Russia ranks 106th in the world in terms of ecology and 7th among the largest sources of waste in the world. In our country, only 4% of the total volume of waste is recycled, which occupies an area of ​​4 million hectares - an area comparable to the area of ​​Holland or Switzerland, and every year it increases by 10%. At the same time, there are about 15 thousand official landfills, and the number of illegal ones, according to various sources, ranges from 200 to 1000, most of them are located in the Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Leningrad regions.

One time this question solved by creating waste incineration plants. There are only seven such factories in the country: in Moscow, Sochi, Vladivostok, Murmansk and Pyatigorsk. But burning garbage turned out to be dangerous from an environmental point of view. The smoke released during combustion contains many carcinogens, which adversely affects the environment and human health.

The best solution to the problem is the creation of waste-free production technologies. Of course, this model is ideal, but it cannot yet be fully realized. Although the creation of industries that will process waste and use it as raw materials for new products is considered a promising direction. IN recent years Such waste processing plants have already appeared in Russia.

Andrey Nikolaev

“The importance of recycling is huge. It is worth considering that the resources of many materials on Earth are limited. Once in the environment, many materials become toxic and disrupt the ecological system. In addition, recycling materials is often more profitable than recycling them."

Waste sorting is a whole science; in Europe, school lessons are devoted to it. The teacher brings a lot of different garbage to class, and the students must distribute the waste into different piles. It is also important that children in these lessons discuss how to properly sort garbage, how such garbage will affect the environment if left in a landfill, and what benefits it can bring after recycling. So Europeans have been accustomed to sorting waste since childhood. And for a mistake in choosing a container, you can even get a fine. Today, waste paper, glass, chemicals, scrap metal, wood, plastic and much more can be used as secondary raw materials.

Paper and plastic

It would seem that it is easier than collecting waste paper? Scientists have determined that 1 ton of waste paper saves 12 mature trees, saves 32 liters of water and saves 4100 kWh of electricity. In Soviet times there was the whole system collecting waste paper in exchange for books. Today, mostly waste from printing production is recycled, although any paper, with rare exceptions, can serve as a useful secondary raw material. When burned, organic matter releases methane and greenhouse gases, so it is better not to send paper, newspapers and cardboard to landfills.

Waste-free technologies production in the field of waste paper makes it possible to obtain not only white paper, but also new building materials. The main areas of processing include the production of environmentally friendly goods: cotton wool, toilet paper, sanitary and hygienic materials, thermal insulation material. Few people think that waste paper can be used to make ecowool, fiber boards for interior decoration, and use it to produce a whole range of roofing materials. However, more often, recycled waste paper is used only for the production of containers and packaging-substrates for eggs, packing sheets, gaskets for food packaging or furniture. For comparison: in Europe, 60% of waste paper is reused, in Russia - 12%.

Not less benefit Plastic recycling also brings benefits. Every year a person throws away approximately 300 kg of garbage, a third of which is plastic bottles. In the process of processing plastic, flex is obtained, which, in turn, is suitable for manufacturing new packaging. Therefore, recycling plastic bottles also one of the options for waste-free production. And its capabilities are not limited to flex.

Arkady Semenov

Process engineer

“Burning PET containers is a method of obtaining thermal energy used to heat water from centralized heating systems or to heat a building. You can also get automobile fuel from it. True, obtaining fuel from plastic is somewhat more difficult and costly than from rubber products, nevertheless, this is one of the real ways waste recycling."

In the world, about 70% of plastic is used for the production of threads and fibers, from which the well-known polyester is obtained; 30% of recycled plastic is used for the re-production of bottles. In Russia, statistics show opposite figures. In our country, recycled plastic is mainly used to make plastic containers.

Polyester, obtained from plastic, is a comfortable fabric that is easy to wash, dries quickly, does not fade or change its shape. Many eco-friendly designers have adopted this material. Not long ago, sports giant Nike joined their movement. Nike chief brand officer Charles Denson said: "The production of football kits uses 13 million plastic bottles that would otherwise sit in landfill for centuries."

