easily and quickly turn pages. Both in a notebook and on A4 sheets, writing is done only on one side of the sheet. It is not recommended to turn the notebook/sheets over while writing. The written sheet is simply turned over/put aside with the text facing down and the entry is made on the next sheet. The finished notebook/stack of paper is turned over, and the recording is made on the reverse side of the sheets in accordance with the same logic. For convenience and confidence, you can number the sheets/pages in advance. Another significant point: at the initial stage of learning cursive, each translator needs to find the optimal character size for him. On the one hand, the notes should not be very small so that they are easy to see at arm's length and in a dimly lit room. On the other hand, translation cursive signs should not be too large, because the greater the total length of the line drawn with a pen, the more time such recording of information takes. In addition, the larger the entry, the more often you will have to turn the pages of the notebook or rearrange the sheets, which also requires additional time and attention. It is advisable to teach translation cursive in conditions that are as close as possible to real ones. Namely, you need to learn how to record both while sitting at a table and standing. A student translator should always have a good writing, comfortable and presentable pen at the ready, as well as a spare pen, because, as practice shows, a student translator’s pen stops writing or begins to leak at the most inopportune moment. It is necessary to learn to begin the notation simultaneously with the beginning of the text and end it immediately after the end of the speaker’s speech. It is not recommended to write notation with a pencil or felt-tip pen, because... in this case, the friction force of the lead/felt rod on the paper is significantly greater, and, consequently, writing takes more time, and the hand gets tired faster.

27 27 Translation difficulties that cannot be resolved by non-linguistic recording of information, and ways to overcome them Despite all the above-mentioned advantages of the system of recording information with signs-symbols when carrying out consecutive translation, such recording cannot be made absolute. Experience shows that in real translation practice it is often advisable and even necessary to combine linguistic and non-linguistic signs. Thus, it is recommended to record in words all proper names (surnames, names of organizations, countries, cities, rivers, etc.). Moreover, proper names are written without any abbreviations, since it is very difficult to remember them using their initial letters under conditions of stress and time pressure. For example, Iv. Ivanov, Ivanovsky, Ivashin or Ivanchenko; Al. Alexander or Alexey, etc. And distortion of proper names by the translator is unacceptable. It seems logical to use letters to also include generally accepted abbreviations (USA, UK, Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc.). It is also worth paying attention to the fact that in the text to be translated there are often concepts that, for one reason or another, in a situation of time shortage, are difficult to denote with a symbol, for example, terms. In this case, their abbreviated fixation in letters is also acceptable. The most well-known and frequently used methods of abbreviated writing of words in letters when maintaining translation records are the following: fixing the initial letters of the word (for example, abbreviated abbreviation; it can be m.b.); fixing the initial and final letters (which one); writing a word using only consonants. The latter method is considered today in many textbooks as one of the most productive. From a theoretical point of view, this is indeed justified, because, as is known, consonants in a language primarily carry a semantic, semantic load, and vowels carry a grammatical load (it is enough to compare the words of different languages: Russian cat, English cat, German Katze). In this regard, let us also recall the internal inflection in German and English: mouse mice, foot feet; ablaut in German gehen ging, sehen sah, etc. However, practice shows that at the stage of deciphering information, if words are fixed with consonant letters, difficulties often arise and the pace of reading the text slows down. This is due to the fact that reading is based (with the exception of children who only

28 28 learn to read) lies not in composing a word from letters, but in the general “recognition” of the image of a word when looking at it. This is why we often do not notice letters mixed up in the middle of a word during typing, the so-called “misspellings”. Consequently, a text recorded only by consonants cannot be read in the usual way. It can be deciphered by "picking" suitable vowels, which is often a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. This is especially pronounced if the vowel was in a strong position at the beginning of the word, for example, in the words pchtk typo, nfrmt information, etc. Thus, the method of shortening words by recording only consonant letters on paper is not perfect in conditions of time shortage when performing consecutive interpretation. The next difficulty that cannot be overcome through non-linguistic recording of information is the frequent discrepancy in the original language and the target language of individual concepts denoted by non-linguistic symbols. For example, in Russian and German the concepts denoting times of day or seasons do not coincide. Thus, when we hear the German word “Winter,” we designate it as a snowflake, associating it with December, January and February. In Germany, winter begins according to the lunar calendar between December 21 and 23 and ends between March 21 and 23 (and there may not be any snow there at all). In other words, it is necessary to clearly understand that the signs of translation notation are signs developed primarily on the basis of our own picture of the world and allow us to abstract from the linguistic form of the message, but not from the specifics of conceptual systems and pictures of the world of different cultural and linguistic communities. Another difficulty when maintaining translation cursive is numerals, which is especially important for translators in the field of economics. At first glance, it seems that recording numerals is more than simple. In fact, “large numbers” pose a particular difficulty for a translator, because a linguist, not being a mathematician or an economist, often perceives a numeral not as a concept, but rather as a kind of linguistic form. And the system of linguistic designations for numbers in different languages is often fundamentally different. As an example, let’s compare the notation systems in Russian and German “ large numbers", or numbers of large orders, as they are scientifically called (see Table 7). Upon careful study of this table, the logic is obvious.

