Russian special operations forces. Day of Special Operations Forces Day of Special Operations Forces of the Russian Federation

Special Operations Forces Day is celebrated on February 27 among professional holidays and memorable days in the Russian Armed Forces in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 26, 2015.

On this day, February 27, 2014, armed people in camouflage without identification marks over the building of the Supreme Council and the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, which at that time was part of Ukraine, and in subsequent days over the airport in Simferopol and other strategic objects on the peninsula.

In addition, they helped ensure order and security during the March 16, 2014 referendum on the annexation of Crimea to Russia. The emphasized correctness of their behavior led to the emergence of the expression “polite people.”

On April 17, 2014, answering questions from citizens during the “direct line”, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that we're talking about about Russian military personnel who “correctly, decisively and professionally” provided conditions for the free expression of the will of the Crimeans. Since then, the phrase “polite people” has become synonymous with those who serve in the Russian Special Operations Forces (SSO).

By special operations as a form of use of the Armed Forces, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation understands the coordinated actions of specially trained and equipped forces using methods and methods of combat operations that are not typical for conventional troops. These are reconnaissance and sabotage, subversive, counter-terrorism, counter-sabotage, counter-intelligence, partisan and anti-partisan actions and others.

MTR are contained in constant readiness for immediate use and can solve problems in peacetime, in conflict situations and during the war, acting both as part of heterogeneous forces in the theater of military operations, and independently. The operations they carry out, as a rule, are secret in nature and are under the direct control of senior military leadership or commanders-in-chief of the armed forces in theaters of war.

There is little information about the special operations forces: these are young troops and they work under the heading “secret”. The fighters are wearing balaclavas; their faces cannot be seen in news stories or photographs. These people silently and modestly carry out their task, but the results are talked about all over the world.

History of special forces

Special forces were created in the 50s by secret order, subordinate to the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff.

The first Soviet special forces could eliminate commanders and influential political figures of the aggressor countries, destroy missile launcher complexes, aircraft control centers or communication channels with nuclear submarines. Carrying out their assigned tasks, the special forces had to skillfully bring the enemy into panic.

At the beginning of the 80s, there were 11 special forces brigades in the country. They fought in Afghanistan, Chechnya - their numbers grew. Special forces troops ceased to be a “piece” commodity; fighters were used more and more often.

Special Operations Forces in the Russian Federation: formation

MTR are troops created to defend and protect the interests of Russia and its citizens anywhere in the world. These are special forces that perform tasks in peacetime.

The history of the formation of the MTR of the Russian Armed Forces begins with the founding of special-purpose military units, on the basis of which, on March 5, 1999, the Specialist Training Center appeared. Part is located in Solnechnogorsk. The GRU group was subordinate. Then it was called the Senezh Special Purpose Center. The soldiers who underwent special training in the unit were nicknamed “sunflowers.”

First fights new military unit took in Chechnya, during the second Chechen campaign.

Almost ten years later, during the reform of the RF Armed Forces, the special unit was reorganized into the Directorate of Special Operations, reporting to the Chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces.

In April 2011, with the assistance of the FSB special forces, the formation of another Special Operations Center began. The TsSN is subordinate to the head of the GRU and is located near Moscow. The unit was called the Kubinka-2 Special Purpose Center.

In March 2013, Russia announced that the country was training special operations forces. "Senezh" and "Kubinka-2" are part of the new forces.

Three years later, the naval special operations department of the MTR was included in the Navy in Crimea.

The first commander of the Special Forces of the Russian Armed Forces - Oleg Martyanov, 2009-2013. The Special Operations Forces Command remains one of the most closed structures of the Russian Armed Forces.

Day of "Polite People"

The President signed the decree establishing the Day of Special Operations Forces on February 26, 2015, the next day the soldiers celebrated their first “day of polite people” - February 27.

A year before the signing of the decree, on the night of February 27, Russian soldiers occupied all objects of importance in ensuring the defense capability of Crimea and parts of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. Locals nicknamed the people in camouflage “polite” because they, performing a special task at a busy time, behaved extremely courteously and modestly with Crimeans.

The emblem of the special operations forces is a bow with a stele on a string pointing upward. On the plumage of the arrow there are two spread wings.

Equipment of MTR fighters

The equipment and weapons of special operations forces are unique. The equipment includes:

• headphones that muffle the sounds of combat and make it possible to talk through the built-in radio station (removed);
• a Kalashnikov assault rifle of the latest model with Picatinny rails on which additional equipment can be mounted;
• silent firing devices;
• anti-fragmentation glasses;
• helmet - shockproof and anti-fragmentation;
• gun;
• mount for night vision device;
• body armor - capable of stopping a bullet fired from a machine gun and a sniper rifle, with mounts for magazines with cartridges, grenades and a first aid kit;
• optical sight;
• camouflage with built-in elbow and knee pads;
• Lightweight and durable tactical boots.

The equipment also includes: a tactical protection kit, an anti-fragmentation suit, a wetsuit, a diving kit, an unloading vest, and a thermal imaging monoculator.

The most unclassified thing is medical equipment.

Each specialist has:

1. Standard wearable medical kit.
2. Portable stretcher for carrying the wounded from the battlefield.
3. Means to stop bleeding - bandages, tourniquet or tourniquet, systems, saline solution, hemostatic agent.
4. Anti-poisoning agents, antiseptics, painkillers, antishocks, hemostatic agents.

The set weighs about 10 kg.

How Special Operations Forces soldiers work

The occupation of MTR fighters is conducting reconnaissance and sabotage behind enemy lines, as well as maintaining order in their rear.

The work comes with many hardships. Military service is at the limit, tickling your nerves, requiring every effort and willingness to sacrifice yourself for the sake of others.

The most important factor is the combat coherence of the team. What is needed here is absolute discipline, unconditional following of the commander, and at the same time the ability to make independent decisions individually by each fighter.

Physical training is a necessary factor in specialist training. Daily activities become a way of life. A warrior must have an absolute reaction in any situation, have the utmost restraint and endurance.

Equally important is the ability to work with modern types of weapons. This requires constant improvement of the professionalism of each specialist.

Working in a team, two or three, as part of a group is based on ideal interaction, the ability to literally understand comrades in arms without words. Through training, every movement becomes automatic. Each warrior must not only know his maneuver, but also be able to act instinctively and predict the actions of the enemy.