Clothes made from recycled plastic are represented by brands such as Asies, Levi's, Topshop, MaxMara, H&M and many others. Eco-designer and musician Pharrell Williams presented a collection of clothes made from recycled plastic at New York Fashion Week back in 2014. Jeans, bomber jackets, trench coats, and T-shirts for men and women were made from bottles that once lay on the ocean floor.

Rational and complex use raw material resources is critical, since currently only about 10% of the mass used is included in the final product natural resources, and the remaining 90% is lost. Highest form Rational environmental management is a human activity that almost completely uses natural resources, does not generate pollution and waste, and ultimately returns everything back to nature without disturbing its condition. With waste-free production, it is assumed that optimal technological schemes with closed material and energy flows will be created. Ideally, such production does not have harmful emissions into the atmosphere, waste water and solid waste.

The term “waste-free technology” was first formulated by our chemist N.N. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov in 1956. It became widespread not only here, but also abroad. Below is the official definition of this term, enshrined in 1984 in Tashkent by a decision of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).

Waste-free technology- this is a method of production (process, enterprise, territorial production complex), in which All raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources, and any impact on natural environment do not interfere with its normal functioning.

Waste-free technology includes the following processes:

comprehensive processing of raw materials using all its components and obtaining products with no or the least amount of waste;

creation and release of new products taking into account their reuse;

processing emissions, waste, production waste to produce useful products;

drainless technological systems and closed gas and water supply systems using progressive methods for purifying polluted air and wastewater;

creation of territorial-industrial complexes (TPCs) with a closed technology of material flows of raw materials and waste within the complex.

Low waste technology- this is an intermediate step in creating waste-free production, when a small part of raw materials goes into waste, and the harmful impact on nature does not exceed sanitary standards.

Waste-free ratio (or complexity coefficient) is the proportion useful substances(in%) extracted from processed raw materials in relation to their entire quantity.

This coefficient is widely used in non-ferrous metallurgy and is proposed as a quantitative criterion for non-waste: for low-waste technology it should be at least 75%, for waste-free technology - at least 95%.

Currently, there is some experience in the creation and implementation of low-waste and non-waste technologies in a number of industries. For example, the Volkhov Alumina Refinery processes nepheline into alumina and simultaneously produces soda, potash and cement using a virtually waste-free technological scheme. The costs of their production are 10-15% lower than the costs of obtaining these products by other industrial methods.

However, the transfer of existing technologies into low-waste and waste-free production requires solving a large complex of very complex technological, design and organizational problems based on the use of the latest scientific and technical achievements. In doing so, it is necessary to be guided by the following principles.

Systematic principle. According to him processes or production are elements of the system industrial production in the region (TPK) and further - elements of the entire ecological and economic system, which includes, in addition to material production and other human activities, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses), as well as man and his habitat. Therefore, when creating waste-free industries, it is necessary to take into account the existing and increasing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

Complexity of resource use. This principle of creating waste-free production requires maximum use of all components of raw materials and the potential of energy resources. As you know, almost all raw materials are complex in composition. On average, more than a third of its quantity consists of accompanying elements that can only be extracted with complex processing raw materials. Thus, complex processing of polymetallic ores makes it possible to obtain about 40 elements in the form of high-purity metals and their compounds. Already at present, almost all silver, bismuth, platinum and platinum metals, as well as more than 20% of gold is obtained as a by-product during the complex processing of polymetallic ores.

Specific forms of implementation of this principle will primarily depend on the level of organization of waste-free production at the stages of a separate process, production, production complex and ecological-economic system.

Cyclicity of material flows. This general the principle of creating waste-free production. Examples of cyclical material flows are closed water and gas turnover cycles. The consistent application of this principle should ultimately lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently throughout the entire technosphere, of an organized and regulated technogenic gyre matter and associated energy transformations.