29 29 Table 7. Comparison of linguistic designations for numbers of large orders in the Russian and German languages Number Designation in Russian Designation in German =10 3 Thousand Tausend = 10 6 Million Million = 10 9 Billion, Billion Milliarde = Trillion Billion = Quadrillion Billiarde Quintilion Trillion = = Sextillion Trilliarde A modern method of teaching translation cursive offers various ways fixing such numbers. Thus, the number “twenty-five million” can be written down in full, but it is necessary to put dots after every three digits, otherwise there is a risk of getting lost in zeros. The number can be fixed in the same way as or 25 (each apostrophe corresponds to three zeros). Accordingly, when mastering translation cursive writing, it is necessary to pay attention to this kind of complexity, to understand the systems of linguistic notations for numbers of large orders in the native and foreign languages. Experience shows that translation errors associated with the translation of numerals are often associated precisely with ignorance of these systems. Fixing two-digit numbers is also often difficult for students, because, for example, in German such numbers are read (and, if it seems convenient to you, written!) “in reverse order” (83 = dreiundachtzig, i.e. “three and eighty "). The most reliable way to prevent errors in the translation of numerals is to perform exercises aimed at developing the corresponding skill. A system of exercises aimed at teaching translation cursive writing Based on all of the above, we can conclude that translation cursive writing helps the translator and makes his work easier

30 30 only when it is brought to automaticity. Otherwise, maintaining translation cursive writing can only complicate the translation process. In other words, translation cursive writing should be considered not as an elementary, easy-to-use auxiliary tool used in oral consecutive translation, but as a special skill, the formation of which requires certain theoretical preparation and practical training. At the initial stage, such training, as in the formation of any other skill, is implemented in a system of exercises. The exercises proposed below are aimed at developing the skills of maintaining and decoding a translation record. The exercises are systematized according to their target orientation and arranged in accordance with the general didactic principle “from simple to complex.” The first group of exercises is aimed at developing the ability to use well-known and generally accepted modern culture signs and abbreviations in translation cursive. The exercises also help broaden one’s general cultural horizons and develop the ability to independently work with modern sources of information, a skill that is one of the basic components of a translator’s professional competence. At the discretion of the teacher, exercises can be performed in the form frontal poll, in pairs, groups; It is possible to restore recorded information both in the original language and in the target language. Exercise 1.1. Learn for yourself the common symbols used to represent minerals. Record and restore the proposed sequence of semantic units at a natural pace. Oil, natural gas, iron ores, salt, dolomite, gypsum, limestone, marble, quartz sands, clay, chromite ores, aluminum ores, copper ores, sulfur pyrites, table salt, agate. Exercise 1.2. Learn the common notations yourself chemical elements periodic table DI. Mendeleev. Record and restore the proposed sequence of semantic units at a natural pace.

31 31 Hydrogen, carbon, sodium, magnesium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, oxygen, helium, chlorine, potassium, lithium, calcium, silver, tin, iodine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, xenon, tungsten, platinum, gold, mercury, boron, arsenic, nitrogen, fluorine, copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, uranium. Exercise 1.3. Learn for yourself the common symbols used to represent basic terms in astronomy and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Record and restore the proposed sequence of semantic units at a natural pace. Sun, Moon, Venus, Mars, star, Universe, planet, Milky Way, Aquarius, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn. Exercise 1.4. Study the generally accepted designations of car brands yourself. Record and restore the proposed sequence at a natural pace. Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Bugatti, Cadillac, Chery, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Citroen, Dacia, Daewoo, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hummer, Hyundai, Infiniti, Jaguar, Jeep, Kia, Lada, Lancia, Land Rover, Lexus, Mazda, McLaren, Mercury, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Renault, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Skoda, Smart, Subaru, Suzuki, Tatra, Tianma, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo, VAZ, GAZ, ZAZ. Exercise 1.5. Learn on your own the common abbreviations used to refer to countries around the world. Record and restore the proposed sequence of countries at a natural pace in the original/translated language. Japan, Israel, Australia, Vietnam, Denmark, Egypt, China, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Turkey, Switzerland, Thailand, Sweden, Ukraine, USA, Netherlands, Monaco, Iran, Iraq, Canada, Germany, UK, Albania. Exercise 1.6. Learn on your own the common abbreviations used to denote the world's languages. Record and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of languages of the world. Swedish, Czech, Polish, Portuguese, German, Chinese, Hebrew, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Danish,

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I promised to talk about cursive writing in one of my posts. I keep my promise.

So, what is translation cursive writing (or notes in consecutive translation)?

