Conservation of biological diversity. Preserving species diversity

Basic questions. What factors influence the diversity of nature? What is the problem of preserving natural diversity on Earth?

The problem of preserving natural diversity on Earth. When economically using the Earth's natural resources, the problem of conservation arises natural diversity. The natural diversity of planet Earth is understood as the totality of representatives of the animal and plant worlds, natural complexes, which were formed during the development of life on Earth and are characteristic of each natural zone. Rice. 6.8 . Main factors of change in biodiversity and natural complexes (use the diagram to determine what main factors influence the diversity of nature in the temperate zone?. It is impossible to preserve the species diversity of plants and animals without protection their habitat. Therefore, in 1995, a special program for the conservation of natural diversity in Europe was adopted. Preserving natural diversity allows us to consider any territory (one’s locality, country, natural zone) as complex nature education, which includes flora and fauna and their habitats. Natural diversity is manifold natural conditions within separate territory. Each part of the Earth performs its own function on Earth. To assess natural diversity, the types, area and boundaries of lands that differ in conditions for animal habitat, plant growth, and human life are taken into account. They may or may not be sufficient to preserve natural diversity in a particular area.

Nature protected areas. In progress economic activity people are not able to isolate natural components from the effects of management. To preserve nature, specially protected areas are organized: reserves, reserved recreational and limitedly protected. In accordance with their status, they are intended to preserve natural diversity on Earth, conduct scientific research. According to international standards, the total area of ​​protected areas must be at least 8% of the state’s area.

Biosphere reserves form a global network where comprehensive environmental control is carried out over the state of natural complexes in various natural areas Earth. They are natural laboratories, samples of a given territory for assessing changes in natural complexes developed by humans. The total area is most large reserves the world is about 2% of the land area. The largest and most famous reserves are Astrakhan and Ilmensky (Russia).

Reserved and recreational natural areas include territories national parks, widely spread around the world . The purpose of their organization is to protect typical and unique natural areas and perform recreational functions (Yellowstone, Mammoth Cave, Sequoia, etc.). When visiting them, tourists are required to follow the established rules of conduct.

The first national park in Belarus was Belovezhskaya Pushcha, biosphere – Berezinsky. Limited protected areas include landscape, biological, hydrological reserves– areas of nature intended for the protection and restoration of one or more species of plants, animals, components of nature, water bodies(lakes, swamps) with limited use of other natural objects.

1.What functions do nature reserves and national parks perform? *2. Explain the problem of preserving natural diversity. **3. Describe the natural areas of your area. **4. Formulate the problem of creating protected soil areas.

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Ways to save biological diversity.

General concept of biological diversity. Biodiversity is the diversity of life on our planet - plants, animals and ecosystems. This concept also includes the relationships between living things in ecosystems. This term was first used by G. Bates (1892) in his work “A Naturalist in the Amazon,” when he described his impressions of encountering 700 species of different butterflies during an hour-long excursion. However, it came into wide circulation only in 1972. – from the UN Stockholm Conference on environment. Nowadays this is one of the most common concepts in scientific literature, environmental movement and international relations, since it is considered as the main parameter characterizing the state and functioning of any ecosystem and biosphere of our planet as a whole.

The most authoritative assessment of species diversity was carried out by UNEP in 1995. According to this estimate, the most likely number of species is 13–14 million, of which only 1.75 million, or less than 13%, have been described. The highest hierarchical level of biological diversity is ecosystem, or landscape. At this level, patterns of biological diversity are determined primarily by zonal landscape conditions, then by local features of natural conditions (topography, soils, climate), as well as the history of the development of these territories. The greatest species diversity differs (in descending order): wet equatorial forests, coral reefs, dry tropical forests, rain forests temperate zone, oceanic islands, Mediterranean climate landscapes, treeless (savanna, steppe) landscapes.