Limiting and eliminating the harmful effects of production on the biosphere with a systematic and targeted increase in waste-free production volumes. This principle is obliged to ensure the conservation of natural and social resources, such as atmospheric air, water, land surface, and public health. This principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level environmental management.

Organizational rationality creating waste-free production: reasonable use of all raw material components; minimizing energy, material and labor intensity of production; search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies that eliminate or reduce harmful effects on the biosphere; cooperation of production using waste from some industries as raw materials for others; creation of waste-free TPK.

When creating waste-free production by improving existing and developing new technological processes, the following methods and methods are usually used:

implementation production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since at each of them waste is generated and raw materials are lost;

increasing the unit capacity of units, using continuous processes; intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;

creation of energy-technological processes that combine energy with technology;

Energy technological processes make it possible to more fully utilize the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units.

For the transition of individual, especially new industries, to waste-free technology, it is necessary for individual enterprises, associations, industries and government structures in general to develop comprehensive government programs for the creation and implementation of waste-free industries and territorial-industrial complexes.

General ways to solve environmental problems

instead of declarations - environmentally sound and economically secure projects within the global framework;

integration of intellectual forces, technology and finance of all countries of the world for the implementation of these projects;

regulation of population growth and people's needs, their environmental education;

input economic activity within the limits of ecosystem capacity based on the widespread introduction of energy and resource-saving technologies;

transition to waste-free production technologies; development of agriculture based on environmentally progressive technologies adapted to local conditions.

Environmentalists have long been concerned about the harmful effects of industry on the environment. Along with modern means organizations effective ways hazardous waste disposal and options for minimizing the initial damage are being developed ecological situation. In this regard, reducing waste emissions allows not only to reduce damage to nearby infrastructure facilities, but also to increase the economic efficiency of enterprises. True, waste-free technologies also require significant contributions during implementation. The implementation of such programs often affects production stages, forcing managers to reconsider approaches to ensuring technological processes.

What are waste-free and low-waste technologies?

In a broad sense, waste-free technology does not imply a complete rejection of the production of secondary products that remain after the main one. That is, the definition of waste-free technology may imply such an organization of the enterprise’s work in which the most rational consumption of natural resources and energy is carried out. But this is still a general definition this concept. If we take a strict approach to considering the issue, then waste-free technologies should be represented as a general production process, according to which raw materials are used completely in a closed cycle.

Low-waste technology deserves special attention. In essence, this is an intermediate link that allows you to transfer the enterprise into full-cycle production mode at minimal cost. At facilities where the low-waste concept has been implemented, there is a level of harmful impact on the environmental background that does not exceed acceptable sanitary standards. However, if waste-free technologies involve complete processing of secondary raw materials, then in this case long-term storage or disposal of materials is also allowed.

How is waste-free production assessed?

To begin with, it should be noted that the complete implementation of completely waste-free production is not always possible. There are entire industries in which enterprises and plants, for various reasons, cannot exit the low-waste status. In this regard, zero-waste assessments deserve attention. In particular, experts use coefficients that allow them to determine what percentage of waste a company cannot recycle and sends for recycling or storage.

For example, low-waste and non-waste technologies are more difficult to implement in the coal industry than in other industries. In this case, the waste-free coefficient varies from 75 to 95%. We should also remember the very essence of introducing technologies that reduce the impact of harmful substances on the environment. Taking this aspect into account, we can talk about the need to determine the proportion of useful substances contained in waste. Sometimes this figure reaches 80%.

Principles of Technology

Waste-free technology is based on several principles, the main ones being the following:

• It assumes that it is necessary to consider a production facility from the point of view of waste minimization without separation from the regional industrial infrastructure.
• Cyclicity of flows. According to this principle, there must be some kind of circulation of the raw materials used, as well as the energy that ensures their processing.
• Integrated use of resources. This principle provides for maximum consumption of raw materials and energy potential. Since any raw material can be considered complex, all its components must be extracted during production cycles.
• Limiting environmental impacts. We can say that this is the main idea, in accordance with which low-waste and waste-free production technologies are developed in various industries.
• Rational organization of production. In this case, it is assumed that technological processes will be optimized in order to maximize savings in material resources, energy costs and financial investments.

