Waste-free production technology. Waste-free production: examples of creation

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Introduction

Waste-free production is a production in which all raw materials are ultimately transformed into one or another product and which is at the same time optimized according to technological, economic and socio-ecological criteria.

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The term “waste-free technology” was first proposed by Russian scientists N.N. Semenov and I.V. Petryanov-Sokolov in 1972. In a number of countries Western Europe Instead of “low- and zero-waste technology”, the term “pure or cleaner technology” (“pureormorepuretechnology”) is used. Waste-free technology is a technology that implies the most rational use natural resources and energy in production, ensuring environmental protection. Waste-free technology is the principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. A closed cycle means a chain of primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials.

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The definition of zero-waste technology includes more than just the production process. This concept also affects the final product, which should be characterized by: Long product life, Possibility of repeated use, Ease of repair, Ease of return to production cycle or transformation into an environmentally friendly form after failure.

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Basic principles of creating waste-free industries

System approach Cyclicity of material flows In accordance with it, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system - all industrial production in the region (TPK) and more high level as an element of the ecological and economic system as a whole, which includes, in addition to material production and other human economic activities, natural environment(populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, bio-geocenoses, landscapes), as well as humans and their habitat. The formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently throughout the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and associated energy transformations. Limiting exposure to environment This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of natural and social resources such as atmospheric air, water, land surface, recreational resources, public health.

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Systematic approach Cyclicality of material flows

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Rational organization Integrated use of resources Requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, maximum reduction of energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely associated with reducing the negative impact on the environment environment and damage to it. Complex use of raw materials. Production waste is an unused or underused part of raw materials for one reason or another. Therefore the problem integrated use raw materials has great importance both from an environmental and economic point of view.

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Integrated use of resources Rational organization

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Requirements for waste-free production

Implementation production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (devices), since at each of them waste is generated and raw materials are lost; Creation of energy technological processes, the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy; increase (to optimum) unit capacity, intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation; titanium units

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MAIN DIRECTIONS OF WASTE-FREE AND LOW-WASTE TECHNOLOGY.

The main existing directions and developments of waste-free and low-waste technology in certain industries: Energy. Mining. Metallurgy: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy Powder metallurgy

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Energy

Use new methods of fuel combustion, for example, such as fluidized bed combustion, which helps reduce the content of pollutants in exhaust gases, introduce developments to remove sulfur oxides and nitrogen from gas emissions; achieve the operation of dust treatment equipment with the highest possible efficiency, while effectively using the resulting ash as a raw material in production building materials and in other industries. A waste-free technology for the production of rutile has been developed (can be used in quantum light generators)

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Mining

In the mining industry it is necessary to: introduce developed technologies for complete waste disposal, both in open-pit and underground mining; make wider use of geotechnological methods for developing mineral deposits, while striving to extract earth's surface only target components; use waste-free methods of enrichment and processing of natural raw materials at the site of their extraction; make wider use of hydrometallurgical methods of ore processing.

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Metallurgy

In ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, when creating new enterprises and reconstructing existing production facilities, it is necessary to introduce waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure economical, rational use of ore raw materials: involvement in the processing of gaseous, liquid and solid production wastes, reduction of emissions and discharges harmful substances with exhaust gases and wastewater; full processing of all blast furnace and ferroalloy slags, as well as a significant increase in the scale of processing of steelmaking slags and non-ferrous metallurgy slags; a sharp reduction in fresh water consumption and a reduction in waste water through further development and implementation without

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In non-ferrous metallurgy, the degree of waste-freeness is judged by the coefficient of comprehensiveness of the use of raw materials (in many cases it exceeds 80%). In the ferrous industry, an enterprise is considered waste-free (low-waste) if this coefficient does not exceed 75%.

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Examples

Technological diagram of waste-free production of Zn (zinc) and Fe (iron) Waste-free production: transformation carbon dioxide into fuel Researchers from Pennsylvania state university, found a potential solution by turning to using sunlight and titanium oxide nanotubes. These two elements are capable of converting carbon dioxide into methane. And methane can already be exploited as an energy source. Here's a double benefit for you. On the one hand, the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere is decreasing, and on the other, humanity will not be so dependent on combustible minerals.

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Creating waste-free production is especially effective on the basis of fundamentally new technological processes.

A coke-free, blast-furnace-free method of producing steel, in which the stages that have the greatest impact on environmental pollution are excluded from the technological scheme: blast furnace processing, production of coke and sinter. This technology provides a significant reduction in emissions of SO2, dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere, reduces water consumption by three times and almost completely recycles all solid waste. Examples

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The processes occurring during the production of sponge iron in a shaft furnace largely coincide with the processes occurring in the shaft of a blast furnace at temperatures up to 1000 ° C. In MINE furnaces, lump iron ore materials (pellets, lump ore) are used, but unlike a blast furnace The shaft furnace charge does not contain coke. The reduction of iron oxides is carried out with hydrogen and carbon monoxide blown into the furnace heated to 1000-1100 ° C, and the reducing gas is also a coolant that provides all the heat costs of the process.

