State of nature in Tibet. Essay on Tibetan Nature Nuclear and Toxic Waste

Hello, dear readers – seekers of knowledge and truth!

Tibet is an amazing place. The most interesting and sometimes sad history, placers, caves, the highest mountain peaks of the Himalayas, dozens of different nationalities make this area unique. But separate interesting topic- These are the animals of Tibet.

Today we want to introduce you to the fauna of the Tibetan expanses. The article below will tell you what animals you can meet while traveling in Tibet, how they differ from their relatives living in our area, and what danger they face today.

We are sure that today you will discover something new.

Diversity of fauna

Tibet has a rather harsh climate. In summer, the average daily temperature here is 5-15 degrees Celsius, but in winter the thermometer drops below zero, and the cold can reach -20 degrees. In general, there is little precipitation throughout the year.

This climate naturally affects the flora and fauna. The Tibetan expanses are mostly located in the highlands of the Himalayas or at the foot of the mountains, on the soil of which it is difficult to grow a large number of agricultural crops.

That is why Tibetans are mainly engaged in animal husbandry. They have long known what “domestication” of animals is.

70 percent of all Tibetan land is occupied by pastures, where huge herds constantly movehomeanimals.

The locals are very careful about our smaller brothers, so they managed to preserve such types of pack animals that are considered rare in our time:

• Bactrian camel;
• Przewalski's horse;
• Kulan is a wild Asian ass.

Kulan (wild ass)

In addition, goats and sheep graze on the pastures. Such animals are unpretentious in food and can withstand even significant temperature fluctuations.

The attitude of Tibetans towards animals was influenced by the law, which prescribes to treat all living things with care, not to cause harm, and to refrain from excess consumption of meat. In the mid-17th century, the V Dalai Lama issued a special decree protecting animals andnaturewhich Tibetans still observe today.

Walking through the steppes of Tibet, you can immediately notice small holes small mammals: hares, marmots, gophers, jerboas, ferrets, voles, gerbils, stoats and pikas - small, cute rodents that look like a cross between a hamster and a hare.

Of the predators in Tibet, lowland animals live gray wolves and mountain reds, lynxes, Tibetan foxes, scavenger bears, leopards are still very rare. Pandas that eat bamboo are found only in the west of Tibet.

Tibetan fox

But most of all there are ungulates, which thrive in the hilly terrain.

These include:

• Tibetan gazelle;
• white-lipped deer;
• lama;
• kulan
• kiang – something between a kulan and a horse;
• mountain sheep;
• orongo antelope;
• hell's antelope;
• bharal – wild sheep;
• musk deer - a deer-like artiodactyl;
• takin is a strong one, similar to a bull, but larger in size.

Kiang

There are many representatives of the animal world and birds. Some of them, for example, crows, live close to homes, often causing considerable damage to households.

Others are considered scavengers, and huge swarms of them can be observed when other animals die. These include Himalayan vultures, snowy vultures, also known as “kumai”.

According to Tibetan beliefs, Kumai helps a person after death, freeing him from the physical body and escorting him to heaven.

Cranes, ibises, and red ducks settled near the water and in marshy areas; snowcocks, finches, and Tibetan sajies settled in the steppes.

Little animals unknown

As you can see, the fauna of Tibet is striking in its diversity. At the same time, some animals seem so familiar and dear, while many have only heard about others. We want to introduce you closer to some of the amazing inhabitants of the Tibetan expanses.

This is a large animal from the mammal family, similar to bulls and bison. Wild yaks can be more than four meters in length and more than two meters in height.

Domestic yaks are slightly smaller in size. Strong and resilient, with short powerful legs, they are capable of carrying multi-kilogram loads.

Yaks are now known in many countries, but they are believed to have originated in Tibet, where they appeared about ten thousand years ago. Yaks feel great in the highlands: in winter they live at an altitude of 4 thousand meters, and in summer they rise even higher - 6 thousand meters. They do this because at temperatures above +15 they begin to experience overheating, and the higher in the mountains, the cooler it is.

Yak on the farm is a great wealth. In addition to helping to carry heavy loads, yaks are used for meat. And their wool and skin are used for different purposes. It is made from:

• yarn;
• fabric for clothing;
• ropes;
• harness;
• souvenirs.

Expenses for yaks on the farm are practically zero - they protect themselves from the cold and enemies, and get their own food.

Musk deer

This is a small cloven-hoofed animal, similar to a deer, but smaller in size. It reaches only about a meter in length, 70 centimeters in height, and the tail is very short – about five centimeters. But the main thing that distinguishes them from deer is the absence of antlers.

The musk deer is amazingly jumping - it can climb trees and jump from branch to branch to a height of four meters. Fleeing from predators, she, like a hare, covers her tracks.

The main jewel of the musk deer is the musk gland on the males’ belly. One such gland contains ten to twenty grams of musk. This is the most expensive animal product - it is used in medicine and especially in perfumery.

Takin

Takin also belongs to the artiodactyls. At the withers it reaches a meter, and its length is about one and a half meters. For its size it is very massive - more than 300 kilograms.

At the same time, the movements of the takin may seem clumsy from the outside. It lives in bamboo mountain forests at an altitude of four kilometers. But in winter, when there is not enough food, it descends to 2.5 kilometers.

Orongo

Orongos are often called antelopes, but in fact they are also closely related to saigas and ibexes. Their dimensions are 1.2-1.3 meters in length and approximately a meter in height, and they weigh only about 30 kilograms.

In the mornings and evenings, orongos can be seen grazing in the steppes, and during the day and night, when cold winds blow, they hide in special holes. They dig these holes themselves with the hooves of their front legs.

In 2006, a railway was built to Lhasa, which passes right through the habitat of the orongo. In order not to disturb the animals, 33 passages were specially built for their movements.

The Zou is an unusual domestic animal obtained by crossing a cow and a yak. In Mongolia it is known as hainak, and in Tibet and Nepal as dzo.

Genetics really works wonders: dzo are stronger than ordinary cows, and they also produce much higher milk yields. Dzo bulls cannot have offspring, therefore, when crossed with ordinary bulls, Dzo cows give birth to calves that are only one-fourth yaks - they are called “ortum”.

Many Tibetan animals are in danger - thirty species are already included in the Red Book. Among them are the musk deer, takin, and orongo already known to us. To complicate matters, wealthy tourists can even hunt endangered species for thousands of dollars.

Conclusion

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The first association that arises with the nature of Tibet is the mountains, the Himalayas, the top of the world. And yes, they are majestic, they are beautiful, I will never forget the feeling when I saw Everest for the first time from the airplane window, or rather, its peak soaring above the clouds. I couldn’t wrap my head around how it was there, but some people were standing on their own feet!

And I sincerely admire those who decided on this adventure, although I consider them just as crazy. I’ll definitely write about Everest a little further, but I want to start with the lakes.
I was not embarrassed by the fact that the map of Tibet is full of blue spots, and somehow I was especially amazed by the next thing that appeared to my gaze already upon approaching Lhasa airport. The lakes here are absolutely stunning - huge, unearthly deep in color, and each one is completely special.

The first lake, the water of which we had a chance to wash ourselves with, was Yamdrok Tso, this was the very beginning of the expedition, when we passed our first five-thousand-meter pass and descended a little to a height of 4650 meters.
It is also called Yamjo Yumtso, turquoise lake, it is believed that it constantly changes its color, and its shades cannot be seen twice. I am very inclined to agree with this legend.
And no lens, no matter how hard the photographer tries, will convey this depth and richness of colors. The lake is considered sacred, Koru people also walk around it, and according to legend, if it dries up, life in Tibet will disappear. On one of the banks of Yamdrok Tso there is the only monastery in the country where the abbess is a woman.

The next lake, on the shores of which we lived, and in which even some desperate women swam (I admit, I limited myself to getting my feet wet) is Manasarovar.
The legendary “living” lake in which Parvati, Shiva’s wife, lives, and from where we first saw Kailash.
They say that the water from it washes away sins.
Buddhists drink it, and Hindus prefer to bathe.
Above the lake rises one of the most famous monasteries - Chiu Gompa, where Padmasambhava spent some time in meditation.

Nearby is a second no less sacred lake - Rakshas Tal, “dead”.
It is considered as such due to the fact that there are no fish or algae in its waters, and all because of the high content of silver. According to legend, the lake was created by the leader of the Rakshasas, the demon Ravana, and on an island in the middle of the lake he sacrificed his heads to Shiva every day. When he had only one head left, Shiva took pity and awarded him with superpowers.
The place is considered important for tantrics as a very strong energy center.
Ablutions in the lake are performed in order to leave everything old in it and reset it to zero, but you can’t drink the water, supposedly you will be poisoned. Well, legends are legends, but for some reason I wanted to take a sip of water right here. Firstly, I didn’t get poisoned, and secondly, it’s delicious. And I decided for myself that in this way I kill my fears and worries with dead water; in the end, we create all our beliefs for ourselves.

Between the lakes there is a natural channel 10 kilometers long, and when it is filled with water, it is believed that balance occurs throughout the world. As you understand, this natural phenomenon haven't seen it for a long time.

We passed another large lake, Peiku Tso, on the way to Everest Base Camp.
Yes, by the way, on the shores of all lakes you can often find such pyramids of stones. The locals put them away so that the soul of the dead, while it is in purgatory, feels good, or something like that.

Well, in the end I can’t help but show what all climbers probably strive for in their souls - the roof of the world. Somewhere near the village of Tingri there are several observation platforms that offer views of Everest and nearby eight-thousanders.
Watching the sunrise there is priceless! And yes, Shiva and Buddha clearly favored us, because they showed us all the mountains, even those clouds that tried to cover them at some moments dispersed in a matter of minutes.
And the last point after which we began to descend was Everest Base Camp.
They say that it is especially beautiful from the Tibetan side; of course, to be convinced of this, you need to look at it again from the Nepal side. It's not the season in September, and the camp is empty, so we could see enough and photograph this great mountain from all angles available to us.
And yes, it is breathtaking, and you understand how insignificant you, a person, are in comparison with nature.
And it just brings tears to your eyes from the realization that you managed to touch this legend at least a little bit, okay, maybe not touch it, but at least see it with your own eyes, and not in photographs. That morning, one of us said a key phrase:
“It’s moments like these that make life worth living.”

The Tibet Autonomous Region is located on the southwestern edge of China, between 26 degrees. 50 min. and 36 degrees. 53 min. northern latitude, 78 degrees. 25 min. and 99 degrees. 06 min. east longitude. The area of ​​the TAR is 1200 thousand sq. km. (about one-eighth of China's territory), equal to the area of ​​Great Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Luxembourg combined. In terms of area, TAR ranks 2nd among the provinces of China after Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region(XUAR). In the north, the TAR neighbors the XUAR and Qinghai province; in the east and southeast - with the provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan, in the south and west it borders with Burma, India, Sikkim, Bhutan and Nepal, as well as with the Kashmir region. The length of the state border within the TAR is 4000 km.