"Military surgery"

The special operations forces of the Russian Federation are the military elite. The army group uses modern types of weapons and equipment, is well equipped and is ready at any time to carry out a combat mission in any conditions, anywhere on the planet. The fighters are faced with the task of protecting the interests of Russia and its citizens. Their job every day is to be ready every minute to immediately use their skills.

These are special forces, they use combat methods that other troops do not use. MTR fighters are reconnaissance saboteurs, demolitionists, counter-saboteurs and partisans. They are paratroopers and divers, and use both small arms and anti-ship missiles.

MTR in Syria

Precise airstrikes were carried out thanks to the professionalism of the fighters. Specialists work deep in the rear, using the entire arsenal of special reconnaissance and enemy detection equipment. And snipers with rifles do no less than bombers.

Adjusting airstrikes, eliminating terrorists and destroying important objects - these are the tasks facing the MTR.

Russian armed forces were invited by the Syrian authorities. It was decided that it was better to stop the terrorists there than to wait for them in Russia. The MTR units found themselves in the thick of the confrontation. The skills acquired during training are used in combat conditions, skills are honed and professionalism increases.

Unique tasks of the MTR

Modern intelligence, surveillance and communications tools require extensive knowledge in the field of computer technology. Simulators using the latest electronics allow specialists to hone their skills and improve their professionalism in conditions that are as close as possible to combat.

Carrying out combat missions in different regions requires knowledge of the language of the host country, culture and folk customs.

Being in contact with the local population is an important factor in obtaining and implementing the obtained information. Great attention is paid to undercover operational and tactical-special training. Specialists must perfectly know the basics of tactics and strategy of modern warfare.

They work under the heading "secret"

The Russian Ministry of Defense's special forces use combat training systems. An important place is given to parachuting, fire training, mine demolition and sapper work, and tactics.

SOF influence the economy and politics of other states with muscle and strength, but secretly. They train foreign partisans, destroy important objects, and eliminate those who are in the way. There are MTRs in the USA, Germany, England, France, and Israel. And they don’t sit anywhere without work.

There have been people in our country who have performed critical tasks all over the world, and they continue to do their work today.

All Russian special forces troops are fighting in the Caucasus with varying intensity, participating in special operations to destroy bandits and extremists.

Today, the Russian Armed Forces have 7 special forces brigades, as well as 4 squads of combat swimmers.

An MTR detachment is worth an entire army

Only the best of the best make it into the MTR. Candidates undergo a rigorous selection process. The results of severe tests determine whether a person is able to withstand difficult situations and not give up in the face of the most dangerous tasks.

Daily training is necessary to be ready to carry out any combat mission as clearly and effectively, promptly and creatively as possible. Strength today special operations of the Russian Federation carry out direct work in the hottest spots on the planet.

The country's military elite

The first special forces appeared in the GRU of the General Staff of the Russian Federation. Later, in other law enforcement agencies and intelligence services, special units were formed, designed for various tasks. For example, TsSN FSB "Alpha" fights terrorism in transport, "Vympel" - at particularly important facilities.

There are special forces in the Ministry of Internal Affairs and in the internal troops. The famous “speckled berets” resist gangs and provide forceful support to the police. The task of the FS OBNON special forces is to fight the drug mafia. Special forces of the Federal Penitentiary Service countering riots in the penitentiary system - in Russian prisons and zones.

In the West, all special operations forces are brought into a single fist: land, sea, and air. In the Russian Federation everything is fragmented. For several decades, the command has been trying to include aviation squadrons in the brigades, but so far to no avail.

But the leadership of the Russian armed forces has ceased to be shy about what they are doing in other countries. It declared its interests around the world and its goals to save and protect all Russian citizens: diplomats captured by extremists, sailors captured by pirates, Russian citizens held hostage.

At the foot of Elbrus there is a stela dedicated to the Heroes of the Defense of Elbrus. Here, a Russian soldier defeated a division of selected German climbers in the war.

Russia returns to big story. It is argued that where the Russian soldier came, there will be peace, tranquility and justice. At the same time, we are talking not only about the special operations forces of the Russian Federation.

It is intuitively clear that special forces, based on the nature of their tasks, should accordingly be equipped with “special” weapons. However, to be more precise, this implies a careful selection of the best “tools”, taking into account special tasks or, of course, even one specific task.

Indeed, the weapons used by special operations forces (SOF) soldiers are "special" not so much in terms of their specific design and characteristics, but rather because the special forces themselves have the privilege of choosing them, despite standardization issues or any other industrial or logistical considerations, based solely on your own assessments and preferences.

Indeed, a very large part of the "mystique of the SOF" is the use of weapons other than those assigned to a conventional infantry unit, and it is not uncommon to see an SOF soldier within the same unit carrying a different weapon.

Pictured is the Elcan SpecterDR sight, used by German special forces and is an innovative product that combines a red dot sight for close combat and a 4x optical sight for longer range combat. Also note the non-standard attachment of accessories to the G36 assault rifle – distinguishing feature special forces worldwide

Another aspect of “exclusivity”, which consists in a careful search for absolutely optimal solutions in the field of equipping the MTR, the fact is that personal and crew-served weapons, as a rule, are almost never accepted for use in the MTR in the configuration originally manufactured by the manufacturer; weapons should receive a whole series of design changes, improvements and additional devices.

Personal weapon

Automatic pistols (and in some cases also revolvers) present a very strange paradox in the equipment of the MTR. While they are quickly falling out of favor as standard combat weapons, even including secondary missions such as self-defense or weapons for non-combatant personnel, they are still an integral part of the SOF arsenal and have indeed effectively replaced the combat knife as the symbol of close combat. The use of MTR pistols is usually associated with the “liquidation” of specific people, but in reality it is much more important to provide a deliberate close-in defense.

Prudence certainly requires the elimination or reduction of gunshot noise. An important distinction in this regard is between weapons that are silent (that is, those built as such or capable of using silent ammunition) and those that are called "silenced", usually by installing a silencer.

Typical examples of quiet pistols are the Chinese Type 64 and Type 67, both chambered for the 7.65 x 17 rimless cartridge and based on the expansion chamber concept. The Russians, for their part, have developed a whole family of silent/flashless cartridges that are used in a single-action (non-self-cocking) firing mechanism.

