Implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods) Conference of Participating States

Russia overtook Germany, Spain, Italy and a bunch of other countries when it took 10th place in the ranking of open budgets.

This is progress - in 2010 we were in 21st place, and in 2006 - in 27th:

What is curious is that despite the US assistance in establishing real democracy, Georgia and Ukraine do not come close to our indicators, they are in the last thirty places.

In general, if you look at it, we have done excellent legislative work over the past 10 years. Take, for example, the issue with that very Article 20 of the UN Convention against Corruption, which oppositionists so often recall. Fritz, they wrote to me, how dare you say the words “fight against corruption” if Russia has not yet ratified the magical Article 20, which is the main weapon of oppression of corrupt officials in every civilized country?

After consultations with readers, studying our legislation and a detailed analysis of the issue, I am ready to tell you how things really stand with this article:

A fairly common myth is that Russia did not ratify Article 20 of the UN Convention against Corruption because the government did not want to make life difficult for influential corrupt officials. It is a myth. In fact, Russia ratified the UN Convention against Corruption back in 2006. The Convention was ratified in its entirety, without excluding any articles.

Article 20 of the Convention, “illegal enrichment”, reads as follows: (link)

Subject to its Constitution and the fundamental principles of its legal system, each State Party shall consider taking such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, illicit enrichment, i.e. a significant increase in the assets of a public official in excess of his lawful income, which he cannot reasonably justify.

Moreover, even though Article 20 was ratified by Russia as part of the Convention, it is still not applied - due to the lack of legal grounds for Russia to apply it. When the UN Convention was ratified, Law 40-FZ directly listed the articles for which Russia has the necessary punitive mechanisms:

1) The Russian Federation has jurisdiction over acts recognized as criminal under Article 15, paragraph 1 of Article 16, Articles 17-19, 21 and 22, paragraph 1 of Article 23, Articles 24, 25 and 27 of the Convention, in the cases provided for in paragraphs 1 and Article 42 3 of the Convention;

Article 20 is not included in this list - because it contradicts Russian legislation. This situation is provided for in the UN Convention; Article 20 explicitly states that a state must apply this article only “subject to compliance with its Constitution and the fundamental principles of its legal system.” However, in Russia there is Article 49 of the Constitution, which states that “the accused is not obliged to prove his innocence” - thus, prosecuting citizens for “illegal enrichment” would be contrary to our Constitution.

There are other, purely legal difficulties on the way to introducing Article 20 of the Convention into our legislation.

Doesn't exist in Russia legal definition"illegal enrichment". In law enforcement practice, it would be very difficult to define concepts like “significant increase in assets”, “legitimate income” and “reasonable manner”. There would also be many problems with proving intent, especially in connection with establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

Thus, even if the crime of “illegal enrichment” were introduced into our Criminal Code, applying it in practice would be extremely difficult and inconvenient.

Our Criminal Code already has Chapter 30, which allows us to deal with almost all corruption offenses: abuse of official powers, misappropriation budget funds, abuse of power and so on, even including Article 287 - “Refusal to provide information to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation or the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation.”

Combining many specific articles from this chapter of the Criminal Code into one vague article “illegal enrichment” would not help the work of law enforcement agencies in any way.

The fight against illicit enrichment in the Russian Federation

Russia has a rich arsenal of laws to implement the UN Convention, including to combat illicit enrichment.

In 2001, Law No. 115-FZ was adopted, according to which lawyers, notaries, jurists and accountants were required to notify law enforcement agencies about financial transactions aimed at laundering proceeds from crime.

On December 25, 2008, Law No. 273-FZ “on combating corruption” was adopted. Article 8 of this law required state and municipal employees to provide information about their income and property.

On November 21, 2011, Law No. 329-FZ was adopted, which extended anti-corruption requirements to all government and municipal positions, and also obliged banks to provide information on the movement of money in the accounts of officials.

Law No. 121-FZ of July 20, 2012 introduced strict controls over foreign-funded political activity. It is interesting that it was this anti-corruption law that evoked particularly fierce criticism from both the pro-Western non-systemic opposition and US politicians.

In December 2012, Law No. 230-FZ “On control over the compliance of expenses of persons holding public positions and other persons with their income” was adopted. This law obliged officials to file declarations about their property and income, both for themselves and for their immediate relatives.

As a continuation of the same line, on May 7, 2013, Law No. 102-FZ was adopted, which prohibited State Duma deputies from having real estate or bank accounts abroad.

Having passed all these laws, our legislation not only fully complies with the spirit of the UN Convention against Corruption, but also allows us to point out to many other European countries the inadequacy of their anti-corruption laws.

Unjust enrichment in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation has Chapter 60, which talks about “unjust enrichment.”

This chapter has nothing to do with the article of the UN Convention under discussion: it deals with situations that have nothing to do with corruption. For example, the articles from this chapter apply when the seller does not give the buyer the paid goods or when the debtor delays paying off the debt in order to be able to use other people’s money longer.

Other states

As of September 2013, the UN Convention against Corruption had not been ratified by a significant number of states. (link) For example, the Convention was not ratified by Germany, New Zealand, Czech Republic and Japan.

Moreover, even in states that have ratified the Convention, the article “illegal enrichment” is not introduced into legislation. The crime of “illegal enrichment” or something similar is absent in at least the following states: (link)

* Netherlands
* Belgium
* Italy
* Portugal
* Switzerland
* Finland
* Norway
* France

* Spain
* Sweden
* Denmark

Representatives of these countries indicate three reasons why Article 20 is not being introduced into their legislation.