Administratively, the TAR is divided into 6 districts: Shannan, Lingzhi, Ngari, Shigatse, Nagchu and Chamdo, there are two cities: Lhasa (at the district level) and Shigatse (at the county level) and 71 counties. The capital of the TAR is Lhasa. The second largest city is Shigatse. In addition, important villages are Zedan, Bai, Nagchu, Chamdo, Shiquanhe, Gyangtse, Zham.

According to the 5th All-China Census of 2000, the population of the TAR is 2616.3 thousand people, Tibetans make up 92.2%, Han Chinese - 5.9%, Menba, Loba, Hui, Naxi make up 1.9%. TAR is the region with the lowest population density in China, on average per square meter. km. account for less than 2 people.

The high mountainous position led to harsh climatic conditions and a large temperature difference between day and night. But thanks to strong insolation in winter in Tibet it is not at all that cold; in Southern Tibet the average annual temperature 8 degrees Celsius, in northern regions The average annual temperature is below zero; in the central regions there are almost no severe frosts in winter, and extreme heat rarely occurs in summer. Best Season For tourism the time is from March to October.

TAR is an area of ​​unique natural manifestations and numerous cultural and historical attractions. On the one hand, the tourist sees high mountain peaks piercing the sky, covered with eternal snow, deep wild rivers, calm lakes, changing vegetation zones on mountain slopes, rich wildlife. On the other hand, visitors will be able to get acquainted with such cultural and historical monuments as the Potala Palace, the monasteries of Jokhang, Tashilumpo, Sakya, Drepung, the ancient settlement ancient kingdom Guge, graves of the Tufan kings. Some of these monuments are included in the list of protected monuments of national significance. Tourists will have the opportunity to get acquainted with the customs and life of Tibetans and folk culture. By many indicators, Tibet ranks first in China, Asia and the world. It contains 5 tourist landscape areas of state category “4A”, 3 nature reserves of state significance, one landscape area of ​​state category, one forest park and one geological park of state significance, the ancient city of Lhasa and more than 100 cultural and historical monuments, among which 3 are officially listed to the list of world cultural heritage. The prospects for tourism development in Tibet are excellent. According to experts, Tibet could well become one of the tourist areas of world importance.

Rich natural resources

Zoological and relief features

The Tsyghai-Tibetan Plateau is one of the youngest highlands in the world; it also has no equal in area and altitude above sea level. No wonder it is called the “roof of the world” and the “third pole of the Earth.” From the point of view of the unique natural conditions and specific ecology, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an ideal place for tourism. Since the Tibetan Plateau is the main component of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, often speaking about the Tibetan Plateau, they mean the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

As evidenced by the fossils of three-hoofed animals that lived during the early Pliocene, as well as numerous relict plants, in the late stage of the Tertiary period, present-day Tibet rose only 1,000 meters above sea level, tropical jungles and grasses grew here, and the climate was hot and humid. And only over the next 3 million years, as a result of mountain building, Tibet rose to an average of 4000 meters above sea level. Moreover, the process of land uplift occurred especially quickly in the last 10 thousand years; on average, the rise was 7 cm per year; in total, this rate was maintained during an increase in altitude above sea level by 700 meters. Accurate measurements show that the process of land uplift in Tibet has not stopped even today.

Today average height The Tibetan plateau is 4000 meters above sea level, there are about 50 mountain peaks with a height of more than 7000 meters, among which 11 peaks have a height of more than 8000 meters. Among them is the highest peak of the world, Chomolungma. The Tibetan plateau has a pronounced slope from northwest to southeast. The relief is complex and varied: along with snowy mountains there are deep gorges, glaciers, bare rocks, there are areas of permafrost, deserts, piles of clay rocks, gobi, etc. They say about Tibet that here “on one mountain you can simultaneously observe four seasons”, that “you won’t even walk 10 minutes before the landscape around you changes.”

Tibet is rich in mineral resources. 90 species have already been discovered, and for 11 of the 26 types of ore raw materials whose reserves have been determined, Tibet is in the top five in China.

Mountains

It is not for nothing that Tibet is called the “sea of ​​mountains”. In the north of the region stretches the majestic Kunlun ridge and its offshoot - the Tangla ridge, in the south there is the highest and youngest mountain system in the world - the Himalayas, in the west there is the Karakoram ridge, in the east the Hengduanshan ridge is replete with high peaks and deep gorges, and inside the Tibetan region there is a mountain ridge Gangdise - Nenchentanglkha and its spurs. All these mountains are covered with snow all year round and have an inaccessible and majestic appearance.

The Himalayan mountain system has a length of 2400 kilometers, a width of 200-300 kilometers, on the main ridge the average height of suitable peaks is 6200 meters, the height of 50 peaks exceeds 7000 meters. Such a concentration of the highest mountain peaks is a unique phenomenon in the world.

The Gangdise-Nenchentanglha ridge is the watershed between Southern and Northern Tibet, between the internal and drainage rivers of Tibet.

Kunlun is the border between Tibet and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Regions. This highest ridge transversely cuts through the central part of Asia, for which it received the name “ridge of Asia”. It is one of the most concentrated areas of permanent snow and glaciers in China.

The Tangla mountain range is the natural border of Tibet and Qinghai province, the highest peak of the range - Geladendong has a height of 6621 meters, and originates from here greatest river China - Yangtze.

Due to differences in height, geological structure and geographical location, the various mountains of Tibet differ in their characteristic features and represent an interesting object of observation and study. In winter, all the mountains are covered with snow, and in summer, the mountains of Eastern Tibet are covered with green vegetation, the mountains of Northern Tibet look yellow-green, the mountains of Shannan County and Lhasa region are purple, and the mountains of Shigatse County are purple, the Igun Mountains look black-brown.

Typically, the most famous mountains of inland China are rich in cultural monuments, architectural structures, rock inscriptions, paintings and bas-reliefs. In contrast, the Tibetan mountains have retained their natural color and appearance.

Chomolungma Peak

Qomolangma Peak, height 8848.13 meters, is the main peak of the Himalayan Mountains and the highest peak in the world - located on the border of China with Nepal; on the Chinese side, Qomolangma is located within Tingri County. Rising proudly like a dazzling pyramid, Chomolungma looks magnificent, and its surroundings have a radius of 20 km. there are another 5 peaks with a height of more than 8,000 meters (there are 14 such peaks in the world), in addition to 38 peaks with a height of more than 7,000 meters. Such a concentrated collection of the highest mountain peaks is a unique phenomenon in the world.

As geological studies have shown, in the Mesozoic era (230 million - 70 million years ago) the area of ​​the Chomolungma peak was a sea, the rise of the seabed began in late period Tertiary period of the Cenozoic. Moreover, the process of land uplift is still ongoing, the height of Chomolungma is increasing by 3.2 - 12.7 mm per year.

It is interesting that there is always a cloud above the Chomolungma peak, taking the form of either a cloud or white fog, resembling either a flying horse or the thinnest muslin in the hands of a fairy. Looking at Chomolungma, a person seems to renounce mortal worries, being transported to transcendental heights.

IN recent years interest in Chomolungma among mountaineering enthusiasts has increased unusually. Many of them dream of climbing this inaccessible mountain and reaching the top. The best time for climbing is March-end of May and September-end of October, when the weather is relatively warm and there is no heavy rains and snowfalls.

On the northern slope of Chomolungma, on the border of the Rongbu glacier, there is the Zhonbusy monastery of the Nyingma sect, this is the highest monastery in the world (altitude 5154 m).

They say it's the best place to view the peak from here. Today this monastery serves as a base for climbers to the peak; it has rooms for accommodation. Tourists can use this base as a high-mountain hotel.

Kangrinbtse Peak

Kangrinbtse Peak is the main peak of the Gangdise mountain range, and has long been revered in Asia as a “sacred” mountain.

The shape of the peak is round, characterized by the correct symmetry of the slopes; the peak is hidden under a cap of snow all year round.

The height of Kangrinbtse is 6656 meters, several large rivers of the world originate near the peak: the Indus River originates in the Shiquanhe (Lion Spring), the Bramaputra originates in the Matquanhe (Horse Spring), the Sutlej River originates in the Xiangquanhe (Elephant Spring), The Ganges originates in the Kunquhehe (Peacock Spring) spring.

The tradition of worshiping Mount Kangrinbtse dates back to times several centuries removed from the beginning of the new era. And now it is considered a “sacred” mountain among supporters of Lamaism, Hinduism, Jainism and the Bon religion. Adherents of Hinduism consider Kangrinbtse Peak to be the habitat of the supreme deity Brahma, adherents of Jainism believe that this peak became the abode of Leshabah, the first adherent of Jainism to receive “liberation,” adherents of Lamaism consider Kangrinbtse Peak to be the personification of the “originally revered” vajra Shenle and his wife. Supporters of the Bon religion consider Kangrinbtse to be the center of the Universe and the habitat of the gods. The most common religious event is the sacred procession around the mountain, but among adherents different religions The circumambulation routes and methods of worship are different. The flow of pilgrims does not stop here, not only from the Tibetan-populated areas of China, but also from India, Nepal and Bhutan. Religious events are especially solemn in the Year of the Horse according to the Tibetan calendar.

Karst terrain

In the northern outskirts of the county center Amdo, located at an altitude of 4800 meters above sea level, there is Mount Raj, remarkable for the fact that on its spurs there are many limestone pillars formed as a result of karst processes. Some of these pillars resemble pagodas, others are spindle-shaped, the average height of the pillars is 20-40 meters, but there are also 60-meter rocks. Most of the limestone pillars have caves and grottoes; some caves contain stalactites and stalagmites. Local residents consider Mount Raj sacred, tourism authorities believe that it is a great place for rock climbing enthusiasts, and scientists claim that the terrain and landscape in these places were once the same as now in Guilin. Karst relief and education are widespread in Tibet. In addition to Amdo County, they are found in the western suburbs of Lhasa, near the new and old county towns of Tingri, in Rutog County, on the shores of Lake Namtso, near the county center of Markam and in other places. They are the remains of karst structures formed during the Neogene period (25 million-3 million years ago). Over the course of 3 million years, during the processes of glaciation, erosion and sudden temperature changes, these above-ground karst structures disappeared, but then, in the process of raising the land, underground karst formations hidden under the cover of soil appeared on the surface, and these are the ones that can be observed today.

The karst caves of Janang, Lhyundse, Damshung, Chamdo, Riwoche and Biru are well known. In the eyes of believers, these caves are surrounded by supernatural mystery, but tourism authorities see them as excellent sites for tourist excursions. Machzhala Cave in Rivoche County is distinguished by its completeness of form and wonderful landscapes; The Gupu karst cave on the top of a mountain (altitude 5400 meters) in the Tsunka volost of Chamdo district is attractive. The cave, meandering, goes far into the depths of 10 kilometers, stalactites rise inside and stalagmites hang down, and outside the cave there are scatterings of multi-colored pebbles. On the Zhaxi Peninsula of Lake Namtso in Northern Tibet there is a cave, inside of which there is a grove stone forest, natural bridge and other attractions.