High species diversity ensures the following properties of ecosystems: 1) complementarity and interchangeability of species in biocenoses; 2) ensuring regulation of the number of species and the system’s ability to self-regulate; 3) reliability of providing the main functions of the biocenosis - creation organic matter, its destruction and regulation of species numbers. They say that there are many more species of life on Earth than there are stars in the sky. To date, about 1.7 million species of plants, animals and microorganisms have been identified and given their names. We are also one of these species. The exact number of species living on Earth is still not known. Their number ranges from 5 to 100 million! Biological diversity is an invaluable global asset for present and future generations. But today the number of threats to gene pools, species and ecosystems is greater than ever before. As a result of human activity, ecosystems are degraded, species die off or their numbers decline at alarming rates to unsustainable levels. This loss of biodiversity undermines the very basis of Life on Earth and is truly a global tragedy.

UN Convention on Biological Diversity The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), to which 190 countries have joined, aims to protect and conserve diverse species of animals and plants and their habitats. The Convention obliges states to preserve biodiversity and ensure it sustainable development and provides for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. Its Cartagena Protocol, which came into force in 2003 and aims to ensure the safe use of genetically modified organisms, has now been signed by 143 countries.

The structure of an ecosystem (biogeocenosis) according to N. F. Reimers.

In the last two decades, biological diversity has begun to attract the attention of not only biologists, but also economists, politicians, and the public due to the obvious threat of anthropogenic degradation of biodiversity, which far exceeds normal, natural degradation. According to the UNEP Global Biodiversity Assessment (1995), more than 30,000 species of animals and plants are at risk of extinction. Over the past 400 years, 484 animal species and 654 plant species have disappeared.

Reasons for the current accelerated decline in biological diversity

Rapid population growth and economic development, bringing huge changes in the increase in human migration, growth in international trade and tourism; Increasing pollution natural waters, soil and air; Insufficient attention to the long-term consequences of actions that destroy the living conditions of living organisms, exploit natural resources and introduce non-native species; Impossibility in conditions market economy assess the true cost of biodiversity and its losses. Over the past 400 years, the main direct causes of extinction of animal species were: the introduction of new species, accompanied by the displacement or extermination of local species (39% of all lost animal species); destruction of living conditions, direct seizure of territories inhabited by animals and their degradation, fragmentation, increased edge effect (36% of all lost species); uncontrolled hunting (23%); Other reasons (2%).

The main reasons for the need to preserve genetic diversity.

All species (no matter how harmful or unpleasant they may be) have a right to exist. This provision is recorded in the World Charter for Nature, adopted by General Assembly UN. Enjoying nature, its beauty and diversity has the highest value, not expressed in quantitative terms. Diversity is the basis of evolution life forms. The decline in species and genetic diversity undermines the further improvement of life forms on Earth. The economic feasibility of preserving biodiversity is determined by the use of wild biota to meet the various needs of society in the industrial sector, agriculture, recreation, science and education: for the selection of domestic plants and animals, the genetic reservoir necessary for updating and maintaining the resistance of varieties, the production of medicines, as well as for providing the population with food, fuel, energy, wood, etc. There are many ways to protect biological diversity. At the species level, there are two main strategic directions: in situ and out of habitat. Protecting biodiversity at the species level is an expensive and time-consuming path, possible only for selected species, but unattainable to protect the entire wealth of life on Earth. The main focus of the strategy should be at the ecosystem level, so that systematic ecosystem management ensures the protection of biological diversity at all three hierarchical levels. The most effective and relatively economical way to protect biological diversity at the ecosystem level is through protected areas.

In accordance with the classification of the World Conservation Union, there are 8 types of protected areas:

1.Reserve. The goal is to preserve nature and natural processes in an undisturbed state. 2.National park. The goal is preservation natural areas of national and international importance for scientific research, education and recreation. Usually these are large areas in which the use natural resources and other material human influences are not allowed. 3.Nature monument. These are usually small areas. 4.Managed natural reserves. The collection of some natural resources is permitted under the control of the administration. 5.Protected landscapes and coastal species. These are picturesque mixed natural and cultivated areas with the preservation of traditional land use. Statistics on protected areas usually include lands of categories 1–5.