Firstly, the concept of “illegal enrichment” is contrary to the constitutions of most countries, as it implies a presumption of guilt.

Secondly, in these countries there are usually articles that imply automatic recognition as criminal income of persons who have already been convicted of some serious crime such as drug trafficking or pimping.

Thirdly, the implementation of the spirit of Article 20 is ensured in these countries through the mechanism of mandatory income declaration for officials and punishment for incorrect data in declarations. Russia is following the same path - tightening control over the property of officials.

It should also be noted that the crime of “illegal enrichment” did not exist even in the USSR. Contrary to popular misconception, under the Soviet regime they could also be imprisoned only for a specific crime: such as speculation or currency transactions.

Discussions

As a rule, the level of knowledge of the opposition on this issue is close to zero, so simply pointing out the facts usually allows you to win an easy victory in the discussion. Here are the answers to the most common troll attacks.

Q: Russia has not ratified Article 20 of the UN Convention against Corruption.

A: This is not so, Russia ratified the Convention in its entirety, by law 40-FZ of March 8, 2006. No exceptions were made for Article 20 of the Convention in this law.

V.: All civilized countries have already ratified this article.

A: Please name at least one civilized country that has a law on “illegal enrichment.” Germany, the Czech Republic and Japan, not only Article 20, have not ratified the Convention at all. Other countries, such as Sweden, France or the United States, ratified the Convention, but did not implement Article 20 into legislation.

V.: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation is collecting signatures for the ratification of Article 20 of the UN Convention.

O.: This is pure populism. Firstly, this article has already been ratified, back in 2006, along with the rest of the Convention. Secondly, the crime of “illegal enrichment” was not even in the Criminal Code of the RSFSR.

Let me sum it up

In recent years, we have made very serious progress towards the fight against corruption. So seriously that we ourselves can ask the so-called “civilized” countries unpleasant questions - why their budgets are closed from the public eye, and why their laws are suspiciously lenient in relation to corrupt officials.

PS. Anticipating the traditional question. A small list of corruption cases brought to verdict in recent months is here.

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child- an international legal document defining the rights of children to education, enjoyment of cultural achievements, the right to rest and leisure and the provision of other services to children by UN member states. The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the first and main international legal document in which the rights of the child were considered at the level international law. The document consists of 54 articles detailing the individual rights of young citizens aged from birth to 18 years to full development their capabilities in conditions free from hunger and want, cruelty, exploitation and other forms of abuse. The Convention on the Rights of the Child has been ratified by all UN member countries except the United States and Somalia.

History of creation

Main provisions of the Convention

First part of the Convention

  • Articles 1-4 define the concept “ child» and affirm the priority of the interests of children over the interests of society.
  • Articles 5-11 define the most important rights of children, such as the right to life, name, citizenship, the right to know their parents, the right to work for parents and to non-separation, the rights and responsibilities of parents in relation to children.
  • Articles 12-17 set out the rights of children to express their views, their opinions, to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, association and peaceful assembly, and the child’s access to the dissemination of information.
  • Articles 20-26 define the list of rights special categories children, as well as the state’s responsibilities to protect and assist such children.
  • Articles 28-31 establish the rights of children to a standard of living adequate for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development child, as well as the right to education, rest and leisure.
  • Articles 32-36 establish the responsibility of the state in protecting the rights of children from exploitation, illegal drug use, abduction and trafficking of children.
  • Articles 37-40 define the rights of a child in custody, as well as the rights of children to protection during armed conflicts and wars.

Second part of the Convention

  • Articles 41-45 refer to ways of communicating the main provisions of the Convention and mechanisms for monitoring the implementation by parties to the Convention.

Third part of the Convention

  • Articles 46-54 indicate the solution to procedural and legal problems of compliance by states with the provisions of the Convention. Unlike many UN conventions, the Convention on the Rights of the Child is open for signature by all states, so the Vatican, which is not a UN member, was able to become a party to it.

The innovation of the Convention lies primarily in the scope of rights defined for the child. Some of the rights were first recorded in the Convention (see articles 12-17).

Convention on the Right of the Child to Education and the Raising of Children

Convention in Art. 28 guarantees children free and compulsory primary education and requires UN member states to encourage the development of various forms of secondary education, both general and vocational, ensuring its accessibility to all children and taking the necessary measures, such as introducing free education. The Convention devotes significant space to the right to accessibility higher education for all, based on each person's abilities, by all means necessary.

An integral part of education is upbringing. Thus, among the objectives of family education, the Convention (Article 18) requires that “every possible effort be made to ensure recognition of the principle of common and equal responsibility of both parents for the upbringing and development of the child. Parents or, where appropriate, legal guardians have primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of the child. The best interests of the child are their primary concern.”

  • Article 20 defines the tasks of public education of children (care for them) who have lost their parents. “Such care may include, but is not limited to, foster care, adoption or, if appropriate, placement in appropriate child care facilities. When considering replacement options, due consideration must be given to the desirability of continuity in the child's upbringing and the child's ethnic origin, religious and cultural affiliation and native language.”
  • Article 21 of the Convention defines the rights of a child upon adoption in another country: “adoption in another country may be considered as an alternative way of caring for a child if the child cannot be placed in foster care or placed in a family that could provide for his upbringing or adoption, and if it is not possible to provide any suitable care in the child’s country of origin.”
  • Fundamental in ensuring the rights of children to education is Art. 29 of this document. In practice, it regulates the priorities of the goals of public education for the participating countries:

a) the development of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest extent; b) fostering respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations; c) fostering respect for the child’s parents, his cultural identity, language and values, for the national values ​​of the country in which the child lives, his country of origin and for civilizations other than his own; d) preparing the child for conscious life in a free society in the spirit of understanding, peace, tolerance, equality of men and women and friendship among all peoples, ethnic, national and religious groups, as well as indigenous people; e) fostering respect for the natural environment.