The process of introducing waste-free technologies

Any actions aimed at changing the production process involve the development of a project. In this case, it may be assumed that drainless technological systems and water circulation cycles will be created on the platform of effective filtration methods. Similar schemes, for example, are used in industries. One of the most effective tools processing of secondary raw materials is the introduction of waste-free technologies that exclude the formation of secondary products in principle. To achieve this, additional processing and purification steps are introduced into production processes. It is also practiced to create separate industrial complexes that purposefully implement closed systems to ensure the processing of material flows.

Waste-free metallurgy

In the design process of plants that will process non-ferrous and ferrous metals, the widest range of waste-free means is used. For example, processing may involve liquid, gaseous and solid waste. Cleaning agents are also used as a basic tool for minimizing processed products. In addition, low-waste and non-waste technologies can operate not only within the immediate metallurgical enterprise. Mining and processing plants, where large-tonnage waste is developed, are engaged in the production of finished building materials. In particular, backfills for mines are made from waste, wall blocks are formed and road surfaces are laid.

Zero waste in agriculture

This area of ​​economic activity is the most flexible in terms of the use of funds that provide recycling resources. This is due to the fact that most agricultural waste contains products of organic origin. For example, zero-waste technologies can come in the form of reusing compost, manure, sawdust, leaves, and other materials. Next, a raw material base for fertilizer is formed from this waste, which saves costs

Zero waste in the energy sector

In modern energy, specialists focus on wide application technological methods of fuel combustion. This may be the use of a fluidized bed, which helps to minimize pollutants in the released gases. Also, waste-free production technology in the energy sector manifests itself in the form of developments aimed at cleaning gas emissions from nitrogen and sulfur oxides. Approaches to the technical equipment of enterprises are also changing. Dust cleaning equipment, for example, is operated with high efficiency, and the resulting ash subsequently enters the construction industry as an ingredient in concrete solutions.

Problems of waste-free and low-waste production

The main part of the problems arising in the process of transition to waste-free production is due to the contradiction between the desire to minimize processed products and maintaining the efficiency of enterprises. The inclusion of new stages in production processes involving the recycling of secondary raw materials, for example, reduces the economic performance of industrial facilities. Also, the problems of waste-free technology are associated with the impossibility of processing a number of emission products. This mainly applies to industries chemical industry, in which the volume of harmful gaseous waste increases. However, there are also opposite examples, when the introduction of waste-free production projects contributed to increased economic efficiency. In the same mining industry, enterprises sell rocks with characteristics that satisfy the needs of construction plants as secondary raw materials.

Zero Waste Enterprise Management

Integration of systems that allow optimizing production capacity in terms of minimizing the generation of hazardous waste also involves improving management processes. Enterprises are required to organize a whole range of functions that allow them to regulate the formation, use and placement of processed products. It is important to take into account that waste-free technologies at enterprises affect not only the immediate sources of secondary raw materials, but also further consumers. To increase the efficiency of subsequent waste management, storage and disposal systems for raw materials are being improved.

Conclusion

Despite the reduction in production volumes during the crisis, the harmful impact of industrial enterprises on the environment remains at the same level (at best). This is explained by the fact that managers strive to save, including on environmental costs. However, waste-free solutions also allow us to solve problems of this kind, offering a means of more rational consumption of the initial raw material base. In other words, waste reduction measures come into effect already at the first stages of the technological process. This makes it possible not only to optimize the volume of final output of a secondary product, but also to save on initial costs associated with the purchase of resources for production.

Waste-free and low-waste production (technologies)

As it develops modern production Along with its scale and growth rate, the problems of development and implementation of low- and waste-free technologies are becoming increasingly relevant. The relevance of this problem is due to the following circumstances.

