MSW handling - what's on the receipt? Municipal solid waste. Tko - new utility service

A new service since 2017 is the management of municipal solid waste. What is the difference with MSW and MSW, what changes does this entail and what is the management company obliged to do?

The term “municipal solid waste” was introduced on January 1, 2016. This was first reflected in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, in Art. 154 it is indicated that MSW - public service Then the legal framework began to be developed, which at the time of 2017 consists of:

Rules for handling MSW,
changes in the Rules for the provision of utility services<...> №354,
Environmental laws also have a great influence on reforms in the MSW sector.

Responsibility for handling MSW

This utility service is provided by the regional operator together with management company. Responsibilities are divided as follows:

The management company is obliged to maintain container sites, monitor the cleanliness and correct placement;
The operator himself transports the waste to landfills or other designated waste collection sites.
If the apartment building does not have a centralized drainage system, then the removal of liquid waste remains the responsibility of the organization managing the house.

MSW in the receipt is listed in a separate column; now they are not included in the maintenance of common property.

What does the operator do other than take out the trash? It bears full responsibility for the full recycling cycle: waste reception (removal from sites), transportation (transportation to a landfill, etc.), processing and neutralization, as well as disposal (there are separate regulations for this).

Time to transition to new orders

The question is when the regional MSW management operator will be able to begin its work. To conclude an agreement, you need:

so that a unified tariff for the management of MSW is formed in the region - then payment for MSW will be more transparent;
conclude an agreement for the removal of MSW between the operator and the administration.
The house, through the management company, enters into a standard agreement for the management of solid waste.

The method of concluding a contract varies:

if the house is managed by a management company, then a management agreement for the apartment building is drawn up.
if the house is managed by an HOA, etc., then an agreement on the provision of utility services is drawn up.
private homes can also enter into an agreement with the operator directly themselves.

But this will always be an agreement directly with the owners of residential premises and other things.

Norms and requirements

The management of MSW is regulated by rules, violation of which entails termination of the contract and fines. The main thing in MSW waste removal is how often it is removed. Agree that having container bins littered in your yard is a real pleasure.

Removal frequency depends on temperature environment and is divided into cold and warm seasons (average daily temperature should be below or above 5°C, respectively):

at least once every 3 days in winter;
daily in summer.

Deviations from the deadlines should not exceed 72 hours for the entire month (in total of all times), and once it is permissible to delay garbage collection by 24 hours in warm weather and 2 days in cold weather. There are penalties for violating deadlines - a reduction in the amount of payment. Every 24 hours in one billing period- this is minus 3.3%.

MSW on the receipt

goes on a separate line; payment for solid waste should be excluded from the receipt.
the fee is distributed according to the number of people registered in the house or the size of the living space (depending on the method adopted in your region).
the price also depends on whether separate collection of MSW is organized for this house.

The difference between MSW and MSW

What is it fundamental difference MSW and MSW that the authorities have introduced new service and cancel the old one from January 1, 2019?

hard household waste
municipal solid waste

In general, there is no fundamental difference between them. This is the same garbage that we take to container sites. Previously definition indicated that this was only residential garbage, which differed for residential premises. And now the standard takes into account the rate of accumulation and is set not according to the residential/non-residential principle, but for different consumers in different ways. That is, the average family and cafe on the ground floor of the house will accumulate garbage, obviously with at different speeds. Therefore, the former will pay less, and the cafe owner will pay more.

When utility bills arrive, every person has a completely legitimate desire to figure out what exactly the fee is being charged for. One of the expense items on the receipt is garbage removal. From January 1, 2019, an item for handling MSW (municipal solid waste) will appear in the accounts of Russian subscribers. This is due to the fact that the fee structure for the removal and disposal of household waste will become slightly different.

Types of waste

Until recently, all tenants paid for the removal of solid waste (solid household waste) and no one had any questions about this: everyone gets garbage, it needs to be taken out and disposed of somewhere. But with the adoption of amendments to Federal Law No. 89 “On Production and Consumption Waste,” confusion arose: the concept of MSW (interpretation: municipal solid waste) appeared, and work on their removal and disposal began to relate to the tasks of public utilities.