Federal legislation and regulations of the Russian Federation in the development of the Convention

  • 1993 The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child at its 62nd, 63rd and 64th meetings, held on 21 and January 22 1993, reviewed the Initial Report of the Russian Federation on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, submitted in accordance with Article 44, and adopted the relevant comments.
  • 1993- The Government of the Russian Federation adopted Resolution No. 848 of August 23 1993“On the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children.”
  • 1993- Government of the Russian Federation by Decree No. 1977 dated October 23 1993 approved the Regulations “On the Commission for the Coordination of Work Related to the Implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the World Declaration to Ensure the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the Russian Federation.”
  • 1993- The Government of the Russian Federation has created a Commission to coordinate work related to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the Russian Federation (existed until 2004, since 2006 the Government Commission on Minors’ Affairs and the Protection of Their Rights has been created , as well as the Government Commission on the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation).
  • 1994- The President of the Russian Federation, by Decree No. 1696 of August 18, 1994, approved the Presidential program “Children of Russia”.
  • 1995- The President of the Russian Federation signed Decree No. 942 of September 14, 1995 “On approval of the Main Directions of State social policy to improve the situation of children in the Russian Federation until the year 2000 (National Plan of Action for Children).”
  • 1995- Accepted Family Code of the Russian Federation.
  • 1995- Federal Law No. 98-FZ “On state support youth and children's public associations ».
  • 1997- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 19, 1997 No. 1207 “On federal target programs to improve the situation of children in the Russian Federation for 1998-2000” approved federal target programs to improve the situation of children in the Russian Federation, the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On presidential program “Children of Russia” dated January 15, 1998 No. 29, these programs were combined into the “Children of Russia” program, which was given presidential status.
  • 1998- The Second Periodic Report of the Russian Federation on the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its annex were approved.
  • 1998- The State Duma of the Russian Federation, and the President of the Russian Federation approved the Federal Law of July 4, 1998 No. 98-FZ “On the basic guarantees of the rights of the child in the Russian Federation”
  • year 2000- The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 25, 2000 approved 10 federal target programs to improve the situation of children for 2001-2002 (in connection with the expiration of the Presidential Program “Children of Russia”).
  • 2002- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 3, 2002 No. 732 approved the federal target program “Children of Russia for 2003-2006”.
  • 2002- The Third Periodic Report on the implementation by the Russian Federation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1998-2002) was approved.
  • 2004 - Federal law No. FZ-122 of August 22, 2004 amended the law “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” in terms of the division of powers between the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
  • 2004- Federal Law No. FZ-190 of December 21, 1994 amended the law “On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation” in terms of the rights of children in Russia to rest and recreation.
  • 2006- Mechanisms for the implementation of priority national projects “Education” and “Health” were approved by the Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and the corresponding resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation.
  • 2006- Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2006 No. 272 ​​approved the Government Commission for the Affairs of Minors and the Protection of Their Rights.
  • 2006- By joint order Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia , Ministry of Education and Science of Russia , Ministry of Culture of Russia from June 28 2006 No. 506/168/294 created the Interdepartmental Commission on Family and Children Issues.
  • 2007- By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2007 No. 172, the federal target program “Children of Russia for 2007-2010” was approved.
  • 2007- By order of the President of the Russian Federation in June 2007, the Government was instructed to develop a new federal target program aimed at preventing crime among children and youth, including sports and cultural events.

Literature

  • Schneckendorf Z.K. Guide to the Convention on the Rights of the Child. - M., 1997.

see also

Links

  • Official text of the Convention on the Rights of the Child in Russian
  • The Swedish organization Save the Children (Rädda Barnen) is at the forefront of support for the Convention on the Rights of the Child
  • Activities of international bodies in protecting children's rights
  • Children's rights in the Russian Federation: legislation and practice
  • Regulations on the Government Commission on Minors' Affairs and Protection of Their Rights

have agreed as follows:

Chapter I. General provisions

Article 1
Goals

The purposes of this Convention are as follows:

A) promoting and strengthening measures aimed at more effectively and efficiently preventing and combating corruption;

b) encouraging, facilitating and supporting international cooperation and technical assistance in preventing and combating corruption, including asset recovery measures;

With) promoting honesty, integrity, responsibility, and the proper management of public affairs and public property.

Article 2
Terms

For the purposes of this Convention:

A)"public official" means:

(i) any person, whether appointed or elected, holding any position in the legislative, executive, administrative or judicial authority of a State Party, permanently or temporarily, with or without pay, regardless of the level of that person's position;

(ii) any other person performing any public function, including for a public department or public enterprise, or providing any public service, as defined in the domestic law of the State Party and as applied in the relevant area legal regulation that State Party;

iii) any other person defined as a “public official” in the domestic law of the State Party. However, for the purposes of certain specific measures provided for in Chapter II of this Convention, “public official” may mean any person performing a public function or providing a public service, as defined in the domestic law of a State Party and how it applies in the relevant area of ​​law of that State Party;

b)"foreign public official" means any person, appointed or elected, holding any position in the legislative, executive, administrative or judicial authority of a foreign state, and any person performing any public function for a foreign state, including for a public agency or a public enterprise;

With)"official of a public international organization" means an international civil servant or any person who is authorized by such organization to act on its behalf;

d)“property” means any assets, whether tangible or intangible, movable or immovable, whether in things or rights, and legal documents or instruments evidencing title to or interest in such assets;

e)“proceeds of crime” means any property acquired or obtained, directly or indirectly, as a result of the commission of any crime;

f)“suspension of operations (freezing)” or “seizure” means the temporary prohibition of the transfer, transformation, alienation or movement of property, or the temporary taking possession of such property, or the temporary exercise of control over it, by order of a court or other competent authority;

g)“confiscation” means the permanent deprivation of property by order of a court or other competent authority;

h)“predicate offence” means any offense as a result of which proceeds have been obtained in respect of which the acts specified in Article 23 of this Convention constituting an offense may be committed;

i)“controlled delivery” means a method by which illegal or suspicious consignments are permitted to be removed, transported or brought into the territory of one or more States with the knowledge and supervision of their competent authorities for the purpose of investigating a crime and identifying persons involved in the commission of it crimes.