The biosphere functions on the principle of embedded systems: each form is constructed through the destruction of other forms, constituting a link in the general circulation of matter in nature. Production activities Until very recently, it was built on a different principle - maximum exploitation of natural resources and ignoring the problem of destruction of production and consumption waste. This path was possible only as long as the scale of waste did not exceed the limits of the ability of ecological systems to self-heal.

The relationship between industry and the environment still dominates open type communications. Agricultural production is also an open system. The production process begins with the use of natural resources and ends with their transformation into means of production and consumer goods. The production process is followed by the consumption process, after which the used products are thrown away. Thus, the open system is based on the principle of disposable use of natural substances.

Production activity begins with the use of some new natural resources, and consumption ends with the release of waste into the environment. As shown above, a very small part of natural resources is converted into target products, most of them end up in waste.

Based on this, we can talk about the existence of two conditional types (models) of society: disposable consumption (wasteful society), which creates waste and where production is multi-waste in nature, and nature-saving, where production is organized using waste-free and low-waste technologies (Fig. 6.10).

Thus, objectively there is a need for a transition to a fundamentally new form connections - to closed production systems, possibly suggesting greater autonomy of production, excluding the integration of production processes into the general circulation of matter in nature.

In a closed system, production is built based on the following fundamental principles:

• maximum use of the original natural substance;
• maximum use of waste (regeneration of waste and its transformation into feedstock for subsequent stages of production);
• creating final production products with such properties that the used production and consumption waste can be assimilated by natural ecological systems;
• reducing the amount of consumer waste by producing goods with less weight, in biodegradable packaging, with their complete disposal before they enter the environment.

The principle of zero waste in the generally accepted concept boils down to the fact that when developing and designing a new production:

Apply a systematic approach;

Rice. 6.10. Structural diagram of a disposable society (A) and environmentally friendly (b) respectively

• use resources comprehensively;
• take into account the cyclical nature of material flows;
• limit the impact on the environment;
• rationally organize the production process.

In accordance with the principle of systematicity, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system of all industrial production in the region and beyond. high level- as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, which includes, in addition to material production and other economic activities of man, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), as well as man and his habitat. Thus, the principle of consistency underlying the creation of waste-free industries must take into account the existing and increasing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

The principle of integrated, economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank of a state task and is clearly formulated in a number of decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation. The specific forms of its implementation will primarily depend on the level of organization of waste-free production at the stages of the process, individual production, production complex and environmental-economic system.

One of general principles creating waste-free production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclical material flows include closed water and gas cycles. Ultimately consistent application This principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and associated energy transformations. Effective ways to form cyclical material flows and rational use of energy include the combination and cooperation of industries, the creation of industrial complexes, as well as the development and production of new types of products taking into account the requirements of their reuse.

No less important principles for creating waste-free production include the requirement to limit the impact of production on the natural and social environment, taking into account the systematic and targeted growth of its volumes and environmental excellence. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, land surface, recreational resources, public health. It should be emphasized that the implementation of this principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level environmental management.

The general principle of creating waste-free production is also the rationality of its organization. The decisive factors here are the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction in energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely due to the reduction of negative impacts on the environment and damage to it, including related sectors of the national economy. The ultimate goal in this case should be considered to be optimization of production simultaneously according to energy technological, economic and environmental parameters. The main thing in achieving this goal is the development of new and improvement of existing technological processes and production.

From this we can conclude that waste-free technology is a method of production in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources, and any impacts on the environment do not disrupt its normal functioning.

The zero-waste strategy recognizes that unused waste is both an underutilized natural resource and a source of pollution. environment. Reducing the specific yield of unused waste per commercial product of the technology will make it possible to produce more products from the same amount of raw materials and at the same time become an effective measure for environmental protection. The biosphere gives us natural resources from which final products are obtained in the production sphere, while waste is generated. Products are used either in production or consumption, and again waste is generated. Almost always, if necessary, after appropriate processing, they can be used as secondary raw materials (secondary material resources) or as secondary energy carriers (secondary energy resources). If, for technical or technological reasons, it is impossible or economically unprofitable to recycle waste, then it must be introduced into the biosphere in such a way that, if possible, it does not harm the natural environment.