These changes came into effect in 2016. However, they should come into full force only by January 2019. Therefore, it is now not uncommon for residents of one region to pay their bills, where there is a line about MSW waste, and residents of another still receive receipts in which everything remains the same. For example, for residents Krasnodar region, Astrakhan region, In the Ivanovo region, the payment scheme has already been changed. Therefore, at the moment there are two types of this concept:

Solid household.
Communal household.

The concept of solid waste

This is an integral part of the life of megacities, small settlements. This is the same garbage that accumulates in every apartment in the evening. Municipal solid waste includes:

: food remains, plant components, bones.
Synthetic: plastic, cellulose, textiles, glass, metals and more.

Biological (organic) must be disposed of, because in the process of their decomposition they cause significant harm to the environment: in the process of rotting, they can contaminate water and soil with the products of their decay. And this can lead to a number of dangerous diseases.

Synthetic residues take much longer to break down (some substances take more than 100 years to decompose). In addition, they often contain quite toxic substances: various dyes, oils, which eventually end up in the environment.

Municipal household

Waste of this type is the same garbage that appears during human activity and accumulates in premises. But this also includes goods of general consumption, which over time have lost their value in terms of utility. That is now official name household waste - municipal waste, and the concept of “solid waste” now remains only in colloquial speech. It will no longer be used in official documents.

Refers to MSW: garbage that is generated as a result of the activities of legal entities and private entrepreneurs, when in its component composition it is identical to ordinary household waste. At the same time, for organizations MSW will only be considered waste that does not appear as a result of production activities or performance of work, services:

A more detailed list of what is included in MSW is presented in the Federal Waste Classification Catalog (FCCC), where each type of pollution is assigned its own code, according to which you can see whether it belongs to a particular waste group.

Changes in the law

Before the adoption of this law, as well as before it came into force, fees for the removal and disposal of household waste directly depended on the purpose of the premises and its size. That is, previously the tariff was calculated based on the type of premises: residential or non-residential, how much area it occupied.

Now the cost of the service will depend on what status the consumer has: whether he is a private person, individual entrepreneur or legal entity. Depending on this, certain standards for waste accumulation are established. In turn, the standards by which the calculation will be made now depend on certain types of consumers:

For residents apartment buildings.
Residents of private houses.
Owners of offices and industrial buildings.

Why this was done: it is assumed that residents of apartment buildings may accumulate significantly less garbage than the owners of an office where large number employees. Therefore, the tariff for them will be different.

After the changes came into force, the removal of household waste from the jurisdiction of management companies, which previously set the tariff for residents and owners of premises, became the responsibility of regional operators. A waste removal scheme was also approved: it is transported to the nearest solid waste landfill for subsequent disposal.

This is a legal entity that deals with issues related to the collection and disposal of household waste. certain territory. The operator is selected on a tender basis.

Conclusion of an agreement

In order to record the provision of services by this particular operator, it is necessary to conclude an agreement with him . Who has the right to conclude such an agreement:

The contract for the provision of waste removal services is concluded for a period of 10 years.

Subsequent disposal

In practice, several types of processing of household waste are used: collection, sorting and direct disinfection of waste (disposal or recycling). Sorting is needed to extract from total number waste that will be suitable for use in secondary production(for example, for the same pulp and paper industry).

Disposal methods:

Burial.
Burning.
Composting.
Use as secondary raw materials.

Burial at landfills

Using landfill as a disposal method is the most cost-effective. But this method has a number of disadvantages:

The landfill where waste is stored occupies large areas land.
The sites where waste will be dumped must be far outside the residential area, protected area, places of rest.
Waste contained at these sites must have low class danger.

It should be taken into account that even low-toxic waste during the process of its decomposition will have an impact negative impact on the ground and groundwater. And the plot of land itself on which the landfill was located cannot later be used for any economic needs.

Burning household waste

Burning is not the most harmless method, since during the combustion process many harmful gases will be released that can poison nature. Special afterburning furnaces will also be required, in which the emission will be neutralized as much as possible. toxic substances from burning garbage.

The advantages of combustion include:

The ash generated by waste disposal will take up much less space.
Relatively low disposal costs.
The ability to use heat energy to produce electricity or heating.

