Modern international terrorism as a global problem. Topic: “International terrorism – a global problem of our time”

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INTRODUCTION

The last decades of the 20th century presented the peoples of the world with a number of acute and complex problems that were called global. One of the definitions calls global problems that arise as a result of the objective development of society, pose a threat to all of humanity and require the united efforts of the entire world community to be solved. The problem of international terrorism concerns all of humanity, leads to significant economic and social losses, and if it escalates, threatens the death of all humanity and requires the collective efforts of the entire world community to be solved, which means it is actually a global problem. So, the topic of my essay is international terrorism and its place in the complex of global problems.

The choice of this topic is due to:

The extraordinary intensification of terrorist activities at the beginning of the 21st century;

Increased interest in this issue in government and journalistic circles around the world;

Personal educational interest.

The object of this study is the global problems of our time.

The subject of the research is international terrorism as global problem humanity.

The purpose of this study is to identify the belonging of international terrorism to global problems and determine its place in the complex of global problems of our time.

1. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM

1.1 The concept of international terrorism

- “Terrorism” and “international terrorism” are the threat or use of violence for political purposes by individuals or groups of individuals acting for or against the government of a given country, when such actions are intended to attack or intimidate a larger group than the direct victim against whom violence is applied; is the unlawful use of force and violence against persons or property for the purpose of intimidating or pressuring the government, the civilian population or any part thereof in the pursuit of political and social objectives.

This is a system of using violence to achieve political goals through coercion by government agencies, international and national organizations, state and public figures, individual citizens or their groups to commit or refuse to commit certain actions in favor of terrorists through the illegitimate use of force or the threat of its use against specific individuals or any other individuals and groups;

These are acts of violence against citizens ( officials state) or objects with the aim of destabilizing public order within the country or complicating international relations;

Acts that are themselves forms of ordinary crimes, but are committed deliberately with the purpose of causing panic, disorder and terror in an organized society, paralyzing the opposition to terror on the part of social forces and intensifying the misfortunes and suffering of society.

1.2 Classification options

1. In areas of public life:

a) political terrorism;

b) social (left, right);

c) national;

d) territorial-separatist;

e) ideological;

e) criminal.

2. By distribution area:

a) internal;

b) international;

c) state (abuse of power, use of the apparatus of coercion against the people themselves, to suppress the opposition).

3. According to the methods used:

a) physical;

b) psychological.

4. By means used:

a) traditional (using traditional means of violence);

b) unconventional:

Nuclear;

Biological;

Chemical;

Computer (cyberterrorism);

Space.

3) Object-subject composition.

Objects of terrorist activity, due to the peculiarities of the mechanism for its implementation, have a dual nature, which allows us to distinguish their two main groups.

The first group is common objects of encroachment, in relation to which the goals of their weakening or destruction are put forward; these are objects of weakening and undermining:

Internal and external security of the country, its international relations, positions and interests, state sovereignty;

Fundamentals of the social system, political organization of society, state power and its institutions, security of citizens.

The second group is the safety of people and various material objects; These are objects of direct violent (terrorist) influence:

Life, health, freedom of specific individuals or their personally defined groups;

Normal functioning and physical integrity of certain objects and structures.

Subjects, like objects, can be divided into two groups:

1) individual states, political parties and movements, which often inspire or support in various ways certain terrorist structures (for example, some Middle Eastern states with dictatorial reactionary regimes, some right-wing (for example, fascist) political movements, extremist nationalist movements, etc. .);

2) the terrorist structures themselves that directly organize or carry out terrorist actions (special services of some states and their divisions (for example, Mossad), international and national terrorist organizations, criminal mafia organizations).

1.3 Domestic and foreign policy goals

Internal political goals: - changing the political regime and social structure of the country; - undermining or complicating democratic transitions; - undermining the authority of the authorities; - destabilization of the internal political situation; - difficulty and disorganization of the activities of government and management bodies; - disruption of certain activities of government and management bodies, etc.

Foreign policy goals: - weakening of international ties or deterioration of the country’s relations with foreign countries; - disruption of international actions to resolve international or domestic political conflicts; - compromise of the country as a source of terrorism in the eyes of the world community, etc.

1.4 Main types of terrorist attacks

Sabotage (explosion, spraying of toxic substances, etc.). Explosions are carried out in vehicles or in buildings with the aim of causing damage and causing casualties, as well as in open spaces to kill people. As a result of the explosions, a large number of people suffer random people, therefore, it is precisely this tactic that leads to the most powerful psychological effect and occurs in cases where terrorists consider absolutely all potential victims as political opponents.

Kidnapping. As a rule, significant figures capable of attracting public attention are kidnapped: famous politicians, officials, journalists, diplomats. They are committed in order to achieve the fulfillment of political demands, to intimidate the ruling strata, and to obtain funds for the activities of the organization.

Attempt and murder. One of the main methods of terrorism. It is distinguished by demonstrative targeting, therefore it is effective for targeted psychological impact on a narrow audience. When conducting a combat operation of this type, the life of a terrorist is endangered, therefore it is carried out by highly professional terrorists in states with a weakened law enforcement structure, as well as in cases where terrorists have the opportunity to create a numerical superiority over police units.

Robbery (expropriation). One of the main means of conducting terrorist activities of extremists of the “red” orientation. It is carried out both for the purpose of obtaining the funds necessary for the struggle, and for propaganda purposes. It acquires its greatest scope during periods of revolutionary destabilization.

Hijacking is the capture of a vehicle: an airplane, a railway train, a car, a ship. The most common aircraft hijackings in the world are also referred to as “skyjacking.” Skyjacking is the most effective among other types of hijacking because, firstly, it keeps intelligence agencies from carrying out attacks on terrorists due to high risk defeat of hostages; secondly, air transport seems to be a more convenient means of escaping persecution. Capturing ships, trains, buses, etc. less attractive to terrorists. For example, it is more difficult for criminals to establish control over a ship. Against those who seized trains, buses and other ground vehicles Conducting an anti-terrorist operation is much easier than freeing a plane from terrorists.

Capturing buildings. Most often, embassy buildings, government offices, and party offices are raided. As a rule, a terrorist operation is not limited to the seizure of a building. If things go well for the terrorists, they are given the opportunity to leave the captured building under the cover of hostages.

Non-fatal armed assault causing minor property damage. They are carried out by terrorist organizations at the stage of formation, when experience in conducting large-scale operations has not yet been accumulated, and also actively active organizations, who only need to demonstrate the ability to conduct armed operations.

Cyberterrorism - attacks on computer networks. The first examples of computer terrorism appeared in the late 1990s, which is associated both with the development of networks and with the increased role of computers in all spheres of life. The reverse side of this phenomenon is the dependence of the normal functioning of society on the safety of computers, and as a result, the increased attention to them by various “cyber-partisans” and “cyber-bullies”. Attacks on computers through unauthorized access are carried out in order to sabotage the work of relevant institutions.