This is the most effective auxiliary means memory translator. It is effective because it stimulates memorization by activating mental processes at the time of writing. It is also effective because it preserves reference points for memory at the time of reproduction of the original text.

The question is usually asked, what is translation shorthand for if shorthand has already been invented?

The answer to this question is well formulated by Henri van Hoof in his book “Theory and Practice of Interpretation”: “A word-for-word recording would naturally entail word-for-word reproduction, i.e., a rejection of the basic principles of translation. This is why we do not accept shorthand. Being a word-based notation system, it would prevent the translator from focusing on the main ideas being developed in the speech and hence from producing a satisfactory translation.” Let us add to this that the shorthand recording of each word hides a thought, which is expressed not by the sequence of words in general, but by the sequence of meanings of “selected” ones, key to the meaning of the words. And finding such key words in a shorthand recording is a painstaking job that requires analysis of what is written down, which there is no time for in consecutive translation.

Neither the notes, which diligent students sometimes take, nor the minutes are suitable for translation cursive writing -
the work of bureaucrats. A note or protocol records the main content of what was said, and the translator has no right to part with phrases that he does not like. He is obliged to record all the information intended for transmission and create economical memory reference points for himself. This requirement gave rise to their own recording systems among the leading parliamentary translators of the 20s and 30s. Moreover, many consecutive interpreting aces argued that notes are an individual matter, and each translator must invent for himself certain rules, signs and symbols of cursive writing. This continued until 1959, when a small book by Jean-François Rosan was published, in which he tried to summarize everything that the best
European translators invented things to ease their lot in the process of consecutive translation. And by this time the following had been invented:

— you should write down not words, but thoughts;
- if this turns out to be unavoidable, words will have to be written down in abbreviation;
— in recordings you need to show the connection between written words or symbols;
- it is most convenient to show negation by crossing out what is written down;
— to qualitatively characterize the recorded reference points, use various types of underlining;
— records should be placed vertically;
- vertical arrangement of records should be combined with their
gradation.

J.-F. hastened to document these techniques. Rosan. The author of the first book on translation cursive treats symbols that appear in notes with great restraint and advises not to abuse them. To my students
he suggests memorizing just ten characters. Examples of entries in the book by J.-F. Rozan is given in English, but in practice he advises making notes in the language in which the translation is being carried out.

As for the techniques and exercises for mastering translation cursive writing, they are described in detail in the book by R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev “Manual on interpreting (recordings in consecutive translation)” 1969, according to which most students studied and study at the translation faculties of our country. I’ll repeat it here again basic principles and techniques:

1)Refusal to record vowels in the middle of a word and a double consonant, it shortens the letter form by 38-40%. Words written without vowels are easy to read, especially in a known context, as is the case in consecutive translation. Here is an example of such an entry: prmshlnst and slsk. hzstvo ndvplnli plan prv. plgdia.

2) There is an even more effective technique - writing down semantic supports not in letters, but using symbols. What is a symbol? A symbol in a recording system acts as a carrier of a feature inherent in a group of concepts that are close to each other. So, if we take ordinary quotation marks “, then in a written text they are intended to denote direct speech. Therefore, quotation marks can be used to indicate a large number of words related to speech, such as, for example, speech, speech, toast, report, orator, conversation, newspaper, magazine, book, speak, write, converse, etc. In cases where the translator has control of the situation, i.e., understands well what the speaker he must translate is talking about, the use of quotation marks to replace any of the words listed, as well as some other words, is completely justified.

3) The symbols are chosen by the translator himself and more often than not he simply chooses, but invents them depending on his vision of certain concepts. So, some designate everything connected with war, the army through the image of a gun, others - through fireworks, others - through crossed swords drawn in the form of a printed letter “X”. This is why symbols are not imposed during the learning process.

And finally exercise

R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev suggests, for example, this method of training to master translation speed:

Select interesting story, a message in a newspaper, consisting of several hundred words, and try to record it on paper without words, that is, with the help of drawings, conventional signs, symbols, or, in other words, with the help of your subjective visual code. Invent, imagine, but do not resort to words. At the first stage, work with texts in your native language, later move on to foreign texts. Soon you will notice that it will become increasingly easier for you to highlight the main thing in the text and remember it based on your figurative memory.

P.S. When I mastered cursive writing as a student, I used similar techniques when taking down lectures and notes. So I remembered: when the notes were borrowed from me, my classmates had to decipher what was written. True, then they got used to it :).

Translation shorthand - a useful tool for consecutive interpreting or an unnecessary whim?

Translation cursive is a system for accelerated recording of a speaker’s speech using various abbreviations, symbols, etc., previously developed by the translator. to make it easier for the translator to subsequently reproduce all this in the target language.

Translation cursive in within known limits useful for regular consecutive translation of large passages of text when there is no way to stop the speaker.

Personally, my attitude towards translation cursive is quite skeptical.