6. Resource reserve created to prevent premature use of the territory. 7. An anthropological reserve created to preserve the traditional way of life of the indigenous population. 8.Territory for the multi-purpose use of natural resources, focused on the sustainable use of water, forests, animals and flora, pastures and for tourism. There are two additional categories that overlap with the above eight. 9. Biosphere reserves. They are created to preserve biological diversity. They include several concentric zones of varying degrees of use: from a zone of complete inaccessibility (usually in the central part of the reserve) to a zone of reasonable, but quite intensive exploitation. 10.Places world heritage. Created to protect unique natural features of global significance. Management is carried out in accordance with the World Heritage Convention.

In total, there are about 10,000 protected areas (categories 1–5) in the world with a total area of ​​9.6 million km, or 7.1% of total area sushi (no glaciers). The goal that the World Conservation Union sets for the world community is to achieve the expansion of protected areas to a size constituting 10% of the area of ​​each large plant formation (biome) and, therefore, the world as a whole. This would contribute not only to the protection of biodiversity, but also to increasing the sustainability of the geographical environment as a whole. The strategy to expand the number and area of ​​protected areas is in conflict with the use of land for other purposes, especially in view of the growing world population. Therefore, to protect biological diversity, it is necessary, along with protected areas, to increasingly improve the use of “ordinary” inhabited lands and population management wild species, and not only endangered ones, and their habitats on such lands. It is necessary to apply such techniques as zoning of areas according to the degree of use, creating corridors connecting land masses with less anthropogenic pressure, reducing the degree of fragmentation of biodiversity hotspots, managing ecotones, preserving natural wetlands, managing populations of wild species and their habitats.

TO effective ways protection of biological diversity include bioregional management of large areas and waters, as well as international agreements on this issue. The UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992) adopted international convention on the protection of biological diversity. An important agreement is the Convention on International Trade in Species wild fauna and flora that are under threat of destruction. There are also a number of other conventions protecting various aspects biological resources and biodiversity: Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands, Whale Protection Convention, etc. Along with global conventions, there are numerous regional and bilateral agreements governing specific questions biodiversity. Unfortunately, for now it can be stated that, despite numerous measures, the accelerated erosion of the world's biological diversity continues. However, without these protections the extent of biodiversity loss would be even greater.

Links: http://ecodelo.org/9158-problemy_sokhraneniya_biologicheskogo_raznoobraziya_zemli-geoekologiya http://referatyk.com/biologiya/16148-statya:_globalnyie_izmeneniya_biologicheskogo_raznoobraziya.html http://ru-ecology.info/term/48695 / http:// www.un.org/ru/development/progareas/global/biodiversity.shtml http://nature.air.ru/biodiversity/book3_1.html)

When economically using the Earth's natural resources, the problem of preserving natural diversity arises. The natural diversity of planet Earth is understood as the totality of representatives of the animal and plant world, natural complexes that were formed in the process of the development of life on Earth and are characteristic of each natural zone. It is impossible to preserve the species diversity of plants and animals without protecting their habitat. Therefore, in 1995, a special program for the conservation of natural diversity in Europe was adopted. The preservation of natural diversity allows us to consider any territory (one’s locality, country, natural zone) as a complex natural formation that includes flora and fauna and their habitat.

Natural diversity is the variety of natural conditions within a particular territory. Each region of the Earth plays its own role in preserving natural diversity. To assess natural diversity, the types, area and boundaries of lands that differ in conditions for animal habitat, plant growth, and human life are taken into account. They may or may not be sufficient to preserve natural diversity in a particular area.