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Conclusion

The creation of even the most advanced treatment facilities cannot solve the problem of environmental protection. The true fight for a clean environment is not a fight for treatment facilities, it is a fight against the need for such facilities. It is quite obvious that extensive methods cannot solve the problem. An intensive way to solve the global environmental problem is to reduce resource-intensive production and transition to low-waste technologies. The possibility of stabilizing and improving the quality of the environment through more rational use of the entire complex of natural resources in the context of accelerating socio-economic development is associated with the creation and development of waste-free production.

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Zero waste and low-waste production(technologies)

As the modern production Along with its scale and growth rate, the problems of development and implementation of low- and waste-free technologies are becoming increasingly relevant. The relevance of this problem is due to the following circumstances.

The biosphere functions on the principle of embedded systems: each form is constructed through the destruction of other forms, constituting a link in the general circulation of matter in nature. Production activities Until very recently, it was built on a different principle - maximum exploitation of natural resources and ignoring the problem of destruction of production and consumption waste. This path was possible only as long as the scale of waste did not exceed the limits of the ability of ecological systems to self-heal.

The relationship between industry and the environment still dominates open type communications. Agricultural production is also an open system. The production process begins with the use of natural resources and ends with their transformation into means of production and consumer goods. The production process is followed by the consumption process, after which the used products are thrown away. Thus, the open system is based on the principle of disposable use of natural substances.

Production activity begins with the use of some new natural resources, and consumption ends with the release of waste into the environment. As shown above, a very small part of natural resources is converted into target products, most of them end up in waste.

Based on this, we can talk about the existence of two conditional types (models) of society: disposable consumption (wasteful society), which creates waste and where production is multi-waste in nature, and nature-saving, where production is organized using waste-free and low-waste technologies (Fig. 6.10).

Thus, objectively, there is a need for a transition to a fundamentally new form of communication - to closed production systems, perhaps suggesting greater autonomy of production, the exclusion of the integration of production processes into the general circulation of matter in nature.

In a closed system, production is built based on the following fundamental principles:

maximum use of the original natural substance;
maximum use of waste (regeneration of waste and its transformation into feedstock for subsequent stages of production);
creating final production products with such properties that the used production and consumption waste can be assimilated by natural ecological systems;
reducing the amount of consumer waste by producing goods with less weight, in biodegradable packaging, with their complete disposal before they enter the environment.

The principle of zero waste in the generally accepted concept boils down to the fact that when developing and designing a new production:

Apply a systematic approach;

Rice. 6.10. Structural diagram of a disposable society (A) and environmentally friendly (b) respectively

use resources comprehensively;
take into account the cyclical nature of material flows;
limit the impact on the environment;
rationally organize the production process.

In accordance with the principle of systematicity, each individual process or production is considered as an element of a dynamic system of the whole industrial production in the region and at a higher level - as an element of the ecological-economic system as a whole, which includes, in addition to material production and other economic activities of man, the natural environment (populations of living organisms, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biogeocenoses, landscapes), as well as humans and his habitat. Thus, the principle of consistency underlying the creation of waste-free industries must take into account the existing and increasing interconnection and interdependence of production, social and natural processes.

The principle of integrated, economical use of raw materials in Russia has been elevated to the rank of a state task and is clearly formulated in a number of decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation. The specific forms of its implementation will primarily depend on the level of organization of waste-free production at the stages of the process, individual production, production complex and environmental-economic system.

One of general principles creating waste-free production is the cyclical nature of material flows. The simplest examples of cyclical material flows include closed water and gas cycles. Ultimately consistent application This principle should lead to the formation, first in individual regions, and subsequently in the entire technosphere, of a consciously organized and regulated technogenic circulation of matter and associated energy transformations. Effective ways to form cyclical material flows and rational use of energy include the combination and cooperation of industries, the creation of industrial complexes, as well as the development and production of new types of products taking into account the requirements of their reuse.

No less important principles for creating waste-free production include the requirement to limit the impact of production on the natural and social environment, taking into account the systematic and targeted growth of its volumes and environmental excellence. This principle is primarily associated with the conservation of such natural and social resources as atmospheric air, water, land surface, recreational resources, public health. It should be emphasized that the implementation of this principle is feasible only in combination with effective monitoring, developed environmental regulation and multi-level environmental management.