1.5 Main trends of modern terrorism

In the development of terrorism in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st centuries, a number of more or less distinct trends can be traced, the study of which has great value and for understanding the role of terrorism as a global threat to humanity and many countries of the world, and for the scientific development of a system of measures necessary to effectively combat it.

1) Increasing public danger of terrorism, both for international relations, international security, and for the constitutional system and the rights of citizens of many countries of the world.

2) Expanding it social base, involvement of a significant part of the population in political extremist activities in a number of countries.

3) It has become a long-term factor in modern political life, a relatively stable phenomenon in the development of society. Over the past few decades, terrorism has not only become a widespread phenomenon of socio-political relations in major regions of the world, but has also acquired social stability, despite active efforts to localize and eradicate it, which are being undertaken both within individual countries and at the global level. communities.

4) Increasing the level of its organization. This trend is reflected in:

Formation of doctrines on the use of terror for political purposes and in the implementation of terrorist acts, at least by many extremist organizations, on a planned, systematic basis;

Creation of a comprehensive infrastructure for terrorist activities;

Many extremist structures have developed connections within the country and abroad with political organizations and sources of funds for criminal activity;

The existence of a mechanism for propaganda support for the activities of the most significant terrorist groups.

5) Blocking terrorist organizations within individual countries and at the international level. This is, first of all, the establishment and implementation of cooperation between structures that are similar or identical in their ideological and political positions. Blocking terrorist organizations is carried out in such forms as coordination of ideological and political positions, strategic and tactical guidelines; exchange of information; providing mutual assistance in organizing terrorist activities; coordination of ongoing violent actions, etc.

6) The trend of merging terrorism and organized crime. Organized crime by its nature has a high potential for using violence for criminal purposes: its structures have special forces and means to use it, resorting to it in everyday practice, in fact, systematically. Another basis for linking organized crime to terrorism is the need of terrorist structures to obtain financial resources to continue their activities, purchase weapons, etc.

7) The evolution of the goals, means and methods of terrorism has turned it into a serious threat to the vital interests of society, the state and the individual in most countries of the world.

2. INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM AS A GLOBAL PROBLEM

armed conflict international terrorism

2.1 Internal armed conflicts and international terrorism and their relationship

Such a problem as internal armed conflicts, the causes of their occurrence and their impact on the military-political situation in individual countries, regions and the world is extremely important, since modern conditions It is internal armed conflicts that are increasingly becoming detonators of serious and dangerous geopolitical explosions. They very often come into contact with, and even merge with, the phenomenon of terrorism, which at this stage poses a threat to international peace and security.

Considering the problem of internal armed conflicts in their connection with international terrorism, it should be noted that this is not typical for all internal conflicts: it depends on the nature of the conflict that has arisen, its driving forces and the goals that its initiators and leaders set for themselves.

The international nature of people's lives, new means of communication and information, and new types of weapons sharply reduce the importance of state borders and other means of protection against terrorism. The variety of terrorist activities is increasing, which is increasingly linked to national, religious, ethnic conflicts, separatist and liberation movements.

One of the problematic situations is the delimitation of terrorism from the liberation and national liberation struggles. Terrorism, as a rule, is not of a mass nature; it is self-contained. On the other hand, if the liberation struggle is based on the killing of innocent civilians, women and children, then it is no different from terrorism.

The difference between terrorism and other forms of political conflict (revolution, war, guerrilla warfare) is the use of tactics of indiscriminate and unlimited violence or the threat of its use against individuals or groups of the population who find themselves victims in most cases due to random circumstances, that is, who are not direct opponents terrorists.

No matter how numerous and irreconcilable the various extremist groups and movements may be, without the support of their actions at the state and international levels, today they are not able to independently solve the tasks they have set for themselves. The support of a sovereign state is able to provide terrorists with ideological and material assistance, vocational training, diplomatic cover, financial and technical means. With the support of the state, terrorists become part of a social environment that encourages them. Examples are the contras in Nicaragua, dushmans in Afghanistan, militants in Kosovo and Chechnya.

Terrorism as a weapon to eliminate the enemy has been transformed into an instrument of foreign policy. There was even a new term - “export of terrorism”. Israeli experience in the best possible way demonstrates the difference between domestic terrorism and the threat of foreign terrorism. Now there is practically no export of terrorism to Israel from neighboring Arab states, and, of course, not because they have special sympathy for Israel, but because they have been shown what the price of supporting or condoning terrorism is.

Interethnic armed conflicts or conflicts between official authorities and terrorist armed groups and organizations are an effective way to destabilize the situation in a number of regions.

Over the course of a number of years, the epicenter of terrorist activity has shifted from Latin American countries to Japan, Germany, Turkey, Spain, and Italy. At the same time, terrorist actions by such organizations as the IRA in England and Northern Ireland and ETA in Spain were carried out with varying degrees of intensity. IN recent years In the Middle East, Islamic paramilitary terrorist groups Hamas and Hezbollah, Sikh terrorist movements and groups in India, Algerian and other terrorists developed great activity.

On the territory former USSR In the conditions of aggravation of social, political, interethnic and religious contradictions and conflicts, post-Soviet terrorism flourished. Terrorist organizations have established close ties with each other on a common ideological, religious, military, commercial and other basis.

However, flirting with international terrorism and attempts to use it in one’s own interests are fraught with serious problems in the future. Internal armed conflicts will cease to be dangerous for countries and peoples only when the practice of using these conflicts by third countries to solve their geopolitical and other problems is ended.

2.2 Anti-terrorism legislation of states

A regulatory legal framework adequate to the realities of the time is of key importance in the fight against terrorism. Simultaneously with the beginning of work on creating anti-terrorism legislation in Western Europe and the United States, the so-called “new legal culture” began to take shape. The immediate problem of legislative regulation of countering terrorism, including international terrorism, can be divided into two large blocks.

The first is the adoption of legislative acts necessary for intelligence services and law enforcement agencies to increase the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism.

The second is the creation of conditions for improving the quality of international cooperation between intelligence services to counter terrorism. At the same time, the priority efforts of legislators should be aimed at developing legal measures to eliminate the material basis of terrorism.

Leading Western states: Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, the USA not only made structural changes in the current legislation, but also adopted a number of special anti-terrorism laws. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the main international conventions were adopted, that is, the improvement of domestic and international legislation was carried out in parallel.