The first appropriate weapons for special forces were two small models large caliber, SME (cartridge SP2 7.62×35) and S4M (cartridge SP3 7.62×62.8), whose obvious limitations led in 1983 to the introduction of a semi-automatic (special self-loading pistol) with a magazine for 6 rounds. The PSS still has no analogues in the West; several units of Russian special forces are currently armed with it (for example, capture groups of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Alpha group of the FSB).

The PSS pistol fires SP4 7.62×42 cartridges with a 13-gram steel bullet, created specifically to obtain good armor-piercing power, at least against the simplest types of body armor. The Tula KBP recently introduced the OT 38 chambered for the SP4 cartridge, which apparently was aimed at fulfilling the strong desire of special forces not to leave behind spent cartridges.

The Makarov PB represents a compromise between silent and suppressed weapons. It is based on the design of the standard Makarov automatic pistol and fires conventional 9x18 cartridges with a traditional removable suppressor, but also has a large expansion chamber around the perforated barrel. More recently, Russian special forces units appear to have adopted a silent variant of the new PYa automatic pistol (known as the MP-443 Grach), selected in 2003 as the new standard pistol for the Russian military.

Western industry and SOF soldiers have never been particularly interested in silent weapons, but, nevertheless, several models of pistols were designed and manufactured specifically for the requirements of special forces (including the well-known Heckler & Koch Mk23Mod0 for the American Special Operations Command); all are equipped with standard mufflers. The emphasis is rather on characteristics such as maximum stopping energy, rugged construction and superior reliability, while a large magazine is usually a major requirement for military hand weapons, is less important here.

In 2005, US Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) began the JCP (Joint Combat Pistol) program, a rather perplexing and ill-advised attempt to combine the Future Handgun System (FHS). American army and USSOCOM's own projects called the SOFCP Combat Pistol (Special Operations Forces Combat Pistol) into a single purchase volume of 645,000 pistols.

Less than a year later, the program lost its "J" (Combat Pistol - CP) and was decisively scaled back to USSOCOM's own needs (approximately 50,000 pistols) before being shelved indefinitely until late 2006. Be that as it may, several potential competitors have prepared models that meet the mandatory key characteristics of the JCP/CP (.45 ACP cartridge and the use of two magazines of different capacities); these include for example the H&K HK45 and HK45C, Beretta PX4 SD, S&W MP45, FN Herstal FNP45 and Sig Sauer P220 Combat TV.

IWI GALIL ACE is the latest example of a 5.56 mm assault rifle, created specifically for the needs of MTR soldiers. The weapon in the picture is without a scope

Aimpoint's CompM4 series of red dot sights match the US Army's latest M68 Close-Combat Optic (CCO)

A special category includes automatic pistols with a chamber for powerful types of ammunition, originally developed for the PDW (Personal Defense Weapons) class, which, paradoxically enough, were intended to replace pistols. After the cancellation of the H&K P46 (4.6x30) project, the only Western weapon in this category is the FN Herstal FiveseveN (5.7x28). FiveseveN's large, capacious magazine (20 rounds), significant range (100 m), excellent penetrating power and the availability of a full family of special cartridges open up completely new perspectives regarding the combat use of hand-held weapons.

The Chinese were also moving in the same direction, and in 2006 the QSW-06 model was introduced to replace the Type 67. It fires Chinese 5.8x21 cartridges (two types: standard DAP92 with Vo = 895 m/s and supersonic DCV05), they are fed from a 20-round magazine, this pistol is equipped with a standard silencer.

Submachine guns (SMG)

Despite the general trends regarding standard military small arms, SMG (sub-machine guns) are still widespread in SOF units, despite the recent emergence in many combat scenarios of a definite preference given to compact/short-barreled models of assault rifles and carbines.

The most common in Western MTRs, without a doubt, is the ubiquitous series, available in many variants. For highly specialized applications, extreme compactness is valued above all, which is why there is some interest in models such as the MP-5K, Micro UZI and B&T MP9 (originally Steyr TMP).

The vast majority of Western SMGs are chambered in the standard 9x19 cartridge, and numerous industry attempts to introduce new or MTR-optimized cartridges, such as the 10mm Auto or .40 S&W, or to "resurrect" the venerable .45 ACP have achieved little commercial success. Even the H&K UMP, firing the new +P variant of the .45 ACP cartridge, remains unnoticed in the global MTR community.

Beginning in the late 1980s, the Russian handgun industry also re-opened the SMG market and offered an absolutely stunning variety of new designs and models that often show a degree of innovative ingenuity, all of which were noted to be "accepted", "approved" or , at least “tested” by special forces.

A partial list could include with helical magazine (suitable for 9x18 PM/PMM, 7.62x25 Tokarev and 9x19), (9x19 and 9x19 7N21 Russian), (9x18), PP-91 Kedr /Wedge (9×18 PMM), PP-93 (9×19 PMM), PP-90M1 with helical magazine (9×19, 9×19 7N21/7N31), (9×19), AEK-919K Kashtan (9 ×18), OTs-02 Cypress (9×18) and SR-3 Veresk (rather a unique design, acting by gas removal, fires powerful 9×21 cartridges). The helical magazine is a clever idea to combine high capacity (64 rounds on the Bison) with compactness and of course it was promptly copied by the Chinese (Chang Feng 05).

And again, when it comes to suppressed SMGs, this is definitely the best known representative of the first category weapon, the H&K MP-5SD, which in fact could be considered as an “icon” weapon for the MTR. Thanks to the presence of concentric expansion/decompression chambers with internal deflection flaps, the MOP-5SD can fire a standard 9x19 cartridge, which, however, is made slower (subsonic speed) in order to eliminate the most important part - the sound signature (a sign of visibility).

The weapon was also produced in several countries under more or less sanctioned licenses, and inspired designs such as the Daewoo K7 ( South Korea), FAMAE SAF-SD (Chile) and Pindad PM-2 (Indonesia). The IWI Micro TAVOR MTAR 21 (9x19 variant of the compact 5.56mm carbine) is an interesting attempt at an original modular solution, both modules have a built-in suppressor.

The main disadvantage of SMGs with a built-in suppressor for MTR use is that the already modest stopping power of their pistol cartridge is further reduced due to the need to reduce the bullet's speed to subsonic. The Russians were on cutting edge work on this issue, and in the past, special forces have almost completely replaced their SMGs with AK-47/AKM assault rifles with a removable silencer, it fires a special subsonic version of the 7.62x39 cartridge with a bullet weighing 193 grams.