The general principle of creating waste-free production is also the rationality of its organization. The decisive factors here are the requirement for the reasonable use of all components of raw materials, the maximum reduction in energy, material and labor intensity of production and the search for new environmentally sound raw materials and energy technologies, which is largely due to the reduction of negative impacts on the environment and damage to it, including related industries National economy. The ultimate goal in this case should be considered to be optimization of production simultaneously according to energy technological, economic and environmental parameters. The main thing in achieving this goal is the development of new and improvement of existing technological processes and production.

From this we can conclude that waste-free technology is a method of production in which all raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: raw materials - production - consumption - secondary resources, and any impact on the environment does not disrupt its normal functioning.

The zero-waste technology strategy is based on the fact that unused waste is both an underutilized natural resource and a source of environmental pollution. Reducing the specific yield of unused waste per commercial product of the technology will make it possible to produce more products from the same amount of raw materials and at the same time become an effective measure for environmental protection. The biosphere gives us natural resources from which final products are obtained in the production sphere, while waste is generated. Products are used either in production or consumption, and again waste is generated. Almost always, if necessary, after appropriate processing, they can be used as secondary raw materials (secondary material resources) or as secondary energy carriers (secondary energy resources). If, for technical or technological reasons, it is impossible or economically unprofitable to recycle waste, then it must be introduced into the biosphere in such a way that, if possible, it does not harm the natural environment.

The following balance can be drawn up for the spheres of production and consumption based on the law of conservation of matter:

Where A - mass of waste generated in the spheres of production and consumption, kg/s; R- consumption of natural resources, kg/s; S- the mass of substances accumulating in the spheres of production and consumption due to constant growth of production, kg/s; f t - average waste utilization rate, kg/kg.

Decline specific amount unused production waste and thus the specific consumption of natural resources is possible due to:

reducing the specific waste yield;
increasing the waste utilization rate;
recycling, i.e. recycling of consumer waste in production.

The choice of one of the paths depends both on technological capabilities,

and on economic conditions. On the one hand, the primary goal of waste-free technology is to reduce the mass of unused waste released into the biosphere per unit time in such a way that the natural balance of the biosphere will be maintained and the conservation of basic natural resources will be ensured. On the other hand, waste-free technologies that use consumer waste as raw materials are urgently needed. Such technologies have double environmental efficiency.

To date, the following main approaches have been identified when creating waste-free technologies:

development of drainless technological schemes and water circulation cycles based on effective methods purification and consistent reuse of regulatory treated wastewater;
development of technological cycles with closed air circulation;
replacing water in technology with easily recyclable media;
replacing air with oxygen and other gases;
development and implementation of fundamentally new technological processes that eliminate the formation of any types of waste;
creation of territorial-industrial complexes, i.e. economic regions in which a closed system of material flows of raw materials and waste is implemented within the complex;
recycling of waste as secondary material and energy resources;
using waste to recycle other waste;
reducing the mass of waste by reducing the material consumption of technologies.

The formulation of the concept of waste-free technology should not be taken absolutely, i.e. It should not be assumed that production without waste is possible, but waste should not disrupt the normal functioning of natural systems. In real conditions, a completely waste-free technology cannot be created either practically or theoretically (just as, in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics, it is impossible to completely convert energy into useful mechanical work, and raw materials cannot be completely converted into a useful, environmentally friendly product). In other words, completely waste-free technology is an ideal system to which every real technological cycle should strive, and the greater the degree of approximation, the less environmental hazard will represent this production.

The creation of waste-free production is a very complex and lengthy process, the intermediate stage of which is low-waste production. Low-waste production should be understood as such production, the results of which, when impacted on the environment, do not exceed the level allowed by sanitary and hygienic standards, i.e. MPC. At the same time, for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials may become waste and be sent for long-term storage or disposal.

In some cases, the concept of “environmentally friendly technology” is used, meaning a production method in which raw materials and energy are used so rationally that the volume of pollutants and waste released into the environment is minimized.

Since the degree of environmental cleanliness will be determined by the degree of approximation of low-waste technology to the ideal model, it is necessary to introduce appropriate coefficients that evaluate the approximation of low-waste technology to non-waste technology.

There are a number of approaches to determining waste-free production: experimental assessment, assessment based on raw material and energy balances, based on the general optimization parameter obtained using the desirability function or technological profile, as well as economically when comparing the costs of production.

The overall balance of the relative toxicity of the mass of harmful substances is determined by the following expression:

where M c + M b is the amount of waste entering the environment with wastewater and gas emissions; ΔМ Н - mass of neutralized waste, ХМ р - mass of dispersed waste.

The relative environmental friendliness of a typical process, production line, or workshop can be determined by the expression

If A -> 0, then the process tends to a waste-free state.

To quantify waste-free™ production, it is recommended to use the waste-free coefficient, which takes into account various factors depending on the sector of the national economy.