Translation cursive writing is in demand only during diplomatic translation and any other protocol translation "to the public". But it's so narrow niche: at most a few dozen translators out of a group of thousands of those who have to engage in oral consecutive translation. Therefore, you should not artificially “inflate your worth” and learn something that is unlikely to be useful. in real translation activities.

Of course, if you are young and just learning to translate, you have a good physical form and an excellent memory, then you can try to master translation cursive purely out of sporting interest. When you finish your studies and start working as a translator, you will no longer have time for these exercises.

Of course, cursive writing is not as “dark” as shorthand: Even the most experienced stenographer is known to require a lot of time and mental effort to transcribe a transcript. A translator in combat conditions does not have this time. In this sense, various translation notation systems are something between an accelerated verbal recording of a spoken text and shorthand.

But disadvantages and pitfalls Translation cursive writing turns out to have so much to offer that it is not so easy to effectively take advantage of the benefits it promises to an interpreter.

Let's start with the fact that the known translation cursive systems provide the translator with only a certain initial set of abbreviations and icons. And then, having understood the principle, the translator must already develop your own cursive writing system, based on your individual needs and preferences. Moreover, not only to produce, but also constantly maintain and improve.

However, even mastering this initial gentleman's set takes time and intense effort. Some sources say that with daily intensive practice, the cursive writing system can be mastered in literally 10-12 days. But in the same way, in all kinds of courses we are promised that thanks to another unique technique, everyone will be able to learn any foreign language in a few weeks or a month. And as a result, even after finishing Inyaz, we learn this very language for the rest of our lives.

In any type of activity, it is important to clearly define priorities. And I must say that mastering translation cursive writing cannot in any way be considered a priority task and skill in the training of future translators.

If you translate by word of mouth and have difficulty understanding the meaning of a foreign text, then it is too early for you to think about translation cursive. Translation cursive writing can be done when you have already mastered all the other elements of the translation process, the translation itself flows out of you as if written, and you have the courage to show off something else.

Existing cursive systems in terms of vocabulary are focused mainly on general socio-political or military texts. They were developed at a time when the topics of translated international meetings and negotiations were not as diverse and rich in terms and shades of meaning as in recent years. "Delegation", "visit". “speaker”, “said”, “greeted”, “thanked”, “condemned”, “party”, “fight for peace”. "disarmament", "missiles", etc.

Today, not only has the thematic complexity and terminological richness of activities carried out through translation, but also grew the intensity of the translation process itself and the requirements for its quality.

Accordingly, the more the topic of real translation differs from the one for which you have developed your conventional symbols and abbreviations, the lower the effectiveness of using translation cursive writing techniques will be - even if you know them. If today you are translating construction, tomorrow medicine, and the day after tomorrow banking or stock exchange topics, then only deep knowledge of the subject and terminology, good physical shape, maximum concentration and RAM MEMORY can save you.

Yes, and you shouldn’t “pamper” speakers with the fact that the translator is ready to translate their half-hour passages from memory. With or without cursive writing, this is always a colossal burden on the translator. Translation of such extremely large chunks of text should be the exception rather than the rule, and should generally be limited to those cases where the translator has pre-translated text of the speech or at least original text in paper form. Then the translator will be able translate at sight. And what is most important is the accuracy and efficiency of such sight translation will in almost all cases be an order of magnitude higher than translation accuracy using cursive writing. And accordingly, the likelihood of translation errors, blunders and omissions will be lower.

Cursive writing, like shorthand, was widely used at a time when there were not so many different technical means and gadgets. And in our multimedia age, this is already a kind of anachronism: it’s the same as continuing to use pagers when there are Cell Phones and text messages.

Make sure there are microphones are placed correctly and drained sound- and no cursive writing is required! There is no need to complicate anything! After all, the further the start of translation is in time from the moment of utterance of the original text, the higher the risk of translation defects.

Not to mention the fact that In real translation conditions, it is not always possible to take notes while listening to a speaker.. It is most convenient for an interpreter to take notes when he is sitting at the table and can clearly hear the speaker. But in any case, then he still needs to quickly sort out his scribbles under stress, a lot of external interference and not always ideal lighting.

How and who translates presidents and prime ministers today and whether they use cursive or some other techniques is a topic beyond my competence.

Translation cursive writing appeared in the West in the 1930s in connection with the work of the League of Nations, at whose meetings speeches were made in two languages: French and English, and the speeches of speakers were not interrupted by translation, but alternated with it. This provision put forward the requirement for accurate and complete translation of a long segment of speech (up to 40 minutes), which created the need to concisely record incoming information, and then develop the meaning based on the recording.

The first theoretical principles related to translation cursive writing were set out in the works of J. Erbert, a representative of the Geneva School of Translators. In 1952, he published a “Textbook of Interpretation” (Herbert J., 1952), in which he described several principles and methods of recording, as well as universal signs and symbols borrowed from various sciences. In 1956 in Geneva, J.-F. Rozan, a follower and colleague of J. Erbert, published a separate book dedicated to recording, in which he systematized and illustrated the basic principles of recording information in English and French (Rozan J.F., 1956).