Starting from the late 80s, a more radical approach would be adopted to specifically develop special types of cartridges and weapons for firing them. Subsonic 9×39 SP5 and SP6 cartridges showed good performance in terms of practical range (up to 300 m) and penetration ability. These cartridges are based on the M43 7.62x39 case with a neck extended to 9mm and feature a heavy, streamlined bullet; The SP5 has a 260 gram bullet for accuracy, while the SP6 has a 247 gram armor-piercing bullet with a hardened steel core.

The first automatic weapons created for these new cartridges were the VSS Vintorez carbines from Central Research Institute Tochmash and AS Val, followed by 9A-91 and VKS-94 from KBP, SR-3 Whirlwind from Central Research Institute Tochmash, modular bullpup schemes SOO OTs-14 Groza from TsKIB and the latest model (in 2007) AK-9 developed by Izhmash Kalashnikov. The basic (i.e. 9×39) variant of the Groza is reported to be in service with the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs special forces, while the special forces apparently chose the version chambered for the original US 7.62×39 cartridge.

The Western analogue is the .300 “Whisper” cartridge from SSK Industries, it is based on the .221 Fireball cartridge case expanded to accommodate a 7.62 mm bullet; There are either subsonic (220 g, 1040 ft/s) or supersonic (125 g, 2100 ft/s) options. Several companies (such as the French Stopson TFM) modified AR15 assault rifles to chamber new cartridges, but very few of these rifles were sold.

As for the PDW class (Personal Defense Weapons), for a short time it seemed that this weapon had completely lost its originally intended market (this, however, had nothing to do with its quality and characteristics), it could find a new an important market niche, essentially replacing SMG in the arsenals of MTR units. However, this does not happen.

Despite the clear advantages of PDW in terms of overall ballistic performance and especially penetrative power, the importance of which will further increase due to the current widespread use of reinforced body armor, including by non-combatant personnel, PDW is purchased in relatively limited quantities. large quantities for the purpose of replacing SMGs for certain specific applications, but not as a permanent replacement.

An important exception is the Chinese army, which is apparently going to introduce the QWC-05 bullpup rifle chambered for the already mentioned 5.8x21 cartridge, it has a 50-round magazine, and will replace the suppressed Type 79 and Type 85 SMGs in service MTR. India also seems to be moving in the same direction with the MSMC (Modern Sub-Machine Carbine) weapon produced by DRDO and the unique 5.56x30 cartridge.

Optical-electronic sights for small arms

The broad category of electro-optical sights (or perhaps more accurately sighting systems) consists of two main groups: laser/infrared and red dot devices. Regardless of the technology, their primary function is to assist the shooter in acquiring and destroying a target or range of targets without the use of standard sights, including in very low light conditions (especially laser/IR systems).

Laser/infrared pointers

Laser pointers produce a beam that is visible as a small red dot on the target, corresponding to the point of impact of the bullet. This mode of operation makes them suitable for use in special combat conditions, when the emphasis is on instinctive fire "from the hip", for example, in close combat inside buildings.

There are two main classes of laser pointers currently available:
- daytime systems operating at frequencies of approximately 620 nm to create a red dot that is visible to the naked eye under normal daytime conditions;
- night systems that operate in the near-infrared spectrum and thus create a red dot that can only be seen with night vision goggles.

Beyond this basic difference, a number of intriguing variations and improvements are possible. LAM (Laser Aiming Module) from Insight Technologies Inc., adopted by the US Special Operations Command for the OHWS/H&K Mod pistol. 23.45 ACP. It has a dual laser pointer operating in the visible and infrared spectrum, plus a conventional illuminator + IR source.

Another interesting model is the increasingly popular AN/PEQ-2, which in addition to the IR pointer also works as an IR “spotlight”, which allows (through night vision goggles) identification of a target at long range, as well as providing adequate combat visibility in absolute darkness (for example, at night inside a building or in a tunnel).

Collimator sights

So-called collimator (red dot) systems work on a completely different principle, where the red dot is visualized inside the sight overlaid on the target image, rather than physically projected onto the target itself as in a laser system. Accordingly, red dot sights do not have a signature and nothing can be detected on the target.

Leading suppliers of red dot sights to the military and police include the Swedish company Aimpoint, which originally invented the system, as well as the American companies Tasco and Weaver. The Aimpoint Comp M model was purchased in large quantities, starting with 100,000 sights ordered in 1997 by the US Department of Defense under the designation M-68, plus 10,000 units ordered by France in 2000, 60,000 sights delivered to Sweden in 2003–2005, later Italy ordered 24,000 units.

The M2 features enhancements such as 4 day settings and 6 low light settings, as well as new CET (Circuit Efficiency Technology) diodes to reduce power consumption. It quickly became a popular red dot sight for weapons such as the H&K MP5 series SMG, the H&K G36 and Colt M16A2 assault rifles, the Colt M4 carbine and the FN MINIMI/M249 machine gun.

The R3.5 tactical model includes additional features such as illuminated reticle and the highest magnification of 3.5x (previous models were non-magnified). The 8mm exit pupil combined with a wide field of view allows you to quickly acquire stationary and moving targets.

The CompM4 series of sights (in the US Army, the M68 CCO (Close-Combat Optic) is a close-combat optic), the company says is the most advanced series of sights it produces. Improvements include high energy efficiency, which shows permanent job for 8 years from one AA battery! CompM4 scopes have a built-in mount, eliminating the need for a separate ring, and can be mounted to various systems weapons.

A specific and potentially dangerous characteristic of collimator systems is that, under certain lighting conditions, their front lens can produce reddish reflections. For this reason, some Comp M users equip their scopes with a honeycomb anti-reflective device.

Mirror systems, which could be considered as a variant of red dot technology, were first introduced several years ago by Bushnell. These devices replace conventional light dots with a holographic reticle that becomes visible when illuminated by built-in light sources and can be selected from several different configurations (traditional or open reticle, dual ring, 3-D rising marker, etc.) .

The main advantages of reflex sights over traditional models are the ability to increase brightness by up to 20 depending on operating conditions and the elimination of possible parallax errors caused by the need for the shooter to simultaneously focus his eye on a red dot and a target that are on two different focal planes.