Densely populated areas with intensive development of soil and land resources are practically devoid of natural complexes. Thus, in Europe there are almost no natural forests. According to scientists, in the next 20-30 years geographic envelope may lose up to 1 million species of plants and animals. (Remember which plants and animals have already disappeared on the territory of Belarus.)

IN modern conditions Preserving natural diversity is a rather difficult task. Not preserved in some areas natural landscapes, natural vegetation is reduced. Therefore, states join forces to preserve species composition flora and fauna, make decisions on conservation large territories in its natural state in Africa, Australia, Northern and South America and even in Antarctica. In countries with extinct species of fauna and flora, measures are being taken to restore them. At the legislative level, hunting for wild animals is strictly limited, animals from other regions are acclimatized, and ecological natural corridors are created for the movement of wild animals.

Nature protected areas

In the process of economic activity, a person is not able to isolate natural components from negative impact. Natural environment It is already so seriously polluted and transformed that it is very difficult to completely eliminate the pollution and restore natural complexes. Scientists identify endangered plant and animal species, determine how many of them remain in nature, where they still exist, and how to protect them.

To preserve nature, environmental areas are organized: nature reserves, reserved recreational areas and limitedly protected areas. These territories are protected from traditional economic use and maintained in their natural state to maintain ecological balance and renew natural resources, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural, aesthetic and other purposes. The protection regime for such territories may be reserved, reserved or limited. economic use. In accordance with their status, they are intended to preserve natural diversity on Earth and conduct scientific research. According to international standards, the total area of ​​protected areas must be at least 8% of the country’s territory.

Protected areas include: nature reserves, biosphere reserves, national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries. Nature reserves are territories specially protected by law, which are completely withdrawn from economic use in order to preserve nature in its natural state. Biosphere reserves form a global network where comprehensive environmental control is carried out over the state of natural complexes in various natural zones of the Earth. They are natural laboratories, samples of a given territory for assessing changes in natural complexes developed by humans. The total area of ​​the world's largest reserves is about 2% of the land area. The largest and famous nature reserves- Astrakhan, Ilmensky (Russia). The Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve is located in Belarus.

Reserved and recreational natural areas include territories national parks which have become widespread throughout the world. The purpose of their organization is to protect typical and unique natural areas, performing recreational functions (Yellowstone national park- geysers, Sequoia - redwood forests, Mammoth Cave, etc.). When visiting them, tourists are required to follow the established rules of conduct. In Belarus, the first national park was Belovezhskaya Pushcha. (Remember what protected areas there are in Belarus.)

Limited protected areas include landscape, biological, hydrological reserves - areas of nature intended for the protection and restoration of one or more species of plants, animals, components of nature, water bodies (lakes, swamps) with limited use of other natural objects.

In order to preserve biodiversity and enrich the flora, as well as in the interests of science, study and educational work, people have created collections of trees and shrubs - botanical gardens.

The natural diversity of representatives of the animal and plant world on Earth is determined by a combination of various natural conditions. Main problem In the field of nature conservation, humanity faces the challenge of preserving natural diversity for future generations.

Development open lesson on ecology. Topic: “The problem of preserving biological diversity.” Textbook: Mirkin B.M. Ecology: grades 10-11: textbook for students of general education institutions: profile level / B.M. Mirkin, L.G. Naumova, S.V. Sumatokhin. - M.: Ventana - Graf, 2009.

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Open lesson on ecology

E.V. Selezneva

teacher of biology and ecology,

Municipal Educational Institution Lyceum No. 9 of Volgograd

Chapter 11. Conservation and rational use of biological diversity

Lesson No. 15 Topic: “The problem of preserving biological diversity”

Target: expand knowledge about the biological diversity of organisms.

Tasks:

Reveal the essence of the problem rational use biological diversity;

Continue to develop independent work skills;

Develop the ability to analyze, draw conclusions and generalize based on working with the textbook;

Apply computer skills

Continue to affirm the ecological worldview in the behavior and feelings of students.