In our country, the system of translation cursive writing was outlined in 1969 by R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, who, based on the Russian language, formulated in detail the principles of abbreviated letter writing and its vertical arrangement, proposed his own classification of symbols (Minyar-Beloruchev R.K., 1969) . A significant milestone in the development of the cursive writing system are the works of A.P. Chuzhakin, who proposed the use of a stepped-diagonal recording arrangement, and also developed many practical techniques for maintaining it (Chuzhakin A.P., 2002). Of particular value are the scientific works of E.V. Alikina. She systematized foreign and domestic experience in taking notes during oral translation, developed the principles of a communicative system of translation semantography (Alikina E.V., 2006).

In the scientific literature there are various terms denoting the professional notes of a translator. Among them are “translation recording” (E.N. Sladkovskaya, S.A. Burlyai), “short recording” (V.N. Komissarov), “recording system” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, N.A. Kraevskaya ), “cursive writing” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, E.V. Tsygankova), “universal translation cursive writing” (A.P. Chuzhakin), “translation notation” (I.S. Alekseeva), “translation semantography” (E.V. Alikina). In the English language, there is a unity of terminology: “brief note taking”.

It should be noted that the interpretations given by different authors to the concept of a translation record are similar. All of them involve the translator recording information in the process of listening to a statement in the source language in order to relieve the burden on RAM, accompanied by the concentration of the necessary psycho-cognitive mechanisms. In this manual we will use the term “translation cursive writing”, focusing on fast technology recording necessary for high-level interpretation. It is obvious that the speed of writing depends on several factors: the rate of speech of the speaker, the level of development of skills in decoding and encoding incoming information while simultaneously perceiving a new message, etc.

PS should be distinguished from others fast species recordings of audibly perceived messages: notes, protocols and transcripts. The notes and protocol do not record every phrase spoken and not even every thought of the speaker, but the main, most significant things are recorded. The translator has no right to divide other people's thoughts into main/non-main: it is necessary to reproduce everything said, even convey emotional shades. However, he may not write down some points if he is able to retain them in memory, use concise formulations to speed up the recording and simplify the translation based on it. Shorthand is based on accurately recording spoken words. In the process of shorthand, it is impossible to correct a written text if the speaker made a mistake, rearranged a phrase or changed its meaning during the speech. This is a verbatim recording that takes a long time to decipher and is therefore not suitable for translation.

Along with this, notes and PS have much in common, since they are analytical-synthetic processes of mental processing and written recording of the audited text. Among the basic skills of note-taking are high-speed recording, rapid transformation of phrases, collapsing previously known information, highlighting the main idea, using abbreviations, abbreviations, symbols (Pavlova V.P., 1989). The same skills are important in PS. Therefore, the developed note-taking techniques can be successfully transferred to PS practice and, conversely, new PS techniques can be used when keeping personal notes.

Thus, only a cursive writing system based on recording thoughts, not words, is suitable for consecutive translation, which is effective only when immediately reproducing (translating) the received text. However, the PS can only be called a “system” conditionally, because this is a set of rules and recommendations summarizing the experience of practicing translators. PS is always individual in nature and is determined by the thinking, memory, knowledge, experience and many other characteristics of each individual translator. Therefore, the questions of when, what, with what and in what language to write down are all decided independently, choosing the most convenient option depending on the situation.

It is recommended to start recording at the same time as the speech begins, but you can listen to a short fragment to get the idea of the statement. As soon as the speaker pauses to interpret, the interpreter must stop recording and begin interpreting. You should record the first phrases in more detail, and then, when much is already known, write down only new information.

Let us also dwell on the conditions of recording in order to rationally use all means in the process of interpretation. If the translator works sitting at a table, he can use separate A4 sheets. It is recommended to place the paper horizontally, having previously divided it into three columns: this allows you to rationally place messages and quickly find the desired fragment without flipping pages. It is advisable to number them before work; you can also record the start time of the speaker. You should write on one side of the sheet, but if you run out of paper, you can turn all the pages over and write on the back. When the translator stands in front of the audience, an A5 notebook is suitable, preferably lined or checkered, but always with a hard cover, since it is more convenient to hold it in weight. It is preferable to use a spiral notebook, which allows you to quickly turn pages. A hard-soft pencil (preferably with an eraser at the end) or a light pen is suitable for this work. It is necessary to provide a spare handle that can be hung around your neck or attached to the lapel of your jacket.

Of course, each translator chooses the most convenient recording methods, which include the PS language. You can record in the source language, the target language, or a combination of them. However, given that PS is aimed at capturing thoughts, not words, it is more convenient to write in the language in which the thinking process occurs during PS.