Mirror systems, such as the Trijicon series, have very high accuracy and extremely high target acquisition speed, while miniaturization components make it possible to create extremely compact and lightweight devices for hand-held weapons. For example, this is the Docter Sight (46×25.5×24 mm, 25 g), which also has automatic brightness adjustment depending on the lighting conditions in the direction of the target.

A further step forward in the design of sights and their parameters was the SpecterDR model from Elcan (Raytheon), recently adopted by the MTR command. It is claimed to be the world's most advanced combat optical rifle sight. The SpecterDR is essentially two scopes in one, combining a wide field of view (24°) optical sight with 1x magnification and a long range optical sight (4x magnification, 6.5° field of view).

Switching between two sighting modes is instantaneous and, unlike sights with magnification mechanisms, the reduction in eye strain and optical design are optimal. The battery-powered LED illumination has two ranges: one that illuminates the entire crosshair for long-range, low-light applications, and another that illuminates just the red dot in the center for close-quarters use. The zero function is included in the integral mount, the scope is mounted on Mil-Std-1913 Picatinny rails.

The Trijiton RX01-NSN mirror sight is designed for the US military and is designed for close combat. The reticle on all reflex sights is illuminated with both fiber optics and tritium, providing shooters with a bright, clearly defined aiming point in any light. The RX01-NSN is part of the SOPMOD M4 weapon systems used by US Army Special Forces

Aimpoint CompM2 in the US Army received the designation M68 CCO

Assault rifles

In most cases, SOF units are simply equipped with short-barreled/folding or compact carbine variants of standard assault rifles with telescopic stocks; these are perceived as more suitable for special operations, despite their inherent losses in actual range, accuracy and penetrating power.

More recent examples of variants specifically designed for unconventional combat would be the Colt CAR-15 (later M4 COMMANDO/XM177) and the Russian AKSU-74. The latest development is the Israeli IWI GALIL ACE, based on the proven mechanisms of the GALIL rifle, but with a chamber for a 5.56 mm cartridge, it is equipped with a telescopic butt. The ACE is available with three barrels of varying lengths.

The principle of a collimator sight. The lens is used to create a virtual image (top) of a red object. By collimating the image using a reflective lens (middle) or a refractive lens (bottom), the image can be projected to infinity

At the beginning of 2004, the American command of special operations forces issued a requirement for SCAR (Special Forces Combat Assault Rifles) for a family of combat assault rifles for the MTR. The basis of the requirement is two different calibers, high interchangeability of parts and identical ergonomics. After the first tests in the preliminary selection, the SCAR system developed by FN Herstal remained the first and only choice of the command. The SCAR system consists of two highly adaptable modular rifle platforms, i.e. 5.56x45mm NATO SCAR-Light (or SCAR-L) and 7.62x51mm NATO SCAR-Heavy (or SCAR-H), and an improved grenade launcher (EGLM or FN40GL ). Both SCAR platforms are available with two different barrel lengths: a CQC barrel for close combat and a standard barrel for longer ranges.

The search for American SOF military personnel to increase combat flexibility led, firstly, to the development of the so-called SOPMOD kit (Special Operations Peculiar Modification - a special modification for special operations), it consists mainly of commercial off-the-shelf accessories for the M4 carbine. Although originally developed by the MTR command for its own use and issued to special forces personnel, the SOPMOD kit quickly became very popular among infantry units, partly due to its inherent advantages, but also partly due to a certain “MTR mystique.”

However, in 2003, the USSOCOM command - also taking advantage of the growing interest in the SOF due to the brilliant results of their use in the open phases of Operation Enduring Freedom - decided to move beyond the SOPMOD and launched a bold program for a new assault rifle, specifically created for its individual requirements - the SCAR ( SOF Combat Assault Rifle is a combat assault rifle for MTR).

Initially, SCAR was conceived as a multi-caliber modular system capable of using (of course, by replacing the barrel and other main parts) not only Western cartridges, but also Russian cartridges, "liberated" after the operations, but since then practical considerations have led to a narrowing of the choice: cartridges of either 5.56 mm or 7.62 mm NATO standard. FN Herstal, through its American subsidiary FNH, has developed a new family of weapons at an incredible short term in 10 months, and after a series of comparative tests won the corresponding contract.

The SCAR's exceptional flexibility will allow USSOCOM personnel to configure their weapon as a very compact 5.56mm carbine for urban combat on one side and as a 7.62mm carbine for long-range precision fire reconnaissance on the other. The “H” (Heavy) option will also be available to increase penetration power. In practice, USSOCOM has thus cut the Gordian knot of the perceived lack of lethality of the 5.56mm round by simple trick, that is, if necessary, switch to the old 7.62 mm cartridge.

SCAR is the only Western assault rifle created specifically for use by the MTR and adopted for service. In USSOCOM, it is intended to replace five weapons: the Mk18 CQBR, M4A1, Mk12 SPR, Mk11 SASS and Mk14 EBR.

One could also consider a special category as an intermediary between SMGs and assault rifles, although in technical terms it would be more accurate to say that this is a variant of the latter. It is represented by weapons that are available in 5.56 mm and 9 mm variants, or what is more interesting, the user can easily switch from one caliber to another. The main logic of this two-caliber weapon is to simplify logistics, and it will also allow training on one weapon, while simultaneously providing a flexible solution for SOF personnel.

A typical newer example of this class is the IWI X95, based on . It is interesting to note that IWI initially developed and marketed only a 9mm weapon known as the Mini-TAVOR. This was a requirement of the Israeli MTR, which led to the fact that the Mini-TAVOR was abandoned and it was replaced by a two-caliber model.

MTR units were the initiators and first users of the currently popular large-caliber long-range rifles for destroying manpower and materiel. The photo shows a McMillan TAC-50 in service with the American SOF

The IWI X95 is a typical rifle from a special category of two-caliber weapons. Allows quick transition from 5.56x45 to 9x19 cartridge to suit operational needs

The suppressed Mk11 sniper rifle was originally developed for SOF use based on a commercial product; since then it has also been adopted by the American army

Unlike other military units, SOF soldiers maintain a great interest in pistols and actually use them. The picture shows the Heckler&Koch HK45 pistol in action

Sniper rifles

SOF units often use the same bolt-action sniper rifles that the Army has adopted, even though they could have gotten better (and more expensive) optics if needed. Another issue, however, are suppressed sniper rifles, which are usually of little interest to the army (but this is changing, as evidenced by the new M110 SASS for the US army), but are extremely important for SOF activities.