Article 3
Scope of application

1. This Convention applies, in accordance with its provisions, to the prevention, investigation and prosecution of corruption and to the freezing, seizure, confiscation and return of the proceeds of offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

2. For the purposes of implementing this Convention, unless otherwise provided herein, it is not necessary that the commission of the offenses specified herein should result in injury or damage to public property.

Article 4
Defense of sovereignty

1. States Parties shall implement their obligations under this Convention in accordance with the principles sovereign equality and the territorial integrity of states and the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of other states.

2. Nothing in this Convention entitles a State Party to exercise in the territory of another State jurisdiction and functions which are exclusively within the competence of the authorities of that other State in accordance with its domestic law.

Chapter II. Measures to prevent corruption

Article 5
Policy and practice of preventing and combating corruption

1. Each State Party, in accordance with fundamental principles its legal system, develops and implements or pursues effective and coordinated anti-corruption policies that promote public participation and reflect the principles of the rule of law, good management of public affairs and public property, honesty and integrity, transparency and accountability.

2. Each State Party shall endeavor to establish and promote effective practices aimed at preventing corruption.

3. Each State Party shall endeavor to periodically evaluate relevant legal instruments and administrative measures with a view to determining their adequacy in preventing and combating corruption.

4. States Parties, where appropriate and in accordance with the fundamental principles of their legal systems, shall cooperate with each other and with relevant international and regional organizations in developing and promoting the implementation of the measures referred to in this article. This interaction may include participation in international programs and projects aimed at preventing corruption.

Article 6
Body or bodies for preventing and combating corruption

1. Each State Party shall ensure, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, that there is an authority or authorities, as appropriate, for the prevention of corruption through measures such as:

A) implementing the policies referred to in Article 5 of this Convention and, where appropriate, supervising and coordinating the implementation of such policies;

b) expansion and dissemination of knowledge on issues of preventing corruption.

2. Each State Party shall ensure to the authority or authorities referred to in paragraph 1 of this article the necessary independence, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, to enable such authority or authorities to perform their functions effectively and free from any undue influence. . The necessary material resources and specialized personnel should be provided, as well as such training of personnel as may be required to perform their assigned functions.

3. Each State Party shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the name and address of the authority or authorities that may assist other States Parties in the development and implementation of specific measures to prevent corruption.

Article 7
Public sector

1. Each State Party shall endeavor, where appropriate and in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, to establish, maintain and strengthen such systems for the recruitment, recruitment, service, promotion and retirement of civil servants and, where appropriate cases, other non-elected public officials, such as:

A) are based on the principles of efficiency and transparency and on objective criteria such as excellence, fairness and ability;

b) include appropriate procedures for the selection and training of personnel for public positions considered particularly vulnerable to corruption, and the rotation, as appropriate, of such personnel in such positions;

With) promote the payment of appropriate remuneration and the establishment of fair salaries, taking into account the level of economic development State Party;

d) promote educational and training programs to enable such individuals to meet the requirements for the correct, fair and proper performance of public functions, and provide them with specialized and appropriate training to enhance their awareness of the risks associated with corruption and performing their functions. Such programs may contain references to codes or standards of conduct in applicable areas.

2. Each State Party shall also consider taking appropriate legislative and administrative measures, consistent with the purposes of this Convention and in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to establish criteria for candidates and elections to public office.

3. Each State Party shall also consider taking appropriate legislative and administrative measures, consistent with the purposes of this Convention and in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to enhance transparency in the financing of candidates for elected public office and, where applicable, the financing of political parties.

4. Each State Party shall endeavor, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to establish, maintain and strengthen systems that promote transparency and prevent conflicts of interest.

Article 8
Codes of conduct for public officials

1. In order to combat corruption, each State Party shall promote, inter alia, integrity, honesty and responsibility of its public officials in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system.

2. In particular, each State Party shall endeavor to apply, within its institutional and legal systems, codes or standards of conduct for the correct, faithful and proper performance of public functions.

3. For the purpose of implementing the provisions of this article, each State Party shall take into account, as appropriate and in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, relevant initiatives of regional, interregional and multilateral organizations, such as the International Code of Conduct for Public Officials contained in the annex to General Assembly dated December 12, 1996.

4. Each State Party shall also consider, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, the possibility of establishing measures and systems to encourage public officials to report to the appropriate authorities acts of corruption of which they become aware in the performance of their functions.

5. Each State Party shall endeavor, where appropriate and in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to establish measures and systems requiring public officials to make declarations to the relevant authorities of, inter alia, non-official activities, occupations, investments, assets and significant gifts or benefits that may create a conflict of interest with respect to their functions as public officials.

6. Each State Party shall consider taking, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, disciplinary or other measures against public officials who contravene the codes or standards established in accordance with this article.