Zhayamzong Cave in Janang County, Shannan County is well known not only in Tibet. The cave is located on Mount Zhayamtsong on the northern shore of Tsangpo. The cave has three entrances facing south, two of which are connected inside. The largest cave stretches 13 meters deep, has a width of 11 meters and a height of 15 meters, with an area of ​​100 square meters. The cave was previously used as a hall of Buddhist saints and a prayer hall for sutra recitation and has murals on the walls. Currently, the hall of Buddhist saints has been restored. To the west of the large cave on a sheer cliff there is an entrance to another cave. According to legend, the founder of the Nyingma sect of Tibetan Buddhism, Lianhuasheng, realized holiness in it. This cave communicates with a large cave. Even further to the west there is a third cave, which extends 55 meters deep. In all three caves there are strangely shaped stalactites that produce a ringing sound when struck.

Meimu Cave is located at the junction of Biru and Bachen counties. The entrance to the cave is located on the mountainside, and there is another cave inside the cave. At a distance of 1.5 km. from the cave there is a place where pilgrims come to worship Buddha. They say that more than 500 sacred “signs” and “divine manifestations” appear to people here.

The phenomenon of "clay-sedimentary forests"

Tree-like sedimentary strata are another object of interest to the researcher and traveler.

In Zanda County, in the valley of the Xiangquanhe River, which flows between the Himalayan Range and the Gangdise Mountains, there are powerful sedimentary formations resembling the trunks of giant trees. These strata, which are compressed deposits of sandstone, clay and pebbles, were formed in Quaternary period based on bottom sediments of rivers and lakes. In Dzanda County, these “sandy-clay forests” occupy several hundred square kilometers. In shape, some of them resemble tubs lined up in a row, others look like ancient castles. Looking at them, you involuntarily recall the table-shaped sedimentary landscape in the Colorado River Valley in the USA.

In addition, cave dwellings in which people lived in ancient times, as well as rock paintings, have been preserved in Dzanda County. Therefore, some scientists believe that it was here that the capital of the Xiangxiong kingdom was located - the city of Qionglong'eka, which is mentioned in the sources of the Bon religion.

Glaciers

Tibet is a place that has no equal in the world for the abundance of glaciers. There are 2,756 glaciers in the area west of Bomi County alone. One of the glaciers of the Himalayan mountains, Jiemayangzong, gives rise to the Tsangpo River.

Glaciers are massive accumulations of ice and snow formed over thousands of years. Today glaciers are of great interest to tourists and researchers. Sometimes glacial formations take on curious shapes, for example, a mushroom shape (such ice mushrooms sometimes reach 5 meters in height), the shape of impregnable ice walls and screens, or the shape of ice pagodas, very similar to pyramids or bell towers, or even the shape of a spear piercing into the sky or the shape a majestically calm giraffe.

In the process of forming an ice “sculpture,” an important role is played by the partial melting of ice under the influence of solar heat; this process usually takes several tens or even a hundred years.

According to glaciologists, the phenomena of large accumulations of ice pagodas are found exclusively in the Himalayas and Karakoram. The clusters of ice pagodas in the area of ​​Qomolangma Peak and Shishabangma Peak are well known.

In the basin of Lake Yamjo-yumtso there is a pyramid-shaped mountain peak Karoo with a height of 6629 m, on its northern side rises the Noijingkansan peak (7194 m) - the highest peak of the southern watershed of Tibet. There are 54 modern glaciers on the slopes and in the vicinity of these two peaks. Together they form glaciers) about the Kazher zone with an area of ​​130 sq. km. Up from the triangular site on the route route is the Qiangyong Glacier. It originated on the northeastern slope of Karusiong Peak and is the source of one of the tributaries of the Karusionqiuhe River. Three peaks: Noijingkansan, Jiangsanlamu and Jiangsusun are already open to tourists and climbers.

The famous Rongbu Glacier is only 300 meters from Rongbu Monastery. The glacier occupies a vast area at the foot of Chomolungma at an altitude of 5300 - 6300 m. It consists of three glaciers: Western, Middle and Eastern, the total length of the glacier is 26 km, the average width of the glacier tongue is 1.4 km, the total area is 1500 sq. km. This glacier, the largest of the glaciers in the Chomolungma region, is known in the world as exemplary in terms of completeness of formation and degree of preservation. Here you can observe cup-shaped, hanging glaciers and glacial moraines, hummocks resembling fancy pagodas, lakes of glacial water and sheer knife-shaped ice sheets. Ice castles, bridges, table-shaped and pyramidal formations, figures of strange animals - as if a skilled sculptor had worked here. Three glaciers to the north unite into one, bordering the Chomolungmu peak.

In Burang County, Ngari District, in the vicinity of Kangrinbtse Peak and Lake Mapam-yumtso, covering an area of ​​200 sq. km. there are 10 mountain peaks over 6000 m high. These peaks, on the slopes of which there are many glaciers, are an excellent place for climbing.

In Bomi, called the “Switzerland of Tibet,” there are many glaciers, which owe their formation to the moist winds blowing from Indian Ocean. Known, for example, are the Kachin, Tsepu and Zhogo glaciers. Including the Kachin Glacier is one of the three largest glaciers in China. Its length is 19 km, area 90 sq. km. This is China's largest ice shelf.

Reservoirs in Tibet are represented by rivers, lakes, springs and waterfalls.

Rivers

Tibet is exceptionally rich in rivers. Not only the Tsangpo with its five tributaries flows in the area: Lhasa, Nyangchu, Niyan, Parlung-tsangpo and Doxiong-tsangpo, but also the origins of the Nujiang, Yangtze, Lancang (Mekong) and others. The Sengge-tsangpo (Shiquanhe) River is the beginning of the Indus, the Langchen-tsangpo (Xiangquanhe) is the upper reaches of the Sutlej River.

Tibet accounts for 15% of China's hydropower reserves, and in terms of their size it ranks first among the provinces of China. Moreover, the hydropower reserves of each of the 365 rivers exceed 10 thousand kilowatts. Tibetan rivers are characterized by the almost complete absence of sand and silt impurities in the water, exceptional transparency and low water temperature.

From a tourism point of view, the basins of the Tsangpo River, revered by Tibetans as the “mother river”, and its five tributaries are important.

The Tsangpo River makes a sharp turn here, forming a horseshoe-shaped deep canyon.

Tsangpo - the most big river in Tibet and the highest river in the world. It originates from the Jiemayangzong Glacier on the northern slope of the Himalayas and flows through 23 counties of four cities and counties:

Shigatse, Lhasa, Shannan and Lingzhi. Within China, the length of Tsangpo is 2057 kilometers, the basin area is 240 thousand sq. km. In Medog County, the Tsangpo leaves China, and there flows there under the name Brahmaputra. Crossing India and Bangladesh, it flows into the Indian Ocean. The upper Tsangpo region, above Shigatse, has an exceptionally cold climate and is difficult to access for tourists. From Shigatse to the Qiushui Bridge, a road winds along the shore, following which passengers can admire the surrounding scenery. In the section between the Qiushui Bridge and Gyatsa Tsangpo widens, the flow becomes smoother and calmer. On both banks rise mountain spurs covered with virgin forest. The attention of tourists is attracted by the lonely peak of Namjagbarwa, a sandbank in the middle of the river and other views reminiscent of paintings in the “mountain and water” genre. This route is one of the most popular in Tibet.

Tsangpo Grand Canyon

In the place where Manling and Medog counties border (95 degrees east longitude, 29 degrees north latitude), the Tsangpo current encounters the Namjagbarwa mountain peak - the highest peak of the Eastern Himalayas (7782 m). The river makes a sharp turn here, forming a horseshoe-shaped deep canyon, on the southern slope of which stands Namjagbarwa Peak, and on the northern slope - Galabelei Peak (7151m). These peaks, rising 5-6 thousand meters above the surface of the water, squeezed the river tightly on both sides, as if in a vice, leaving it a path through the “natural gates”. The width of the river at its narrowest places does not exceed 80 meters. From a bird's eye view, the river looks like a thread cutting through huge rocks.

As a scientific expedition organized by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1994 proved, the Tsangpo Canyon is the first gorge in the world in terms of length and depth. The length of the canyon from the village of Daduka (height 2880 m) in Menling County to the village of Batsoka (height 115 m) in Medog County is 504.6 kilometers, the greatest depth is 6009 meters, the average depth is 2268 meters. According to these parameters, the Tsangpo Grand Canyon leaves behind the Colorado Canyon (depth 2133 meters, length 440 km) and the Kerka Canyon in Peru (depth 3200 meters). Scientific data confirming the world championship of the Tsangpo Grand Canyon stirred up the world geographical community. Scientists have recognized the “discovery” of the Tsangpo Grand Canyon as the most significant geographical discovery of the 20th century.

In September 1998, the State Council of the People's Republic of China officially approved the name of the Grand Tsangpo Canyon "Yarlung Zangbo Daxiagu".

Parlung-tsangpo Canyon

In April 2002, Chinese scientists announced in Lhasa: their long-term scientific expedition proved that the Parlung Tsangpo Canyon is the third longest and deepest gorge in the world, inferior to the Nepalese canyon (depth 4403 m). In terms of depth, it leaves behind the Colorado Canyon in the USA (depth 2133 m) and the Kerka Canyon in Peru (depth 3200 m).

The Parlung-tsangpo River originates within Basho County, flows through Bomi, Lingzhi and flows into the Tsangpo River. Its length is 266 km, the basin area is 28631 sq. km.

Parlung-tsangpo Canyon is located within Lingzhi County, has a complete gorge topography, its length from Lake Yong is 50 km, and its length from the dammed lake at the Guxiang Glacier is 76 km.

The Parlung-tsangpo River Basin is one of the three largest virgin forest areas in China, containing Midui Glaciers, Ravutso and Yong Lakes and famous scenic areas.

Parlung Tsangpo Canyon is important in the development of tourism resources and plays a special role in terms of the overall regional geographical relief along with the Grand Tsangpo Canyon.

Lakes

The abundance of lakes is a characteristic feature of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Against the backdrop of mountains, blue skies, white clouds and green steppes, the lakes of Tibet look like brilliant constellation stars, like interspersed sapphires. Lakes Namtso, Yamjo-yumtso, Mapam-yumtso, Bangongtso, Basuntso and others are well known to tourists in China and abroad.

Tibet is not only the largest lake region in China, but also a unique high-altitude lake region in the world. There are 1,500 large and adal lakes in Tibet. The area occupied by lakes in Tibet is 24,566 square meters. kilometers, which is approximately 30% of the area of ​​all lakes in China. 787 lakes in Tibet have an area exceeding 1 sq. km. each.

Lakes in Tibet can be classified into drainage, inland and drainage inland lakes; according to the content of salts in water - freshwater, brackish and salty; by type of origin - into geological lakes, glacial lakes and dammed lakes formed as a result of a blockage along the path of river flow. Thus Tibetan lakes include all types of lakes found in China. Tibetan lakes are characterized by clear water that allows you to see the bottom, a wonderful landscape environment in the form of snowy mountain peaks and lush meadows, an abundance of fish and waterfowl.

Islands on the lakes serve as habitat for flocks of birds. The “bird island” on Lake Bangongtso in the Qiangtang steppe is especially famous. In addition, in the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau there are about 400 salt lakes rich in mirabilite and table salt, as well as many rare earth elements. There are hot and warm lakes in Southern Tibet.

Tibet is characterized by the existence of a cult of lakes. The local population unshakably believes in the legends and traditions associated with the lakes. Three large lakes: Namtso, Mapam-yumtso and Yamjo-yumtso are considered “sacred” in Tibet.

Famous for its scenic views, Basuntso Lake is located in Gongbogyamda County, 90 km away. from the county center Golinka, 120 km. from the village of Bai.

This high-altitude lake lies in the middle reaches of the Bahe River, the main tributary of the Niyan River. The height of the lake above sea level is 3538 meters, the length of the lake is 18 km, the average width is 1.5 km, the area of ​​the lake is 25.9 sq. km., depth 60 meters.

The water is clean and clear, the banks are overgrown with thick grass and bushes. The view of the lake can easily compete with the famous Swiss views. In summer and autumn, the shores of the lake are covered with a colorful floral outfit, a thick aroma wafts in the air, butterflies and bees circle over the flowers.

The surrounding forests are home to bears, leopards, mountain goats, deer, musk deer, and snow partridges.

In the center of the lake there is an island, which is a ridge formed after the sliding of an ancient glacier, and today you can see scratches left by the glacier on the stones of the island. The island has the Tsozong Monastery, which belongs to the Nyingma sect and was built in the 17th century. Local residents consider the lake “sacred”; on the 15th day of the 4th month according to the Tibetan calendar, a traditional procession around the lake is held. In the upper reaches of the lake and nearby rivers there are glaciers, their water feeds the lake and rivers, and sometimes the tongue of the glacier slides into forest groves, forming icy clearings among the dense greenery. Today, in the lake region there is a holiday village where you can rent a house for the holidays. In 1997, Lake Basuntso was included by the World Tourism Organization in the list of recommended landscape places in the world, in 2001 it became a tourist area of ​​the state category “4A”, in 2002 - a forest park of national importance.

Lake Namtso

Namtso is the largest lake in Tibet, the highest located of the large lakes in the world, and the second largest mineralized lake in China. The lake is located on the border of Damshung County (Lhasa) and Benggyong County, Nagchu District.

In Tibetan, "Namtso" means "Heavenly Lake". The height of the lake above sea level is 4740 meters, the length of the lake is 70 km, the width is 30 km, the area is 1920 sq. km. The lake is fed by melting snow and ice on the Nyenchentanglha ridge. In the vicinity of the lake there are meadows with lush grass - the best natural pastures in Northern Tibet. Numerous species of wild animals are found here, including rare species. In the middle of the lake there are 5 small islands, in addition there are 5 peninsulas. The largest peninsula is the Zhaxi Peninsula with an area of ​​10 sq. km. On the peninsula there is the Zhasi Monastery, karst grottoes, a stone grove, a “bridge” of karst origin and other attractions.

Every year, lake worship rituals are held at the lake, which attract believers from Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan. In the Year of the Sheep according to the Tibetan calendar, especially many pilgrims gather; the procession ceremony around the lake lasts 20-30 days.

Lake Yamdzho-yumtso is 110 km away. southwest of Lhasa, within Nagardze County, Shannan County. The length of the lake from east to west is 130 km, width 70 km, circumference of the lake 250 km, area 638 sq. km., altitude 4441 meters above sea level, water depth 20-40 meters, in the deepest places 60 meters. This is the largest lake in the northern foothills of the Himalayas, it belongs to the inland lakes, is fed by melting snow and the water in it has a salty taste. Lake Yamdzho-yumtso is very picturesque, the water in it is transparent and clean, it is popularly considered one of the three “sacred” lakes.

Lake Yamjo-yumtso is the largest gathering place for migratory birds in Southern Tibet; during the egg-laying season, bird eggs can be seen everywhere along the shores of the lake. The lake is home to lefuyu (Schizopyge taliensis) and other highland fish species. In total, fish resources are estimated at 800 thousand tons. Nowadays, fish farms have already appeared here, breeding valuable species of fish.

In the vicinity of the lake there are meadows suitable for grazing. In the western part of the lake there is a peninsula where the villagers' houses are in close contact with meadows used for grazing. There are about a dozen small islands on the lake, the smallest island is barely 100 square meters in area. meters. The famous product of Lake Yamdzho-yumtso is dried meat.

Between Lake Yamdzho-yumtso and the Tsangpo River, the Yamdzho pumped hydroelectric power station, the highest pumped hydroelectric power station in the world, was built. The height of the water fall is 800 meters, water is supplied to the station through a 600-meter long tunnel, and 4 energy generating units with a capacity of 90 thousand kW are installed at the hydroelectric station.

“Sacred Lake” Mapam-yumtso

Lake Mapam-yumtso is located in Burang County, more than 20 kilometers southeast of Mount Kangrinbtse and 200 kilometers or more from the village of Shiquanhe. The fresh water reserves in the lake are 20 billion cubic meters. So this lake is one of the few high-altitude freshwater lakes in the world. The height of the lake above sea level is 4583 meters, the area of ​​the lake is 412 sq. km. In the deepest places, the water depth reaches 70 meters. The water in the lake is distinguished by its purity and transparency; it is not for nothing that the Tibetans reverence it as one of the three “sacred lakes”.

In the manuscript of the Thai monk Xuan Tsang, who traveled to India, the ofeepo Mapam-yumtso is mentioned under the name “Western Jasper Pond”. In the 11th century, the Tibetan Buddhism sect defeated the Bon religion and to commemorate this event, the lake, called "Machuitso", was renamed Mapam-yumtso, which means "invincible" in Tibetan. Adherents of Lamaism believe that swimming in the lake cleanses from sinful thoughts and intentions, and if a sick person drinks water from the lake, then his illness will very soon get better. A procession around the lake is considered a great deed. Almost every season of the year, pilgrims come to the lake to drink the healing water and take a bath. Together with the Kangrinbtse peak, Lake Mapam-yumtso constitutes the “sacred mountain and lake”.

In summer, numerous flocks of swans fly to the vicinity of the lake, then the lake landscape becomes even more beautiful. In addition, according to popular belief, eating fish caught in the lake helps women get pregnant, facilitates difficult childbirth, and cures edema. Analysis of the water showed that it contains some valuable minerals.

Interestingly, nearby, just three kilometers from Lake Mapam-yumtso, there is Lake Langatso, nicknamed “the devil’s”. The water in the lake is salty, storms often occur on the lake, and there is almost no vegetation along the shores.

Bangongtso Lake

Bangong Tso Lake, also known as Long-necked Crane Lake, is a border lake. It lies north of the district town of Rutog, and its western part is located within India. The name Bangongtso is of Indian origin, and in Tibetan the lake is called “Lake of Long-necked Cranes”.

The lake is 155 km long from east to west, 2-5 km wide, 15 km at its widest point, the lake is made up of three narrow lakes connected by channels, the lake area is 593 sq. km., the height of the lake above sea level is 4242 meters, the greatest water depth is 57 meters. Most of the lake lies within China, and the water in this part of the lake is fresh, while in the part lying within Kashmir, the water is salty. But in terms of vegetation in the vicinity of the lake, the Kashmir shore is much richer than the coastal part of the lake on the Chinese side.

The attraction of Bangong Tso Lake is the lefuyu fish. This species of fish has a series of large scale plates on the sides of the spawn opening and the rear fin, so that the belly of the fish appears to be open outward. Hence the name "lefuyu" (fish with a cracked belly). This species developed in the harsh climate of Tibet.

In the center of the lake there is an island 300 m long and 200 m wide, where flocks of geese, gulls and other birds gather - about 20 species in total. There is a buzz of birds over the island, and when the flocks rise into the sky, it becomes difficult to discern the sun. In addition, in the vicinity of the lake there are ancient cultural monuments.

Senlitso Lake

It has long been believed among Western scientists that the highest lake in the world is Lake Titicaca (altitude 3812 m), lying on the border of Bolivia and Peru. And in Tibet, at least a thousand lakes lie at an altitude of 4,000 meters or more, including 17 lakes at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters.

According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the highest lake in the world is the Tibetan Lake Senlitso (5386 m above sea level), which is located in Jongba County. This lake is freshwater and drainage, the water from it flows into the Tsangpo River, the lake lies in a permafrost area where the conditions are very harsh.

High mountain salt lakes

The number of salt lakes in Tibet far exceeds the number of freshwater ones. It is estimated that there are 250 salt lakes, that is, 25% of all lakes in Tibet. The total area of ​​salt lakes is 8 thousand sq. km, 2.6% of the entire territory of the region.

Salt lakes have their own specific characteristics and attract many travel enthusiasts. For example, Lake Chzhabuechaka, lying at an altitude of 4421 meters above sea level, has dimensions of 213 sq. km, its shape resembles a gourd, from the narrowest point the Northern Lake stretches to the north, and the Southern Lake to the south. South Lake covered with a white crust of salt, a layer of water 20-100 cm thick is still preserved in the Northern Lake. To the west of the lake rises Mount Zhiagelyan (6364 m), the snow of which feeds the lake with melt water. Lake Zhabuechaka ranks first among the lakes in China in terms of borax reserves. In addition, the lake is rich in mirabilite, sodium carbonate, potassium, lithium and other elements. Also worthy of mention is Lake Margochaka, whose area is 80 square meters. km. The bottom of the lake is smooth as a mirror. There are many such salt lakes in Tibet, they contain rich resources of mineral salts. For example, the reserves of table salt in Lake Margaychaka alone, with an area of ​​70 square meters. km. sufficient to satisfy the salt needs of the Tibetan population for several tens of thousands of years.

In the vicinity of the lake there are meadows with lush grass, home to numerous animal species. On islands and in coastal thickets, fresh water often seeps in. There are excellent nesting areas for waterfowl here.

Sources

Tibet, along with the provinces of Yunnan, Taiwan and Fujian, is a place rich in springs. Tibet ranks first in China in terms of geothermal energy reserves; 630 places where underground heat escapes to the surface have been discovered. Almost every county has a hot spring. The classification of types of hot springs includes more than 20 varieties. There are 300 large geothermal zones in Northern Tibet alone.

Tibetan springs mostly have healing properties. From this point of view, they are valuable for tourists and researchers, and in addition they have great prospects for useful application. Since ancient times, Tibetans have learned to use spring water against ailments and have accumulated a wealth of experience. In the Lhasa area the most popular is warm spring Dezhong within Maejokunggar County. The spring water contains sulfur and other substances beneficial to humans and is effective against various diseases. In spring and autumn, the water pressure in the source is minimal, but the concentration of mineral substances reaches its maximum value and during this period the effectiveness of treatment is the best. Most of those who undergo treatment leave satisfied; it is no wonder that the Dezhong spring is very popular and numerous clients come to it.

In Shannan County, warm springs are concentrated mainly in Woka Township in Sangri County and in the vicinity of Zhegu Lake in Tsomei County. There are 7 springs in Sangri County, including the Chholok Spring, which was used by the Dalai Lamas. According to legend, the spring water cures many diseases. The water of the Jueqiongbangge spring, located north of the Jeolok spring, cures stomach diseases, nearby there is the Pabu spring, whose water helps with rheumatism, the Nima spring, whose water cures eye diseases, and the Bangage spring, the water of which cures skin diseases. In spring and summer, many visitors come to these springs. In the vicinity of the city of Qiusong there is a famous spring called Seu.

Kanbu Spring in Yadong County is very famous. Its water is credited with the ability to cure many diseases. This source has 14 outlets to the surface of the earth, and the temperature, chemical composition and healing properties of the water in them are not the same. The spring water is said to help heal fractures and cure stomach ailments, arthritis and skin diseases.

The springs in the area of ​​Lake Yamdzho-yumtso are also popular. In the Rongma area in the north of Nyima County, hot springs are located over an area of ​​​​several hundred square meters. meters. All year round There is hot steam above the springs, and the water from the springs helps with arthritis and skin diseases.

Chamdo also has many hot springs with good quality water that has healing properties. For example, Wangmeika and Zuojika springs in Chamdo County, Yizhi Spring in Riwoche County, Rawu and Xiali Springs in Basho County, Qiuzika Spring in Markam County, Qingni Cave Spring in Jiangda County, Buto Village Spring in Dengchen, Meiyu Spring in Dzogang and other. In the Yanjing area of ​​Markam County there are springs with a water temperature of 70 degrees Celsius, even the “coldest” springs have a temperature of 25 degrees. With the onset of spring, residents of surrounding villages and even residents of Deqin County, Yunnan Province come here to take a bath.

In the small town of Yumei, through which we pass the expedition route to the Tsangpo Grand Canyon, there is a hot spring gushing out of a crevice among the stones. Its water flows into the Parlung-tsangpo river. There is a virgin forest all around: pine trees, spruce trees, nanmu trees, birch trees, cypress trees, and under the trees there is lush grass and dense thickets of flowering rhododendron.

The Yangbajen geothermal area is located in Damshung County, at the southern foot of Nyenchentanglha Mountain, 90 km away. northwest of the city of Lhasa. The Qinghai-Tibet Highway runs next to it.

Yangbajen Geothermal Area is one of the largest exploited geothermal areas in the world. In China, this area was the first area to exploit geothermal energy. The annual amount of energy released in the Yangbajen region is equal to the energy of 4.7 million tons of standard fuel.

The Yangbajen geothermal power plant, the most powerful in China, operates on underground heat.

Even before the construction of the Yamjoyumtso Pumped Power Plant, the Yangbajen Geothermal Power Plant supplied electricity to Lhasa and the surrounding area.

By the end of 2000, 8 power generating units with a capacity of 25 thousand kW were installed at the Yangbajen power plant. 30 percent of Lhasa's electricity grid is generated here.

The Yangbajen geothermal area lies in a high-mountain basin and covers an area of ​​40 sq. km. All year round, hot springs supply water at a temperature of 70 degrees to the surface, which is why there is steam above the pit. The gushing geyser is especially grandiose, reaching a height of at least 100 meters, its bubbling can be heard five kilometers away. Against the backdrop of the snowy peak of Nyenchentanglha and green meadows, the gushing white column of water and steam makes a strong impression.

In Yangbajen there is a bathhouse and a swimming pool at an altitude of 4200 meters; the water of the springs cures stomach, kidney, skin diseases, arthritis, paralysis of the limbs and other ailments. In the near future, hot water from the springs will be used for other purposes: heating homes, heating greenhouses and fish ponds. To the east of the Yangbajen geothermal area lies the largest hot lake in China, with an area of ​​7,300 square meters, on the shore of which there is a bathhouse and a swimming pool. In the village of Qucai, Ningzhong Township, there is a group of boiling springs, the water temperature reaches 125.5 degrees. In 1998, a health center was built here.

Dagejia Geothermal Area

Dagejia Geysers are the largest pulsating geysers in China. They are located on the southern spur of the Gangdise Mountains, in the western part of Ngamring County. The release of water from geysers is irregular, as is the duration of their action. Some geysers gush for 10 minutes, and some only for a few seconds. Usually, the release of a fountain of water is preceded by a pulsation of water jets at a low level, then an underground roar like a thunderclap is heard and a column of water and steam shoots out from the source, reaching a diameter of 2 meters and a height of 200 meters. But then the water column, having crumbled into rain, goes underground again and the surface of the source takes on its previous appearance.

Qupu Exploding Geyser

In Qupu, located on the southeastern shore of Lake Mapam-yumtso, there is a unique exploding geyser. During the operation of the geyser, a thunderous roar is heard, a mixture hot water and the pair erupts from the ground, raising a column of dirt and rock. After the explosion ends, deep funnel-shaped tubes remain in the ground. One day in November 1975, a geyser exploded. Frightened by thunderclaps, grazing flocks of sheep and herds of cows fled in all directions. The column of steam reached 900 meters in height, the stones thrown out during the explosion were scattered far over a kilometer.

Pulsating springs in the Bagashan mountains

50 km. To the northwest of Golinka, the administrative center of Gongbogyamda County, there is a landscape area of ​​the Nyanpugou Gorge, in its upper reaches three gorges converge: Jiaxingou, Yangwogou and Buzhugou. In the Buzhugou gorge there is a karst cave (altitude 4200 meters above sea level) and three cascading groups of warm springs, the water of which flows into a river flowing along the bottom of the cave. Centuries-old pines and cypresses grow all around. In the Yanvogou gorge, northwest of the Nyanpugou gorge, there is the Bagasy monastery (of the Gelugba sect), and at the foot of the mountain there is a warm spring that works like clockwork: water appears in it 6 times a day.

Waterfalls

There are many waterfalls in the eastern and southwestern parts of Tibet, in the gorges of the southeastern and northeastern mountains.

There are so many waterfalls in Lingzhi County that they are difficult to quantify.

The largest waterfall is the Medogsky waterfall, the height of which falls exceeds 400 meters.

First of all, 4 groups of waterfalls in the Tsangpo Grand Canyon should be mentioned. On the 20-kilometer stretch from Xixinla to Zhaqu, the place where the Parlung-tsangpo tributary flows into the Tsangpo, the gorge makes many sharp bends, the slope coefficient of this section is 23 degrees, at the narrowest point the width of the river, sandwiched by steep cliffs, is only 35 meters , the difference in water level in high water and shallow water is 21 meters. It was these relief features that determined the emergence of many large and small waterfalls here.

The Rongzha group of waterfalls is located on the Tsangpo River, 6 km away. from the place where the Parlung-tsangpo tributary flows into it, at an altitude of 1680 meters. The waterfall cascade has 7 steps, the largest distance between two steps is 30 meters. The width of the waterfall is 50 meters. In a section of 200 meters, the total height of the water fall is 100 meters. There is an incessant roar around the waterfall, its splashes are carried far throughout the surrounding area. In Menbas language, "rongzha" means "gorge root".

Qiugudulun Waterfalls are located on the Tsangpo River, 14.6 km away. from the place where Parlung-tsangpo flows into it at an altitude of 1890 meters. The maximum relative height of the water fall is 15 meters, the width of the waterfall is 40 meters. In the Tsangpo section, 600 meters below and above the waterfall, 3 waterfalls 2-4 meters high and 5 rapids were discovered. From a steep cliff on the southern bank of Tsangpo, where the main waterfall of the Tsugudulun group is located, a waterfall falls, its width is only 1 meter, but its height is 50 meters.

Badong Waterfalls are located on the Tsangpo River, where it is surrounded by the Sisinla Mountains, about 20 km away. from the confluence of the Parlung-tsangpo tributary into the Tsangpo. The height of the waterfall above sea level is 2140 meters. In total, on a site of 600 meters there are two groups of waterfalls, the height of one of them is 35 meters (width 35 meters), and the height of the other group is 33 meters. Together, both groups form the largest waterfall cascade on Tsangpo. The largest waterfall in Lingzhi County is Hanmi Falls, which is 400 meters high. The uppermost cascade of the waterfall flows straight from the snowy mountains rising into the sky, in the second cascade stage the waterfall expands, at first the flow slows down, flowing between the forest thickets, and when it reaches the cliff, it breaks off with enormous force, the lowest step of the cascade is a huge boulder that changes flow direction. At the end of the path, the waterfall flows into the Dosyunlakhe River, forming numerous deep pools.

Climate

The best time of year for a tourist trip in Tibet is considered to be the months from March to October, and the most favorable time is the period from June to September.

Tibet is characterized by great differences in the climate of different regions, unique natural phenomena associated with the action of wind, clouds, rain, frost and fog, as well as unusually remarkable sunrises and sunsets.

The special climate of Tibet is due to the peculiarities of its relief and atmospheric circulation. The general trend is a dry and cold climate in the northwestern part of the region and a humid, warm climate in the southeastern part. In addition, the pattern in the change of climatic zones according to the height of the relief clearly makes itself felt.

The main features of the Tibetan climate are thin air, low atmospheric pressure, low oxygen content in the atmosphere, low dust and humidity, the air is very clean and thin, the atmosphere is highly permeable to radiation and sunlight. At a temperature of zero Celsius, the density of the atmosphere at sea level is 1292 grams per cubic meter, standard atmospheric pressure is 1013.2 millibars. In Lhasa (3650 m) the density of the atmosphere is 810 grams per cubic meter, the average annual atmospheric pressure is 652 millibars. If on the plain the oxygen content per cubic meter of air is 250-260 grams, then in the high mountainous regions of Tibet it is only 150-170 grams, that is, 62-65.4% of the plain.

Tibet is an area that has no equal in China in terms of solar radiation intensity. Here this intensity is two times or at least one third greater than in the plain regions lying at the same latitude. Tibet also ranks first in the number of hours of sunshine per year. In Lhasa, for every square meter of territory there are 19,500 kilocalories of solar energy per year, which is equivalent to the combustion energy of 230-260 kg. standard fuel, there are 3021 hours of solar insolation per year. No wonder Lhasa is called the “city of the sun”. Powerful solar radiation caused a high intensity of ultraviolet radiation, which (for waves less than 400 millimicrons) is 2.3 times stronger than the intensity on the plain. Therefore, many pathogenic bacteria are almost absent in Tibet; Tibetans have almost no skin diseases or infections from injuries.

The average air temperature in Tibet is lower compared to the plain regions at the same latitude, and the temperature difference between different seasons of the year is also small. But in Tibet there are significant daily temperature fluctuations between day and night. In Lhasa and Shigatse, the difference between the temperature of the hottest month and the average annual temperature is lower by 10-15 degrees Celsius compared to Chongqing, Wuhan and Shanghai located at the same latitude. A average value daily temperature fluctuations are 14-16 degrees. In Ngari, Nagchu and other places in August, the daytime air temperature reaches 10 degrees, and at night it drops to zero and below, so that during the night the rivers and lakes are covered with a film of ice. In June in Lhasa and Shigatse at noon the maximum temperature reaches 27-29 degrees, and the real summer heat is felt outside. But in the evening the temperature drops so much that people feel the autumn coolness, and at midnight the temperature can drop to 0-5 degrees, so in the summer people sleep under cotton blankets. The next morning, before the sun rises, it becomes warm again, like spring. In Northern Tibet, the average annual temperature is below zero, there are only two seasons: cold and warm, but there is no concept of four seasons. Northern Tibet is the coldest place in China in terms of average temperature during the summer season. In many places in Tibet, snow falls in July and rivers freeze in August. The golden season is considered to be the time from June to September, when the daytime temperature is 7-12 degrees, the maximum temperature reaches 20 degrees. After rain, the temperature usually drops to 10 degrees or lower; at night the temperature is even lower. Adapting to sharp daily fluctuations in air temperature, Tibetans wear an outer jacket during the day when it is warm, putting on only one sleeve and leaving the other empty, and in the mornings and evenings they wear both sleeves.

The rainy season arrives in different places in different times, but the distinction between the dry and rainy seasons is very clear. Moreover, Tibet is characterized by rain falling mainly at night. The annual rainfall in the most low-lying areas of South-Eastern Tibet is 5000 mm, as it moves to the northwest it gradually decreases and finally reaches only 50 mm. Between October and April of the following year, 10-20% of the annual precipitation falls; the rainy season begins in May, which lasts until September. 90% of the annual rainfall occurs during this time. The rainy season in April and May first comes to Zayu and Medog counties, gradually the rain front captures Lhasa and Shigatse, in July it rains throughout Tibet, in the last ten days of September and the first ten days of October the rainy season ends. As for the predominant nighttime rainfall, approximately 60% of the rain (in Lhasa 85%, in Shigatse 82%) falls at night. This is a feature of the Tibetan climate. However, in southeastern Tibet and the Himalayas, night rains account for about half of all precipitation.

Tibet is one of the regions of China where plant and animal resources are richly represented. The classification of plant-animal zones includes cold, temperate, subtropical and tropical zones.

Vegetation

If you look at the map of Tibet, then from the southeast to the northwest you will see belts of forests, meadows, steppes and deserts. Bioresources are extremely rich. They form an important part of tourism resources.

The richest natural botanical garden

Due to the abundance of plant species, Tibet deserves the name of a natural botanical garden; its gene bank of seed material can serve as a copy of the flora of all of Asia.

Particularly rich in plant resources are Jilong, Yadong and Zham in Western Tibet, Medog, Zayu and Luoyu in Eastern Tibet. But even in Northern Tibet, where the climate is much more severe, there are more than 100 plant species. At altitudes above 4200 meters, in the belt of high-mountain shrub-grass vegetation there are many plants blooming with bright flowers, for example, rhododendrons and primroses. During the flowering season, the mountain slopes are covered with a bright carpet of flowers.

Medog and Chayu on the southern spur of the Himalayas were called “Tibetan Jiangnan” and “Tibetan Xishuangbanna”. Below 1200 meters there are monsoon and rain forests, where vines, wild bananas, Japanese bananas, coffee trees (two species were discovered) and other species typical of the tropics and subtropics grow. At an altitude of 2500-3200 m in the Tsangpo valley, over an area of ​​about a thousand square kilometers, thickets of the endangered yew species were discovered.

China's largest forest area

In Tibet, forests have been preserved intact. At an altitude of 1200-3200 m, subtropical evergreen forests grow, including coniferous and mixed ones. At an altitude of 3200-4200 m, predominantly coniferous forests (spruce, fir) grow; here you can find almost all types of conifers of the Northern Hemisphere - from tropical to cold zones. The main species are: spruce, fir, hemlock, pine (common, highland, Yunnan), Himalayan spruce, Himalayan fir, yew, Tibetan larch, Tibetan cypress and juniper. In addition, deciduous species grow: cottonwood, alpine maple, poplar, and birch. Spruce, fir and hemlock forests occupy 48% of the total forested area of ​​Tibet and 61% of the timber reserves of such forests in Tibet. These forests are distributed mainly on the slopes of the Himalayas, Nenchentanglha and Hengduan Shan. Square pine forests in Tibet is 9260 million sq.m. Species: longleaf pine and white trunk pine have been declared protected.

As shown by the data of the 4th All-China Survey, Tibet ranks 4th among the provinces of China in terms of forest cover ratio, and ranks 1st in terms of timber reserves. The afforestation rate in Zayu, Manling, and Bomi counties exceeds 90%. Having visited these places, you can really get an idea of ​​the “forest sea”. Tibetan forests are characterized by rapid growth that lasts for a long time and large reserves of wood per unit area. So in Bomi County, one hectare of spruce forest contains more than 2000 cubic meters of standing timber. This is a record figure in the world. Some trees reach a height of 80 meters, their diameter at chest level is 2 meters. In a spruce forest 200 years old, the average diameter of trees trunks at chest level is 92 cm, height 57 meters.

Some specimens reach a height of 80 m and a diameter of 2.5 m. One such tree can produce 60 cubic meters of wood.

The world's largest region of alpine vegetation belts

The Tibetan Plateau is the largest region in the world in size, featuring alternating alpine plant belts. At an altitude of more than 4200 m, in places of high-mountain meadows and on the gentle slopes of river valleys, you can find cushion lichens and mosses, the height of which does not exceed 10 cm. E.hi species are characteristic of the polar regions, but in Tibet they are especially widespread, there are 40 species 15 families 11 classes. The most common are tinder fungus, cushion lichen from the primrose family, saxifrage, saussurrey, etc. Cushion lichen has a tree-like structure, due to which it is very thick, dense and rigid. One such plant looks like an open umbrella and is so strong that even a shovel cannot be crushed.

Meadows and steppes occupy two-thirds of the territory of Tibet and 23% of all steppe and grassland resources of China. The main areas of steppes and grasslands are the Ngari district and the North Tibetan Gobi. Alpine meadows occupy the first place in terms of area, followed by alpine meadows and steppes, semi-swamp steppes, shrub steppes and meadows in forested areas. The main types of steppe vegetation are cereals and grass (the sedge family). The productivity of forage grasses is low, but the quality is excellent; in terms of the content of coarse proteins, Tibetan forage grasses are superior to Mongolian ones.

Medicinal plants

About 5 thousand plant species grow in Tibet, of which a thousand species are plants of technical and economic importance. There are also about 1,000 species of medicinal plants, including more than 400 widely used species. Saffron, Saussurea, whorled hazel grouse, Coptis chinensis, ephedra, gastrodia, Ginura pinnatifaris, Codonopsis fine-haired, Gentian large-leaved, Salvia polyrhizoma, Lingzhi mushroom, Mylettia reticulata are just a small part of them. Of the 200 species of mushrooms examined, the edible ones are tricholoma, hutou (Hericium erinaceus), zhangzi (Sarcodon imbricatus), common mushrooms, black tree mushroom, white tree mushroom (Tremella fuciforus), yellow tree mushroom (auricularia) and others. Medicinal mushrooms are also prepared: fuling, sunganlan, leiwan. In terms of the size of preparations of the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis (which has a tonic effect on the functioning of the lungs and kidneys), Tibet ranks first among the provinces of China. Tibet occupies one of the first places in China in the procurement of such medicinal plants as whorled hazel grouse and Chinese coptis.

The interest and use of medicinal plants in Tibet has a long history. The herbal book, compiled in 1835 by Dimar Dantzen Penzo, contains information about 1006 biospecies. Many medicinal plants grow almost exclusively on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The effectiveness and specificity of Tibetan medicinal plants is of increasing interest in domestic and foreign circles. Scientists set out to develop new types of drugs that have a special effect.

Fauna of Tibet

Varied natural conditions created the background against which the animal world, richly represented in Tibet, developed. The rich world of wild animals has added a lot of charm tourist trips in Tibet.

Wild animals

There are 125 species of protected valuable animal species registered in Tibet, accounting for one third of all protected species in China. Among them are the long-tailed monkey, Yunnan golden monkey, macaque, deer (Tibetan red deer, maral, white-lipped deer), wild yak, ibex, leopard, leopard, himalayan bear, civet, wild cat, badger, red panda, musk deer, takin, Tibetan antelope, wild ass, mountain sheep, goats, fox, wolf, lynx, jackal, etc. Among them are Tibetan antelope, yak, wild ass and mountain sheep - species found only on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. All of them are included in the list of animals protected by the state. The white-lipped deer is found only in China and is one of the rare species of global importance. The protected birds are the black-necked crane and the Tibetan pheasant. The population of especially valuable 34 species is 900 thousand. For example, there are 10 thousand heads wild yaks, 50-60 thousand wild donkeys, 40-60 thousand Tibetan antelopes, 160-200 thousand saigas, 2-3 thousand takins, 570-650 Yunnan golden monkeys, 5-10 Bangladeshi tigers. In addition, the number of bears, leopards, wild deer, goats, valuable species of birds and high-mountain fish "lefuyu".

Tibet is one of the few areas in the world where the pristine ecology is well preserved. A truly unique natural zoo! In the north of Tibet there is a shbi (Qiangtang) with an area of ​​400 thousand square meters. km. This is the habitat of many rare species animals.

White-lipped deer

White-lipped deer belongs to the 1st category of protected animal species in China. It lives at an altitude of over 4000 m above sea level. Usually found in areas where red deer live, but their herds do not mix. There is already a white-lipped deer farm in Chamdo County.

Tibetan antelope

The Tibetan antelope is a protected species; its body is covered with light brown hair, and its chest, belly and legs are white. The male's head is crowned with black horns 60-70 cm long. If you look in profile, it seems that both horns have merged into one, which is why this species is also called a unicorn deer.

The antelope's body shape is distinguished by great grace; it runs at speeds of up to 100 km. per hour, so it is difficult even for wolves to catch up with her.

The antelope loves river valleys and lakeside areas with lush grass.

Antelope antlers are medicinal raw materials, and wool enjoys a high rating in the world markets for textile raw materials. It is no wonder that this animal is the subject of poaching, which the Chinese administration is vigorously combating.

Wild donkey

Wild donkey - kulan belongs to the 1st category of protected animals. The body of the kulan is covered with light brown hair, a black stripe runs along the ridge, and the belly and popliteal parts of the legs are white. It seems as if the kulan's legs are wearing white stockings. Kulans are strong animals with well-developed muscles and are capable of running long distances. Their herds have a leader and are highly organized. The sight of a herd of kulans racing across the steppe is an impressive picture. When running, kulans develop a speed comparable to that of a jeep. Running herds of kulans can be observed while driving along the Heihe-Ngari road. Kulans are herd animals, living in families of 8-20 individuals, but sometimes you can find herds of several dozen animals.

Wild yak

The yak belongs to the 1st category of protected animals; in terms of its size, it has no equal in the animal world of Tibet. The body length of a wild yak reaches 3 meters, which is significantly longer than a domestic yak. Yak horns have an arched shape. Formed in harsh natural conditions great endurance and viability of yaks. They easily overcome steep mountain slopes, rivers, ice and snow drifts.

The body of the yak is covered with black thick long hair, the hair on the belly goes straight down to the ground and when the yak walks it sways like the hem of a doha. The fur that covers the body of a wild yak is 3.4 times thicker than that of a domestic yak, so the wild yak is not afraid of frosts of 40 degrees. The wild yak has three types of protective devices: its hooves, horns and tongue. Yaks live in herds of 30 individuals, but there are also herds of 300 animals.

Black-necked Crane

The black-necked crane belongs to the 1st category of protected animal species. This is the only one of the 15 known species of cranes in the world that lives on a high mountain plateau. In terms of rarity, it is equated to the giant panda. It has been declared an endangered species in China and is also included in the Red List of Endangered Species. The black-necked crane is a beautiful slender bird of great decorative value, has a calm disposition, and lives in lakeside and river wetlands. However, it reproduces poorly and the survival rate of offspring is low. To protect black-necked cranes, a reserve has been created in a swampy area with an area of ​​14 thousand square kilometers, which is located in the vicinity of Lake Xidingtso in Shengza County, Nagchu District. Black-necked cranes were also found in Lingzhub County near Lhasa.

Snow leopard

Belongs to the 1st category of protected wild animals. The skin is spotted: black specks on a light gray background. Body length 1 meter, weight 100-150 kg. The head looks like a cat's. The leopard is swift in its movements and attacks goats, foxes, hares, partridges, etc. The skin is extremely highly valued.

Tibetan partridge

The Tibetan partridge belongs to the 2nd category of protected birds. The tail feathers resemble a horse's tail, which is why this species is also called the "horse pheasant". There are blue and white species pheasants. However, both species have blue tails with a satiny sheen. The plumage on the head and legs is red, the eye sockets look like two small suns, the ear feathers are long and stand upright. Chicks love insect food, while adult birds prefer young leaves, shoots, grass seeds and other plant foods.

Pets

Domestic animals of Tibet include yaks, bianya (a cross between a cow and a yak), sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, brown cows, chickens, ducks, rabbits, etc. Livestock farming accounts for half of Tibet's economic potential.

Tibet is one of the 5 most important pastoral areas in China. There are 22.66 million head of livestock, 9 thousand tons of sheep wool, 1400 tons of bull and sheep fleece, 4 million pieces of sheep and bull hides are produced per year. Tibetan dog breeds are also of interest to tourists.

Yak - ship on the plateau

The yak is one of the most important domestic animal species of Tibet. There are more than 14 million animals in the world. Most yaks have ancestry from the Tibetan high plateau or from surrounding areas lying at an altitude of more than 3000 m. China accounts for about 85% of the world's yak population.

Yaks are unpretentious to food, hardy, have great physical strength and are well controlled.

The fur on the belly and limbs is thick and soft. Having strong teeth, the yak even consumes roughage. He has a strong heart, strong, albeit short legs, mobile lips and tongue. The yak is not inferior to mountain climbing mountain goats. In a word, the yak is well adapted to life in the harsh conditions of the high mountain plateau.

The yak is used as an important means of transport and is called the "ship of the plateau". In terms of the height to which the yak is capable of reaching, it has no equal among animals.

In addition to being used as draft and vehicle, Yak meat is eaten. It is rich in proteins, highly nutritious, and also has good taste. For example, Hong Kong and Macao people highly value yak meat, placing it above the meat of other artiodactyls. Yak milk can be drunk directly, and in addition, ghee is prepared from it - main view fats on the plateau and casein for technical purposes. Everyday clothing is made from yak skins, and in addition, yak skins are an important raw material for the leather industry. Yak dung is used to fertilize fields and, when dried, serves as household fuel. In addition, yak skins are used to make canoes for crossing rivers. Ropes made from yak wool are strong, elastic and durable. Mats woven from yak wool are used to make durable, rain-resistant and easily rolled-up tents for the Tibetans. Yak wool also serves as a raw material for high-quality cloth; even the yak's tail panicle has found use: it serves as a whisk for shaking off dust. The panicles of white yak tails are especially prized; they are usually exported.

The Mastiff dog breed, native to the Tibetan Shito, is the highest altitude dog species in the world. Body length of an adult mastiff more than a meter, weighs several tens of kg., the whole body is covered with thick long hair, so the mastiff looks like a small yak. The mastiff's head is large, its legs are short, its muzzle is flat with a wide bridge of the nose, it has a delicate sense of smell, emits a sharp, bass bark, the mastiff's disposition is warlike and ferocious, but in relation to its owner it is very loyal and understands his plans well.

The mastiff is used mainly to protect herds and flocks. The Mastiff can effectively guard a flock of 200 sheep, although to do this it has to run a total of 40 km per day. The Mastiff is not afraid of frost and can sleep in the snow at temperatures of minus 30-40 degrees. Unlike other herding dogs, the Tibetan Mastiff does without meat food, he eats mainly skimmed yak milk, to which tsangmba is added.

Pocket dog

The pocket dog (palace or prayer dog) is one of the ancient best Tibetan dog breeds, it was kept by living Buddhas of monasteries, aristocrats of Tibet and even the Qing imperial court. Nowadays, a pure breed of such a dog is rarely found, so its price has risen significantly.

The height of the dog is 25 cm, sometimes more than 10 cm, weight is 4-6 kg, sometimes less than a kilogram. The dog has short and developed limbs, big eyes and a slightly raised tail, the pocket dog with golden fur is very much appreciated. The Tibetan lapdog is also very popular.

Protected natural areas

Creation of protected natural areas (PA) - important event Tibetan administration in the field of maintaining environmental balance, this matter has unfolded over the past three decades and today has already been marked by gratifying successes. In the 70s of the 20th century, the TAR administration increased allocations for the protection of wild fauna and flora, habitat areas for rare animals were fenced off and a hunting ban was announced. In the 1980s, work began to establish the boundaries of protected areas. In 1985-1988 The district government has approved 7 protected and protected areas: Medog, Zayu, Gangxiang (Bomt), Bajie (Lingzhi), Zhamgou Nature Reserve (Nelam), Jiangcun (Jilong) and Qomolangma Peak Nature Protection Zone. Of these, Medogsky and Chomolungmasky protected areas were included in the lists of protected areas of national importance. In 1991, the Tibetan Wildlife Conservation Society was established. In 1993, the second group of reserves was approved - 6 in total, including: Qiangtangsky (for the protection of wild yaks, antelopes and kulans), Markamsky (for the protection of golden monkeys), Shenzhasky (for the protection of black-necked cranes), Dongjusky in Lingzhi (for the protection deer) and Rivochesky (for the protection of red deer). Now in Tibet there were 13 protected areas of district and national significance. The total area of ​​these territories was 325.8 thousand sq. km, 26.5% of the territory of the Tibet Autonomous Region and about half the area of ​​all protected areas in China.

In China, protected natural areas (PAs) are classified into three categories and 9 types of purposes. Protected areas of the 1st category protect an intact ecological system; this category includes 5 types of protected areas: for the protection of forests, steppes and meadows, deserts, swamps, ocean and coastal ecology. Category 2 includes protected areas for the protection of wild fauna and flora. This includes 2 types of protected areas: for the protection of wild animals and protected areas for the protection of plant species. The 3rd category includes protected areas for the protection of ancient relics; this includes two types of protected areas: for the protection of a special geological landscape and protected areas for the protection of biological relics. Currently, the number of protected animal and plant species is 164, including 16 species that are particularly important, 40 biospecies are unique, found only in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in the area of ​​Qomolangma Peak.

In 1993, this protected area was included in the list of state protected areas. It is located in the China-Nepal border area and covers an area of ​​33.81 billion square meters. m., 70 thousand people live on its territory (1994). The territory of the protected area is divided into a number of separate protected areas; 7 of them: Tolong Gorge, Zhongxia, Xuebugan, Jiangcun, Kuntang, Qomolangma Peak and Shishabangma Peak are specially protected, 5 others: Zhentang, Nelam, Jilong, Kuntang, etc. are areas of scientific research significance.

If the peak of Chomolungma is a snow-ice kingdom, where there are many glaciers, then at the foot of the peak a completely different picture is observed. Here, along the southern slope, all plant zones are located from the tropics to the temperate and cold zones. There are forests, meadows, and pastures.

On an area of ​​several tens of kilometers horizontally, the height of the slope is more than 6 thousand meters, so the difference in biospecies is clearly visible vertically. In total, from the evergreen forests at the foot of the peak to the eternal snows at the top, 7 plant belts are distinguished.

On the southern slope of the Himalayan mountains at an altitude of 3000 meters within the protected area there is the Kama Gorge, which is called “one of the 10 landscape attractions of the world.” The gorge stretches from east to west for 55 kilometers, its width from south to north is 8 kilometers, and its area is 440 square meters. km. The Chomolungma Protected Area is home to 2,101 species of angiosperms, 20 species of gymnosperms, 200 species of ferns, more than 600 species of mosses and lichens, and 130 species of fungi. Animal world represented by 53 species of animals, 206 species of birds, 20 species of reptiles, reptiles and fish. These include animals belonging to category 1 protected species: long-tailed monkeys, Tibetan wild ass, mountain sheep, leopard, leopard, black pheasant. The image of a leopard serves as the emblem of the Chomolungma OPT. In the forests of the reserve grow Himalayan fir, larch, birch, juniper, bamboo, high-mountain maple, spruce, Nepalese santal tree, magnolia, straight-trunk pine, rhododendron and other species. There is also a long-pistil magnolia - a valuable decorative species, medicinal plants Ginura pinnate, Coptis chinensis, etc.

At an altitude of 3800-4500 m, wormwood grows. Above 5500-6000 m there is a strip of eternal snow. The largest glacier of Qomolungma is the Rongbu Glacier.

Qiangtang Nature Reserve

The Qiangtang Nature Reserve is located in Nagchu County, at the junction of Shendza, Nyima and Two Lakes counties, and covers an area of ​​367 thousand square meters. km., ranks second in size in the world after Greenland State Park.

And among the reserves for the protection of wild animals, it ranks first in size in China and the world.

In 1993, the TAR government officially approved the creation of the Qiangtang Nature Reserve with an area of ​​247 thousand sq. km. Later, the concerned Tibetan departments, based on the survey, proposed a project to expand the protected area. In April 2000, the Chinese government officially announced the establishment of the Qiangtang State Protected Area natural area, the area of ​​which was increased by 120 thousand sq. km. against the original one.

The Qiangtang Nature Reserve is delimited into two areas - the Shendza Marsh Reserve, covering the lakeside of lakes Silingtso and Gyaringtso with a total area of ​​40 thousand sq. km. This is the so-called South Qiangtang Nature Reserve, home to numerous species of waterfowl. Another area is the Northern Qiangtang Desert Fauna Reserve, located in a zone of cold climate and harsh nature. The southern border of this area is the Zhajia-tsashtu and Bogtsang-tsangpo rivers. Within this area there are places that are completely uninhabited and places that have largely intact ecology and wildlife populations.

North Qiangtang Nature Reserve desert flora, located in the heart of perhaps the most unique and as yet undisturbed ecological system in the world, provides excellent insight into the ecology of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. First of all, the fragility of the ecological balance is striking; a violation of the ecological balance of biological populations can result in irreparable consequences. Therefore, it is very important to maintain this eco-balance.

The reserve is home to antelopes, yaks, kulans, black-necked cranes, leopards, argali - in total about 100 species of valuable animals. Among them there are endangered species and state-protected species of the 1st category. This reserve is actually a unique natural zoo. Here is a wide field of activity for researchers studying the ecology, habits, lifestyle and reproduction of animals, their genetic mechanism, as well as applied and scientific significance. It is likely that studying the adaptation of animals to the conditions of the Gobi desert will help people better understand the mechanism of preventing and overcoming the high-altitude reaction and related ailments.

The North Qiangtang Nature Reserve is the highest and largest nature reserve in the world. It is three times larger than the famous American reserves, 4 times larger than the largest Tanzanian reserve in Africa.

Tsangpo Grand Canyon State Reserve

This reserve is located in the southeastern part of Tibet, 400 km. from Lhasa. Originally called the Medog Nature Reserve, it was officially renamed the Tsangpo Grand Canyon State Reserve in April 2000. The territory of the reserve is 9620 million square meters. m., population - 14.9 thousand people. The unique relief and natural conditions have created the environment for the habitat of many biospecies, so the reserve fully justifies its reputation as the “kingdom of animals and plants.” Among plant species, yew, mahil, lingzhi, and wild orchid have become widespread. Of the animal species, mention should be made of the tiger, leopard, bear, musk deer, red panda, long-tailed monkey, otter, antelope, etc. 3,768 species of plants, 512 species of mosses and lichens and 686 species of mushrooms grow here. The fauna is represented by 63 species of mammals, 25 species of reptiles, 19 species of amphibians, 232 species of birds and more than 2000 species of insects.

Adjacent to the Himalayan mountain system, the canyon is influenced by humid winds blowing from the Indian Ocean, which determines the tropical and subtropical nature of the local climate and vegetation. On the slope of the peak you can trace the change of 8 plant belts. This example of a change in vegetation zones to different heights is unique in China in its completeness and clarity.

Scientists have also proven that the Tsangpo Grand Canyon area is the place where biological species are most richly represented. It is a “natural botanical museum”, “a collection of genetic resources of biospecies”. It is also interesting that the area of ​​the Tsangpo Grand Canyon is located at the northeastern extremity of the border of the junction of the Indian platform and the Eurasian platform and therefore is exceptionally rich in various kinds of geological phenomena; it can well be called a “natural geological museum”.

The Tsangpo Grand Canyon is unique in its richness and diversity of natural landscapes and natural resources. It is China's most valuable natural resource, as well as the world's most valuable natural resource. The local mountains and forests are still very poorly explored and are an excellent subject for tourist observations, photography and scientific research.

And the boundless Tibet stretched around. This hilly plateau, elevated at 4500-5500 meters, is larger than Western Europe and bordered by the most high mountains in the world, it seemed as if it had been specially created in the event of the Great Flood in the form of the “Eternal Continent”. Here it was possible to escape from the wave that was approaching and sweeping away everything in its path, but survival was problematic.

Sparse grass covered the ground, but at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters it disappeared. The blades of grass grew at a distance of 20-40 cm DR5T from each other; It was surprising that such a large animal as the yak could feed itself here. But the Great Creator provided for this possibility.

And on parts of the plateau located above 5000 meters, only rusty moss and stones could be seen.

Beautiful mountain peaks could be seen anywhere and everywhere in Tibet. They seemed very small, but we knew that their absolute height was 6000-7000 meters above sea level. Willy-nilly, I peered into the details of each of these Tibetan peaks, trying to see people there - the words of Nicholas Roerich that sometimes people see on the inaccessible Tibetan peaks strange people, who knows how they got there, did not give me peace. I remembered the stories of the Himalayan yogis about the supermen of Shambhala and knew that they lived right here, in Tibet. But I didn’t manage to see any strange people; It only seemed a few times.

Hilly areas gave way to completely flat areas. The fevered imagination immediately pictured an airport here, where planes could land and bring people so that they could worship the citadel of humanity on Earth - Mount Kailash. Our main earthly Motherland - the “Eternal Continent” - deserved it.

But I knew that at such a height planes could not land and take off - the air was too thin.

We liked to stop on such flat areas to have a snack. Something gentle wafted from this land, and we, sitting on the ground, gently stroked and patted it - the word “citadel” embedded in the subconscious influenced us through the millennia. The caretaker Sergei Anatolyevich Seliverstov took out chocolate, nuts, raisins, cookies, water from the food bag, but he didn’t feel like eating. We drank water, but hardly shoved food into our mouths. We latently understood that we did not want to live normally here, we wanted... to survive, as our distant, distant ancestors did.

The further we moved to the northwest, the more sand became. Soon beautiful dunes appeared. We ran out of the car and, like children, threw sand at each other. And then the sand began to show its “charms”. First of all, these were dust storms, which were accompanied by thunderstorms without rain. Such storms not only pinned a person to the ground and covered him with sand, but also stopped the car.

Probably, Tibetan Babylon was covered with such dunes, I thought.

And the storms came one after another.

But the most unpleasant thing was that stones appeared in the nose, or, as they say, stone burrs.

The fact is that due to the influence of high altitude, ichor was released from the nasal mucosa, onto which fine sand stuck, which gradually turned to stone. It was a real punishment to pull out these stone bugs that clogged my entire nose. In addition, after removing the intranasal stone, blood flowed, onto which sand again adhered, which had a tendency to harden.

Rafael Yusupov spent most of the time in the area of ​​the dunes wearing a special gauze mask, frightening not only the Tibetans, but also us with his appearance. He was so used to wearing a mask that he even smoked through it. True, he picked stone bugs out of his nose no less often than we did.

He, Rafael Yusupov, constantly taught us to breathe in high altitude conditions. When we went to bed, we had a fear of suffocation, which is why we breathed heavily all night, afraid to fall asleep.

A sufficient amount of carbon dioxide must accumulate in the blood so that it irritates the respiratory center and transfers the act of breathing to a reflexive-unconscious version. And you, fools, with your strained conscious breathing, disrupt the reflex function of the respiratory center. You have to endure until you suffocate,” he lectured us.

Will you completely suffocate? - asked Seliverstov, who was not amenable to this technique.

Almost,” answered Rafael Yusupov.

One day I got out of the car, walked a hundred or two hundred meters away, sat down on Tibetan soil and thought. Tibet stretched out before me with huge salt lakes, dunes, sparse grass and high hills.

Once upon a time the last of the Atlanteans lived here, I thought. -Where are they now?

The word “Shambhala” crawled out of the subconscious and began to bubble in reality.

I got into the car. We went again. I was waiting for the harbingers of Shambhala to appear.

And the boundless Tibet stretched around. This hilly plateau, elevated at 4500-5500 meters, is larger than Western Europe and bordered by the highest mountains in the world, it seemed as if it was specially created in the event of the Great Flood in the form of the “Eternal Continent”. Here it was possible to escape from the wave that was approaching and sweeping away everything in its path, but survival was problematic.

Sparse grass covered the ground, but at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters it disappeared. The blades of grass grew at a distance of 20-40 cm DR5T from each other; It was surprising that such a large animal as the yak could feed itself here. But the Great Creator provided for this possibility.

And on parts of the plateau located above 5000 meters, only rusty moss and stones could be seen.

Beautiful mountain peaks could be seen anywhere and everywhere in Tibet. They seemed very small, but we knew that their absolute height was 6000-7000 meters above sea level. Willy-nilly, I peered into the details of each of these Tibetan peaks, trying to see people there - the words of Nicholas Roerich that sometimes strange people are seen on the inaccessible Tibetan peaks, who knows how they got there, haunted me. I remembered the stories of the Himalayan yogis about the supermen of Shambhala and knew that they lived right here, in Tibet. But I didn’t manage to see any strange people; It only seemed a few times.

Hilly areas gave way to completely flat areas. The fevered imagination immediately pictured an airport here, where planes could land and bring people so that they could worship the citadel of humanity on Earth - Mount Kailash. Our main earthly Motherland - the “Eternal Continent” - deserved it. But I knew that at such a height planes could not land and take off - the air was too thin.

We liked to stop on such flat areas to have a snack. Something gentle wafted from this land, and we, sitting on the ground, gently stroked and patted it - the word “citadel” embedded in the subconscious influenced us through the millennia. The caretaker Sergei Anatolyevich Seliverstov took out chocolate, nuts, raisins, cookies, water from the food bag, but he didn’t feel like eating. We drank water, but hardly shoved food into our mouths. We latently understood that we did not want to live normally here, we wanted... to survive, as our distant - Distant ancestors did.

The further we moved to the northwest, the more sand became. Soon beautiful dunes appeared. We ran out of the car and, like children, threw sand at each other. And then the sand began to show its “charms”. First of all, these were dust storms, which were accompanied by thunderstorms without rain. Such storms not only pinned a person to the ground and covered him with sand, but also stopped the car.

Probably, Tibetan Babylon was covered with such dunes - I thought.

And the storms came one after another.

But the most unpleasant thing was that stones appeared in the nose, or, as they say, stone burrs. The fact is that due to the influence of high altitude, ichor was released from the nasal mucosa, onto which fine sand stuck, which gradually turned to stone. It was a real punishment to pull out these stone bugs that clogged my entire nose. In addition, after removing the intranasal stone, there was blood, to which sand again adhered, which tends to harden.

Rafael Yusupov spent most of the time in the area of ​​the dunes wearing a special gauze mask, frightening not only the Tibetans, but also us with his appearance. He was so used to wearing a mask that he even smoked through it. True, he picked stone bugs out of his nose no less often than we did.

He, Rafael Yusupov, constantly taught us to breathe in high altitude conditions. When we went to bed, we had a fear of suffocation, which is why we breathed heavily all night, afraid to fall asleep.

A sufficient amount of carbon dioxide must accumulate in the blood so that it irritates the respiratory center and transfers the act of breathing to a reflexive-unconscious version. And you, fools, with your strained conscious breathing, disrupt the reflex function of the respiratory center. You have to endure until you suffocate,” he lectured us.