Equipment: computer, overhead projector, notebooks, cards, tables.

Pedagogical technology:technology of creative workshops.

Form of organization educational activities: individual, group.

Teaching methods:reproductive, partly search.

Learning Tools:

1. Textbook: Mirkin B.M. Ecology: grades 10-11: textbook for students of general education institutions: profile level / B.M. Mirkin, L.G. Naumova, S.V. Sumatokhin. - M.: Ventana - Graf, 2009.
2. Presentation.
3. Printouts of material.

I Organizational moment.

II Updating knowledge.

Target: clarify the concept of “biological diversity”.

Teacher: please look at the photographs, tables and determine what the conversation will be about in the next chapter and on this lesson. (ecosystems, populations, species and their diversity, biodiversity, etc.) Correct. Today we will talk about biodiversity and its conservation. The topic of Chapter 11 is “Conservation and rational use of biological diversity.” Lesson topic: “The problem of preserving biological diversity.” Please open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson. What do you think is the purpose of the lesson and task? (presentation slide)

Remember from biology what biodiversity is? (the totality of species of all living organisms)

Name the factors that determine biodiversity. (abiotic, biotic are called with examples)

How many species are there on the planet? (slide)

III Learning new material

Teacher: Biodiversity is important for maintaining the sustainability of the biosphere. And since it is a resource (what? Exhaustible), it has a value, i.e. value. I suggest that at this stage of the lesson we learn about the forms of the value of biodiversity; paragraph 45 of the textbook will help us with this (write down your homework). But we will get acquainted step by step.We work according to the algorithm:individual work with the text of the textbook on p. 250-253 and take notes in your notebook. Use different shapes(short abstract, table, diagram, etc.) 10 min.

Discuss in pairs. 3 min

Discuss in the group, draw up an outline and prepare for the defense. 5 min.

Teacher: we have learned about the values ​​of biodiversity and, of course, we are faced with the task of saving and preserving what we have and use. This problem is solved at the population-species and ecosystem levels. Two approaches are used. The first is security in the narrow sense. The second implies that species and communities are used in a regime of inexhaustible environmental management. Presentation slides. What is ecotourism, what are its features? Next, a conversation about the development of eco-tourism and problems (pictures, slides about national parks Volgograd region and their use), on organizing agriculture in an environmentally friendly manner.

IV Consolidation of educational material::

Protection of student presentations;

Glossary in summary /direct commercial value of biodiversity, indirect commercial value of biodiversity, etc./

Test

1. Biodiversity is a resource

a) exhaustible

b) inexhaustible

c) renewable

2 The totality of species, communities and ecosystems is

a) fauna

b) flora

c) biological diversity

d) objects listed in the Red Book

3. Traveling through slightly disturbed natural landscapes is

a) useful pastime

b) proper rest

c) ecotourism

d) rational use of natural resources

4. Current biodiversity

a) increases rapidly

b) gradually increases

c) does not change

d) decreases

5. Hunting for wild animals - examples of use

6.Collection medicinal plants in natural ecosystems it is

a) direct commercial value of biodiversity

b) indirect commercial value of biodiversity

c) recreational value of biodiversity

d) unknown value of biodiversity

/ answer: 1a; 2c; 3c; 4d;5a; 6a/

V Reflection. Express your own judgment about achieving the goal of the lesson. Conclusion:

biological diversity is an exhaustible resource that has value that must be preserved and rationally used to ensure self-healing. The future of humanity depends on the conservation of biodiversity.

VI Homework: paragraph 45, summary, presentation.

Teacher: independent work with a textbook and joint activities in groups gave us the opportunity to learn educational material, and we also developed techniques for effectively interacting with each other. Thanks for the work!

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The problem of preserving biological diversity

Goal: To expand knowledge about biological diversity and problems of conservation and rational use.