Article 9
Public procurement and public financial management

1. Each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, the necessary measures to establish adequate procurement systems that are based on transparency, competition and objective decision-making criteria and are effective, inter alia, in preventing corruption. Such systems, which may include appropriate thresholds in their application, cover, inter alia, the following:

A) public dissemination of information relating to procurement procedures and procurement contracts, including information on invitations to tender and adequate or relevant contract award information, in order to provide potential tenderers with sufficient time to prepare and submit their tenders;

b) establishing, in advance, the conditions for participation, including criteria for selection and decisions on concluding contracts, as well as rules for tendering, and their publication;

With) applying pre-established and objective criteria to public procurement decisions to facilitate subsequent verification of the correct application of rules or procedures;

d) an effective internal control system, including an effective appeals system, to provide legal challenges and remedies for non-compliance with the rules or procedures established under this paragraph;

e) measures to regulate, where appropriate, matters relating to personnel who have procurement responsibilities, such as requirements for declaration of interest in specific public procurements, vetting procedures and training requirements.

2. Each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, appropriate measures to promote transparency and accountability in the management of public finances. Such measures cover, inter alia, the following:

A) national budget approval procedures;

b) timely submission of income and expenditure reports;

c) a system of standards accounting and audit and related supervision;

d) effective and efficient risk management and internal control systems; And

e) where appropriate, adjustments for non-compliance with the requirements set out in this paragraph.

3. Each State Party shall take such civil and administrative measures as may be necessary, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to ensure the security of books, records, financial statements or other documentation relating to public expenditures and revenues, and prevent the falsification of such documentation.

Article 10
Public reporting

Taking into account the need to combat corruption, each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, such measures as may be necessary to enhance transparency in its public administration, including in relation to its organization, functioning and, where appropriate, decision making processes. Such measures may include, but are not limited to, the following:

A) the adoption of procedures or rules to enable the public to obtain, where appropriate, information about the organization, functioning and decision-making processes of the public administration and, with due regard to protection considerations privacy and personal data, decisions and legal acts affecting the interests of the population;

b) simplification of administrative procedures, where appropriate, to facilitate public access to competent decision-making bodies; And

Article 11
Measures regarding the judiciary and prosecutorial authorities

1. Taking into account the independence of the judiciary and its crucial role in the fight against corruption, each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system and without prejudice to the independence of the judiciary, measures to strengthen the integrity of judges and judicial officials and prevent any opportunity for corruption among them. Such measures may include rules regarding the conduct of judges and members of the judiciary.

2. Measures similar to those adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article may be introduced and applied by the prosecution authorities in those States Parties in which they are not part of the judiciary but enjoy the same independence as the judiciary. .

Article 12
Private sector

1. Each State Party shall take measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to prevent corruption in the private sector, strengthen accounting and auditing standards in the private sector and, where appropriate, establish effective, proportionate and dissuasive civil legal, administrative or criminal sanctions for non-compliance with such measures.

2. Measures aimed at achieving these objectives may include, inter alia, the following:

A) promoting cooperation between law enforcement agencies and relevant private organizations;

b) promoting the development of standards and procedures designed to ensure the integrity of the operations of relevant private entities, including codes of conduct for the correct, fair and proper conduct of business by businessmen and members of all relevant professions and to prevent the emergence of conflicts of interest, and to promote the use of fair commercial practices between commercial enterprises and in contractual relations between them and the state;

With) promoting transparency in the activities of private organizations, including, where appropriate, measures to identify legal entities and individuals involved in the creation and management of corporate organizations;

d) preventing abuse of procedures governing the activities of private entities, including procedures relating to subsidies and licenses granted by public authorities to carry out commercial activities;

e) preventing the emergence of conflicts of interest by imposing restrictions, where appropriate and for a reasonable period, on the professional activities of former public officials or on the work of public officials in the private sector after their retirement or retirement, when such activities or work are directly related with the functions which such public officials performed during their time in office or over which they supervised;

f) ensuring that private entities, taking into account their structure and size, have sufficient internal audit controls to assist in the prevention and detection of acts of corruption and that the accounts and required financial statements of such private entities are subject to appropriate auditing and certification procedures.

3. In order to prevent corruption, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic laws and regulations governing accounting, financial reporting and accounting and auditing standards, to prohibit the following activities: for the purpose of committing any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention:

A) creating informal reports;

b) carrying out unaccounted or incorrectly recorded transactions;

With) keeping records of non-existent expenses;

d) reflection of obligations, the object of which is incorrectly identified;

e) use of false documents; And

f) intentional destruction of accounting documentation before the deadlines provided for by law.

4. Each State Party shall deny exemption from taxation in respect of expenses constituting bribes which constitute an element of the offense established in accordance with articles 15 and 16 of this Convention and, where appropriate, in respect of other expenses incurred in furtherance of acts of corruption.

Article 13
Community participation

1. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures, within its capabilities and in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to promote the active participation of individuals and groups outside the public sector, such as civil society, non-governmental organizations and organizations based in communities, to prevent and combat corruption and to deepen public understanding of the existence, causes and dangerous nature of corruption, as well as the threats it creates. This participation should be strengthened through measures such as:

A) strengthening transparency and promoting public involvement in decision-making processes;

b) ensuring effective access to information for the population;

With) conducting public awareness activities that promote a zero-tolerance environment against corruption, as well as public education programs, including curricula in schools and universities;

d) respect, encouragement and protection of the freedom to seek, receive, publish and disseminate information about corruption. Certain restrictions on this freedom may be established, but only such restrictions as are provided by law and are necessary:

i) to respect the rights or reputations of others;

ii) to protect national security or public order or the protection of public health or morals.

2. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures to ensure that the relevant anti-corruption authorities referred to in this Convention are known to the public and shall provide access to such authorities for reporting, including anonymously, any cases which may be considered to constitute any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

Article 14
Measures to prevent money laundering

1. Each State Party:

A) establishes a comprehensive domestic regulatory and supervisory regime for banks and non-bank financial institutions, including individual or legal entities providing formal or informal services in connection with translation Money or valuables, and, where appropriate, other authorities particularly vulnerable to money laundering, within their competence, in order to prevent and detect all forms of money laundering, such regime being based primarily on requirements regarding identifying the identity of the client and, where appropriate, the beneficial owner, maintaining records and reporting suspicious transactions;

b) without prejudice to Article 46 of this Convention, ensure that administrative, regulatory, law enforcement and other authorities involved in combating money-laundering (including, where consistent with domestic law, judicial authorities) are able to cooperate and exchange information nationally and international levels under the conditions established by its domestic legislation, and for this purpose is considering the establishment of a financial intelligence unit to act as a national center for the collection, analysis and dissemination of information relating to possible cases of money-laundering.

2. States Parties shall consider adopting practicable measures to detect and control the movement of cash and related negotiable instruments across their borders, subject to safeguards designed to ensure the proper use of information and without creating any impediments. movement of legal capital. Such measures could include requiring individuals and businesses to report cross-border transfers of significant amounts of cash and transfers of related negotiable instruments.

3. States Parties shall consider adopting appropriate and practicable measures to require that financial institutions, including money transfer institutions:

A) include accurate and meaningful sender information in electronic funds transfer forms and associated communications;

b) retained such information throughout the payment chain; And

c) carried out an in-depth check of funds transfers in the absence of complete information about the sender.

4. In establishing a domestic regulatory and supervisory regime in accordance with the provisions of this article and without prejudice to any other article of this Convention, States Parties are encouraged to take into account relevant initiatives of regional, interregional and multilateral organizations against money-laundering.

5. Participating States shall endeavor to develop and encourage global, regional, subregional and bilateral cooperation between judicial, law enforcement and financial regulatory authorities to combat money laundering.

Chapter III. Criminalization and law enforcement

Article 15
Bribery of national public officials

A) promising, offering or providing to a public official, personally or indirectly, any undue advantage for the official himself or herself or another person or entity in order to cause the official to perform any act or omission in the performance of his official duties;

b) solicitation or acceptance by a public official, personally or through intermediaries, of any undue advantage for the official himself or herself or another person or entity in order for that official to perform any act or omission in the performance of his official duties.

Article 16
Bribery of foreign public officials and officials of public international organizations

1. Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally, a promise, offer or provision to a foreign public official or an official of a public international organization, personally or through intermediaries, any undue advantage for the official himself or herself or another person or entity, so that the official takes any act or omission in the performance of his official duties to obtain or maintain a commercial or other undue advantage in connection with the conduct of international affairs.

2. Each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, solicitation or acceptance by a foreign public official or an official of a public international organization, personally or through intermediaries, any undue advantage for the official himself or another person or legal entity in order for that official to perform any act or omission in the performance of his official duties.

Article 17
Theft, misappropriation, or other misuse of property by a public official

Each State Party shall adopt such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed intentionally, theft, misappropriation or other misappropriation by a public official for the benefit of himself or another a natural or legal person of any property, public or private funds, or securities, or any other thing of value placed in the control of that public official by virtue of his official position.

Article 18
Abuse of influence for personal gain

Each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offenses the following acts when committed intentionally:

A) promising, offering or giving to a public official or any other person, personally or through intermediaries, any undue advantage, so that the public official or such other person abuses his actual or perceived influence to obtain from an administration or public authority of the State -participant in any undue advantage for the original initiator of such actions or any other person;

b) solicitation or acceptance by a public official or any other person, personally or indirectly, of any undue advantage for himself or for another person, so that the public official or such other person abuses his actual or perceived influence to obtain from administration or public authority of a State Party of any undue advantage.

Article 19
Abuse of official position

Each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, the abuse of official power or position, i.e. the commission of any act or omission, in violation of the law, by a public official in the performance of his functions with the aim of obtaining any undue advantage for himself or another person or entity.

Article 20
Illicit enrichment

Subject to its constitution and the fundamental principles of its legal system, each State Party shall consider taking such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally, illicit enrichment, i.e. a significant increase in the assets of a public official in excess of his lawful income, which he cannot reasonably justify.

Article 21
Bribery in the private sector

Each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offenses the following acts when committed intentionally in the course of economic, financial or commercial activity:

A) promising, offering or providing, personally or indirectly, any undue advantage to any person who directs the work of a private sector entity or works, in any capacity, for such an entity, for such person or another person, in order that that person will commit , in violation of their duties, any action or inaction;

b) solicitation or acceptance, personally or indirectly, of any undue advantage by any person who directs the work of a private sector entity or works, in any capacity, for such an entity, for such person or for another person, with a view to causing that person to do, in violation of one's duties, any action or inaction.

Article 22
Theft of property in the private sector

Each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence, when committed intentionally in the course of economic, financial or commercial activity, theft by a person who directs the work of a private sector entity or works, in any capacity, in such an organization, any property, private funds, or securities, or any other item of value in the control of that person by virtue of his official position.