Thus, with the help of PS, it is necessary to write down the most important thing, omitting “empty words” that do not affect the transmission of thought, and be sure to reflect the logical coherence (cohesion) of the text, its modality and precision information.

To develop PS skills, it is necessary to master the basic techniques of concise written recording of incoming information: alphabetic and numerical abbreviations, symbolization, speech compression and the principles of verticalism, semantic analysis of the text, syntactic development, drawing up a program for future translation already during recording. In other words, in order to quickly record incoming information, you need to develop translation thinking. In the following sections, the techniques and principles of PS will be discussed in detail, recording algorithms will be given, and bilingual exercises will be proposed to develop knowledge, skills and abilities.

2. Translation cursive writing techniques

2.1. SHORTENED LETTER NOTE
The abbreviated letter notation is based on the fact that in many languages, consonants are more important than vowels for word recognition. Consonantal writing allows you to reduce the amount of text by 30–40%, but it can still be read by anyone. As a rule, the translator himself develops a convenient and understandable manner of abbreviating words and concepts. Summarizing the experience of specialists in the field of PS (E.V. Alikina, K.R. Minyar-Beloruchev, E.V. Terekhova, A.P. Chuzhakin), we can give the following recommendations for maintaining abbreviated letter records:

Write the word primarily using consonants, reducing the total number of letters to a minimum sufficient to recognize the word: ability - spsbnst / spsbn, competition - knkrs,strategy – strtgy / str.

Double consonants should be written with one letter: program - program.

Always keep the first and last letters of a word, even if they are vowels (in English you can omit the silent e at the end of a word): orbit - orbit,importance – imprtnc. If the vowel is the only letter in the word, it must also be recorded. For example: sleep, mouse,put, melt.

Write defining words in two or three letters. For example: good weather - hrsh pgda.

Apply abbreviations to designate terms, names of organizations, countries, nationalities, languages, etc. (see Appendix 1). For example: UN, MFA, NATO.

Use various letter abbreviations, both officially recorded in any of the working languages, and your own: for example - e.g., page - p., maybe - m.b.,information – info, agricultural – agricultural. A list of the most common letter abbreviations is given in table. 1 . Depending on the content of the text, the same abbreviation can mean several concepts: P – pedagogy, translation, teacher; WITH -council, commission, cooperation.

Table 1

Letter abbreviations of words in PS

Reduction	Meaning
h	have
h–	have a negative effect
h+	have a positive effect
E	exist, ecology, environment
E	economics, economic
op	opinion, express an opinion
R:	as a result, in total, lead to..., therefore, it follows from this, therefore, for this reason
M	peace (antonym of the word "war")
R	policy
AND	life
→AND	put into practice, carry out, carry out
Int	international
G	guarantee, guarantee
dm	democracy

The most common parts of the word should be replaced with special characters; for convenience, some can be recorded as a superscript (Table 2).

Table2

Index signs for replacing parts of words in PS

Part of a word		Sign/ index	Example
English language	Russian language	Sign/ index	Example
after-	after-	af	afterglow – afglow
anti-	anti-; anti-	a'	antisocial – a’social
contra-	counter-	c'	contradict – c'dict
down	down	d'	downstairs - d'stairs
ever	forever-	e'	evergreen – e'green
extra-	extra- externally-	x'	extraordinary – x’ordnry
grand-	great-	g'	grandchild - g'child
meta-	meta-	m'	metaphysics - m'ysics
non-	non-, not-	n'	nonsense - n'sns
philo-	philo-		philosophy – sophia
pseudo-	pseudo-	ps'	pseudonym - ps'nym
psycho-	psycho-		psychology – 
retro-	retro-	r'	retrospect - r'spct
semi-	floor(s)-	s'	semifinal – s’fnl
super-	super-	sp	supervise – spvise
trans(s)-	trance-	tr'	transform – tr’form
ultra-	ultra-	u'	ultramodern – u’modrn
-age	-(s)tie	g	coverage – cover g coating – coating g
-ing	-ing		cleaning – kln 
-logy	-logy		biology - bio
-ment	-ment	t	management – mng t
-ness	-ness	ns	imagery – image ns
-tion	-tion	/ts	evolution – eul 
plural noun indicator		index 2	dogs – sbk 2, pictures – pctr 2
comparative degree of adjectives		index 2	bigger – big 2, more interesting – intrs 2
grammatical indicator of superlative adjectives		index 3	the kindest - dbr 3, the most interesting - intrs 3.
grammatical indicator of feminine nouns and adjectives		index a	Russian – ru a, interesting – int a actress – act a
grammatical indicator of the past tense of the verb		-ed/d	ran – run d became – bcm d
grammatical indicator of the passive voice		ps(English –passive)	they show me - I'm p.s. ps

Abbreviate the most frequent lexemes or use compression or vertical recording (they will be discussed in sections 3 and 4), which make it possible not to record service parts of speech. Table 3 shows ways of writing the 100 most common words in the English language, developed by E.V. Terekhova (Terehova E.V., 2006, 273).