The Finnish Vaime SSR Mk1 (7.62mm NATO) is a very popular design, while other models have appeared, such as the Accuracy International AWC Covert with a collapsible stock (a rare solution for sniper rifles) and a detachable barrel/integrated suppressor for ease of transport, which is rumored to be in service with the 1st SFOD-D (Delta Force group) as part of USSOCOM, the British 22 SAS rifle, and a similar French PGM Ultima Ratio/Suppressed. You need to understand that real jamming requires subsonic cartridges (either due to the design or operation of the suppressor), which sharply reduces the maximum engagement range to 200–400 meters.

However, based on the nature of their tasks, SOF snipers are much more likely to use semi-automatic rifles; this has led in many cases to the adoption of advanced modification kits for existing rifles or models specifically created for the MTR.

A typical example is the Mk12Mod0/1 SPR (Special Purpose Rifle) with the NATO 5.56 mm cartridge, created by the Crane Division of the US Navy Surface Weapons Systems Research Center. It is based on the AR15/M16 body, but is complemented by off-the-shelf parts, including most notably an 18-inch heavy-duty stainless steel rifled barrel with a floating mount designed by Douglas Barrel and an M4 Rail Adapter (RAS) from Knights Armament Company. SPR, used by the Navy SEALS special operations forces, optimized for the Mk262 cartridge with a 77 g bullet (Mod 0 = HPBT, Hollow Point Boat Tail), Mod 1 = OPM, Open Tip Match (increased accuracy)).

Prior to the development of the SPR, USSOCOM introduced the Mk11Mod0 sniper rifle chambered in 7.62mm NATO. It is a modified version of the KAC SR-25 design and has also recently been adopted by the US Army along with the M110 SASS rifle (with minimal additional modifications).

Let's move on to Russia. The SVD-S is a folding stock variant of the widely used Dragunov with the 7.62x54R cartridge. Originally developed for paratroopers, it was also adopted by special forces. A more MTR-specific design is the SVU-OT 03, introduced in 1991. This is a bullpup weapon (the trigger mechanism and bolt carrier are located behind the fire control handle (inside the butt)) based on the SVD, but with a shorter barrel, while the SVU-A version has a completely auto mode. Reportedly, the special forces are intrigued by the compactness of the weapon (total length 900 mm, weight 4 kg without accessories).

In general, SOF units were the inventors and early adopters large-caliber weapons for the destruction of people and material on long distances, which has since become extremely popular in armies around the world. Also, the requirement formulated by Marine Special Forces in 1983 for a cartridge intermediate between the 7.62mm NATO and 12.7x99 (.50 BMG) that would allow more accurate shooting at ranges out to approximately 1200–1550m led to the subsequent introduction and widespread adoption of the excellent cartridge .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70).

The Barrett M82A1/A3 is definitely a 12.7mm materiel-killing rifle that is very common around the world, while European models might include the Accuracy International AW-50 (AS-50 is a semi-automatic variant) and the PGM HECATE II. The Russian design, specially developed for the FSB, is very interesting. This is a semi-automatic bullpup rifle. It is equipped with a silencer built into the barrel, and a unique subsonic cartridge STS-130T 12.7 mm (case length unknown) with a monolithic bronze bullet weighing 900–1200 grams was created for it.

Machine guns

While there are no light (LMG, that is, 5.56 mm NATO) or universal (GPMG, 7.62 mm NATO) machine guns specifically for the MTR, but again the MTR fighters have an irresistible desire to modify and adapt any weapon that they could take into their own hands.

For example, in 2000, USSOCOM, after a long process of testing and testing, accepted the Mk46Mod0 LMG as a deeply modernized variant of the US Army's M249 LAW (FN Herstal MINIMI). Modifications included, for example, belt feed only (alternative feed from the magazine was removed), the carrying handle was removed, the barrel was shortened by 40 mm, a titanium bipod was added, a new stock and a Picatinny rail on top of the cover. The overall length is reduced to 915 mm and weight to 5.9 kg.

Almost the same applies to GPMG. USSOCOM initially adopted a compact variant of the M60 (M60A3/A4) with a shorter barrel, lightweight bipod and foregrip. After some reliability problems due to the very heavy use of these weapons in the hands of special forces, a program was started to new lung machine gun LWMG (Light Weight Machine Gun). Despite the designation, it retains the 7.62mm NATO caliber. The competition was again won by FN Herstal with another MINIMI variant, classified by USSOCOM as Mk48Mod0. It retained the general configuration of the Mk46, but was longer - 1010 mm with a 502 mm barrel and 8.28 kg heavier without ammunition.

Other Western LMG designs developed for possible use The MTRs are NEGEV COMMANDO, H&K MG4E and Denel Mini SS and SS77 Compact.

Interestingly enough, Russian gunsmiths followed exactly the opposite path of development. Unlike the West, there was initially no requirement for lighter and more compact LMG/MG, simply because weapons such as the RPD, RPK-74 and PKMS were completely satisfactory in this sense.

Combat experience in Afghanistan and later in the Caucasus, however, led to the fact that the special forces formulated a requirement for a special automatic weapon from the SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon). To meet this requirement, TsNI Tochmash developed the Pecheneg as a variant of the PKM with a heavier barrel chambered for the formidable 7.62x54R cartridge. Although the weight is somewhat reduced by removing the standard PKM quick-release barrel (the steel casing around the barrel helps dissipate heat, allowing up to 600 bullets to be fired continuously without breaking), the 8.7 kg Pecheneg does not have any weight savings due to other modifications.

Special forces seem to be much more interested in long-range accuracy and end-of-trajectory performance (a very important characteristic in mountainous terrain!), which requires a combination of a powerful cartridge and a heavy, permanent barrel. As a squad weapon, the SAW should not be confused with an LMG or MG.

The picture shows a suppressed MP-5SD with a 9x19 SMG cartridge in the hands of a Finnish combat swimmer

The 5.56 mm M4 carbine with the SOPMOD modification kit is currently the main individual weapon of the American SOF

Chinese naval special forces soldier armed with a Type 95 5.8x42 assault rifle with a 40mm AG91 automatic grenade launcher

There is a market for PDWs such as the FN Herstal P90, but it is not as large as initially expected

Special forces are currently evaluating further development of the PKM design, the AEK-999 Badger. It has additional improvements such as a front grip, a sophisticated muzzle brake/flash hider, a slightly shorter barrel (605mm) and a special silencer.

A particularly interesting model of special weapons for the MTR is the new 40-mm automatic grenade launcher Mk47 STRYKER. It was specifically designed for USSOCOM command and did not have any special requirements from the SOF. Rather, it was intended to be a direct replacement for the ubiquitous standard Mk19. However, the very high cost of the weapon, as well as its special ammunition with a proximity fuse, led the Pentagon to limit its production and distribution to USSOCOM units. The only possible logical justification for his joining the SOF is that more intensive training of special forces and the expected better fighting qualities would justify the excessive costs.

Military service has always enjoyed great honor and respect in almost every existing state. After all, the troops are the force that can protect the country from external aggression. It should be noted that the history of the development of military art stretches back to ancient times. Many modern principles army formations were based on Ancient Greece and Rome. With the passage of time and gradual technical evolution, new devices and technologies were included in the activities of the military. This has led to the fact that in the 21st century, the art of killing in most cases is carried out remotely, through computers, missiles, drones, etc. However, there are tasks that are simply impossible to cope with remotely or with the help of machines. That is, it is necessary to involve people with a special level of training. This type of military exists in every state. As a rule, they are combined into units. In the Russian Federation, there is a similar formation within the Armed Forces. It performs special functions and also has its own structure, staff and features, which will be discussed later in the article.

The concept of special units

The special operations forces of the Russian Federation are special units in the structure of the Armed Forces, as was already indicated earlier. But few people understand what the category “ special units" at all. As a rule, formations of this kind are created as part of the army, since it is precisely in combat conditions that situations very often arise that require a special approach. But there are also special units in internal services, for example the police, etc. Taking this into account, we can conclude that special units are formations in the system of bodies involved in the comprehensive defense of the state, which are responsible for carrying out the most dangerous and complex tasks. essence of missions.

Russian "analogue"

Special Operations Forces are a unit directly included in It was developed in 2009 as a result of the global reform of the entire defense sector of the state. The unit is assigned special tasks, which will be discussed in more detail later in the article. It should be noted that the Russian special operations forces report directly to the chief of the Russian Armed Forces. Today, the exact number of the special unit is unknown, since it is protected by a special regime. As for the issue of MTR equipment, the command approached it quite professionally. The unit uses all available technical innovations in the field of military affairs. It should be noted that the staff of special operations forces carries out its activities on the basis of a special service.

Main tasks of the unit

Russian special operations forces are highly mobile units. Their employees have a special military training, which builds experience in performing important and dangerous tasks. In accordance with this, we can say that the main areas of work of the MTR are quite specific. They are usually implemented peacefully, war time both abroad and on the territory of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that the Russian special operations forces are a young unit. Many aspects and immediate goals of his work are still not fully known. However, we can say with confidence that special operations forces are engaged in the implementation of the task of the same name, which, in turn, has its own characteristics.

The concept of a special operation

The presented term characterizes the military process. It is different from normal operations the specifics of its implementation, goals, and methods of activity of its subjects. First of all, it should be noted that a special operation is carried out by military units to protect the interests of the state in a particular territory. Moreover, such actions are considered special because it is simply impossible to implement them using conventional methods and means. That is, the subject composition of special operations is almost always highly qualified fighters of well-trained and highly mobile units. The methodological basis of their activities in most cases is the secrecy and secrecy of any actions. For this purpose, military personnel of special units undergo special psychological, combat, fire and other types of training. They are trained to operate both as part of a mobile group and individually behind enemy lines. The most common purposes of special operations are the following:

Sabotage;

Sabotage;

Activities of a subversive nature, etc.

History of the creation of the MTR

It has already been pointed out that special operations forces are a relatively young unit. It did not exist in its modern form before. Its creation is preceded by a fairly long history. The governing body of the MTR was created in 2009, when the general reform of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation began. Gradually, the structure of the new division developed and expanded. By 2012, a special operations forces command had been created. It consisted of about nine special brigades. However, the actual creation of special operations forces began in 2013. At this time, the command of this formation began to implement planned work aimed at bringing the structure of these units into proper form. According to the statement of Valery Gerasimenko, Army General, by March 23, 2013, the MTR personnel had already been actually formed. At this time, it was being prepared for direct use both on the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad. Around the end of April 2013, the Russian Armed Forces conducted exercises that were aimed at practicing practical actions in conditions as close as possible to real ones.

Division structure

The special operations forces of the Russian Federation have their own internal structure, determined by the need to quickly respond to situations, the solution of which is within the scope of the unit’s activities. At the same time, the composition of the MTR, in turn, has an internal hierarchy, which makes it possible to distribute functional responsibilities between individual structural elements. Thus, the special operations forces of the Russian Federation consist of the following elements:

• Direct command located in the Moscow region.
• Special center "Snezh", which is also located in the Moscow region. It should be noted that this center today is one of the main parts of the unit presented in the article. Its task is not only to train fighters, but also to conduct special operations. Therefore, “Snezh” has a structure consisting of departments different directions activities, which will be discussed below.
• Special training center for specialists. Direct training of personnel takes place in this department. Here, in essence, Russian special operations forces are born. In addition, soldiers from other special units of the Russian Federation undergo training and retraining at the center.
• A combat center similar to “Snezh” is “Cuba” or “Zzaborye”, as it is commonly called.

Of course, it is possible that there are other special centers, but information about them may be strictly classified. This level of mystery around the MTR is not accidental. After all, the fighters of this unit carry out operations that are far from straightforward. It should be noted that the SEAL unit, the SEALs, popular throughout the world, also did not officially exist in the first stages of its development. Only over time was the fact of its creation and real activities revealed.

Structure of the special center “Snezh”

In order to at least roughly understand how the special operations forces of the Russian Armed Forces work, it is necessary to take a more detailed look at the composition of the Snezh special purpose center, which was mentioned earlier in the article. It should be noted that in accordance with the tasks set for the MTR, the structure of the center includes a number special departments. Each of them is responsible for maintaining combat training and performing specific functions. One of these departments is the airborne department. The fighters serving in it, in accordance with the name, constantly replenish the arsenal of ways to penetrate behind enemy lines directly through the air. That is, there is a strong emphasis on skydiving, as well as paragliding. The fighters of this department are comparable to employees; however, their activities and methods of landing are kept secret.

There is also a special mountain division. Its fighters specialize in operating and surviving in appropriate conditions. As we know, conducting special operations in the mountains has increased level risk, which necessitates special training of fighters. The same requirements are put forward to employees who work in the department for the destruction and capture of enemy infrastructure, that is, buildings, headquarters, bunkers, etc.

The Special Actions Department is multi-purpose in nature. Navy. Most often it is called sea. This formation is a competitor to the Navy SEALs of the United States of America. Because its activity is based on performing tasks in the waters of lakes, rivers and seas. As a rule, fighters carry out their work from watercraft. In addition, the functional tasks of the department include carrying out reconnaissance operations, sabotage actions on water bodies the enemy and those located directly on the shore.

No less important and functional is the department specializing in the protection of high-ranking officials. government officials. In this case, its functions at some points intersect with the activities of Federal service security

Additional structural departments of the Snezh special center are the withdrawal and support divisions. In the first case, we are talking about formations that are engaged in the withdrawal of individual special forces groups from behind enemy lines or the site of an operation. Today, withdrawal can be carried out both by air, land and water. The remaining departments of the center deal with material support and communications. It should be noted that on the territory of Snezh there are special complexes that are used to provide fighters and maintain their combat shape.

Russian special operations forces: how to get there?

Some young people would like to get into this unit. To date, the recruitment process for service in the special operations forces of the Russian Federation is not known exactly. The unit, according to unclassified data, is staffed by contract military personnel. That is, all employees, without exception, are professional fighters, and not people who are undergoing military service. In addition, many specialists from the unit enter it after graduating from special military educational institutions, which have certain faculties. These today are the Ryazan Higher Airborne command school, and However, it is possible that personnel in the MTR is also replenished through the recruitment of people who are already serving in units of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Conflicts involving the unit

To date, special operations forces have officially been deployed on the territory of the state of Syria. In this country, the unit was engaged in ground reconnaissance of the area to support airstrikes. At the same time, the activities of the unit are confirmed by a fact that was also covered in the media. According to the official version, near Palmyra in March 2016, MTR soldiers liberated the city. Due to superior enemy forces, one of the special forces personnel was killed. In addition to military operations in Syria, there is a lot of unofficial information about the activities of the Special Forces in other military conflicts, for example in the North Caucasus during the fight against Islamists. The most controversial is the fact of the participation of fighters of the mentioned unit in the Crimean crisis.

Special unit emblem

The Russian special operations forces, whose emblem is presented in the article, have special symbols. It is, first of all, represented by a common sign that exists among all military formations in Russia. The emblem of the MTR of the Russian Federation is a gray wreath, at the top of which is a reduced emblem of the Russian Armed Forces, namely a double-headed eagle of gold color. In the center of the Special Operations Forces badge is a bow, the string of which is pulled by an arrow with wings. This symbol is also gold in color.

So, this article presented photos of the special operations forces of the Russian Federation. We also found out the main tasks and composition of this unit. Let's hope that more information about the activities of the MTR will soon appear, which will make it possible to judge the quality of the work of this unit.

In recent days, we have all been watching the events taking place in Crimea. And we are all attracted to “little green men” without identification marks, who seem to be peacefully present everywhere and do not seem to do anything in particular. Well, maybe they take pictures with girls, children and grandmothers. Who are they?

Here are quotes from a year ago from various media:

Special operations forces have been created in the Russian armed forces, units are undergoing training. This was announced on March 23 by the Chief of the General Staff, Army General Valery Gerasimov.

“Having studied the practice of forming, training and using special operations forces of the leading countries of the world, the leadership of the Ministry of Defense also began to create them”

“We have created Special Operations Forces and are preparing them for use not only within the country, but also abroad. The progress of their combat training is continuously monitored by the Center’s duty shift,” Gerasimov told reporters, RIA Novosti reports. On March 23, the President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping visited the Operational Control Center of the Russian Armed Forces. The Chinese leader became the first leader of a foreign state to visit this Center. The visit took place during his meeting with Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu.

On March 6, Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov announced that the Russian Ministry of Defense had begun creating Special Operations Forces and the corresponding structure and command had already been formed. Created special operations forces (MTR) are specially trained and equipped formations Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps, designed to solve specific problems in the interests of achieving military, political, economic and psychological goals.

Do you get it? It is clear from these guys that they are not young conscripts at all, but fighters of a high level of training, whose mere presence inspires calm in those around them.

Let us recall that the project for creating the MTR was submitted to the military department for consideration back in October 2012, but Anatoly Serdyukov, who at that time served as Minister of Defense, considered the creation of the MTR inappropriate. However, over time the situation changed. And the news itself about the creation of the MTR Command became one of the most important military-political news in Russia. Many experts immediately called it strategic.

In the United States, such a command has existed for more than a quarter of a century. The Americans have long understood the obvious - the activities of special forces units and reconnaissance have now moved from the category of a secondary direction to a completely autonomous method of conducting combat operations. The thing is that war in its classic version presupposed the existence of special forces as a preventive method at the initial stage of the war, often even when hostilities were far from beginning. The enemy rear had to be saturated with special forces forces, which were transferred to enemy territory by air or water, or other accessible ways and means. Then these special units began a large-scale sabotage war, disabling strategic facilities, in particular, centers and control centers for nuclear forces, strategic forces, and headquarters. At the same time, it was very important that the special forces had time to perform the functions assigned to them several days before the start of active hostilities, because the enemy, instead of attacking, would be forced to restore order in his own rear, putting in order important objects and communications. This is the principle used to create special operations forces in most countries of the world.

Special operations forces also existed in the Soviet Union. Then they included eleven special forces brigades. As a rule, they were land-based and designed for deep enemy rear areas. In addition, there were naval special forces that operated in coastal areas, and also committed sabotage at military installations and naval bases.

It soon became clear that the capabilities of special forces are much greater than is commonly believed. Unfortunately, the Americans were the first to come to such conclusions, who fought a huge number of local armed conflicts.

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