Article 23
Laundering of proceeds of crime

1. Each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offenses the following acts when committed intentionally:

i) the conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such property represents the proceeds of crime, for the purpose of concealing or disguising the criminal source of that property or for the purpose of assisting any person involved in the commission of the underlying offense so that he can evade responsibility for your actions;

ii) concealing or disguising the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement, rights to or ownership of property, if such property is known to be the proceeds of crime;

b) subject to the basic principles of its legal system:

i) the acquisition, possession or use of property if, at the time of receipt, it is known that such property represents the proceeds of crime;

(ii) Participation in, involvement in or conspiracy to commit, attempt to commit, or aiding, abetting, aiding or advising the commission of any of the offenses established in accordance with this article.

2. For the purposes of implementing or applying paragraph 1 of this article:

A) Each State Party shall endeavor to apply paragraph 1 of this article to the widest possible range of predicate offences;

b) Each State Party shall include as predicate offences, as a minimum, the comprehensive range of offenses established in accordance with this Convention;

With) for the purposes of subparagraph b The predicate offenses above include crimes committed both within and outside the jurisdiction of the State Party concerned. However, offenses committed outside the jurisdiction of a State Party shall constitute predicate offenses only if the act in question is an offense punishable under the domestic law of the State in which it is committed and would be a criminal offense under the domestic law of the State Party, in which this article is carried out or applied if it had been committed there;

d) Each State Party shall submit to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the texts of its laws giving effect to the provisions of this article, as well as the texts of any subsequent amendments to such laws or a description thereof;

e) If so required by the fundamental principles of the domestic law of a State Party, it may be provided that the offenses referred to in paragraph 1 of this article do not apply to the persons who committed the predicate offence.

Article 24
Concealment

Without prejudice to the provisions of article 23 of this Convention, each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offenses when committed intentionally after the commission of any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention, without participation in the commission of such offences, the concealment or continued retention of property if the person concerned knows that such property was obtained as a result of any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

Article 25
Obstruction of justice

Each State Party shall take such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as criminal offenses the following acts when committed intentionally:

A) the use of physical force, threats or intimidation or the promise, offer or giving of an undue advantage for the purpose of inducing perjury or interfering with the giving of evidence or the production of evidence in proceedings in connection with the commission of offenses established in accordance with this Convention;

b) the use of physical force, threats or intimidation to interfere with the performance of official duties of a judicial or law enforcement official in the course of proceedings in connection with the commission of offenses established in accordance with this Convention. Nothing in this subparagraph shall prejudice the right of States Parties to have legislation providing for the protection of other categories of public officials.

Article 26
Liability of legal entities

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as, taking into account its legal principles may be required to establish the liability of legal persons for participation in offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

2. Subject to the legal principles of the State Party, the liability of legal persons may be criminal, civil or administrative.

3. The imposition of such liability is without prejudice criminal liability individuals who have committed crimes.

4. Each State Party shall, in particular, ensure that legal persons held liable in accordance with this article are subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal sanctions, including monetary sanctions.

Article 27
Participation and assassination attempt

1. Each State Party shall take such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offense, in accordance with its domestic law, participation in any capacity, such as as an accomplice, abettor or instigator, in the commission of any offense established in accordance with this Convention.

2. Each State Party may take such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offense, in accordance with its domestic law, any attempt to commit any offense established in accordance with this Convention.

3. Each State Party may take such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offense, in accordance with its domestic law, preparation to commit an offense established in accordance with this Convention. .

Article 28
Awareness, intent and intent as elements of a crime

The knowledge, intent or intent required as elements of any offense established in accordance with this Convention may be inferred from the objective facts of the case.

Article 29
Statute of limitations

Each State Party shall, where appropriate, establish under its domestic law a long period of limitation for the commencement of proceedings in respect of any offense established in accordance with this Convention and shall provide for a longer period of limitation or the possibility of suspension of the limitation period in cases where a person suspected of committing a crime evades justice.

Article 30
Prosecution, adjudication and sanctions

1. Each State Party shall, for the commission of an offense established in accordance with this Convention, impose such criminal sanctions as take into account the seriousness of the offence.

2. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish or ensure, in accordance with its legal system and constitutional principles, an appropriate balance between any immunities or jurisdictional privileges accorded to its public officials in connection with the performance of of its functions and the ability, if necessary, to effectively investigate, prosecute and adjudicate offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

3. Each State Party shall endeavor to ensure that any discretionary legal powers provided in its domestic law relating to the prosecution of persons for offenses established in accordance with this Convention are used in order to achieve the maximum effectiveness of law enforcement measures in relation to those offenses and with due regard to the need prevent the commission of such crimes.

4. For offenses established in accordance with this Convention, each State Party shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with its domestic law and with due regard to the rights of the defense, to ensure that the conditions imposed in connection with release decisions before trial or before a decision is made on cassation appeal or protest, took into account the need to ensure the presence of the accused during subsequent criminal proceedings.

5. Each State Party shall take into account the seriousness of the offenses concerned when considering the possibility of early or conditional release of persons convicted of such offences.

6. Each State Party, to the extent consistent with the fundamental principles of its legal system, shall consider establishing procedures by which a public official charged with an offense established in accordance with this Convention may, in appropriate cases, be removed, temporarily suspended from official duties or transferred to another position by the relevant authority, taking into account the need to respect the principle of the presumption of innocence.

7. When justified having regard to the seriousness of the offence, each State Party, to the extent consistent with the fundamental principles of its legal system, shall consider establishing procedures for deprivation for a specified period of time, as determined in its domestic law, by order of a court or by any other appropriate means, persons convicted of offenses established in accordance with this Convention shall have the rights:

A) hold a public position; And

b) hold a position in any enterprise wholly or partially owned by the state.

8. Paragraph 1 of this article is without prejudice to the exercise by the competent authorities of disciplinary powers in relation to civil servants.