Although the definition of terrorism varies from state to state, terrorism is considered a purely criminal offense in the domestic criminal law of most countries. In the anti-terrorism legislation of countries Western Europe and the United States, common trends prevail, which legal scholars call a “legal repressive strategy.” The main directions of this strategy include:

* participation in conspiracies aimed at committing acts of terrorism itself should be considered as an already committed crime;

* automatic increase in sentence if it is established that the crime was committed for the purposes of terrorist activities;

* criminal liability for persons belonging to any of the prohibited organizations, inducing other persons to do so, or participating in a meeting of prohibited organizations;

* guilt of belonging to terrorism of any person who finances terrorist activities or induces other persons to do so;

* simplification of the procedure for considering cases related to terrorism;

* the possibility of bringing to justice persons suspected of having links with terrorists, the right to search and arrest without presenting a warrant;

* deportation of foreign citizens suspected of having links with terrorists, refusal to issue entry visas to citizens of states that support terrorism, as well as to all persons suspected of terrorism;

* increasing the terms of preventive detention of persons suspected of terrorism and limiting their rights to appeal to the authorities;

* a legislative ban on the collection, storage, publication and transmission of information relating to the police, security forces, court officials and prosecutors, employees of the penitentiary system, which may be useful to terrorists;

* criminal liability for concealing information that could be useful for preventing terrorist acts.

National organizations fighting international terrorism

Since the mid-twentieth century, special anti-terrorism units for special purposes began to appear in the armed forces of different countries. The creation of such units is dictated by the need to carry out anti-terrorist measures in connection with the unprecedented increase in terrorist activity in the world.

Israel has been the target of extremist activities for more than 50 years. The modern stage of the fight against terrorism began in Israel in 1972, when a group of Arab extremists from the Black September organization captured several Israeli athletes in the Olympic village in Munich. From that moment on, both in Israel and in a number of other countries, special anti-terrorist units began to be created.

Currently, the fight against terrorism in Israel is headed by an operational headquarters, which includes representatives of the armed forces, police and intelligence services, including representatives of the Mossad intelligence service. Its tactics are based on delivering preventive strikes against terrorists, including by obtaining advance information from agents operating among them; carrying out retaliatory strikes against the organizers and perpetrators of terrorist acts that could not be prevented.

The intelligence group of the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense "Saeret Matkal" was created in 1957 as a special intelligence unit, and since 1968 it has switched to anti-terrorism activities. Considered the best anti-terrorist unit in the world. "YAMAM" is a unit of the Israeli police. Created in 1974 as a special service responsible for anti-terrorist actions exclusively within Israel.

Germany. The “Federal Border Protection Group” GSG-9 was created after the Munich Olympic tragedy in 1972. Today, this group not only fights terrorists, but also provides security for diplomats during trips to the Near and Middle East. Helps German counterintelligence by organizing surveillance of terrorists. The GSG-9 special group is considered the most effective among other European special forces in carrying out combat anti-terrorist operations.

USA. The main task of the FBI (the leading structure in the fight against terrorism), the CIA and other intelligence services included in the US intelligence community is to quickly monitor the situation at home and abroad through interaction, conducting intelligence work against terrorist organizations, improving technical means and information technology. analytical bodies. Within the structure of the joint center for combating terrorism, which includes specialists from various ministries and departments, a special group has been created to prevent terrorist acts against citizens of the United States and allied states, as well as important military and government facilities. A special program has been adopted aimed at preventing incidents in the United States similar to the incident in the Tokyo subway, the implementation of which is the responsibility of the US Army Chemical and Biological Defense Command.

Each of the FBI's 59 directorates has established at least one SWAT team, and numerous teams have been created to investigate and prevent terrorist bombings. Unlike European countries The United States did not create a special unified anti-terrorist unit. Its function is performed primarily by the FBI's domestic terrorism division (including Delta Force).

Delta Squad - special forces operational detachment American army, created in 1976. The main anti-terrorist unit of the United States. Engaged in the release of American hostages abroad.

NYPD Emergency Service Unit (ESU).

LAPD Squad (SWAT). Created in 1965. Elite unit, used both within the country and abroad.

Naval Special Purpose Group (NSWDG). The service was founded in 1980. Responsible for US anti-terrorist actions on the water. These soldiers are trained throughout the United States. Joint exercises are also taking place with more experienced teams such as the German GSG-9 and English SAS-22.

United Kingdom. Most countries have come to the conclusion that the fight against terrorism must be dealt with special organization. Great Britain was one of the first to follow this path, creating the special service SAS-22 in 1941 as an elite, highly professional anti-terrorist organization. Today, SAS-22's main focus is combating terrorists of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), a Catholic paramilitary group that advocates the reunification of the British province of Ulster with Ireland. In terms of combat training, SAS-22 is comparable only to Israeli counter-terrorist units, but surpasses them in armament.

France. Created in 1991, the government's anti-terrorism program, Vigipirate, is still in effect today. The Vigipirate plan is one of 40 possible measures envisaged by the French government in case of various types of critical situations.

"National Gendarmerie Intervention Group" (GIGN). Created in March 1974 to combat Arab terrorism in France. The “BRI” (search and destroy) units, which have exclusive powers, are also fighting terrorists.

Russia. Directorate “A” of the FSB Department for Combating Terrorism is a special unit. At first it was Detachment 7 of the KGB Alpha Directorate, created in 1974.

Directorate “B” of the FSB Special Forces Center. In 1981, under the management of “S2” of the First Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, the Vympel group was created. Very quickly it became one of the best special forces units in the world. In 1994, within the FSB, the Vympel group turned into the B division (Vega).

Australia - Tactical Assault Group (TAG), Special Air Service Regiment (SASR). The Australian SASR was formed in 1957. Today the SASR is one of the groups responsible for fighting terrorism in Australia. Australian officers of the group constantly cooperate with the British SAS, the New Zealand SAS, and the German GSG-9.

Spain. A group has been formed as a police anti-terrorism unit in Spain special operations(CEO), which includes the best specialists from the country's intelligence services.

The annual report of the US State Department, “Currents in Global Terrorism,” provides global statistics on the activity of global terrorist organizations. Since 2001, when the September 11 attacks occurred in the United States, terrorist activity has fallen by 45 percent. The State Department believes that this situation is a consequence of strengthened ties between the community of nations, which in recent years have joined forces in the fight against extremists who use terrorism to achieve their goals. An example of such cooperation is the Program of the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States to combat international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism.

In particular, this program provides for generalizing and disseminating positive experience in conducting anti-terrorist measures, the practice of investigating acts of terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; conduct joint command post and operational-tactical anti-terrorist exercises in the format of interested parties; expand and improve contacts and cooperation with international centers and organizations involved in the fight against international terrorism, as well as with their relevant specialized structures.