Biological diversity, its conservation and rational use. Biodiversity includes the varieties of plants, animals, microorganisms, and the ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are part.

Form of protection Protection of species and populations Protection natural communities Protection (in the narrow sense) Compilation of red books Organization of protected natural areas Ban on the use of protected species Monitoring the state of biodiversity within protected natural areas Introduction and reintroduction rare species Rational use (“Protect using and use while protecting”) Development and compliance with environmental standards for the rational use of populations Development and compliance with environmental standards for the rational use of natural ecosystems Selection of the optimal structure and order of use of agricultural ecosystems Restoration of disturbed ecosystems (after mining, etc. )

Reasons for the current accelerated decline in biological diversity rapid growth population and economic development; growth in international trade and tourism; increasing pollution of natural waters, soil and air; insufficient attention to the long-term consequences of actions that destroy the conditions of existence of living organisms, exploit natural resources and introduce non-native species; the impossibility in a market economy to assess the true value of biological diversity and its losses.

Biodiversity value Direct commercial value (use value) Indirect commercial value (ecosystem “services”) Optional (unexplored) value of biodiversity Existence value of biodiversity

Conclusion: Biological diversity is a critical finite resource; It is important for maintaining the sustainability of the biosphere, as well as its high cost, which is assessed according to 4 main economic parameters that satisfy the human need to communicate with nature; Biodiversity conservation is one of the global environmental problems and every year it becomes more and more aggravated as new species disappear.

Biological diversity (BD) is the totality of all forms of life inhabiting our planet. This is what makes Earth different from other planets solar system. BR is the richness and diversity of life and its processes, including the diversity of living organisms and their genetic differences, as well as the diversity of the places where they exist. BR is divided into three hierarchical categories: diversity among members of the same species (genetic diversity), between various types and between ecosystems. Research global problems BR at the gene level is a matter of the future.

The most authoritative assessment of species diversity was carried out by UNEP in 1995. According to this estimate, the most likely number of species is 13-14 million, of which only 1.75 million, or less than 13%, have been described. The highest hierarchical level of biological diversity is ecosystem, or landscape. At this level, patterns of biological diversity are determined primarily by zonal landscape conditions, then by local features of natural conditions (topography, soils, climate), as well as the history of the development of these territories. The greatest diversity of species is (in descending order): moist equatorial forests, coral reefs, dry tropical forests, moist temperate forests, oceanic islands, landscapes of the Mediterranean climate, treeless (savanna, steppe) landscapes.

In the last two decades, biological diversity has begun to attract the attention of not only biologists, but also economists, politicians, and the public due to the obvious threat of anthropogenic degradation of biodiversity, which far exceeds normal, natural degradation.

According to the UNEP Global Biodiversity Assessment (1995), more than 30,000 species of animals and plants are at risk of extinction. Over the past 400 years, 484 animal species and 654 plant species have disappeared.

Reasons for the current accelerated decline in biological diversity-

1) rapid population growth and economic development, bringing enormous changes to the living conditions of all organisms and ecological systems of the Earth;

2) increased migration of people, growth of international trade and tourism;

3) increasing pollution of natural waters, soil and air;

4) insufficient attention to the long-term consequences of actions that destroy the conditions of existence of living organisms, exploit natural resources and introduce non-native species;

5) the impossibility in a market economy to assess the true value of biological diversity and its losses.

Over the past 400 years, the main direct causes of extinction of animal species have been:

1) introduction of new species, accompanied by displacement or extermination of local species (39% of all lost animal species);

2) destruction of living conditions, direct withdrawal of territories inhabited by animals and their degradation, fragmentation, increased edge effect (36% of all lost species);

3) uncontrolled hunting (23%);

4) Other reasons (2%).

The main reasons for the need to preserve genetic diversity.