Table 3
Shorthand for the 100 most common words

in English

Exercise 1. Recover the texts. What PS techniques were used? What words could be recorded differently? Offer more convenient recording methods.

A) In relation to the “istnmu psldvtlnmu prvd”, ktry prdplgt vstnvlne all rchi, and not its krtke izzhne, vznkt vprso about tm, kk prvdchk 2 shrnt in pmti tslstnst rchi, uslshny only 1 rz. Sldt mark that th spsbnst zpmnt dltlny frgmnt rchi not = sldstvm exclchtlny pmti prvdchka, it is based on anltchskm vsprtii & prvdchsky zpsi, orgnzvny oprdlnm image.

B) Cnfrnce intrprt  dls exclsvly wth the orl cmnc : rndr  1 msge frm 1 lngg into 1thr, natrly & flntly, adpt  the dlvry, tne & cnvc  2 ‘the spkr & spk  in the 1 0 prsn. It shld = cnfs d wth trnsl  whch dls only wht the wrtn txt 2 . Intrn  l cnfrnc 2 = atnd d by pple frm dfrnt bckgrnd 2 & cltr 2 , & spk  dfrnt lngg 2 . It = the jb ‘1 intrprtr to enble thm to cmnict wth each othr, nt be trnslt  evry wrd they uttr, bt cnvey  the id 2 whch they exprs. Thre = dfrnt knd 2 ‘cnfrnc intrprt  : Cnsctve: the intrprtr sts wth the dlgte 2 , lstns to the spch & rndrs it, at the end, in 1 dfrnt lngg, gnrly wth the aid ‘nte 2 . Smltns: the intrprtr wrks in 1 snd-prf d bth wth at lst 1 clgue. The spkr in the mt  rm spks into 1 mcrphne, the intrprtr rcvs the snd thrgh 1 hdst & rndrs the msge into 1 mcrphne almst smltnsly.
Exercise 2. Record the following lexemes, using special characters to abbreviate parts of words, translate.

A . Darkness, downtown, afterthought, non-working day, institution contrabass, afterwards, afterworld, ever-present,anti-burglar, anti-cancer, contraction, extra-budget, anti-cholesterol, anti-inflation, ever burning, pseudolipoma, grandparents, metabolic, semiautonomous, non-stop, philology, monument, pseudonyms, careless, extra-cellular, psychological, retrospective, superintendent, transport, transportation, intuition, ultrathin, hopeless, non-essential, greatness, fundamental.

They, thing, think, time, to, truly, two, up, very, was, we, week, What, when, who, with, work, write, your, a, about, of, on, one, other, our, out, over, please, say, send, she, should, sir, so, some, take, than, thank, that, the, their, them, then, there, after, all, an, and, any, are, as, have, he, her, here, him, his, house, if, in, is, it, its, just, last, letter, make, may, those, more, that, night, no, not, now, at, been, but, by, can, could, day, dear, do, for, from, go, good, had, has.

Exercise 4. By analogy with Table 3, make a list of the most common words in the Russian language, accompanied by abbreviations.Write the following text using the PS techniques you know.If necessary, come up with your own markings for some words and word forms.Restore the original text from the entries.

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Introduction

Chapter 1 Conclusions

2.1 Initial stage

2.3 Recording language

Information displayed on paper

Chapter 2 Conclusions

Chapter 3 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Conclusion

List of used literature:

Annex 1

Introduction

Subsequently, cursive writing developed intensively, incorporating new methods and approaches to optimize the work of a translator working with such a complex type of translation that requires special responsibility.

Today, this method of recording and reproducing oral speech is considered comprehensively, using such branches of science as experimental psychology, neuropsychology and comparative linguistics.

Relevance The topic is that today universal translation cursive not only has not lost its applied value, but has even further strengthened its position as the most important tool for a specialist working in such a responsible and difficult field as consecutive interpreting.

Tasks of this work are:

1.1 The initial stage of development of cursive writing. Geneva School of Translations

In the modern world, characterized by the intensification of globalization processes and widespread integration, more and more attention is paid to issues of intercultural communication, and this in turn increases interest in translation activities.

Since the beginning of the last century, the role of oral consecutive translation has been increasing, and one of the components of translation competence in this area is the possession of a special type of recording that allows one to record and subsequently reproduce a speech of any length.

This entry is one of the “professional secrets of the great aces of consecutive interpreting.”

It is also worth noting that in the literature you can find a variety of terms denoting the professional notes of a translator. Among them are “translation notation” (E.N. Sladkovskaya, S.A. Burlyai), “short notation” (V.N. Komissarov), “cursive writing” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev).

In foreign literature, there is a unity of terminology: “notes-taking” in English and “Notizentechnik fur Dolmetscher” in German.

The term "la prise de notes" used by French-speaking authors broadly means "a recording with the purpose of preserving the main thing from what was heard or read."