The following balance can be drawn up for the spheres of production and consumption based on the law of conservation of matter:

Where A - mass of waste generated in the spheres of production and consumption, kg/s; R- consumption of natural resources, kg/s; S- the mass of substances accumulating in the spheres of production and consumption due to constant growth of production, kg/s; f t - average waste utilization rate, kg/kg.

Decline specific amount unused production waste and thus the specific consumption of natural resources is possible due to:

• reducing the specific waste yield;
• increasing the waste utilization rate;
• recycling, i.e. recycling of consumer waste in production.

The choice of one of the paths depends both on technological capabilities,

and on economic conditions. On the one hand, the primary goal of waste-free technology is to reduce the mass of unused waste released into the biosphere per unit time in such a way that the natural balance of the biosphere will be maintained and the conservation of basic natural resources will be ensured. On the other hand, waste-free technologies that use consumer waste as raw materials are urgently needed. Such technologies have double environmental efficiency.

To date, the following main approaches have been identified when creating waste-free technologies:

• development of drainless technological schemes and water circulation cycles based on effective methods of treatment and re-use of regulated wastewater;
• development of technological cycles with closed air circulation;
• replacing water in technology with easily recyclable media;
• replacing air with oxygen and other gases;
• development and implementation of fundamentally new technological processes that eliminate the formation of any types of waste;
• creation of territorial-industrial complexes, i.e. economic regions in which a closed system of material flows of raw materials and waste is implemented within the complex;
• recycling of waste as secondary material and energy resources;
• using waste to recycle other waste;
• reducing the mass of waste by reducing the material consumption of technologies.

The formulation of the concept of waste-free technology should not be taken absolutely, i.e. It should not be assumed that production without waste is possible, but waste should not disrupt the normal functioning of natural systems. IN real conditions a completely waste-free technology cannot be created either practically or theoretically (just as, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, it is impossible to completely convert energy into useful mechanical work, and raw materials cannot be completely converted into a useful, environmentally friendly product). In other words, a completely waste-free technology is an ideal system to which any real technological cycle should strive, and the greater the degree of approximation, the less environmental hazard this production will pose.

The creation of waste-free production is a very complex and lengthy process, the intermediate stage of which is low-waste production. Low-waste production should be understood as such production, the results of which, when impacted on the environment, do not exceed the level allowed by sanitary and hygienic standards, i.e. MPC. At the same time, for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials may become waste and be sent for long-term storage or disposal.

In some cases, the concept of “environmentally friendly technology” is used, meaning a production method in which raw materials and energy are used so rationally that the volume of pollutants and waste released into the environment is minimized.

Since the degree of environmental cleanliness will be determined by the degree of approximation of low-waste technology to the ideal model, it is necessary to introduce appropriate coefficients that evaluate the approximation of low-waste technology to non-waste technology.

There are a number of approaches to determining waste-free production: experimental assessment, assessment based on raw material and energy balances, based on the general optimization parameter obtained using the desirability function or technological profile, as well as economically when comparing the costs of production.

The overall balance of the relative toxicity of the mass of harmful substances is determined by the following expression:

where M c + M b is the amount of waste entering the environment with wastewater and gas emissions; ΔМ Н - mass of neutralized waste, ХМ р - mass of dispersed waste.

The relative environmental friendliness of a typical process, production line, or workshop can be determined by the expression

If A -> 0, then the process tends to a waste-free state.

To quantify waste-free™ production, it is recommended to use the waste-free coefficient, which takes into account various factors depending on the sector of the national economy.

Thus, for the coal industry the waste-free coefficient is K S) it is proposed to determine by the expression

Where K p - rock utilization rate as a result of mining operations; K k - utilization rate of produced water generated during coal mining; K pg - coefficient of use of nylon gas waste. For the chemical industry, waste-free coefficient

Where K m - coefficient of completeness of use of material resources; TO:) - coefficient of completeness of use of energy resources; TO ET - coefficient of compliance with environmental requirements. The values ​​of the first two coefficients are found taking into account data on material and energy balances.

Coefficient value K this determined by the expression

where G) g, g| a, g| l - coefficients of compliance with environmental requirements for the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere, respectively.

Coefficient r v is determined by the expression

Where p - number of pollutants contained in liquid waste discharged into water bodies(hydrosphere); IN ( - actual discharge of the z-th ingredient (substance) per unit of time, VAT, - - maximum permissible discharge of the ith ingredient per unit of time; MPC is the maximum permissible concentration of the i-th ingredient for a reservoir of a given type of water use.

If IN,

If data on VAT is missing, then the calculation is carried out according to the expression

where C j- concentration of the ith ingredient.

When several pollutants with the same limiting harmfulness indicator are discharged into a reservoir, the following condition must be met:

Methodology for calculating the coefficient Г| and similar to the one discussed above. Coefficient r| l is currently assumed to be equal to one. If the coefficient value K this K this coefficients are calculated in units K m And K e or just one coefficient To m. For the target product the coefficient K m determined by the expression

where M op - materials of main production; M VP - materials for auxiliary production; 0 op - waste from the main production; OT op - waste from the main production; P op - losses of main production.

In case K m lies in the range of 0.9-1.0, then production is considered waste-free if it is found K m in the range of 0.8-0.9 - low-waste, with a value K m

In general, to assess the degree of perfection of a technological process, taking into account interaction with the environment, the environmental performance coefficient is taken as the non-waste™ criterion:

where Vt is the theoretical impact required for production; Vf - actual impact; In n - impact determined by specific production.

If Vf K sh -> 0, i.e. This production does not take into account environmental safety requirements at all, which leads to the so-called environmental miscalculation. The higher the value of the coefficient Ked, the more advanced the production is, taking into account the impact on the environment, and the more significantly it approaches waste-free technology.

The socio-economic effect (SEE) of waste-free production can be assessed using a complex criterion:

Where? E, - the sum of all effects achieved by introducing waste-free production; D - damage from environmental pollution by production and consumption waste; Z p - the total costs of creating a waste-free production.

If there are several options, the option with the highest SEE with the minimum values ​​of 3 points should be selected.

Thus, the combination of advanced technologies with modern methods of purification and control of gas and dust emissions, recycling of waste makes it possible to reconstruct existing and design new production facilities that meet the requirements of low-waste™ and environmental safety.

WASTE-FREE PRODUCTION in chemistry technologies (non-waste technology), carried out according to optimal standards. technol. schemes (see Optimization) with closed (recirculating) material and energy. flows, do not have wastewater (drainless production), gas emissions into the atmosphere and solid waste (drainless production). The term “waste-free production” is conditional, because in real conditions due to the imperfections of modern technology, it is impossible to completely eliminate all waste and the impact of production on the environment. In waste-free production, natural resources are used most rationally. and secondary raw materials and energy with a minimum. damage to the environment.

The concept of waste-free production means. Soviet scientists contributed (A.E. Fersman, N.N. Semenov, I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov, B.N. Laskorin, etc.). By analogy with nature. eco-friendly waste-free production systems are based on the technogenic cycle of substances and energy. The need to create waste-free industries arose in the 50s. 20th century due to the depletion of world natural resources. resources and pollution of the biosphere as a result of rapid development, along with chemicalization of the village. economy and the growth of transport, leading sectors of the energy and manufacturing industries (oil refining, chemical industry, nuclear energy, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.).

According to the ideas of D.I. Mendeleev (1885), the measure of production excellence is the amount of waste. With the development of science and technology, each production is getting closer and closer to waste-free. At this stage, waste-free production includes essentially low-waste production, in which only a small part of the raw materials is converted. to waste. The latter are buried, neutralized or sent for a long period. storage for the purpose of their disposal in the future. In low-waste industries, emissions harmful substances do not exceed the maximum permissible concentration, as well as the level at which irreversible environmental changes are prevented (see Nature conservation).