Thus, for the coal industry the waste-free coefficient is K S) it is proposed to determine by the expression

Where K p - rock utilization rate as a result of mining operations; K k - utilization rate of produced water generated during coal mining; K pg - coefficient of use of nylon gas waste. For the chemical industry, waste-free coefficient

Where K m - coefficient of completeness of use of material resources; TO:) - coefficient of completeness of use of energy resources; TO ET - coefficient of compliance with environmental requirements. The values of the first two coefficients are found taking into account data on material and energy balances.

Coefficient value K this determined by the expression

where G) g, g| a, g| l - coefficients of compliance with environmental requirements for the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere, respectively.

Coefficient r v is determined by the expression

Where P - number of pollutants contained in liquid waste discharged into water bodies(hydrosphere); IN ( - actual discharge of the z-th ingredient (substance) per unit of time, VAT, - - maximum permissible discharge of the ith ingredient per unit of time; MPC is the maximum permissible concentration of the i-th ingredient for a reservoir of a given type of water use.

If IN,

If data on VAT is missing, then the calculation is carried out according to the expression

where C j- concentration of the ith ingredient.

When several pollutants with the same limiting harmfulness indicator are discharged into a reservoir, the following condition must be met:

Methodology for calculating the coefficient Г| and similar to the one discussed above. Coefficient r| l is currently assumed to be equal to one. If the coefficient value K this K this coefficients are calculated in units K m And K e or just one coefficient To m. For the target product the coefficient K m determined by the expression

where M op - materials of main production; M VP - materials for auxiliary production; 0 op - waste from the main production; OT op - waste from the main production; P op - losses of main production.

If K m lies in the range of 0.9-1.0, then production is considered waste-free if it is found K m in the range of 0.8-0.9 - low-waste, with a value K m

In general, to assess the degree of perfection of a technological process, taking into account interaction with the environment, the environmental performance coefficient is taken as the non-waste™ criterion:

where Vt is the theoretical impact required for production; Vf - actual impact; In n - impact determined by specific production.

If Vf Ksh -> 0, i.e. This production does not take into account environmental safety requirements at all, which leads to the so-called environmental miscalculation. The higher the value of the coefficient Ked, the more advanced the production is, taking into account the impact on the environment, and the more significantly it approaches waste-free technology.

The socio-economic effect (SEE) of waste-free production can be assessed using a complex criterion:

Where? E, - the sum of all effects achieved by introducing waste-free production; D - damage from environmental pollution by production and consumption waste; Z p - the total costs of creating a waste-free production.

If there are several options, the option with the highest SEE with the minimum values of 3 points should be selected.

Thus, the combination of advanced technologies with modern methods purification and control of gas and dust emissions, reuse waste allows you to reconstruct existing and design new production facilities that meet the requirements of low-waste™ and environmental safety.

Content
Introduction………………………………………………………… ……………………………...3
1. Waste-free production…………………………………………… ………………… ..4
2.Basic principles of creating waste-free production……………………………………...5
3. Requirements for waste-free production…………………………………………………7
4.Waste-free technologies…………………………………………………………………….7
5.Principles of creating waste-free technology………………………… ………………………..8
6. Directions of waste-free technology in certain industries………9
6.1.Energy……………………………………………………………………………………………….....9
6.2. Mining. ………………………………………………………………....9
6.3. Metallurgy……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………...9
6.4. Chemical and oil refining industry. …………………………....9
6.5. Mechanical engineering………………………………………………………… ………………………………….10
6.6. Paper industry…………………………………………………………… ……………………10
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..11
References…………………………………………………………………….12

Introduction
As modern production develops, with its scale and growth rate, the problems of development and implementation of waste-free production and technologies become increasingly relevant. Their speedy solution in a number of countries is considered as a strategic direction for the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection.
Waste-free production is a production in which not only the main raw materials, but also the associated production wastes are fully used, resulting in a reduction in the consumption of raw materials and minimizing environmental pollution. Zero-waste production can use waste from its own production process and waste from other industries.
Waste-free technology is a technology that implies the most rational use of natural resources and energy in production, ensuring environmental protection.
Soviet scientists made a significant contribution to the concept of waste-free technology and production, such as: A. E. Fersman, N. N. Semenov, I. V. Petryanov-Sokolov, B. N. Laskorin and others. By analogy with natural ecological systems, waste-free technologies and production are based on the technogenic cycle of substances and energy. The need to create waste-free technologies and production arose in the 50s. 20th century due to the depletion of the world's natural resources and pollution of the biosphere as a result of rapid development, along with chemicalization Agriculture and the growth of transport, leading sectors of energy and manufacturing (oil refining, chemical industry, nuclear energy, non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.).
The purpose of this work is to study waste-free technologies and production.
Research objectives:
1.Study the concept of “waste-free production”.
2. Consider the basic principles of creating waste-free production, requirements for waste-free production.
4.Study the concept of “non-waste technologies”.
5.Analyze the principles of creating waste-free technology.
6. Consider the directions and developments of waste-free technology in certain industries.