The first theoretical principles related to translation recording are found in the works of the representative of the famous Geneva school of translators - J. Erbert.

He calls recording the main factor in the technique of consecutive translation, which in turn protects the translator from forgetting the text. At the same time, as J. Herbert notes, the notes are intended for immediate use as guidelines in a statement, the memory of which is still fresh in memory.

Rosan introduced ways to designate some paradigmatic categories: time, gender, number.

Cursive writing was further developed in the works of A. van Hoof, including in “Theorie et pratiique de l'interpretation”, Munich, 1962.

1.2 Domestic and modern cursive research

In our country, a system of translation cursive writing is being built on the basis of the Russian language, which was first outlined in the book by R. Minyar-Beloruchev “A Manual for Interpretation (Notes in Consecutive Interpretation),” which appeared in 1969.

Minyar-Beloruchev developed his own recording method, in which he uses his own functional classification of symbols.

In the 1980s, the traditions of the scientific Geneva school were continued by French teaching and practicing translators M. Lederer and D. Seleskovich.

A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper.

In accordance with his concept, you should first write down the subject group, below it to the right - the predicate group, below it to the right - the direct object, below it to the right - the indirect object.

Homogeneous members of a sentence should be recorded on paper in a column, one below the other in the order in which they appear in speech.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

This made it possible to take the study of universal translation cursive writing to a completely new level and optimize translation semantics for the greatest convenience of the translator during oral consecutive translation.

Chapter 2. Main stages of preparation and organization of recording during consecutive interpreting

2.1 Initial stage

According to Minyar-Beloruchev, the author of a cursive writing system based on the Russian language, its main advantage is that with the help of cursive writing, a translator can briefly record the main idea of ​​a statement, and then reproduce it on paper as close as possible to the original.

Before proceeding directly to studying the recording system, you should carefully prepare for it by collecting available tools and analyzing the situation. Researchers offer various options for organizing records; consider one of them, proposed by Alikina E.V.

Translation shorthand is used for oral consecutive translation, as well as two-way translation. Examples of such situations: speeches at conferences, presentations, lectures (for monologue consecutive interpreting); official conversations, interviews, negotiations (for two-way translation).

It is recommended to start recording when the speech begins, but it is not prohibited to pause at the beginning in order to catch the speaker’s idea.

The main thing is that the statement and recording end at the same moment, and the translator voices the thought recorded on paper during the pause.

2.2 Tools required for translation recording.

You cannot ignore the means at hand. At first, this issue is not a priority. However, it should be remembered that every detail is important when recording, and any means that streamline the work of the translator should be used.

As for the recording tool itself, pencils with an eraser (for possible correction of information) or a light pen are best suited for this.

2.3 Recording language

But in this matter, of course, everything depends on the preferences of the translator.

Chapter 2 Conclusions

Chapter 3. Basic Cursive Writing Techniques

The basic techniques of cursive writing are:

1) Semantic analysis

Semantic analysis is the identification of the main idea of ​​a given text, its “economical” formulation, which is compiled from memory reference points. There are three methods for creating memory reference points:

2) Abbreviated letter notation

You can shorten your entries using telescopic titles. For example, page - p., maybe - m.b. and others.

Abbreviation is another well-known way to shorten entries. For example, the USA, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and many others.

3) The principle of vertical arrangement of records

minor members

sentences, they are located to the right of the word they refer to (unless it is an agreed upon definition). If several words refer to the same word, they are written one below the other, regardless of whether they are homogeneous or not.

Chapter 3 Conclusions

Chapter 4. Symbols in translation notation

4.1 Characteristics of the symbol and its grammatical redundancy

In order to speed up the recording process, it was decided to create a system of symbols - economical and easily recognizable signs that summarize the most frequently encountered concepts. (See Appendix 1)

4.3 Classification of symbols according to their main meaning

There are four groups of symbols, distinguished by their main meaning:

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Symbols are signs divided into groups according to meaning that help to economically prepare a translation record. They can convey lexical meaning regardless of the source language. The symbols use familiar characters, letters, or abbreviations.

Conclusion

The symbols in this system are signs divided into groups according to their meaning, which help to economically prepare a translation record. Symbols can convey lexical meaning regardless of the source language. The symbols use familiar characters, letters, or abbreviations.

Having examined and mastered the system of translation notation, the translator must bring to automatism the skill of economically recording text on paper with the help of special exercises. According to R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, you can fully master the proposed system in 2 months of daily training.

List of used literature

Similar documents

Transcript

According to Minyar-Beloruchev, the author of a cursive writing system based on the Russian language, its main advantage is that with the help of cursive writing, a translator can briefly record the main idea of a statement, and then reproduce it on paper as close as possible to the original.

Semantic analysis is the identification of the main idea of a given text, its “economical” formulation, which is compiled from memory reference points. There are three methods for creating memory reference points: