Slide 2

Functions of fresh water bodies

Freshwater bodies perform several functions. On the one hand, rivers and lakes form an important part of the water cycle in nature.

Slide 3

On the other hand, this important environment life on the planet with your unique complex living organisms.

Slide 4

Large rivers and lakes are a kind of heat trap, since water has a high heat capacity. On cold days, the temperature near bodies of water is higher, as the water releases stored heat, and on hot days, the air above lakes and rivers is cooler due to the fact that the water accumulates excess heat. In the spring, lakes and rivers become resting places for migratory waterfowl, which migrate further north, into the tundra, to nesting sites.

Slide 5

Fresh water sources

Rivers and lakes serve as the only accessible source of fresh water on our planet. Currently, many rivers are blocked by hydroelectric dams, so the water in the rivers plays the role of a source of energy.

Slide 6

Nature of reservoirs

Picturesque banks of rivers and lakes allow people to enjoy the beauty of nature. That is why one of the most important meanings of land-based bodies of water is a source of beauty.

Slide 7

Transport function of rivers

In the Arkhangelsk region, in addition to the listed functions, rivers play the role of transport routes along which various goods are transported.

Slide 8

Previously, timber rafting was carried out along the Onega, Northern Dvina and other rivers. With this method, a large number of logs were independently floated downstream during the spring flood. Thus, wood was delivered free of charge from logging areas to large sawmills in Arkhangelsk. This method of floating trees caused irreparable damage to nature. The bottom of the rivers where moth rafting was carried out was heavily clogged with rotting logs. Such rivers became unnavigable in the summer. As a result of wood rotting, there was a low oxygen content in the water.

Slide 9

Consequences of mole alloy

Slide 10

Wood transportation

Despite the high economic efficiency, this method of transporting wood caused great harm to nature. Therefore, it has now been abandoned. Nowadays, wood is transported along rivers in the form of large rafts. In this case, there is no loss of logs, and therefore, rivers and the sea are not polluted.

Slide 11

Timber rafting along the Northern Dvina

Slide 12

River fish

Northern rivers are famous for their abundance of diverse fish. They are inhabited by whitefish, char, omul, and herring. The rivers flowing into the Beloe and Barents Sea, in the spring a valuable one comes to spawn commercial fish northern salmon, or salmon. Currently, the number of this species has greatly decreased due to poaching. To preserve salmon, the state regulates fishing standards for special fishing teams. But sometimes residents catch salmon with nets on their own without permission from fisheries conservation organizations, which raises the problem of poaching in the area. northern rivers is particularly acute.

Slide 13

Salmon

• Salmon is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 150 cm, weighs up to 39 kg.
• After feeding in the sea, it migrates to rivers to breed. There are two known races of salmon in the White Sea: autumn and summer. The Northern Dvina salmon run begins in the spring and continues until freeze-up.

Slide 15

Human influence on water bodies

The main negative impact of humans on the condition of rivers and lakes is their pollution with waste chemical production. The Northern Dvina is the most polluted. The largest pulp and paper mills in Europe are located on this river. One of them is located near Kotlas, in the city of Koryazhma, and the other two are in Novodvinsk and Arkhangelsk.

Slide 16

Sources of environmental danger

Slide 17

Slide 18

Pollution of the Northern Dvina

The total pollution of the Northern Dvina is so high that in summer it is not recommended to swim in the river within the city of Arkhangelsk. The problem of water pollution in Arkhangelsk is especially acute, since in this city the river is the only source drinking water. For quality control fresh water developed by the state Water Code. In law Russian Federation“There is a separate article on the protection of the natural environment on the protection of fresh waters. In Russia, maximum permissible concentrations and maximum permissible standards for discharges of harmful substances from industrial enterprises have been developed. For compliance with these laws and for quality control Wastewater Main Directorate responsible natural resources and environmental protection.

Ecology of the Arkhangelsk region: Textbook for students in grades 9-11 secondary school/ Under. Ed. Batalova A. E., Morozova L. V. - M.: Publishing house - Moscow State University, 2004.