2.3 Legal regulation of international cooperation

The international means used in the fight against terrorism include some international bodies and organizations: the UN, Interpol, international expert organizations. Within certain limits, the institution of extradition of persons who have committed an act of international terrorism operates; it is widely discussed in UN bodies and other international organizations, among scientists and politicians, the question of the international criminal court as a means of combating international terrorism.

Over the past decades, a significant legal framework has been created in the form of numerous international conventions to combat terrorism. The UN position in the fight against international terrorism is reflected in 12 international conventions and 46 UN Security Council resolutions. They provide for mutual obligations of states in countering various types and forms of terrorist activities. In particular, after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1373.

Resolution 1373 (28 September 2001) imposes the following obligations on UN member states:

* introduce criminal liability for financing terrorism;

* immediately block any funds related to persons who commit terrorist attacks;

* ban all types of financial support to terrorist groups;

* deny terrorists shelter, livelihood or other support;

* exchange information with other governments about any groups committing or planning terrorist attacks;

* cooperate with other governments in the investigation, identification, arrest, extradition and prosecution of persons involved in such acts;

* introduce criminal liability in accordance with domestic laws for active or passive support of terrorism and bring violators of these laws to justice;

* become a party to the relevant international conventions and protocols on counter-terrorism as soon as possible.

Resolution 1373 also established the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), comprising all 15 members of the Security Council. The mission of the CTC is to promote and monitor the implementation of resolution 1373, and to facilitate the provision of technical assistance to Member States that do not have the capacity to implement their obligations under this resolution and all other conventions and protocols against terrorism.

UN member states are required to ratify the 12 universal counter-terrorism conventions and protocols, but many states are still not party to these legal instruments or have not yet begun to implement them.

Main UN conventions and protocols related to terrorism:

* Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (“Tokyo Convention” of 1963 on Aviation Safety);

* Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (“Hague Seizure of Aircraft Convention” 1970);

* Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Security civil aviation(“Montreal Convention” 1971);

* Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Persons Using international protection;

* International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (“Hostage Convention” 1979);

* Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (“Nuclear Materials Convention” of 1980 for the suppression of the illicit seizure and use of nuclear material);

* Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementing the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation;

* Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (1988 - applies to terrorist activities on ships);

* Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988);

* Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection (1991);

* International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997);

* International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999).

An impressive political and legal potential has been accumulated on the European continent. The 1977 European Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism operates under the auspices of the Council of Europe. There is a functioning mechanism of joint actions in the group of anti-terrorism states European Union. Anti-terrorist cooperation is regulated by the relevant provisions of the final OSCE meetings in Helsinki, Madrid, Vienna, and Istanbul.

Cooperation in the fight against terrorism was formalized within the framework of the South Asian Association regional cooperation, Organization of American States and Organization of the Islamic Conference.

The international community deserves the credit for accepting the principle of international condemnation of terrorism and recognizing it in all cases, regardless of political motives, as an illegal act (UNGA Resolution 40/61 of December 9, 1985). The Declaration on Measures to Suppress International Terrorism, adopted at the 49th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1994, emphasized that no ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other motives justify criminal acts aimed at creating an atmosphere of terror among the general public. layers of the population.

At a meeting on the fight against terrorism (Paris, July 30, 1996), the ministers of the G8 (Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, France, Japan, Russia) adopted a final document in which they declared their determination to give priority attention to fight against terrorism, reviewed trends in the development of terrorism in the world. The forum participants presented at the final press conference a list of 25 measures to combat terrorism, which they agreed upon, a significant part of which relates to the national competence of states.

The document obliges the signatory countries to renounce any passive or active support for terrorists; strengthen legal measures for prosecution of terrorist activities; bring to trial any person accused of committing, preparing, or assisting in carrying out terrorist acts.

Multilateral and bilateral cooperation is expected to be developed in two main planes: international legal and operational. The first covers, in particular, the convergence of national legislation in the field of extradition and asylum. The document proposes to consider the possibility of extraditing terrorists, even if there are no relevant agreements between the interested states. The G8 countries also decided to impede the movement of capital used to finance terrorist activity.

The success of the fight against terrorism directly depends on real operational cooperation between intelligence agencies. The significance of the conference held in Paris also lies in the fact that it contributed to overcoming a serious psychological barrier that traditionally divides representatives of this profession. The leading countries of the world have come to the realization that the criminal world united much earlier than their law enforcement agencies, and the understanding has strengthened that terrorism can only be defeated through joint efforts.

In 1999, the heads of government of the CIS countries signed the Agreement on Cooperation of the CIS Member States in the Fight against Terrorism, which creates a legal basis for the interaction of competent authorities in matters of preventing, identifying, suppressing and investigating terrorist attacks. The Anti-Terrorism Center (ATC), created in 2000 by decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS, also began work, in which the majority of law enforcement agencies and intelligence services of the Commonwealth countries took part.

Actions against the threat of international terrorism must be bilateral in nature: international and domestic. Measures taken at the international level will prevent its domestic manifestations, and vice versa. All states must adhere to the same rules, terrorism must be declared a crime against humanity.

Necessary:

* review laws on international trade and adopt a number of amendments to them that limit trade in gas centrifuges, enriched uranium and other dangerous “components” of weapons of mass destruction;

* subject diplomatic, economic and military sanctions to terrorist states, which for the most part have a monocultural, resource-based economy and therefore may feel the consequences of economic sanctions;

* neutralize terrorist enclaves: terrorists cannot be allowed to penetrate into areas that are not independent states, but serve as terrorist shelter and support zones (for example, the Hezbollah enclave in southern Lebanon);

* freeze the financial assets of terrorist regimes and organizations in Western banks;

* develop cooperation between international security services, overcome mutual suspicion, coordinate actions between the intelligence services of all free countries;

* review legislation to take action against countries that incite violence;

* introduce restrictions on the ownership of weapons, their mandatory registration, and strengthen control over weapons;

* tighten immigration laws;-

* actively pursue and eliminate terrorist groups;

* refrain from releasing from prison persons found guilty of committing terrorist acts;

* train strength special purpose to combat terrorism, as well as train police in special techniques and tactics for suppressing terrorists;

* conduct educational work, explain to the broad masses of the population the program of combating terrorism.

A comprehensive approach to the eradication of international terrorism involves the use of the entire range of measures of a political, economic, financial, and humanitarian nature. The UN and leading financial and economic organizations and institutions are developing programs to ensure more balanced, non-discriminatory conditions for global socio-economic development.

It would be an unforgivable mistake to identify terrorism with any religion, nationality or culture. It is necessary to establish dialogue and mutual understanding between different civilizations based on the common values of protecting human life and dignity.

2.4 International terrorism - a challenge to states

After the explosions in New York and Moscow, it became obvious: terrorism is capable of demoralizing (and this is one of its main goals) huge masses of people, depriving them of the will to fight back. One of the general goals of terrorists is to accustom society to their constant presence in it, to make death commonplace, devaluing human life.