1. Waste-free production.
Waste-free production is a production in which all raw materials are ultimately transformed into one or another product and which is at the same time optimized according to technological, economic and socio-ecological criteria. The fundamental novelty of this approach to further development industrial production is due to the inability to effectively solve problems of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources only by improving methods of neutralization, disposal, processing or disposal of waste. The USSR was the initiator of the idea of waste-free production. An example of waste-free production is the production of marble. All waste obtained from the mechanical processing of marble blocks and substandard blocks are processed into marble chips.
The concept of waste-free production provides for the need to include the sphere of consumption in the cycle of use of raw materials. In other words, products after physical or moral wear and tear must be returned to production. Thus, waste-free production is an almost closed system, organized by analogy with natural ecological systems, the functioning of which is based on the biogeochemical cycle of matter. When creating and developing waste-free industries, it is necessary to use all raw material components.
Currently, despite the fact that almost all raw materials used in industry are multicomponent, as a rule, only one component is used as a finished product. The maximum possible is the integrated use of energy in waste-free production. Here we can also draw a direct analogy with natural ecosystems, which, being practically closed in matter, are not isolated, since they absorb the energy they receive from the Sun, transform it, connecting a small part, and dissipate it into the surrounding space. The most important component of the concept of waste-free production is also the concepts of the normal functioning of the environment and the damage caused to it by negative anthropogenic impacts. The concept of waste-free production emphasizes that it, while inevitably affecting the environment, does not disrupt its normal functioning. The creation of waste-free production is a long and gradual process that requires solving a number of interrelated technological, economic, organizational, psychological and other problems. These tasks can and should be solved, as follows from the definition of waste-free production, at various levels: process, enterprise, production association.
2. Basic principles of creating waste-free industries.
Production waste is the remains of raw materials, materials and semi-products generated during the production of a given product, which have partially or completely lost their qualities and do not meet the standards (technical specifications). These residues, after appropriate processing, can be used in production or consumption.
Consumer waste is industrial, technical and household products unsuitable for further use (for their intended purpose) (for example, worn-out plastic and rubber products, failed fireclay bricks for thermal insulation of furnaces, etc.).
By-products are formed during the physical and chemical processing of raw materials along with the main production products, but are not the purpose of the production process. In most cases, they are commercial, they have GOST, TU and approved prices, their release is planned. Most often these are components contained in raw materials that are not used in this production, or products that are obtained during the extraction or enrichment of basic raw materials; they are usually called by-products (for example, associated gas during oil production).
Secondary material resources (BMP) are a set of production and consumption waste that can be used as the main or auxiliary material for the production of target products.
An open type of communication still dominates between industry and the environment. The production process begins with the use of natural resources and ends with their transformation into means of production and consumer goods. The production process is followed by the consumption process, after which the used products are thrown away.
Thus, the open system is based on the principle of disposable use of the raw materials of nature.
Every time production activity begins with the use of some new natural resources, and every time consumption ends with the release of waste into the environment. As shown above, a very small part of natural resources is converted into target products, most of them end up in waste.
The biosphere functions on the principle of embedded systems: each form is constructed through the destruction of other forms, constituting a link in the general circulation of matter in nature. Until very recently, production activity was built on a different principle - maximum exploitation of natural resources and ignoring the problem of destruction of production and consumption waste. This path was possible only as long as the scale of waste did not exceed the limits of the ability of ecological systems to self-heal.
Thus, there is an urgent need to transition to a fundamentally new form of communication - to closed production systems, which assume the greatest possible integration of production processes into the general circulation of matter in nature.
In a closed system, production is built based on the following fundamental principles:
1. more complete use of the original natural substance is possible;
2. more complete use of waste is possible (regeneration of waste and its transformation into feedstock for subsequent stages of production);
3. creation of final production products with such properties that the used production and consumption waste can be assimilated by environmental systems.
The current situation in the field of resource consumption and the scale of industrial emissions allow us to conclude that there is only one way to solve the problem of optimal consumption of natural resources and environmental protection - the creation of environmentally friendly technological processes, or non-waste, and at first low-waste. This is the only way suggested by nature itself.
In November 1979, at a meeting on environmental protection within the United Nations (UN) in Geneva, the “Declaration on Low-Waste and Zero-Waste Technology and Waste Management” was adopted. Low-waste means production that harmful effects whose activities do not exceed the level allowed by sanitary standards, but for technical, economic, organizational or other reasons, part of the raw materials and materials goes into waste and is sent for long-term storage.
The biosphere gives us natural resources from which final products are obtained in the production sphere, while waste is generated. Products are used either in production or consumption, and again waste is generated. Waste refers to substances that do not initially have any consumer value. In many cases, if necessary, after appropriate processing, they can be used as secondary raw materials (secondary material resources) or as secondary energy carriers (secondary energy resources). If, for technical or technological reasons, it is impossible or economically unprofitable to recycle waste, then it must be released into the biosphere in such a way that, if possible, it does not harm the natural environment.
3. Requirements for waste-free production.
On the way to improving existing and developing fundamentally new technological processes, it is necessary to comply with a number of general requirements:

