Turkish question words nominative case. Declension of nouns in Turkish

Declension of nouns in Turkish occurs as follows:

ev - house => ev-den - from home

Peculiarities:

1. If the noun is plural, then AFF Cases are assigned after the AFF plural.

k?z-lar - girls => k?z-lar-dan - from girls

2. If a word ends with the consonants c, k, p, t, then the letter is converted to c, g, b, d, respectively.

tavuk - chicken => tavu-g-u - chicken

3. Words ending in -ain, -se are declined as consonants.

4. Case Affixes and Possession Affixes

Ben, Biz + AFF Accessories + AFF Case

Sen, Siz + AFF Accessories + AFF Case

O, Onlar + -?n, -in, -un, -un | -s?n, -sin, -sun, -sun + AFF Case

5. The suffix -ki changes to the suffix -kin

bende-ki - mine => ben-de-kin-e - with me

6. Declension of personal pronouns:

7. Demonstrative pronouns are transformed: bu => bun su => sun

Inflection of cases in Turkish

The determining factor for Russian morphology is the fact that the Russian language is inflected. The declension is called inflectional if the ending of the noun cannot be “cut” into two parts so that it turns out that one of them expresses number, and the other - case. For example, in the word dogs-i the ending -i expresses both the nominative case and the plural; these two values are “glued together” into one indicator. Let's compare some forms of the Russian word dog and the Turkish word kopek with the same meaning.

As can be seen from this table, in the Turkish language one can distinguish a morpheme common to all plural case forms (ler) and a morpheme common to the dative case in the singular and plural (e). Languages of this type are called agglutinative; in them, the form of the noun is obtained by attaching to the stem first the number indicator, and then the case indicator (note that languages that would use the reverse order - first the case indicator, and then the number indicator, apparently, do not exist). The table also shows another feature of agglutinative languages, which is that most often the singular number and the nominative case in such languages do not have a special indicator and therefore the form of the nominative singular coincides with the stem of the noun (in the Russian language such a coincidence also occurs, but only in the second and third declensions). In the languages of the world, agglutinative declension is much more common than inflectional declension. Strictly speaking, inflectional declension exists almost exclusively in Indo-European languages (which includes Russian, as well as, for example, Latin, Greek, Lithuanian, Old Indian). But even Indo-European languages are not all inflectional - many simply lost their declension (like French or English), and some, in the course of their development, became agglutinative (for example, Armenian).

An important feature of the Russian declension (as well as most other inflected languages) is that the endings of the same case differ not only in the singular and plural forms (as follows from the definition of inflection), but also simply among different nouns. Thus, the Russian genitive case has the ending -a in the word husband-a, -ы in the word zhen-y for the singular, -ey in the word children-ey, -ov in the word fathers-ov for the plural, and in the genitive case There is, in fact, no plural ending for the word mountain (mountain). (In the latter case, they say, however, that the ending is zero, and use a special sign?: gor-?; they also describe the form of the nominative case in the second and third declension: friend-?, mouse-?.) In other words, Russian nouns can be broken into several classes (types of declension, or, as they often say, declensions), depending on which ending expresses which case. Most Russian nouns vary according to one of the following patterns:

The differences between the subtypes “t” (hard) and “m” (soft) are in a certain sense insignificant. Indeed, the letters a and i in the indices -a ~ -ya, -am ~ -yam, -ami ~ -yami, -ah ~ -yah correspond in phonetic transcription to the same sound; Wed [dam-a] and [pul"-a], and the distribution of indicators -о ~ -е, -ой ~ -е, -ом ~ -еm is automatic, determined by the final sound of the stem (nouns with a stem in soft or [zh , Ш, ц] change according to the soft subtype, and nouns with a stem to other hard consonants - according to the hard subtype). But based only on knowledge of the stem, a foreigner will not be able to mechanically determine which declension a word belongs to, i.e., the distribution of stems by declensions is unmotivated. Moreover, two different nouns can have the same formal basis, differing only in the type of declension. for example, the first declension noun roth-a and the second declension noun rot.

To form some forms, however, additional information is needed. For example, the choice of the indicator of the nominative case singular of the same declension depends on the grammatical gender of the noun (-?, i.e. zero ending, for masculine words, -о (-е) for neuter words), the choice of the accusative case form in the second declension and in the plural of all declensions is determined by whether the noun is animate or inanimate, and the choice between the endings -а (-я) and -ы (-и) of the nominative plural of the second declension, strictly speaking, is generally not formally quite predictable ( cf. nose - nose, but eye - eye; wind - winds, wind).