More environmentally friendly is pyrolysis, in which the combustion process is carried out without access to oxygen.

Composting method

It is only suitable for organic waste. This method is based on the decomposition of substances under the influence of microorganisms. The advantages of this method include simplicity, financial accessibility, and the possibility of using compost as a fertilizer (used in agriculture). The disadvantage is the unpleasant odor that inevitably accompanies the process of decay.

Approximately a third of all organic waste is disposed of using this method. But in order for it to be used safely, the waste must first be sorted. To achieve this, many yards began to install separate containers for plastic bottles, glass, and paper waste. In some places, separate containers are also installed for waste that may contain hazardous substances (batteries, incandescent lamps, old thermometers). All this allows you to avoid possible contamination of the environment with hazardous substances.

Recycled raw materials

The use of municipal (household) waste as recyclable materials makes it possible to produce some of the products without wasting natural resources. In addition, this reduces the amount of waste disposed of. The following can serve as recyclable materials:

Each type of recyclable material uses its own processing technology. There are fines for non-compliance with rules regarding sanitary and hygienic conditions.

All these changes adopted in legislation and relating to the normal functioning of society are designed to reduce environmental tension in the country. After all, the dirt that remains after a person and his activities is evil. And everyone will agree with this - both adults and children. Clean streets and courtyards are not only beautiful from an aesthetic point of view, they are also a sign of the well-being of society.

Garbage - dark side human life activity. For us, recycling household waste ends with throwing it into plastic container, which stands near the house. Rarely does anyone think about what happens to him next. Today we will try to figure this out. Answer the question of what municipal solid waste (MSW) is, where it is transported and how it is processed.

The concept of MSW

Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to household waste generated in places where people live. This includes both urban multi-storey buildings and private houses. In addition, MSW includes waste from the activities of various types of companies and firms. Provided that this garbage is similar in composition to garbage from residential areas.

There are several types of waste that are included in the concept of MSW.

What is considered MSW?

Tree. This old furniture and accessories. This group also includes cellulose-based waste: paper, some types of fabrics, etc.;
Oil refining products. These are different types of oils that contain one or another percentage of hydrocarbons;
Biological waste. This includes food residues, leather goods and other waste, which is based on organic compounds;
Synthetic waste. These are all kinds of polymers: plastics, plastic bags and other components obtained by chemical synthesis.

MSW does not include in its concept dangerous species waste. Those that can cause significant harm to human health and the ecological safety of the environment: radiation debris, waste of chemically and biologically active substances.

Change in the law dated December 29, 2014 No. 458

The end of 2014 was marked by a series of fundamental changes in the law on industrial waste and its consumption. New clauses and concepts were introduced that completely changed the rules for the removal, disposal and processing of waste. Let's consider the most significant of them:

Actually, the introduction of the term municipal solid waste. Previously, the broader wording used was municipal solid waste, or MSW for short. The concept of solid waste is still used today and includes, in addition to garbage from residential buildings, waste that is generated by manufacturing enterprises and companies;
The emergence of a “regional operator” is a private organization that directly removes municipal solid waste from the territory of residential buildings. This means removal, transportation to the disposal site and recycling of waste. This process takes place on the basis of an agreement with the owners of residential buildings. The duration of the contract must be at least 10 years. Previously, all the above-described responsibilities were assigned to the managers of residential complexes, which turned out to be ineffective due to the lack of their material interest in this;
Changing the payment procedure for the types of services provided. Standards for the accumulation of MSW were established - the amount of garbage that is generated per unit of time, based on the needs of one person. In accordance with these standards, tariffs have been developed for calculating the cost of services for the removal of solid municipal waste. It is worth noting that previously management companies were responsible for setting prices for waste removal. As a rule, they came only from total area territories;
After the law has been changed, the owner of a residential property is obliged to enter into an agreement with the regional operator and ensure the systematic removal of MSW from his territory.

Disposal

After filling the waste containers, the regional operator takes them to places where direct disposal of MSW takes place. Recycling should be understood as the process of reducing the harmful effects of waste on the environment. There are 3 most popular methods:

Burial;
Burning;
Composting.