All species (no matter how harmful or unpleasant they may be) have a right to exist. This provision is written in the “World Charter for Nature” adopted by the UN General Assembly. Enjoying nature, its beauty and diversity has the highest value, not expressed in quantitative terms. Diversity is the basis for the evolution of life forms. The decline in species and genetic diversity undermines the further improvement of life forms on Earth.

The economic feasibility of preserving biodiversity is determined by the use of wild biota to meet the various needs of society in the fields of industry, agriculture, recreation, science and education: for the selection of domestic plants and animals, the genetic reservoir necessary for updating and maintaining the sustainability of varieties, the manufacture of medicines, as well as for providing the population with food, fuel, energy, timber, etc.

There are many ways to protect biodiversity. At the species level, there are two main strategic directions: in situ and out of habitat. Biodiversity protection at the level species - expensive and a labor-intensive path, possible only for selected species, but unattainable to protect the entire wealth of life on Earth. The main focus of the strategy should be at the ecosystem level, so that systematic ecosystem management ensures the protection of biological diversity at all three hierarchical levels.
The most effective and relatively economical way to protect biological diversity at the ecosystem level is protected areas.

In accordance with the classification of the World Conservation Union, there are 8 types of protected areas:

1.Reserve. The goal is to preserve nature and natural processes in an undisturbed state.

2.National park. The goal is to preserve natural areas of national and international importance for scientific research, education and recreation. These are usually large areas in which the use of natural resources and other material human impacts are not permitted.

3.Nature monument. These are usually small areas.
4.Managed natural reserves. The collection of some natural resources is permitted under the control of the administration.

5.Protected landscapes and coastal species. These are picturesque mixed natural and cultivated areas with the preservation of traditional land use.
Statistics on protected areas usually include lands of categories 1-5.

6. Resource reserve created to prevent premature use of the territory.

7. An anthropological reserve created to preserve the traditional way of life of the indigenous population.

8.Territory for the multi-purpose use of natural resources, focused on the sustainable use of water, forests, flora and fauna, pastures and for tourism.
There are two additional categories that overlap with the above eight.

9.Biosphere reserves. They are created to preserve biological diversity. They include several concentric zones of varying degrees of use: from a zone of complete inaccessibility (usually in the central part of the reserve) to a zone of reasonable, but quite intensive exploitation.

10.World Heritage Sites. They are created to protect unique natural features of global importance. Management is carried out in accordance with the World Heritage Convention.

In total, there are about 10,000 protected areas (categories 1-5) in the world with a total area of ​​9.6 million km, or 7.1% of the total land area (excluding glaciers). The goal that the World Conservation Union sets for the world community is to achieve the expansion of protected areas to a size constituting 10% of the area of ​​each large plant formation (biome) and, therefore, the world as a whole. This would contribute not only to the protection of biodiversity, but also to increasing the sustainability of the geographical environment as a whole.

The strategy to expand the number and area of ​​protected areas is in conflict with the use of land for other purposes, especially in view of the growing world population. Therefore, to protect biological diversity, it is necessary, along with protected areas, to increasingly improve the use of “ordinary” inhabited lands and the management of populations of wild species, not only endangered ones, and their habitats on such lands. It is necessary to apply such techniques as zoning of areas according to the degree of use, creating corridors connecting land masses with less anthropogenic pressure, reducing the degree of fragmentation of biodiversity hotspots, managing ecotones, preserving natural wetlands, managing populations of wild species and their habitats.

Effective ways to protect biological diversity include bioregional management of large areas and waters, as well as international agreements on this issue. The UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992) adopted the International Convention on Biological Diversity.

An important agreement is the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. There are also a number of other conventions protecting various aspects of biological resources and biodiversity: the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the Convention on the Conservation of Wetlands, the Whale Protection Convention, etc. Along with global conventions, there are also numerous regional and bilateral agreements governing specific biodiversity issues.

Unfortunately, for now it can be stated that, despite numerous measures, the accelerated erosion of the world's biological diversity continues. However, without these protections the extent of biodiversity loss would be even greater.