There are two possible strategies to combat terrorism within a state: a passive security system using guards and disguised security agents, careful screening of all persons approaching strategic objects such as government buildings, public transport, security systems, or active counter-terrorism.

For example, in Israel, a significant part of the adult population are reservists; many of them served in elite units, are armed with small arms, which makes it difficult to carry out terrorist acts and practically does not infringe on the civil liberties of the population, while at the same time making them more prepared for a possible attack by terrorists.

But such passive security measures are effective in small states; in large states there are many more strategic goals - symbols of national power, significant objects. In such societies (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia), in order to protect against terrorism it is necessary to take an active position and take the initiative in the use of material and technical means at the disposal of the security authorities. This means that it is necessary to identify organizations from which terrorist activity can be expected to emerge, monitor the activities of groups and individuals who advocate the use of violence, analyze intelligence, apply proactive surveillance, expand the operational network, conduct searches, arrests, interrogations, detentions and bring to justice judicial liability when there are grounds to suspect that terrorist acts are planned.

However, such an active fight against terrorism, as opposed to passive actions, is associated with the threat of invasion of the privacy of those under surveillance. Almost every active step a state can take against terrorism involves violating someone's freedom (freedom to speak, assemble, practice one's religion, etc.)

Thus, the governments of free states, which have the responsibility to combat increasing terrorism, are faced with a dilemma: in one case, by not fighting terrorism with the means at their disposal, they will endanger the security of their citizens if they do. such a struggle, the very freedoms they are charged with defending will be at risk.

The ideal of absolute civil freedom must be adjusted by political realities. Terrorism, if not curbed, poses a moral threat to any society. However, the need to curb the absolute freedom of the terrorist does not mean that absolute freedom should be given to the organs of maintaining law and order.

Giving law enforcement agencies extensive security powers is not possible without some abuses. IN wartime such abuses do not cause much resonance, however, after the threat is neutralized, the relative importance of any abuse of power increases and society begins to demand greater control over the security agencies. A reasonable compromise must be found to ensure that the executive branch's efforts to curb terrorism do not go beyond the legitimate desire to keep people safe.

The intellectual defense against the temptation to resort to terrorism to proclaim one's views is the constant clarification and affirmation of values, cultivating in people the attitude that the essence of developed modern societies is a commitment to the principle of resolving conflicts through non-violent means, argumentation, discussion, voting, but not with the help of weapons .

If the first obstacle to the spread of terrorism in free states is the political culture of society, then the second should be well-established operational work. States have at their disposal a vast arsenal of surveillance and intelligence-gathering tools that enable them to track, prosecute and punish terrorists. The financial assets of terrorist regimes and organizations should be frozen; review legislation in order to better organize control over organizations inciting violence and keep convicted terrorists behind bars; train special units in counter-terrorism methods; impose sanctions against those who supply nuclear technology to states that carry out terrorist activities.

The various concepts of materialism that dominated in the 20th century, after the collapse of attempts to implement them, were replaced by an era of competition between various concepts of God: confessional battles determine the face of the 21st century. Countries in these conditions are obliged to ensure religious and ethno-cultural loyalty within themselves and in the world. At the same time, we must internationalize the force component in the fight against separatism and the terrorism it generates, which, according to the dictates of History, has a religious component.

The events of September 11 clearly demonstrated that huge military spending does not guarantee security, and the problem lies in choosing the right strategy. The terrorist attack caused $100 billion in damage to America and cost the attackers less than $2 million. The US military has proven ineffective in guerrilla warfare and the war on terrorism. The giant nuclear-space shield has become useless in the fight against small mobile groups of terrorists.

In the fight against international terrorism, it is first of all necessary to stop pursuing a policy of double standards. One thing is clear: neither missile and bomb attacks, nor the capture of terrorist leaders are able to destroy the underlying causes that give rise to “Islamic” terrorism, the severity of social problems in Muslim countries that have been going on for decades regional conflicts and the extremely painful reaction of Eastern societies to Western “globalization”.

The three main factors of the growth of extremism and terrorism - incomplete modernization, inadequate state policies and the emergence of ideologists and organizers of extremism - must be countered by three symmetrical processes in the sphere of modernization of society, the formation new policy and the emergence of the ideology of anti-extremism. It is especially important that states develop stable political systems, mechanisms for civilized political dialogue and stable power.

The tragic results of terrorism that characterize this phenomenon of current politics should serve as an important warning to all political forces that attempts to solve political and economic problems through violence do not contribute to the solution of the set objectives, but, on the contrary, lead to the aggravation and growth of contradictions in society and strengthening conflict-generating potential of terrorism throughout the world.

CONCLUSION

Thus, the problem of international terrorism poses a real threat to the world community. It has its own specificity, which distinguishes it from other universal human difficulties. However, the problem of terrorism is closely interconnected with most global problems of modern international relations. The latest terrorist attacks, primarily the tragic events of September 11, 2001 in New York, have become unprecedented in the history of mankind in their scale and influence on the further course of world politics. Number of victims, extent and nature of destruction caused by terrorist attacks beginning of the XXI centuries turned out to be comparable to the consequences of armed conflicts and local wars. The response measures caused by these terrorist acts led to the creation of an international anti-terrorist coalition, which included dozens of states, which previously took place only in the case of major armed conflicts and wars. Retaliatory anti-terrorist military actions have also acquired a planetary scale. Under these conditions, the global problem of international terrorism cannot be considered only as an independent phenomenon. It began to turn into an important component of a more general military-political global problem related to fundamental issues of war and peace, on the solution of which the further existence of human civilization depends.

REFERENCES

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2.International Convention against the Taking of Hostages (New York, December 17, 1979) // Collection of international treaties of the USSR. - M. - 1989. - issue. XLIII. -- St. 99.

3.International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (New York, December 15, 1997) // Collection. Russian legislation Federation dated August 27, 2001. -- No. 35.

4. Olshansky D.V. Psychology of terror / D.V. Olshansky. - M., Ekaterinburg, 2002.

5. Gusher A.I. The problem of terrorism at the turn of the new millennium of a new era of humanity. - M., 2002.

6. Drozdov Y., Egozaryan V. World terrorist... - M.: Paper Gallery, 2004.

7. Zharinov K.V. Terrorism and terrorists: a historical reference book. - Minsk: Harvest, 1999.

8. Kozhushko E.P. Modern terrorism: analysis of the main directions. - Minsk: Harvest, 2000.

9. Lavrov S.B. Global problems of our time: Part 1. - St. Petersburg, 1993.

10. Lavrov S.B. Global problems of our time: Part 2. - St. Petersburg, 1995.

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14. Trebin M.P. Terrorism in the 21st century. - Minsk: Harvest, 2004.