It is noteworthy that the types of declension differ more strongly in singular forms than in plural forms. This is generally typical for languages with inflectional declension. The table also shows that in the Russian language the same ending is used to form forms of different cases, and different case forms of the same noun often coincide with each other. So, on the one hand, in the word zhen-a the indicator -a denotes the nominative case, and in the word husband-a - the genitive, and on the other hand, in the word shadow the ending -i denotes both the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular. Why do we say that in the sentence Petya is afraid of his shadow, the word shadow is in the genitive case form, and in the sentence Petya bowed to his shadow - in the dative case form? After all, the form is the same? The fact is that if you substitute another word into this sentence, for example mom, then it will appear in different forms. And when describing declension, it is more convenient to say that the word shadow has the same genitive, dative and prepositional case forms than to consider that the word mom has six cases, and the word shadow has only three.

There are no prepositions in Turkish like in Russian, but there are six types of case affixes that replace them. All case affixes are stressed, I join the root of the word.

Cases of the Turkish language briefly:

Dative Does -a/ -e or -ya/ -ye answer Kime's question? - “To whom?”, “To whom?”, Neye? “What?”, Nereye? - "Where?"
Local case-da/ -de answers Nerede's question? - “Where?”, Kimde? - “Who?”
Original case Does -dan/ -den or -tan/ -ten answer Nereden's questions? "from where?", Kimden? "(from) whom?", Neden? “from what?”, “why?
Accusative case-yi/ -yı/ -yu/ -yü or ı/ -i/ -u/ -ü answers Kimi’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyi? - "What?
Instrumental case ile, together: -yle/ -yla or -le/ -la answers Kiminle’s questions? - “With whom?”, Neile? - “With what?”
Genitive-in/ -ın/ -un/ -ün or -nin/ -nın/ -nun/ -nün answers Kimin’s questions? - “Who?”, Neyin? - "What?"

Now let's see how each case of the Turkish language is used:

Accusative case

In Turkish, the accusative case may or may not take an affix: the case does not take an affix when the object is indefinite or inanimate. For example: Ne yapıyorsun? Kitap okuyorum. (What are you doing? I'm reading a book)

When the object is a proper noun, a personal or demonstrative pronoun, an animate object or an inanimate object, referring to a person, as well as the plural. For example: Arkadaşlarını gördüm (I saw your friends)
Onu bekliyorum (I'm waiting for him)
Şu kitabı istiyorum (I want that book over there)

Ben - beni
Sen-seni
O-onu Biz-bizi
Siz - sizi
Onlar - onları

Dative

This case is also called directive. Indicates the direction of action or movement.
For example:
Bugün kime gidiyorsun? (Who are you going to today?)
Bugün Ali"ye gidiyorum (Today I am going to Ali)
Nereye gidiyorsun? (Where are you going?)
Okula gidiyorum (I'm going to school)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - bana
Sen - sana
O-ona Biz-bize
Siz-size
Onlar - onlara

Original case

The initial case denotes the starting point of movement, action.
Nereden geliyorsun? (Where are you coming back from?)
Piknikten geliyorum (I am returning) from a picnic)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benden
Sen-senden
O - ondan biz - bizden
siz - sizden
onlar - onlardan

Instrumental case

The combination of the postposition ile with nouns and pronouns in Turkish is expressed by the instrumental case.
The postposition ile is usually written separately from the word, but you can also find the form -la, -le after consonants and -yla, -yle after vowels.

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benimle
Sen - seninle
O - onunla biz - bizimle
siz-sizinle
onlar-onlarla

Genitive

The genitive case of the Turkish language corresponds to a combination of two nouns, one of which in Russian is formalized in the genitive case (door handle, friend's book, etc.) and is called the two-affix izafet.
For example:
Bu kimin arabasi? (Whose car is this?)
Arkadaşımın arabası (Friend's car)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben-benim
Sen-senin
O - onun biz - bizim
siz - sizin
onlar - onların

Local case

The local (prepositional) case is used to indicate the location of an object and, as well as to indicate the owner of the object (from me, from you, etc.)
For example: Kitap nerede? (Where is the book?) Kitap masada (Book on the table)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben - bende
Sen-sende
O-onda biz-bizde
siz - sizde
onlar-onlarda

Now let's practice using cases with the song Eteği Belinde by Turkish singer Manush Baba. His real name is Mustafa Ozkan. He took the pseudonym Manush Baba under the influence of his mother, who called him Manush in childhood - which meant good, handsome, sweet. Baba, which means dad, was the first word that little Mustafa said.

The song Eteği Belinde (literally meaning "skirt around the waist") talks about a boy's love for a girl and his eager anticipation of marriage. The clip shows us the atmosphere of old Istanbul, good neighborly relations and simple joys of people whose destinies were connected by one ancient district.