Basic directions for creating low-waste production at a separate enterprise or in the industry as a whole. region: environmentally friendly preparation and comprehensive processing of raw materials in combination with the purification of harmful emissions, waste disposal, optimal. use of energy, water and gas cycles; the use of the so-called short (low-stage) technol. circuits with max. extraction of target and by-products at each stage; replacement periodic continuous processes using automation. their control systems and more advanced equipment; widespread involvement in the production of secondary resources.

Development of chemical, oil refining, petrochemical. and a number of other industries is associated with the development of the so-called. energy technology circuits - systems of large unit power. The latter along with max. the use of raw materials and energy ensures highly efficient treatment of wastewater and gas emissions into the atmosphere through the use of anhydrous technologies. processes, water and gas circulation (including air circulation) cycles, which are environmentally and economically more feasible than the corresponding ones. direct-flow water supply and gas purification to sanitary standards.

Optim. the use of raw materials is achieved through their complex processing. Examples: chem. processing of solid fuels (see Coke chemistry), oil (see Oil refining), apatite-nepheline, phosphorite-apatite, polymetallic. ores, etc. For example, during the complex processing of apatite-nepheline ores, in addition to phosphates, other valuable products are also obtained. Thus, in the USSR, for the first time in the world, a technology for processing nephelines, a waste from apatite enrichment, was developed and implemented. As a result, 0.2-0.3 t K 2 CO 3, 0.60-0.75 t Na 2 CO 3 and 9-10 t cement are obtained per 1 ton of alumina. This technology, combined with closed water circulation and effective purification of gases from sintering furnaces and cement production, provides a minimum. quantity of waste. The progressive method of nitric acid decomposition of phosphorites and apatites when producing complex fertilizers (for example, nitroammophosphate) eliminates the formation of phosphogypsum, a large-scale waste product from the production of these fertilizers using the sulfuric acid method. Along with nitrogen-phosphorus or nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, SrCO 3, CaCO 3, CaF 2, NH 4 NO 3, rare earth oxides and other important products are obtained.

Optim. the use of energy resources is achieved by rationally using them for technology. needs for various stages of production, as well as the utilization of low-potential heat (50-150°C) to ensure comfortable working conditions in the industry. and non-production. premises, for municipal hot water supply, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, heating of greenhouses, reservoirs, etc. max. effective in chemistry industry uses energy resources in modern times. energy technology production schemes in NH 3, weak HNO 3 and urea.

A progressive form of organizing waste-free production is the combination of different technologies. schemes For chem. industry is especially characterized by the use of basic waste. production as raw materials for newly organized subordinate production. Thus, the production of NH 3 is combined, using its waste - CO 2, with the production of urea using one chemical. enterprise. Dr. a typical example is the association of chemicals. enterprises for the production of H 2 SO 4 with metallurgical waste (flotation pyrites and waste furnace gases containing SO 2) it is based on. An important role in the utilization of solid secondary raw materials belongs to the construction industry. materials. For example, blast furnace slag (almost completely) and phosphogypsum are used for the production of cement, slag stones, and minerals. cotton wool, slag pumice, gypsum binders, etc.

The creation of waste-free production is especially effective on the basis of fundamentally new technologies. processes. An example is a coke-free, blast-furnace method for producing steel, using technol. circuits excluded stages, in max. extent that influenced environmental pollution: blast furnace redistribution. production of coke and sinter. This technology provides. Reducing emissions of SO 2, dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere makes it possible to reduce water consumption three times and almost completely recycle all solid waste.

Also promising is the use, for example, in hydrometallurgy of sorption, sorption-extraction and extraction processes, which provide high selectivity for the extraction of decomposition. components, effective wastewater treatment and no gas emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, extraction processes are used to extract and separate, for example, Ta and Nb, REE, T1 and In, as well as to obtain high-purity Au (see also Leaching).

An important role in the creation of waste-free production is played by the improvement of technological equipment. processes. So, the transition of production