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What is it?

To identify the essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world, it is necessary to find out what this term means. The word “terrorism” refers to one of the options for political struggle associated with ideologically motivated violence. Its essence is violence to intimidate the population. As a rule, terrorist attacks are prepared by individuals or organizations. Their goal is the government represented by individual officials or society represented by the civilian population. Terrorists can also strike private or government property, important infrastructure and life support systems. The goal of criminals is to achieve their desired development of events, as a rule, the situation in the country, inciting a revolution, declaring war, gaining independence of a certain territory, obtaining concessions from the current government, and more.

Although terrorism is a global problem in the modern world, legislators in different countries have not reached a consensus on its definition. In most countries, terrorism is considered to be acts that are dangerous to society. Moreover, they were committed with the aim of intimidating the population or its social groups. The terrorist's goal is to attract as much attention to the crime as possible. At the same time, he wants to influence any decision previously made by the country's authorities. Terrorism is closely related to more general concept- terror, which is one of the ways to control popular opinion through intimidation. This method of influence is used by both states and various organizations that try to resolve political issues in this way.

Conditions of appearance

Many people wonder: what is characteristic feature the problem of terrorism in the modern world? An important feature of global terrorism is that a prerequisite for committing a criminal act is to attract the maximum attention of the world community to this act. Wide publicity and dissemination of as much information as possible about the crime only plays into the hands of the bandits. A little-known or secret act of violence loses all meaning.

The widest possible dissemination of information about the committed act of terrorism is necessary for criminals to change the mood in society, because mass murders affect mass psychology. Organizations that carry out inhumane crimes demonstrate their strength and capabilities by declaring that they are ready to go to the end to achieve their goal. Bandits sacrifice not only their lives, but also the lives of innocent people. They tell everyone that there is a force in society that under no circumstances will accept the existing order of things and will continue to fight.

What do terrorists want?

To find out what problems of terrorism exist in the modern world, it is necessary to briefly describe the goals of criminals that they pursue when committing an act of violence. They are as follows:

Demonstration of powerlessness of power. In the place where the crime occurred, power lost its power. In this place, laws and morals were violated, and an alternative to the current government was established.
Propaganda by action. The act of violence carried out makes some members of society sympathize with the terrorists and also join their ranks.
The emergence of anti-government sentiments, the intensification of the work of opposition forces, since the terrorist attack is interpreted as a sign of the weakness of the state system. All these actions push the government to make concessions.
The crime has a negative impact on the economy of the country where the incident occurred. The image of the city is deteriorating, the flow of tourists is decreasing.
Terrorists are pushing the country to change its political course. Often the goal of bandits is to transfer power to an authoritarian form of government.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist act is the most dangerous form of destabilization of society. Other methods, such as starting a civil war, strikes, uprisings, military destabilization, riots, require a lot of effort and resources. Also, the implementation of plans will require the support of other anti-government forces. To organize enough support for terrorists from a narrow layer of society. Also, criminals will not require large technical resources.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that any terrorist attack is one of the ways to weaken power and destroy the political system. Lawyers classify terrorists as criminals who go against the constitutional foundations of the country. They threaten the security of the entire state as a whole.

Society and terrorists

The main problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that a terrorist attack requires national, or even better, global publicity, so in order to exist it needs information society. It first appeared in the 19th century in Europe. It is there that an enlightened society reads newspapers every day. Over time the means mass media are becoming more powerful force. The greater the role of journalists, the wider the wave of terrorism can be.

Another global problem of terrorism in the modern world is the development of technologies that make it possible to instantly disseminate information about a terrorist attack across the globe. As scientific and technological progress develops, the technogenic environment becomes more and more vulnerable. in the world modern technologies humanity is faced with disasters that occur without the intervention of criminals. Also, the problem of countering terrorism in the modern world is that the state’s ability to control the activities of each person or group of persons is extremely limited.

Also, the emergence of terrorism is influenced by changes in society, which strives for liberal values. Citizens are getting closer and closer to the idea of a social contract, where the safety and life of a person must be guaranteed by the state. With their actions, terrorists are trying to prove to the whole world that officials and security forces are not able to guarantee a calm and peaceful existence for their citizens. Therefore, the government must be held accountable for the crimes of criminals. If society, on the contrary, tries to unite against a common misfortune, while supporting the authorities with all its might, then terrorist acts lose their force.

In prosperous countries, such manifestations of terrorism occur when mentally unstable people commit acts of violence. However, such phenomena are observed quite rarely. Most often, the grounds for committing mass murder of citizens are liberation movements, as well as religious and national conflicts.

The problem of international terrorism in the modern world is that these bandits can only exist if some part of the citizens sympathize with them. Unlike trained military saboteurs who can work alone, terrorists need the moral and physical support of citizens. In this they are in many ways similar to partisans. If support fades, the terrorist organization will not be able to survive for long.

The essence of the problem of terrorism in the modern world is that its appearance is an indicator of a crisis in the country. This is a mechanism of communication between society and government, between an individual unit of society and the entire population of the state. Such crimes indicate trouble in the social space. At the same time, it is unlikely that it will be possible to solve the problem using force alone. Suppressing and localizing gangster organizations is only part of the solution. Other methods of struggle must consist of political and cultural changes that will remove the need for a radical solution to the problem on the part of society.

Varieties

Dividing terrorism into types and classes is a difficult task, given its diversity. Nevertheless, experts divide the problem of terrorism in the modern world into areas depending on the type of activity of the criminals:

An individual criminal who commits a crime alone. In the modern world, terrorists rarely act without the support of an organization. Therefore, as an example of such criminal activity, one can cite the attack on the official Vera Zasulich in 1878.
Collective terrorist activities are planned and carried out large organization. Nowadays, it is organized terrorism that occurs most often.

Terrorists also pursue different goals. Depending on this, they distinguish the following types:

Religious. It is associated with the struggle between adherents of one religion and adherents of another. Sometimes terrorists want to change the government from secular to religious.
National. In this case, the bandits are pursuing separatist goals.
A social and ideological view that requires changing the political and economic policies of the country. Sometimes this type of protest is called revolutionary. Examples include the Socialist Revolutionaries, anarchists and fascists.

Terrorist methods

Terrorists have several methods at their disposal to attract attention. Let's look at them in more detail:

Explosions of important government or military buildings, transport hubs, residential buildings, theaters, restaurants.
Kidnapping of government officials, journalists, and high-ranking military personnel. The main purpose of kidnapping is blackmail in order to exchange for accomplices.
Political murders of officials, police officers, and military personnel.
Capture buildings containing a large number of people. After such a step, terrorists usually want to negotiate with the authorities. The hostages are either killed or released. This manifestation of terrorism is gaining popularity in our time.
Seizure of transport planes, ships, buses with hostages. Most often, this form of terrorism manifested itself in the 80s of the last century.
Robberies of banks, shops, private homes, kidnappings for ransom. This is a minor form of terrorism, but it brings profit to the bandits.
Beatings and bullying of people. Terrorism in this manifestation is an act of psychological pressure on a person.
Terrorism using biological weapons. An example is sending letters containing a poisonous substance.
Poisoning of victims with radioactive elements.