Let us now examine the pros and cons of each method in more detail.

Burial

It is the storage of MSW in specially designated areas. Garbage dumps, which are located outside the boundaries of almost every city, are a clear example of this. During burial, a hole is dug, the depth of which depends on the volume of MSW supplied. The garbage is stored directly in it and then buried with a layer of earth.

Among the main advantages of this method is its low cost. It is this factor that attracts regional representatives to increasingly turn to this method of disposal. But there are also disadvantages. And they are significant.

Landfills cause significant harm to the environment of the surrounding area. The soil is poisoned by harmful substances released by MSW, so that subsequently it is incapable of developing any kind of vegetation. As garbage decomposes, it forms toxic gases that can spread tens of kilometers from the site where MSW is stored. For this reason, trash cans should not be located near water bodies, medical institutions or places of residence.

Burning

Such disposal is a more advanced disposal method compared to landfill. MSW here, when burned, turns into ash, which in its volume is significantly inferior to the original size of the garbage. All this will reduce the waste storage area by several times. In addition, the heat generated as a result of combustion can be used for industrial needs or as heating for residential buildings and premises.

The disadvantage of burning MSW is increased toxicity. The gases released as a result of burning plastic are deadly to both humans and nature. To reduce their negative effect, it is necessary to use afterburning furnaces that have modern systems cleaning. This makes this method less attractive from a financial point of view for entrepreneurs and companies involved in the disposal of municipal solid waste.

Composting

This recycling of MSW occurs due to the impact of living microorganisms on it. Feature this method The fact is that only organic waste can be exposed to it. Moreover, certain types of bacteria are suitable for different types of household waste. For this reason, waste sent for composting must first be separated into categories.

The advantages of this method are simplicity, efficiency and, most importantly, low financial costs for its implementation. In addition, the resulting compost from garbage can be subjected to reuse. They are high-quality fertilizers and are widely in demand in agriculture.

Recycling

This is recovery beneficial properties waste, which makes it suitable for use in production activities. It allows you to save significantly natural resources, on the one hand, on the other, it significantly reduces the area of landfills, and, consequently, improves the ecology of the environment.

Not all types of MSW can be recycled. This is due to the characteristics of the chemical structure different types waste. Below are the types of MSW that are processed in modern industrial conditions:

Wood;
Waste paper;
Glass;
Waste metals.

In total, a proper attitude to the problem of waste disposal can significantly reduce the factors of MSW pollution. If we develop technologies for its processing, then in general we can even stay in the black. Everything, as in most cases, depends on our desire not to think about this momentary gain and look a few steps ahead.

The issue of municipal waste disposal is becoming more and more acute for the inhabitants of the Earth. In order to avoid the time “X” for all of us, when garbage “covers” the cities, on at the moment There are dozens of IT and technology companies in the world that solve digitalization issues in the field of solid waste transformation. It is they who have the future in solving one of the most serious environmental problems humanity.

Recently, the results of a study by the international consulting company Frost & Sullivan were published, according to which by 2020 the volume of the global market for digital transformation technologies in the field of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in monetary terms will increase to $3.6 billion, compared with 3 .3 billion dollars in 2017. At the same time, the average annual growth rate (CAGR) of this market will be 2.74%.

Global trends in solving the issue of waste disposal

Authors of the study TheImpactofDigitalTransformationontheWasteRecyclingIndustry they write that the development of the digital solutions market in the waste processing industry is proceeding in four main directions:

- Production of smart systems for waste collection (so-called “smart containers”),

- Optimization of supply chains and equipping the fleet with specialized software and sensors (“smart waste collectors”),

- Production and implementation intelligent systems processing and disposal of MSW,

- Development and application of cloud technologies and user interfaces.

As of October 2018 greatest number smart technologies and equipment for waste management are being developed in countries Western Europe And North America. In addition to “smart” containers and waste collectors, these also include robotic systems for sorting MSW, specialized mobile applications, accounting and analytics systems, software, etc.

“The largest segment of the market remains the development of cloud computing platforms, user interfaces and software - in 2017 it accounted for $2.8 billion, while the share of intelligent MSW processing systems was about $138 million. At the same time, the pace of digitalization in the recycling segment remains one of the highest - according to our forecasts, by 2020 the volume of this market will be $232 million,” says Alexey Volostnov, managing director of Frost & Sullivan in Russia.

Volume of the global market for digital technologies in the segments of software development and intelligent systems for processing MSW, million US dollars. Source: Frost & Sullivan

Moreover, Frost & Sullivan analysts name several main trends in the market for digital transformation technologies in the field of solid waste management:

Presenting the project passport, Minister of Construction and Housing and Communal Services Vladimir Yakushev emphasized that this is only “a starting document that outlines guidelines. We are ready to discuss and polish it.” For this reason, the text of the draft has not yet been published.

But it is worth noting now that the project pursues two main goals: ensuring sustainable development cities and improving the quality of life of people living and staying in cities through the digital transformation of the urban sector; increasing the efficiency of using municipal resources through the use of digital technologies and expanding public-private partnerships.

The document also includes the objectives and results of the federal project “Digital City”. By the end of 2022, it is planned to implement the best innovative projects in the field of urban management, selected through annual competitions, and implement a set of activities as part of pilot projects. And by December 31, 2024, it is planned to organize a replication system best projects, including through their inclusion in the Smart Cities Knowledge Base and the introduction of government support mechanisms.

In addition, by December 31, 2024, digital platforms for managing city resources, services for informing citizens and providing them with access to municipal services in digital form, services for involving citizens in city decision-making, increasing the efficiency of housing and communal services, taking into account new information standards and so on.

Preliminary funding for the federal project is expected to be 132.221 billion rubles.

As D-Russia.ru was told, as of mid-July, 25 municipalities from 20 regions had applied to participate in the Smart City Russian Federation, which are ready to become pilot sites for testing technologies, the list of which is given by the publication.

It is worth recalling that back in January 2018, the 17th meeting of the Professional Energy Club (PREN-Club) took place, at which club members discussed the problems and prospects of transition to the best available technologies (BAT) for energy complexes of large cities and the issues of recycling solid municipal waste. waste (MSW) in heat and power systems.

From 2019, it was noted at the conference, the procedure for obtaining comprehensive environmental permits (IEP) will begin. CER is a mixture of energy and resource conservation programs, environmental safety and an environmental passport.

To date, the NDT Bureau has developed 51 reference books, all of which are posted on the bureau’s website. Most directories are industry-specific. 7 pieces - so-called horizontal, intersectoral. The introduction of the BAT principle provides new levers for industrial modernization.

Sergey Beloborodov, member of the PREN club, vice-president of the NP “Energy Efficient City”, then spoke about his article, in which he compared the efficiency of energy systems different countries with the energy system of the Russian Federation on the issue of CO2 emissions from the point of view of production structure electrical energy, fuel heat utilization factor (FHU), installed capacity utilization factor (IUR) of RES, cost of RES electricity and cost of electricity for end customers, as well as the impact of RES loading priority on the volume of combined electricity generation from CHP plants.

As a result, it turned out that the Russian electricity sector is one of the world leaders in reducing CO2 emissions. Specific CO2 emissions for electric energy production (g CO2/kWh) in the Russian energy system as a whole are lower than in the USA, Germany, China, significantly lower than the world average, and correspond to Denmark .

And from October 4 to October 6, 2018, a international conference « MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF A MEGA CITY».

As for cloud technologies as such, including with an eye to the near future, and in solving the issue of solid waste disposal, then, as international experts say, there is every chance of signing cooperation agreements with Russia. NetApp, for example, is already implementing a number of cloud projects in our country, although so far financial sector, oil and gas industry and private business. But, as Thomas Kaiser, NetApp's director of Eastern Europe, Turkey, Russia and the CIS, it is Russia that is most ready to accept new technologies, as Russian customers look one step ahead. “It seems to me that even in Europe they still use more traditional approaches in these industries than in Russia,” said Thomas Kaiser.

We'll see how soon this happens. In the meantime, on October 23-25, 2018, the Sokolniki Exhibition and Convention Center in Moscow will host the 15th Anniversary International Exhibition of Equipment and Technologies for Recycling, Waste Management and Cleaning waste water WASMA-2018, where at the same time a seminar of industry specialists will be held.