implementation of production processes with the minimum possible number of technological stages (apparatuses), since at each of them waste is generated and raw materials are lost;

the use of continuous processes that allow the most efficient use of raw materials and energy;

increase (to the optimum) unit power of units;

intensification of production processes, their optimization and automation;

creation of energy technological processes. The combination of energy and technology makes it possible to more fully utilize the energy of chemical transformations, save energy resources, raw materials and materials, and increase the productivity of units.

An example of such production is the large-scale production of ammonia using an energy technology scheme.
4. Waste-free technologies. Waste-free technology is the principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. A closed cycle means a chain of primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials. The term "non-waste technology" was first proposed by the Commission for the Protection of natural waters
THE USSR.
The primary goal of waste-free technology is to reduce the flow of unused waste released into the biosphere per unit time so much that the natural balance of the biosphere is maintained and the conservation of basic natural resources is ensured.

etc.................

Application of low- and waste-free technologies in agricultural production

The concept of “Waste-free and low-waste technologies and production”

Waste-free and low-waste technologies in the agro-industrial complex

Biogas plants

Biogas plant design

Energy-saving waste-free technology for the complex: open ground, livestock farm, protected ground

"Scarab"

Farming with a closed cycle of environmentally friendly production

Production of pectin and pectin products from secondary raw materials Hydrocyclone technology waste-free processing

potatoes

Integrated agricultural production in an artificial ecosystem

Making dyes from pumpkin waste

Waste-free grape processing technology

Used literature, sources

The concept of “Waste-free and low-waste technologies and production”

Natural ecosystems, in contrast to artificial ones (production), are characterized, as is known, by closed circulation of matter. Moreover, waste associated with the existence of a separate population is the source material that ensures the existence of another, or more often than not, several other populations included in a given biogeocenosis.

The overwhelming majority of existing man-made production technologies are open systems in which natural resources are used irrationally and significant volumes of waste are generated. It is legitimate, based on the deep biophysical analogy between “biological” and “industrial” production from the point of view of the mechanism of circulation of substances and energy, to talk about the formation of waste-free and low-waste technologies in anthropogenic production systems.

There is no doubt that the creation of waste-free production is a rather complex and lengthy process that requires a system of interconnected technological, economic, and organizational ones. Psychological and other tasks. Its intermediate stage is low-waste production.

Low-waste means a method of producing products in which the harmful impact on the environment does not exceed the level allowed by sanitary and hygienic standards.

Waste-free and low-waste technologies in the agro-industrial complex

Modern multifunctional agro-industrial production has a significant potential base for the introduction of waste-free and low-waste technological processes that ensure the integrated use of secondary raw materials.

Most simple example A rational approach to waste-free and low-waste technologies in agriculture can be the thoughtful disposal of manure, which was practiced at a number of large livestock complexes. The resulting manure was used as fertilizer to grow fodder crops, which were then fed to the kept livestock.

Biogas plants

Biogas - common name a flammable gas mixture obtained from the decomposition of organic substances as a result of an anaerobic microbiological process (methane fermentation).

For the effective production of biogas from organic raw materials, comfortable conditions are created for the life of several types of bacteria in the absence of oxygen. A schematic diagram of the biogas formation process is presented below:

Depending on the type of organic raw material, the composition of biogas may vary, but, in general, it consists of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen (H2).

Since 2/3 of biogas consists of methane - a flammable gas that forms the basis natural gas, its energy value (specific heat of combustion) is 60-70% of the energy value of natural gas, or about 7000 kcal per m3. 1m3 of biogas is also equivalent to 0.7 kg of fuel oil and 1.5 kg of firewood.

Biogas is widely used as a combustible fuel in Germany, Denmark, China, the USA and others. developed countries. It is supplied to gas distribution networks and used for domestic purposes and in public transport. Today, the widespread introduction of biogas technologies in the CIS and Baltic markets begins.

Biogas plant design

The biogas plant processes organic waste into biogas, heat and electricity, solid organic and liquid mineral fertilizers, and carbon dioxide.

Process description

1. Every day, the substrate is collected in a pit and, before being fed into the bioreactor, if necessary, it is crushed and mixed with water to a state that can be pumped.

The substrate enters the anaerobic bioreactor. The bioreactor operates on the flow principle. This means that with the help of a pump, without access to air, a fresh portion of the prepared substrate is supplied (6-12 times a day). The same amount of processed substrate is displaced from the bioreactor into the storage tank.