The terrorist arsenal is constantly expanding. Recently, computer terrorism has been gaining popularity. The authorities need to be prepared for the fact that any technically complex objects and storage facilities can become a target for radical organizations.

Modern terrorists

Often people want to understand the reasons for the problem of terrorism in the modern world. Let us briefly try to describe them below. Terrorism intensified with renewed vigor at the dawn of the 20th century. There are several reasons for this phenomenon, for example, the economic crisis, the sale of weapons and explosives on the black market, the weakening of government institutions, the growth of criminal structures, uncontrolled migration, and local conflicts.

The problem of terrorism in the modern world is that some terrorist attacks are carried out by radical groups, for example, the explosion of the monument to Tsar Nicholas II in 1998 near Moscow, as well as the mining of the monument to Peter I in the Russian capital. Both of these actions ended without casualties among the population. However, such crimes can shake confidence in the authorities, because such acts were committed in the very center of Russia.

A much more serious problem in the fight against terrorism in the modern world arose when attacks related to the war in Chechnya were carried out. Bandits blew up residential buildings, markets, and took hostages in several Russian cities. Most often, crimes occurred in Moscow, Dagestan and Volgodonsk. Chechen terrorists are very organized and have a stable source of income.

Among the most notorious crimes is the seizure of a maternity hospital in Budyonnovsk by criminals led by Basayev at the end of the 20th century. It ended with the return of terrorists to territory not controlled by Russia. Another high-profile hostage-taking occurred in Moscow, on Dubrovka, during the musical “Nord-Ost” in 2002. As a result of the crime, several dozen hostages died; all terrorists were eliminated during the assault.

New look

The problem of combating terrorism in the modern world has now become aggravated with renewed vigor, because today the world is threatened by nuclear terrorism. Also, kidnapping for the purpose of blackmail or ransom is becoming increasingly common. The reason for the problem of terrorism in the modern world lies in the attitude ordinary people to terrorists in the country. It depends on the attitude of society to the current political system, as well as on the goals that criminals dream of achieving. Also, the condemnation or support of terrorists by the civilian population depends on the liberal values of a particular state, the price human life, level of education and legal awareness of citizens.

If terrorism arose due to social, political or cultural problems, then a small part of society, especially those suffering from the emerging crisis in the country, will support the terrorists in various ways. Thanks to positive attitude to themselves, bandits who kill civilians and organize terrorist attacks will have a chance to recruit more people. Resolving pressing problems relieves tension in society, eliminates the rift between warring organizations, and deprives terrorist groups of support from the population.

Citizens who are faced with a terrorist threat, as a rule, change their attitude towards this phenomenon. The shock associated with the attack of bandits on civilians splits society. Some reject terrorists, condemning their actions. Others justify the actions of the bandits, recognizing that in certain situations it is impossible to do without radical measures. If terrorist groups become active in a country, committing more and more crimes, almost the entire civilian population condemns their actions, seeing how innocent people suffer. A group that previously supported terrorism is radically changing its mind. Popular support for criminals is fading.

The influence of evolution on attitudes towards terrorism

People's attitudes towards terrorist acts are influenced by the historical evolution of the assessment of such a phenomenon. Society treated these crimes differently at different stages of its historical development. Thus, during the emergence of the first terrorist organizations, their members were considered fighters for freedom, equality and independence.

In the early 20s, organizations that carried out acts of violence in warring countries existed quite legally in their homeland. They were supported in every possible way by their native state. As liberal sentiments developed in Western European countries, terrorists found themselves outlawed. After World War II, criminals were sponsored exclusively by aggressor countries that sought political and ideological expansion.

In the early 1960s, developed countries gradually began to recognize terrorism as a source of unconditional harm to citizens and political systems. Nowadays, the phenomenon is sharply condemned in the media. The acquittal and glorification of terrorists are severely punished in some countries, including imprisonment. Now the center of terrorism has shifted from Western European countries to Arab countries. Residents of these states still have to go through an evolutionary stage from recognition and support of criminal acts to condemnation.

International terrorism

To provide justification for the problems of terrorism in the modern world, you should know that criminals often resort to mass murder because they will not be able to achieve their delusional goals in open battle. Violent actions against the civilian population has long crossed national boundaries, turning into a global threat to all peoples of the globe. Terrorism has become an effective weapon to intimidate society during military and political conflicts. Eternal disputes between two different worlds, significantly different from each other in their understanding of life, moral standards and culture, lead to significant casualties among the innocent population.

TERRORISM IS A GLOBAL PROBLEM OF THE WORLD .

Terrorism today is a powerful weapon, a tool,

used not only in the fight against the Authority, but very often - by the Authority itself to achieve its goals.

Modern terrorism appears in the form of: international terrorism (terrorist acts on an international scale);

Domestic political terrorism (terrorist actions directed against the government, any political groups within countries, or with the goal of destabilizing the internal situation);

criminal terrorism pursuing purely selfish goals.

ROOTS OF TERROR

Terrorism appears when society is experiencing a deep crisis, primarily a crisis of ideology and the state-legal system. In such a society, various opposition groups appear - political,

social, national, religious - for which the legitimacy of the existing government becomes questionable

Methods of terror

People in most countries have become unaccustomed to political violence and are afraid of it.

IDEOLOGICAL BASE OF TERROR

ECONOMIC BASE OF TERRORISM

The main method of financing is criminal activity. Which includes "regular" organized and unorganized

crime, taking control of key areas of the criminal business.

For example, the main source of funding for the Peruvian Sendero Luminoso movement, the Afghan Taliban movement, the Lebanese Hezbollah is the drug business, and the Ceylon Liberation Tigers of Tamil Islam are drugs and “weapons-precious stones” transactions.

Such “economically established” terrorism is already capable of serious independent activity, and not only on the scale of “its” country. However, today the deployment of such activities is possible only if there are structures for money laundering - in the form of controlled banks, firms, and manufacturing enterprises. "

Laundering is most often carried out in crisis areas of the world, where government control is weakened. For this reason, Russia is now one of the largest laundries.

CUSTOMERS AND CONTRACTORS

The 8-15 thousand terrorist fighters remaining after the USSR left Afghanistan today have become one of the pillars of the development of terrorism in North Africa, Bosnia, the Middle East, Chechnya, Tajikistan and... the United States itself.