MSW waste is an acronym that arose relatively recently. Somewhat earlier in the conversation, as well as in documents, this type of waste was called MSW (solid biological waste).

In addition to changing the abbreviation and list of MSW waste, Federal law Changes have been made to waste disposal methods. We will tell you more about everything in the article.

What is it?

Municipal solid waste - interpretation of MSW waste. The concept was officially established by Federation Law No. 458-FZ of December 29, 2014.

Based on the content of this Federal Law, MSW is all waste that is generated and accumulated in residential premises as a result of human activity, as well as consumer goods that have expired. Also legislation to solid waste Municipal household waste included waste that is generated as a result of the activities of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that MSW is the waste that is generated as a result of human activities, enterprises and organizations.

Types of MSW

Waste related to MSW is divided into 2 categories:

biological - those that are also called waste;
non-biological - ordinary household waste.

Consequently, municipal solid waste includes most of the city's garbage. Biological MSW is food and plant waste, bones, etc. Non-biological waste is synthetic waste (glass, plastic, cellulose, textiles, polyethylene, etc.)

Differences between MSW and MSW

MSW - solid municipal waste. MSW - solid biological waste. The first concept officially, according to established law, replaced the second. Therefore, solid waste remains only in colloquial speech; it no longer appears in documentation.

MSW waste is a more expanded concept than household waste. The thing is that MSW includes not only waste that is regularly removed from residential buildings and apartments, but also garbage that accumulates in offices and enterprises during the working day.

MSW and MSW have the same meaning, so there is nothing terrible for ordinary person is to confuse these 2 concepts. These abbreviations are important for enterprises and organizations involved in the collection and disposal of waste near residential buildings and industrial buildings. After all, these enterprises work with documentation that exclusively refers to the reduction of MSW.

Before Federal Law No. 438, payment for garbage removal was based on the status of the premises - residential or non-residential, as well as on the quantity square meters. After this law comes into force, payment for garbage collection services depends on the status of the consumer - an individual or a legal entity.

The fact is that ordinary residents of apartments and houses accumulate and take out much less garbage than what is collected from enterprises and offices. Of course, the payment for the former will be much less than for the latter.

Thus, MSW and MSW are practically equivalent concepts. Only the first remains spoken, and the second appears in documents and reports.

What waste is classified as MSW according to FKKO?

In the Federal Classification Catalog, a whole section is devoted to MSW waste. In block No. 7 you can find the categories to which this or that type of garbage belongs.

7 (30 000 00 00 0) - catalog number dedicated to municipal solid waste. Below is an “extract” from the FKKO, which reflects the lists of the main types of waste:

7 31 110 01 72 4	unsorted waste from apartments
7 31 110 02 21 5	bulky waste from apartments
7 31 200 01 72 4	garbage and swept dirt collected from the streets
7 31 200 02 72 5	garbage collected after cleaning park areas
7 31 200 03 72 5	sweeps and garbage collected from public flower beds and cemeteries
7 31 205 11 72 4	estimates collected near curbs near traffic roads
7 31 211 01 72 4	waste from snow retention grates
7 31 211 11 39 4	residue from snow melting equipment with a higher proportion of SiO 2 content
7 31 300 01 20 5	plant remains from lawns and flower beds
7 31 300 02 20 5	leftovers plant nature after sawing trees, cutting bushes
7 33 100 01 72 4	rubbish from office premises, small-sized
7 22 100 02 72 5	rubbish from office and household premises, which is practically harmless
7 33 151 01 72 4	garbage from floating vehicles not intended for the transport of people

This is far from full list MSW waste from FKKO. But having already looked through a small excerpt from the catalog, you can see many repetitions with minor clarifications. There is no significant difference in this, except for differences in the categories of danger.

Some types of MSW also belong to some other sections of the classification catalogue: section No. 4 “Industrial and non-industrial consumer waste”.

Collection rules

MSW waste is garbage that is subject to certain rules appeals. All these rules are spelled out in official document“On the management of MSW” dated November 12, 2016 No. 1156.