Lyrics:

Geliyor bak kalem kaşlı (She walks, her eyebrows are thin literally: like a pencil line)
Eteği belin de gül de takmış, gül de takmış (Skirt at the waist, a rose is pinned, a rose is pinned)
Al dudaklar, mor sümbüller (Scarlet lips, purple hyacinths)
Öyle de güzel ince de belli ince de belli (So beautiful, with a thin waist, with a thin waist)

Yar belin e belin e sarılamam, ah gece den
Ah ote den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşaf ı , serdim ipek yorganı (Oh, I washed, dried the sheets, laid out a silk blanket)
Ah gunah ı sevab ı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come this night into my arms)

Dedim o na, ey güzel! (I told her hey beautiful!)
Böyle mi geçer bu geceler, bu geceler? (Is this how these nights will go, these nights?)
Neymiş anam bizim bu keder (Mom, what kind of fate is this)
Ne zamana kadar böyle gider, böyle gider? (How long will it last, how long)

Yar beline beline sarılamam, ah gece den duramam (Darling, I can’t hug you around the waist, I can’t wait for the night)
Ah ote den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de duramam (Ah, don't glance here and there, ah, I can't stand still)
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşafı, serdim ipek yorganı (Ah, I washed, dried the sheets, laid out a silk blanket)
Ah günahı sevabı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come this night into my arms)

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There are no prepositions or prefixes in Turkish. Case affixes are used instead. Turkish has six cases: nominative, genitive, accusative and three spatial cases: locative, directive (dative) and initial.

Today we will look at the local case.

Local case da/de/ta/te

The locative case is used to indicate the location of an object, answering the questions nerede? - Where? kimde - from whom? nede - in what?

The locative case affix has 4 variants: -da/-de/-ta/-te, depending on which vowel and consonant are located in the last syllable of the word stem.

Vowel last syllables of the word	Last consonant of the word	Affix	Example
a, ı, o, u	ringing		okul da – at school
e, i, ö, ü	ringing		ev de– in the house
a, ı, o, u	deaf		sokak ta- on the street
e, i, ö, ü	deaf		Paris' te– in Paris

Remember the expression Fı stı kçı Ş a h a p? All consonants in this phrase are unvoiced.After voiceless consonants, the locative affix takes the form -ta/te

When added to proper names, the affix is written through an apostrophe:

Moskova’ da- in Moscow, Ali 'de - at Ali's

Kalem masa da- Pen on the table

Araba sokak ta– Car on the street

Words var(is) and yok(no) in sentences with the locative case often play the role of a verb and are placed at the end of the sentence.

Moskova" da çok araba var . –There are many cars in Moscow
Masa da kıtap var- There is a book on the table

Ofis te avukatlar yok– There are no lawyers in the office

Ev de duvarlar var- There are walls in the house

Ben de para yok – I have no money

Now practice for yourself. Write answers to these two questions using all the words provided.

Kitap nerede?

oda - room

masa

dolap

ders- lesson

Kitap kimde?

ben

sen

Ahmet

Doctor

You may have noticed that so far we have been using the locative case when talking about something in the third person. When a sentence is not about a third person (well, for example, I'm in the room, you're at school, you're in Moscow), then personal affixes are added to the locative case affix. Remember them?

Since the locative case affix ends in a vowel, in the first person the personal affix is added with the letter y. Here, look:

Ben oda da y im- I'm in the room

Sen oda yes sin- you're in the room

Biz oda da yız- we are in the room

Siz oda yes sınız- you are in the room

Onlar oda da– they are in the room (note that nothing is added to the affix)

Interrogative sentences with local case.

We have already seen that interrogative sentences can be constructed using question words nerede And kimde. Translation of such questions: Where is something/someone? Who has something/someone? You can also use the word var and interrogative With fishing ne Andkim

da......ne var?

da......kim var?

Ofis te kim var? – who’s in the office? Ofiste müdür (director)var

Masa da ne var?– What’s on the table?Masa da kitap var

Çanta da neler var? – What’s in the bag? Çantada kitap ve kalem var

Sınıf ta kimler var? – who is in the class? Sınıfta öğrenciler var

There could also be a question like this:

da.....var mı?

It is translated as“Is there something/anyone somewhere/someone?”

Well, the answers to it are positive and negative.

Evet, .......da .....var

Hayır, ......da.....yok

For example, let's do an exercise. These words may not be clear:

cüzdan – wallet

para – money

çekmece – box IR

çocuk – child

ATTENTION:When answering a question, pay attention to whether it contains the word var. If there is, then it should be in the answer, and if it is not, then it is not in the answer either. This is a very common mistake when answering the question: Kitap nerede? answer kitap masada var . THIS IS WRONG!