COOPERATION WITH SECURITY SERVICES

Cooperation between special services and terrorism creates a qualitatively new phenomenon - special terrorism. The most famous example is Colombia, where only emergency international measures managed to wrest the state from the almost complete control of the drug mafia.

And Turkish terrorists - “gray wolves” - both inside Turkey and outside it, including in Azerbaijan, act not only under the control, but also with the active participation of Turkish intelligence services.

CONCLUSION

Covert operations, unfortunately, have become a necessary and widely used tool of interstate

Main strategic conditions for the fight against terrorism taking into account the above:

Recreating a sustainable bloc world;

Anticipation; blocking terrorism at the initial stage and preventing its formation and development of structures;

Preventing the ideological justification of terror under the banner of “defense of the rights of the nation,” “defense of the faith,” etc.; debunking terrorism by all means of the media;

Transfer of all management of anti-terrorism activities to the most reliable intelligence services with non-interference in their work by any other management bodies;

The use of an agreement with terrorists only by these special services and only to cover up the preparation of an action against

Complete list of terrorist organizations in the World.

Abu Nidal Organization (AAN), also known as Black September, Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), also known as Al Harakat al Islamiyya

also known as "Groupman Islamik Arm", AIG, "Al-Jama, and al-Islamiya al-Musalla"

"Aum Shinrikyo", also known as "The Supreme Truth of Aum".

"Fatherland and Freedom of the Basques" (ETA), also known as "Euskadi ta askatasuna"

"Gama a al-Islamiyya" ("Islamic Group", IS), also known as "Al-Gama at",

Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), also known as Harakat al-Muhawama al-Islamiya, Ayyash Students, Engineering Students, Yahya Ayyash Units, Izz Al-Din Al-Hassim Brigades, Forces Izz al-Din al-Hassim, Izz al-Din al-Hassim battalions, Izz al-Din al Hassam brigades, Izz al-Din al Hassam forces, Izz al-Din al Hassam battalions

"Harakat ul-Mujahidin" (HUM), also known as "Harakat ul-ansar", HUA, "Al-hadid", "Al-hadit", "Al-faran"

Hezbollah (Party of God). Other names: "Islamic Jihad", "Organization of Islamic Jihad", Organization of Revolutionary Justice, "Organization of the Oppressed on Earth", "Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine", "Organization of Faithful Against Infidels", "Ansar Allah", "Followers of the Prophet Muhammad"

"Japanese Red Army" (YKA). Other names: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIB), Nippon Sekigun, Nihon Sekigun, Holy Military Brigade, Anti-War Democratic Front

"Al-Jihad". Other names: "Egyptian al-Jihad", "New Jihad", "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", "Jihad Group"

"Kah." Other titles: "Suppression of Traitors", "Wild Bogdim", "

Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Other name: "Karkeran Kurdistan Party"

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Other names: "Tamil Tigers", "Ellalan Group". It operates under the guise of such organizations as the World Tamil Association (WTA), the World Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Canadian Tamil Associations (FACT), and the Sangillan Group.

" Other names: "Mujahedin-e Khalq", National liberation army Iran" (PLA, the militant wing of the MEK), "People's Mujahideen Organization of Iran" (PMOI), "National Resistance Council" (NRC), "Organization of People's Sacred Warriors of Iran",

"National Liberation Army" (ELN). Other name: "Ejercito Liberación Nacional"

"Palestinian Islamic Jihad" - "Shakaki" group. Other names: "PJD" - the "Shakaki" group, "Palestinian Islamic Jihad" (PIJ), "Islamic Jihad of Palestine", "Islamic Jihad in Palestine", "Abu Ghunaima Detachment" as part of the Hezbollah Bayt al-Maqdis organization "

Group "Palestine Liberation Front - Abu Abbas". Other names: "Palestine Liberation Front" (PLF), "PLF-Abu Abbas"

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), also known as the Red Eagles, Red Eagles Group, Red Eagles Group, Khalhoul Group, Khalhoul Team

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command (PFLP - GC)

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), also known as Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionarias de Colombia

Revolutionary Organization of 17 November (17 November), also known as Epanastatiki Organosi 17 November

Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front, also known as Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left), Devrimci Hulk Kurtulus Partisi-Sefesi (DHKP/S), Dev Sol Silahli Birlikleri, Dev Sol SDB, Dev Sol armed revolutionary groups

People's Revolutionary Struggle (ELA), also known as Epanastatikos Laikos Agonas, Revolutionary People's Struggle, June 1978, Revolutionary International Solidarity Organization, Revolutionary Core, Revolutionary Cells, Liberation Struggle

Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), also known as Partido Comunista del Peru en el Sendero Luminoso de José Carlos Mariátegui (Communist Party of Peru on the Shining Path of José Carlos Mariátegui), Partido Comunista del Peru (Communist Party of Peru), PCP, Socorro Popular del Peru (People's Relief of Peru), PPP, Ejercito Guerrillero Popular (People's Rebel Army), EGP, Ejercito Popular de Liberación (People's Liberation Army), EPL

Revolutionary Movement of Tupac Amaru (MRTA), also known as Movimiento Revolucinario Tupac Amaru

al-Qaeda,

also known as Qaeda, "The Base", Islamic Army, World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders, Islamic Army for the Liberation of the Holy Sites, Osama Bin Laden System, Osama Bin Laden Organization, Islamic Salvation Foundation, Group for the Defense of the Holy Sites.

Founded

Osama bin Laden around 1990 to unite the Arabs who were fighting in Afghanistan against the Soviet invasion. Provided financial assistance, recruited and trained Sunni Muslim extremists for the Afghan resistance. Currently pursuing the goal of “restoring a Muslim state” throughout the world. Collaborates with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it deems “un-Islamist” and remove Westerners from Muslim countries. In February 1998, she issued a statement under the heading “World Islamic Front for Jihad against the Jews and Crusaders,” which asserted that all Muslims are obliged to kill American citizens everywhere, both non-military and military, and their allies.

.Activity

On August 7, it carried out bombings at the American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, killing at least 301 people and wounding more than 5,000 others. Claims to have shot down U.S. helicopters and killed U.S. military personnel in Somalia in 1993, and carried out three bombings targeting U.S. military presence in Aden, Yemen, in December 1992.

The organization is associated with plans to attempt terrorist operations, including the assassination of the Pope during his visit to Manila in late 1994 and simultaneous bombings of the American and Israeli embassies in Manila and other Asian capitals in late 1994.

the mid-air bombings of a dozen US planes over the Pacific Ocean in 1995 and the plot to assassinate President Clinton during his visit to the Philippines in early 1995.

The organization continues to train, finance and provide logistical support to terrorist groups that share these goals.

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