The bioreactor operates in the mesophilic temperature range of 38-40C. The heating system provides the temperature required for the process and is controlled automatically.

The contents of the bioreactor are regularly mixed using a built-in homogenization device.

The resulting biogas, after drying, enters a block cogeneration unit that produces heat and electricity. About 10% of electricity and 30% of heat energy (in winter) are needed to operate the installation itself.

The processed substrate after the biogas plant is supplied to the separator. The mechanical separation system separates the fermentation residues into solid and liquid fractions. Solid fractions make up 3-3.5% of the substrate and represent vermicompost.

As an option, the LANDCO module is offered, which processes the liquid fraction into liquid fertilizers and clean (distilled) water. Pure water makes up 85% of the volume of the liquid fraction.

The remaining 15% is occupied by liquid fertilizers:

Further use of liquid fertilizers depends on the availability of the local market and the amount of “free” heat energy for crystallization of the solid fraction, which amounts to 2%. As one of the options, it is possible to evaporate water using a vacuum evaporator or under natural conditions. Even in liquid form, fertilizers are odorless and require little storage space.

The work of BSU is continuous. Those. Fresh substrate constantly enters the reactor, the fermented one is drained, immediately separating into water, bio- and mineral fertilizers. The biogas formation cycle, depending on the type of fermentor and type of substrate, ranges from several hours to a month.

The equipment includes quality control of biogas; if necessary, it is also possible to include equipment for bringing biogas to pure methane. The cost of such equipment is 1-5% of the cost of the biogas plant.

The operation of the entire installation is regulated automatically. The number of employees at medium-scale biogas stations does not exceed 2 people.

The capacity of biogas stations varies from 1 to several tens of million cubic meters. in year, electric power- from 200 kW to several tens of MW. According to the calculations of specialists, in Russian conditions the most cost-effective are installations of medium and high power, over 1 MW.

The most efficient operation of a biogas station can be achieved if the following conditions are met:

Uninterrupted and free supply of raw materials for the operation of the installation

Full use of the products of the biogas plant, primarily electricity, in the enterprise.

Energy-saving waste-free technology for the complex: open ground, livestock farm, protected ground

IN open ground grow crops. Grain is used as feed in livestock and poultry enterprises. The resulting manure and litter are sent to a biogas plant. The accumulated biogas is used to heat greenhouses, and the remaining products are used as fertilizer in the greenhouse.

"Scarab"

Waste turns into income. Today, the Khleven region has become a place where scientists, politicians and farmers discussed how to make agriculture economically profitable and environmentally friendly. Participants in the EcoRegion forum came to the conclusion that without government support, enterprises will not take on the environment. Recycling agricultural waste is a very expensive business. At the same time, the farmers themselves admit: the Lipetsk experience, when fertilizers are obtained from waste High Quality, needs to be implemented. Including at the legislative level.

Manure turns into useful fertilizer - compost - not in a year, but in just 3-4 months. Aerobic bacteria are trying. They process manure by simply eating it. The miracle machine also helps. It was invented by the American Urbanzyuk. The American inventor called it "Scarab", that is, a dung beetle.

Such seemingly mundane matters require capital investment. “Scarab” costs almost 15 million rubles. At an impromptu exhibition, forum participants were shown samples of equipment that works in the fields of the Lipetsk region. The geography of producers is from North America to Australia.

Farming with a closed cycle of environmentally friendly production

The farm's activity is the production of a multi-purpose agricultural crop - Jerusalem artichoke and its processing into food products, in particular fructose syrup.

For the disposal of waste and by-products of Jerusalem artichoke, additional production is provided: a pig farm for 300 animals for feeding the pulp obtained in the production of fructose syrup, the production of vermicompost using vermiculture (500 tons per year) based on the processing of pig manure, as well as biofeed (1000 tons per year) at the basis of processing the green mass of Jerusalem artichoke with the help of oyster mushroom. The feed value of biofeed is equivalent to the feed value of feed grain.

Production of pectin and pectin products from secondary raw materials

One of the most important areas for increasing the efficiency of modern production is the creation of low-waste and non-waste technologies, wider involvement of secondary raw materials in economic circulation. To the greatest extent, these requirements are met by the production of pectin and pectin products from secondary raw materials (beet pulp, apple, grape and citrus pomace, cotton flaps, etc.).

Russia does not have its own pectin production. A long-term focus on import supplies of highly esterified pectin has negatively impacted its development in Russia. Equipment and production technology, Scientific research have not developed enough.

The current situation indicates the need to organize flexible pectin production in Russian conditions with mandatory consideration of the economic conditions of the region, domestic market conditions, and the range of pectin-containing food and therapeutic and prophylactic products.