Geography of the Arkhangelsk region ( Physiography) 8th grade. Textbook for students. / Edited by Byzova N.M. - Arkhangelsk, publishing house of the Pomeranian International Pedagogical University named after M.V. Lomonosov, 1995.

Regional component of general education. Biology. - Department of Education and Science of the Administration of the Arkhangelsk Region, 2006. PSU, 2006. JSC IPPC RO, 2006

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The hydrosphere includes all the bodies of water on our planet, as well as groundwater, atmospheric vapors and gases, glaciers. These sources are necessary for nature to support life. Now water quality has deteriorated significantly due to anthropogenic activities. Because of this we talk about many global problems hydrosphere:

• chemical water pollution;
• pollution by garbage and waste;
• destruction of flora and fauna living in water bodies;
• oil pollution of water;

All these problems are caused by poor quality and insufficient quantity of water on the planet. Despite the fact that most of the earth's surface, namely 70.8%, is covered with water, not all people have enough drinking water. The fact is that the water of the seas and oceans is too salty and unsuitable for drinking. For this purpose, water from fresh lakes and underground sources is used. Of the world's water reserves, only 1% is found in fresh water bodies. In theory, another 2% of the water in the solid state in glaciers is suitable for drinking if it is thawed and purified.

Use of water in industry

Main problems water resources are that they are widely used in industry: metallurgy and mechanical engineering, energy and Food Industry, V agriculture and chemical industry. Used water is often no longer suitable for further use. Of course, when enterprises drain it, they do not treat it, so agricultural and industrial wastewater ends up in the World Ocean.

One of the problems of water resources is its use in public utilities. Not all countries have access to water, and pipelines leave much to be desired. As for sewage and wastewater, they are directly discharged into water bodies without treatment.

Relevance of water protection

To solve many problems, it is necessary to protect water resources. This is done at the state level, but ordinary people can also contribute:

• reduce water consumption in industry;
• use water resources rationally;
• purify contaminated water (industrial and domestic wastewater);
• clean up water areas;
• eliminate the consequences of accidents that pollute water bodies;
• save water in everyday use;
• Do not leave water taps open.

These are the actions to protect water that will help keep our planet blue (from water), and, therefore, ensure the maintenance of life on earth.

PROJECT

PROTECTION AND RESTORATION OF WATER RESOURCES

MBOU secondary school No. 10 8 “A” class

Head: Shardykova Irina

Mikhailovna, teacher of biology and ecology

2013

INTRODUCTION

Relevance

Our earth is a unique planet in the Universe, our only home. The ecology of the Earth is suffering more and more every day. New factories are being built, more and more cars are appearing on the roads, rockets and satellites are being launched. This leads to air pollution, global warming As glaciers melt, ozone holes appear. Entire species of animals are becoming extinct due to deforestation. Many aquatic mammals and fish have long been endangered due to pollution of water bodies, because many motorists wash their cars in natural sources using household chemicals.

In big cities, people suffer from respiratory diseases

because of bad ecology. Outside the city limits, heaps of garbage are growing because bags and bottles are not recycled but thrown away. To protect our Earth from destruction, everyone must start with themselves. First of all, there must be a careful attitude towards nature, the plants that give us air. You should not pollute cities with small garbage, which is not difficult to carry to the trash bin.

If we characterize the current state of the nature around us and compare it with what we would like to have, I think that the conclusion will be this: “What we have is clearly different from what we want.” And if everyone looks into themselves and remembers how much harm they have caused to nature, and then tries to be wiser and more caring, then our green planet will exist hundreds of years longer along with our descendants.

Many students of our school have looked into themselves and now for many years they have been trying to make our village cleaner and more elegant, taking part in various environmental events: “Let's help the river”, “Plant a tree”, “Take care of the primroses”, “We are cleaning the Trinity necropolis”, “Our love and care for the birds”, “Feed the birds in winter”, “One leaf, two leaves” and many others.

SELECTING A PROBLEM

Environmental problems have always been and will be in the center of our attention as the most important. 2013 is officially declared the year of environmental protection in Russia. My comrades and I are active participants in all environmental actions in our area. Approaching beach season. A massive appearance of urban residents on the shores of reservoirs in our village was expected, so we decided to develop a project to prevent pollution of the shores of reservoirs by vacationers. Since not all adults have the right level of environmental awareness, our project also involved cleaning the banks of reservoirs from household waste.

I was chosen as the project coordinator because I have experience working in environmental areas on a regional scale.

To implement the project, the following goals and objectives were set:

TARGET: formation of an environmental culture among students and the adult population of the village.

TASKS:

Promoting environmental culture among the younger generation and the adult population of the village through practical activities to clean up water bodies;

Development of students' organizational abilities;

-increasing the level of public interest in protecting and preserving the natural environment.

STEPS OF WORK

I .Preparatory:

Studying relevant literature to produce leaflets.

II .Basic:

Study of the ecological state of the village’s water bodies;
- conducting a survey of students and residents of the village;

Carrying out activities aimed at improving the ecological condition of the village’s water bodies.

III.Final:

- summarizing;

The discussion of the results.

WORKING METHODS

1. Questionnaire.

2.Statistical data processing.

3.Observation.

FORMS OF WORK

To achieve the desired result, the following forms of work were used:

1.Issuing leaflets.

2. Collective labor activity of putting up leaflets.

3. Collective labor activities to clean up local water bodies.

EXPECTED RESULT

1. Uniting the children's team.

2. Careful attitude towards surrounding nature the younger generation and the adult population of the village.

IMPLEMENTATION TIMELINE

INFORMATION COLLECTION AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN

I stage:

At the first stage of our project, everyone was given the task of publishing as many leaflets as possible calling for cleanliness in recreation areas on water bodies and about the harmful effects of garbage on the environment. We studied the relevant literature and published leaflets, posting them in all the entrances of houses. Everyone was active, there were a lot of leaflets. We hoped that the residents would think about these wonderful lines:
“Nature will forgive a lot,
But there is a limit where, without forgiving,
She will take severe revenge
While dying herself..."

II stage:

In the next step, students shared how they could solve this problem what methods and approaches to use. To effectively study this problem, the project participants divided into groups: sociologists conducted a survey of the population, “passport specialists” began certifying garbage dumps on the banks of reservoirs. In each group, the guys evenly distributed roles, each was responsible for their part of the work.

A survey of school students and the adult population of the village was conducted on the following questions:

1. How do you assess the ecological condition of the shores of the village’s reservoirs?

Fine

Satisfactorily

Unsatisfactory

2.Who should be responsible for solving environmental problems?

Residents

City government

Utility services

Other

(diagrams in Appendix 1)

Previously, we approached local authorities with a request to install garbage containers on the beaches. Containers were installed, but not all vacationers cleaned up their trash. Were like household waste, and broken glass.

We took part in actions to clean the banks of reservoirs in places where vacationers gather: the Burtsevsky quarry, lake No. 115, and the Teplushka River. (Appendix 2). In the Teplushka River, residents of our village and townspeople wash carpets and rugs, throwing boxes from washing powder right on the shore.

Parallel this project We took part in the interregional Internet network project “We must live on this land.” The novelty of the project was the use of information computer technology. Using new technologies that are exciting for our generation, the project allowed us to do what we love and at the same time benefit the world around us.

Project goals:

1. Identify environmental problems in our village.

2. Identify one of the most relevant ones.

3. Find out the history of this problem.

4. Find out what has already been done to solve this problem.

5. Outline ways to solve the problem.

Problems of our village:

1. The problem of water pollution.

2.The problem of air pollution.

3. The problem of micro-landfill formation.

We found that the main sources of water pollution are:

1. Insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises.

2. Residents of the village.

We have planned ways to solve the problem:

Ways to solve the problem

The advantages of this

problem solving (+)

Disadvantages of this solution to the problem (-)

1. Carrying out measures to improve water health

Water purification

______________

2. Creation of a headquarters, which includes representatives public organizations and municipal authorities

The unification of public organizations and authorities will provide more opportunities to solve the problem

Reluctance of public organizations to work as part of the headquarters

3. Propaganda among the population careful attitude to reservoirs

Participation of school students and their parents and teachers in events

_______________

On October 17, our class again took part in cleaning the shore of lake No. 115 on the territory of our village as part of the All-Russian environmental practical lesson (Appendix 3).

III stage:

At this stage of the project, we jointly discussed the activities carried out and added conclusions and suggestions. After discussions from large quantity We chose the most acceptable proposals and put forward ways to solve the problem:

1. Elimination of garbage in unauthorized landfills on the banks of water bodies (by students).

2. Control by the village Administration over the process of garbage removal from the banks of reservoirs.

3. Setting fines for violations.

4.Hanging posters on environmental issues in places where landfills may appear (by students).

We collected a lot of garbage and stored it in places for removal in agreement with the village administration. Summing up, we were pleased with the result. The results of the design research were presented in the form of a presentation.

PERFORMANCE

We all worked as a close-knit team. The result was not long in coming. The banks of the reservoirs are now clean. It's nice to take a walk admiring the views of the lake. You never get tired of looking at water, and even more so when it’s clean.

MANAGEMENT AND PERSONNEL

The following took part in the implementation of the project:

Students in grades 6-8.

School teachers and counselors.

BUDGET

The project did not require any special financial costs. Materials available at school were used: paints, sketchbook, pencils, glue, garbage bags, mittens.

CONCLUSION

The project has been implemented, but we know that we will continue to work to maintain cleanliness on the banks of reservoirs outside of its framework.

Man can save nature! There would be a desire! More than a hundred years ago, the American philosopher G. Thoreau rightly noted: “Only that dawn rises to which we ourselves have awakened.” The time has come for the ecological dawn. It depends on all of us as a whole and on each individual whether the song of the nightingale will sound, whether the transparent springs will breathe coolness, and whether the fish will splash in clean water rivers and lakes, will there be a blue sky above us?

So let's make our lives better and the planet even more beautiful, because life in natural balance brings happiness!

APPLICATION

Annex 1.

Appendix 2.

June 2013. Shore of the Burtsevsky quarry.

Appendix 3.

Lake shore No. 115 before cleaning

While cleaning

Garbage storage

After cleaning

Family competition " Living water» Theoretical tour.

Completed by: Larina T.I.

Lazovsky nature reserve named after L.G. Kaplanova

Vladivostok

As we found out when considering the first and second questions, the main cause of the environmental disaster of our reservoirs is one or another human activity. Now let us turn to the question of how the same person can contribute, if not to the elimination, then at least to the reduction of the harm he causes, as well as the restoration of natural communities of water bodies. In our opinion, all measures to protect rivers and reservoirs from pollution, clogging and depletion and for their integrated use:

1. Security.

2. Reclamation.

3. Household.

Now let's try to look at each of these events in more detail.

Security, as the name suggests, should include all activities related to the security of existing communities and their preservation at least in the state in which they currently exist. These measures include the fight against poaching; a special place is given to the protection of nesting sites of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds, and the protection of places of mass spawning of fish. No less important remains the issue of combating fires and illegal logging along the banks of water bodies, and the pollution of water bodies by toxic and toxic substances, as well as heavy metals. It should be noted here that the majority of water bodies have not yet lost the ability to self-heal, and if measures are taken to prevent further pollution of water bodies and damage to their inhabitants, then after a certain period of time, which can last for more than one decade, the ecosystem of water bodies will self-heal, and possibly before that states as they were before human intervention. At the same time, we understand that no matter how much we would like to, people will not be able to completely abandon interference in the life of water bodies (for example, abandon navigation, use water for irrigation of agricultural lands, etc.) This is why the use of protective measures alone insufficient to restore the biocenosis of water bodies, it is necessary to apply the other two types of measures.

The measures taken to rehabilitate and improve ponds, rivers, and streams bring water bodies into a state of ecological balance, which has a positive effect on the flora and fauna of reservoirs and coastal areas.

Ecological rehabilitation of reservoirs includes:

implementation of design and survey work (description of the object: field surveys of adjacent territories, mapping, reporting; laboratory research: sampling and analysis; recommendations on the technical and biological stages of rehabilitation of reservoirs)

cleaning the reservoir bed from contaminated sediments;

pond waterproofing project, bottom strengthening;

accumulation and purification of drainage and storm waters feeding reservoirs

reclamation of watershed areas;

bank protection project, landslide and erosion control measures

colonization of reservoirs with hydrobionts, planting of aquatic vegetation;

environmental rehabilitation and improvement of floodplain areas;

improvement, landscaping, landscape design of coastal and recreational areas.

Environmental rehabilitation consists of several stages:

1. Preparatory work stage;

The study of the hydrogeological characteristics of the reservoir, its morphological parameters (depth, bottom topography), sampling of water and silt deposits for laboratory analysis for chemical contamination is being carried out.

2. Stage of technical rehabilitation of the reservoir;

Depending on the size of the reservoir, availability hydraulic structures, hydrogeological characteristics of the area and a number of other circumstances, the need for mechanical cleaning of the reservoir bed from silt deposits is determined.

3. Biological rehabilitation stage;

A natural reservoir is a balanced ecosystem in which self-purification mechanisms operate.

The colonization of water with living aquatic organisms is carried out based on the results of biotesting of the reservoir. A species community of such microorganisms, invertebrates, and mollusks is selected for colonization, which makes it possible to restore the hydroecosystem of the reservoir.

4. Creation (restoration) of the coastal ecosystem;

Correctly located and formed coastal zones largely determine the future qualitative composition of water. They help shape the natural landscape and provide a food supply for the biota of the reservoir. Recovery in coastal zone a certain type of green space and various living organisms have a beneficial effect on the ecosystem of water bodies.

5. comprehensive improvement of the adjacent territory;

The quality composition of the water in the pond largely depends on the surrounding area. During environmental rehabilitation necessary condition is the correct planning of the territory, providing convenient approaches to the water, observation platforms, distribution of recreational load. Preventing wastewater from entering the water area.

Reclamation measures also include artificial breeding and subsequent release into the habitat of fry, primarily of those fish species that have suffered the greatest damage and whose populations have either already reached or are on the border of the level at which self-recovery becomes impossible.

The next type of measures under consideration are economic activities, one of which is the rational use of natural resources. Nature management in any industry is based on the following principles: the principle of a systems approach, the principle of optimization of environmental management, the principle of anticipation, the principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production, the principle integrated use.

Let's look briefly at these principles.

The principle of the systems approach provides for a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the impact of production on the environment and its responses. For example, rational use of irrigation increases soil fertility, but at the same time leads to depletion of water resources. Discharges of pollutants into water bodies are assessed not only by their impact on biota, but also determine the life cycle of water bodies.

The principle of optimizing environmental management is to make appropriate decisions on the use of natural resources and natural systems based on a simultaneous environmental and economic approach, forecasting the development of various industries and geographical regions. Mining has an advantage over mining in terms of the use of raw materials, but leads to loss of soil fertility. The optimal solution is to combine open-pit mining with land reclamation and restoration.

The principle of outstripping the rate of raw material extraction by the rate of processing is based on reducing the amount of waste in the production process. It involves an increase in production through better use of raw materials, resource conservation and improved technology.

The principle of harmonization of relations between nature and production is based on the creation and operation of natural-technogenic ecological-economic systems, which are a set of industries that provide high production indicators. This ensures the maintenance of a favorable environmental situation, it is possible to preserve and reproduce natural resources. The system has a management service for timely detection of harmful effects and adjustment of system components. For example, if a deterioration in the composition of the environment is detected due to the production activities of an enterprise, the management service makes a decision to suspend the process or reduce the volume of emissions and discharges. Such systems provide for the prediction of undesirable situations through monitoring. The information received is analyzed by the head of the enterprise, and the necessary technical measures are taken to eliminate or reduce environmental pollution.

The principle of integrated use of natural resources provides for the creation of territorial production complexes on the basis of existing raw materials and energy resources, which make it possible to more fully use these resources, while reducing the anthropogenic load on the environment. They are specialized, focused on certain territory, have a unified production and social structure and jointly contribute to the protection of the natural environment, such as the Kansk-Achinsk Heat and Power Complex (KATEK). However, these complexes can also have negative impact on the natural environment, but through the integrated use of resources this impact is significantly reduced

The next activity is rational water use. Water use is the totality of all forms and types of use of water resources in common system environmental management. Rational water use involves ensuring the full reproduction of the territory’s water resources or water body in quantity and quality. This is the main condition for the existence of water resources in life cycle. Improving water use is the main factor in modern economic development planning. Water management is determined by the presence of two interacting blocks: natural and socio-economic. As resource-saving systems, river water intake should be considered as part of earth's surface. River water intake is a functionally and territorially integral dynamic geosystem, developing in space and time with clearly defined natural boundaries. The organizing principle of this system is the hydrographic network. Water management is a complex organized territorial system, formed as a result of the interaction of socio-economic societies and natural waters ny sources.

The important task of water economic activity consists of its environmental optimization. This is possible if the water use strategy includes the principle of minimizing disruption to the structure of the quality of a water body with a catchment area. Return waters after their use differ in composition from natural waters, therefore, for rational water use, maximum savings and minimal interference with natural moisture circulation at any level are required. The reserves and quality of water resources are a function of the regional conditions of runoff formation and the technogenic water cycle created by humans in the process of water use. An assessment of the water supply of a territory for a region can be presented in the form of a complex of highly informative hydrogeological indicators corresponding various options costs for organizing water use. In this case, at least three options must be presented - two extreme and one intermediate: natural conditions, which correspond to a minimum of resources and zero costs for their extraction; conditions of expanded reproduction that appear as a result of expensive engineering activities; conditions of maximum water use that would occur if the full annual flow generated in a given territory was used, which corresponds not only to the maximum of resources, but also to the maximum of possible costs. Such conditions are unattainable, but when modeling and forecasting in theoretical terms, their consideration is necessary to obtain an idea of ​​the processes being studied and as a comparative value for economic calculations. No less important here is the construction of treatment facilities, or the modernization of existing ones, the use of which guarantees the reproduction of “high-quality” water resources, which, after being used in human economic activity, are returned to water bodies.

An effective form of environmental protection when industrial production is the use of low-waste and waste-free technologies, and in agriculture - the transition to biological methods pest and weed control. The greening of industry should develop in the following areas: improvement technological processes and the development of new equipment that ensures less emissions of pollutants into the natural environment, large-scale implementation of environmental assessment of all types of production, replacement toxic waste to non-toxic and recyclable, wide application methods and means of environmental protection. It is necessary to use additional means of protection using treatment equipment such as devices and systems for treating wastewater, gas emissions, etc. Rational use of resources and protection of the environment from pollution is a common task, for the solution of which specialists from various branches of technology and fields of science must be involved. Environmental protection measures should determine the creation of natural-technogenic complexes that would ensure efficient use raw materials and conservation of natural components. Environmental protection measures are divided into three groups: engineering, environmental, and organizational.

Engineering activities are designed to improve existing and develop new technologies, machines, mechanisms and materials used in production, ensuring the elimination or mitigation of technogenic loads on the ecosystem. These activities are divided into organizational, technical and technological. Organizational and technical measures include a number of actions to comply with technological regulations, gas and wastewater purification processes, control over the serviceability of instruments and equipment, and timely technical re-equipment of production. The most progressive continuous and enlarged production facilities are provided to ensure the stability of the enterprise. They are also easy to manage and have the ability to constantly improve technologies to reduce emissions and discharges of pollutants.

Technological measures by improving production reduce the intensity of pollution sources. At the same time, additional costs will be required to modernize production, however, while reducing emissions, there is practically no damage to the natural environment, thus, the return on investment of the measures will be high.

It is necessary to pay attention and environmental activities aimed at self-purification of the environment or self-healing. They are divided into two subgroups:

Abiotic;

Biotic.

The abiotic subgroup is based on the use of natural chemical and physical processes, which occur in all components.

Biotic measures are based on the use of living organisms, which in the zone of influence of production ensure the functioning of ecological systems ( biological fields wastewater treatment, cultivation of microorganisms for processing pollutants, self-overgrowing of disturbed lands, etc.).

The group of organizational measures is determined by the structure of management of natural-technogenic systems and is divided into planned and operational. Planned ones are designed for the long term of the system’s operation. Their basis is the rational arrangement of all structural units of the natural-technogenic complex.

Operational measures are usually used in extreme situations arising at work or in the natural environment (explosions, fires, pipeline ruptures).

The above measures are the basis of human activity creating environmentally friendly production and should be aimed at reducing the technogenic load on ecosystems, and if it occurs, contribute to the prompt elimination of the causes and consequences of accidents. The methodological approach to the selection of environmental protection measures should be based on the principle of their environmental and technical and economic assessment.

In addition to the above, I would like to note that for transboundary reservoirs, of which the Amur is an example, the development of national and international legal documents that may be required to maintain the quality of water resources primarily for the following purposes:

Monitoring and control of pollution of national and transboundary waters and its consequences;

Controlling the transport of pollutants over long distances through the atmosphere;

Control of accidental and/or arbitrary discharges into national and/or transboundary water bodies;

Conducting environmental assessments, as well as compensation for damage caused by one of the parties, the user of a transboundary reservoir

Bibliography

Issues of geography of the Amur region: Lower Amur region, Nature. - Khabarovsk, 1970.

Changes in the natural environment of the Amur-Komsomolsk TPK under the influence of economic activity. - Vladivostok, 2004.

Use and protection of natural resources in the Khabarovsk Territory. - Vladivostok, 2004.

Environmental protection and rational use of natural resources: Amur-Komsomolsk TPK. - Vladivostok, 2006.

Nature management of the Russian Far East and Northeast Asia. - Khabarovsk, 2007.

Resource-ecological research in the Amur region. - Vladivostok, 2003.

Sokhina N.N., Shlotgauer S.D., Seledets V.P. Protected natural areas Far East. - Vladivostok, 2005.

Ecological and economic aspects of the development of new areas. - Vladivostok, 2000.

G. V. Stadnitsky, A. I. Rodionov. "Ecology".

Zhukov A.I., Mongait I.L., Rodziller I.D. Methods for treating industrial wastewater M.: Stroyizdat.

Methods for protecting inland waters from pollution and depletion / Ed. I.K. Gavich. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1985.

“Ecology, health and environmental management in Russia” / Under. ed. Protasova V.F. - M. 1995

Vashchenko M.A., Zhadan P.M. Impact of pollution marine environment for reproduction

marine benthic invertebrates//Biol. seas. 1995. T. 21, No. 6. P. 369-377.

Ogorodnikova A.A., Veideman E.L., Silina E.I., Nigmatulina L.V. Impact

coastal sources of pollution on the biological resources of Peter the Great Bay

(Sea of ​​Japan)//Ecology of nekton and plankton of the Far Eastern seas and

dynamics of climatic and oceanological conditions: Ed. TINRO. 1997. T. 122. P. 430-

Long-term conservation program and rational use natural resources of the Primorsky Territory until 2005. Environmental program. Part 2. Vladivostok: Dalnauka. 1992. 276 p.

Environmental safety: domestic and Foreign experience in the activities of parliaments and regions (by the “government hour” of the 256th meeting of the Federation Council) Series: Development of Russia - No. 17 (384), 2009

Environmental risks of Russian-Chinese cross-border cooperation: from “brown” plans to “green” strategy. Study of the Program for Greening Markets and Investments WWF / Ed. Evgeny Simonov, Evgeny Schwartz and Lada Progunova.

Moscow-Vladivostok-Harbin: WWF, 2010

Where does the Amur flow? Edited by Ph.D. S. A. Podolsky. M.: World Fund wildlife(WWF) – Russia, 2006 – 72 p.

V.V. Bogatov Combined concept of the functioning of river ecosystems // Bulletin of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1995 No. 3 art. 51-61

Note.

When compiling a list of references, I would like to note that it does not contain links to Internet resources. By this we do not pretend that we did not use its capabilities and that the work was written by us solely on processing printed material. No, it’s just that most of the articles and books listed in the references were actually found by us on the Internet, and when writing this work we simply used their electronic (often scanned) copies, which had all the details of a printed publication. In this regard, we most actively used the website of the World Wildlife Fund - WWW.WWF.RU.

The protection of natural communities is the most important component in the interaction between humans and wildlife. In Russia, for example, this issue is given great national importance. What do people do to protect rivers, lakes, fields, forests and animals around the world? They are taking appropriate measures, including at the state level.

Nature Conservation Law

The law on the protection and protection of rivers, farmland, etc.) and the use of wildlife was adopted in the Soviet Union in 1980. According to him, all plant and animal world Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and other former Soviet republics are considered state property and national property. This regulation requires humane treatment of flora and fauna.

The corresponding decree on nature protection obliges all people living in the territory covered by the law to strictly comply with all existing requirements and rules in their professional and personal lives, and try to preserve existing wealth native land. Special attention should be paid to the protection of natural objects such as rivers. The fact is that currently water bodies around the world are heavily polluted by one or another human activity. For example, wastewater, oil and other chemical wastes are discharged into them.

What do people do to protect rivers?

Fortunately, humanity has realized the damage it is causing to the environment. Currently, people around the world have begun to implement plans to protect water bodies, particularly rivers. It consists of several stages.

1. The first stage is to create different treatment facilities. Low-sulfur fuel is used, garbage and other waste is completely destroyed or efficiently processed. People build heights of 300 meters or more. Happening Unfortunately, even the most modern and powerful wastewater treatment plants cannot provide complete protection of water bodies. For example, chimneys, designed to reduce the concentration of harmful substances in certain rivers, spread dust pollution and acid rain over vast distances.
2. What else are people doing to protect rivers? The second stage is based on the development and application of fundamentally new production. There is a transition to low-waste or completely waste-free processes. For example, many people already know the so-called direct-flow water supply: river - enterprise - river. In the near future, humanity wants to replace it with “dry” technology. At first, this will ensure a partial and then complete cessation of wastewater discharge into rivers and other bodies of water. It is worth noting that this stage can be called the main one, since with its help people will not only reduce it, but also prevent it. Unfortunately, this requires large material costs that are unaffordable for many countries around the world.
3. The third stage is a well-thought-out and most rational placement of “dirty” industries that have a detrimental effect on the environment. These include enterprises, for example, in the petrochemical, pulp and paper and metallurgical industries, as well as the production of various building materials and thermal energy.

How else can we solve the problem of river pollution?

If we talk in detail about what people do to protect rivers from pollution, it is impossible not to note another way to solve this problem. It involves reusing raw materials. For example, in developed countries its reserves are calculated in fabulous quantities. The central producers of recyclable materials are the old industrial regions of Europe, the United States of America, Japan and, of course, the European part of our country.

Nature conservation by man

What do people do to protect rivers, forests, fields and animals at the legislative level? To preserve natural communities in Russia, back in Soviet times, so-called reserves and reserves began to be created. As well as other human-protected areas. They partially or completely prohibit any outside interference in certain natural communities. Such measures allow flora and fauna to be in the most favorable conditions.