MSW waste management: collection, removal, disposal is carried out by a specially appointed regional organization, which is fully responsible for the actions taken.

Places for collecting waste from residential premises are stated in the agreement concluded with such a regional organization. Most often, waste collection is carried out:

in containers or single-use packages provided by this regional organization;
in containers, trash cans or other large containers placed on a specially designated area on the street;
into waste collection chambers located in residential buildings.

This applies to small waste. Large ones are collected in the following places:

in special bunkers located on the sites;
in a specially designated area.

The main thing when following handling rules is to separate waste of hazard classes 1 and 2 from safe ones.

Disposal methods

There are several ways to dispose of municipal solid waste:

burial;
burning;
composting;
recycling.

Burial

Disposal of solid waste is the most financially profitable way to dispose of waste. It is financially beneficial, but harmful to the environment, since many types of MSW do not decompose at all or it will take several tens, and possibly hundreds of years. In addition, burial requires the use of vast areas of land. A special burial site is allocated for this purpose.

Landfills must be located behind residential areas, as well as away from water protection, recreational, medical and preventive areas, and park areas.

Some processed and landfilled waste may release dangerous gas, capable of causing harm to everything around it. This landfill gas also needs to be collected and disposed of.

Thus, we can come to the conclusion that burial has only one advantage over other methods of MSW disposal - low cost.

Burning

Incineration of MSW waste is the most common method of disposal. After burning garbage, all that remains is ash, which is easier to dispose of than the original form of solid household waste.

The disadvantage of combustion is that during the combustion process a large amount of harmful and even hazardous substances. Therefore, carry out the process of recycling a huge amount of waste using this method under open air forbidden. For this purpose, special ovens are used that have the function of neutralizing the released gases.

The advantages of this method of MSW disposal include low financial costs, as well as the fact that after burning the garbage there is nothing left except ash, which is easy to dispose of. If you approach the waste incineration process rationally, the generated heat can be used to generate heating and/or electricity.

One of the methods for safe burning of waste has been developed - pyrolysis. Its essence lies in the thermal elimination of waste, but without the presence of air. In this way, no harmful gases or fumes are released during the process.

Composting

Composting is only applicable for vegetable or food waste, since composting is nothing more than decomposition. Collected together organic waste exposed to microorganisms that, through their activity, transform waste into compost.

Compost is considered the most best view fertilizers, since it consists exclusively of organic raw materials. This type of fertilizer is widely used in agriculture.

For composting MSW, a plot of land is allocated far from residential areas, where there is a lot of moisture and shade, and there is also the possibility of removing excess moisture.

If we judge the advantages of this method, there are several of them:

environmental safety;
cheapness;
getting something useful for agriculture fertilizers;
improving the condition of the land on which the composting process is carried out.

There are few disadvantages:

discharge large area land;
an unpleasant odor released during the decay process.

With the help of composting, it is possible to safely dispose of 35% of the total amount of MSW. But for this recycling process to proceed smoothly, it is necessary to sort organic waste from synthetic waste. To do this, in some yards, separate containers are installed for plastic, glass, etc. In European countries, this has been practiced for a long time.

In Russia, there is an active collection system for used batteries, old light bulbs, mercury thermometers.

Recycling

Some MSW waste can find a “second life”. For this purpose, a disposal method such as recycling of recyclable materials is used. This method allows not only to reduce the amount of waste several times, but also to significantly save natural resources.

Recyclable the following types garbage:

ferrous and non-ferrous metals, which are sent under the press and then remelted;
timber, which helps reduce tree felling;
plastic, but recycling this material is much more expensive than its primary production;
glass, which is used as a recyclable material in construction;
petroleum products (oils, asphalt);
waste paper that goes into production new paper;
used electronics.

Hazard class

The overwhelming majority of waste related to MSW have hazard classes 4 and 5. Class 5 includes the most environmentally friendly waste, and Class 4 includes low-hazard waste.

When disposing of class 5 waste, no official confirmation or preparation of a waste passport is required. This type of MSW waste includes saw cuts and fellings of trees, bush branches, leaves, and garbage collected from parks and alley areas. All this can be exported and liquidated without licenses or other documents.