Specialists from the Research Institute of Biotechnology and Food Certification of Kuban State University under the scientific and technical guidance of Professor L.V. Donchenko developed and implemented in Hungary a new technology for pectin and pectin products, providing for the production of pectin extract and concentrate. This makes it possible to increase the range of pectin-containing canned food, confectionery, bakery, pasta and dairy products, soft drinks, balms, and medicinal teas.

To expand the range and further improve the technology for obtaining pectin substances from various plant materials and as part of the implementation of the innovation and educational program, UNIK "Technolog" - a structural division of the Research Institute of Biotechnology and Food Products Certification - installed the only line in the country for the production of pectin extract and concentrate, where Research institute employees and graduate students are working to expand the range of drinks containing pectin. More than 20 new recipes have already been created. To put them into production, it is necessary to develop technical and technological documentation not only in accordance with the requirements of the Russian consumer market, but also the European one.

Hydrocyclone technology for waste-free potato processing

In the 80s of the last century, NPO "Krahmaloprodukt" developed a hydrocyclone technology for waste-free processing of potatoes at starch factories, which found, in particular, application in Bryansk region(Klimovsky plant), in Chuvashia (Yalchinsky plant), etc.

With the traditional method of obtaining starch, only the pulp (fiber with starch residues) is used for feed purposes - the least nutritionally valuable part of the tuber. Potato juice, which contains proteins, microelements, and vitamins, usually goes with the water into reservoirs, polluting them.

With the hydrocyclone method, after the hydrocyclone, the pulp and juice are boiled and saccharified with the help of enzymes, and partial coagulation of the protein occurs. Then the mass passes through a centrifuge and dryer, and the remaining protein hydrolyzate is boiled down. The result is dry, protein-enriched pulp - a valuable feed.

It is noteworthy that with traditional technology, about 15 tons of water are spent on processing 1 ton of potatoes, and with a hydrocyclone, 0.5 tons of water are consumed per 1 ton. The traditional one provides processing of 200 tons of raw materials per day, the hydrocyclone is designed for 500 tons.

In Bashkiria, waste-free cheese-making technology has found application. For example, at the Dovlekanovsky cheese-making plant, 180 tons of milk are used daily to make cheese, but only a twelfth of this mass (15 tons) is converted into the final product, the rest (165 tons) is whey. Separating it before drying dates 60 tons of additionally extracted per year butter. Further operations on a vacuum evaporator transform the cloudy liquid into White powder(1 kg of dry powder is obtained from 22 kg of liquid), which is then used for various food purposes (production of processed cheese, ice cream, confectionery).

Integrated agricultural production in an artificial ecosystem

Waste-free technology

Waste-free technology- technology that implies the most rational use of natural resources and energy in production, ensuring environmental protection.

Waste-free technology- the principle of organizing production in general, implying the use of raw materials and energy in a closed cycle. Closed loop means chain primary raw materials - production - consumption - secondary raw materials.

The USSR was the initiator of the idea of waste-free production and the term “waste-free technology” was first proposed by the Commission for the Protection of Natural Waters of the USSR.

Principles of waste-free technology

Systems approach
Integrated use of resources
Cyclicity of material flows
Limiting environmental impact
Rational organization

Waste-free technology in the energy sector

Hard and liquid fuel when burned, they are not completely used, and also form harmful products. There is a technique for burning fuel in a fluidized bed, which is more efficient and environmentally friendly. Gas emissions must be purified from sulfur and nitrogen oxides, and the ash formed as a result of filtration must be used in the production of building materials.

Waste-free technology in metallurgy

It is necessary to widely use solid, liquid and gaseous waste from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, along with a simultaneous reduction in emissions and discharges of harmful substances. In non-ferrous metallurgy, the use of the liquid bath smelting method is promising, requiring less energy and causing fewer emissions. The resulting sulfur-containing gases can be used in the production of sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur. Powder metallurgy is also a waste-free technology. The material utilization rate is 98-99%.

The most environmentally friendly production option, in which waste from one workshop or enterprise is the raw material for the work of another. B.t. provide resource conservation, which is necessary for building a society of sustainable development (see Models of the world).... ... Dictionary of business terms

waste-free technology- - [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Topics of energy in general EN non waste processnonwaste technologyno waste technologyzero discharge technologynonwaste technologyNWT ... Technical Translator's Guide

Waste-free technology- (BOT) - “is the practical application of knowledge, methods and means in order to ensure, within the framework of human needs, the most rational use of natural resources and energy and protect the environment” (UNECE Decision... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

Books

Questions and exercises for the EEAS discipline “Mineral raw materials. Waste-free technology", Absent. The manual contains questions and exercises in the form of tests for the course “Mineral raw materials of Kazakhstan. Waste-free technology." Tutorial can be recommended for independent work when...