9. Nothing contained in this Convention shall affect the principle that the definition of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention and the applicable legal defenses or other legal principles determining the lawfulness of acts is within the scope of the domestic law of each State Party, and Prosecution and punishment for such crimes are carried out in accordance with this legislation.

10. States Parties shall endeavor to facilitate the reintegration into society of persons convicted of offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

Article 31
Suspension of operations (freezing), seizure and confiscation

1. Each State Party shall take, to the maximum extent possible within its domestic legal system, such measures as may be necessary to enable confiscation:

A) proceeds of crimes established as such in accordance with this Convention, or property the value of which corresponds to the value of such proceeds;

b) property, equipment and other means used or intended to be used in the commission of offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

2. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to enable the identification, tracing, freezing or seizure of any of the items referred to in paragraph 1 of this article for the purpose of subsequent confiscation.

3. Each State Party shall take, in accordance with its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to regulate the administration by the competent authorities of the frozen, seized or confiscated property referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article.

4. If such proceeds of crime have been converted or converted, partially or fully, into other property, then the measures specified in this article shall be applied to such property.

5. If such proceeds of crime have been intermingled with property acquired from lawful sources, the portion of the property corresponding to the assessed value of the intermingled proceeds shall, without prejudice to any powers of freezing or seizure, be subject to confiscation.

6. Profits or other benefits derived from such proceeds of crime, from property into which such proceeds of crime have been converted or converted, or from property to which such proceeds of crime have been attached shall also be subject to the measures specified in this article in the same manner and to the same extent as in relation to proceeds of crime.

7. For the purposes of this article and article 55 of this Convention, each State Party shall authorize its courts or other competent authorities to order the production or seizure of bank, financial or commercial documents. The State Party does not shy away from taking measures in accordance with the provisions of this paragraph, citing the need to maintain bank secrecy.

8. States Parties may consider requiring the offender to prove the lawful origin of such alleged proceeds of crime or other property subject to confiscation, to the extent that such a requirement is consistent with the fundamental principles of their domestic law and the nature of judicial and other proceedings.

10. Nothing contained in this article shall affect the principle that the measures referred to herein shall be determined and implemented in accordance with and subject to the provisions of the domestic law of a State Party.

Article 32
Protection of witnesses, experts and victims

1. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures, in accordance with its domestic legal system and within its capabilities, to provide effective protection against potential retaliation or intimidation for witnesses and experts who testify in connection with offenses established as such in accordance with this Convention and, where appropriate, in relation to their relatives and other persons close to them.

2. The measures provided for in paragraph 1 of this article, without prejudice to the rights of the accused, including the right to due process, may, inter alia, include:

A) establishing procedures for the physical protection of such persons, for example, to the extent necessary and practicable, for their relocation to another location, and making provisions that permit, in appropriate cases, the non-disclosure of information relating to identity and location such persons, or establish restrictions on such disclosure of information;

b) Adopting rules of evidence to allow witnesses and experts to testify in a manner that ensures the safety of those individuals, such as allowing testimony to be given via communications, such as video or other appropriate means.

3. The participating states are considering the possibility of concluding agreements or arrangements with other states regarding the resettlement of persons specified in paragraph 1 of this article.

4. The provisions of this article also apply to victims to the extent that they are witnesses.

5. Each State Party shall create, subject to its domestic law, opportunities for the expression and consideration of the views and concerns of victims at appropriate stages of criminal proceedings against the perpetrators of crimes, in a manner that does not prejudice the rights of the defense.

Article 33
Protection of whistleblowers

Each State Party shall consider including in its domestic legal system appropriate measures to ensure that any persons who, in good faith and on reasonable grounds, report to the competent authorities any facts relating to offenses established in accordance with this Convention are protected from any unfair treatment.

Article 34
Consequences of corrupt acts

With due regard to the rights acquired in good faith by third parties, each State Party shall take measures, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, to address the consequences of corruption. In this context, States Parties may consider corruption as a relevant factor in proceedings for the annulment or termination of contracts, or the withdrawal of concessions or other similar instruments, or the adoption of other remedial measures.

Article 35
Compensation for damage

Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with the principles of its domestic law, to ensure that legal or natural persons who have suffered damage as a result of any act of corruption have the right to bring proceedings against those liable responsibility for this damage, to obtain compensation.

Article 36
Specialized bodies

Each State Party shall ensure, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its legal system, that there is an authority or authorities or persons specialized in combating corruption through law enforcement measures. Such body or bodies or persons shall be provided with the necessary independence, in accordance with the fundamental principles of the legal system of the State Party, so that they can perform their functions effectively and without any undue influence. Such persons or employees of such body or bodies shall be suitably qualified and resourced to carry out their tasks.

Article 37
Cooperation with law enforcement agencies

1. Each State Party shall take appropriate measures to encourage persons who are or have been involved in the commission of an offense established in accordance with this Convention to provide information useful to the competent authorities for investigative and evidentiary purposes, and providing factual, concrete assistance to competent authorities that can help deprive criminals of the proceeds of crime and take steps to recover such proceeds.

2. Each State Party shall consider providing for the possibility of mitigation, in appropriate cases, of the punishment of an accused person who substantially cooperates in the investigation or prosecution of any offense established in accordance with this Convention.

3. Each State Party shall consider making provision, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, for granting immunity from prosecution to a person who substantially cooperates in the investigation or prosecution of an offense established as such. in accordance with this Convention.

4. The protection of such persons, mutatis mutandis, shall be carried out in the manner provided for in Article 32 of this Convention.

5. Where a person referred to in paragraph 1 of this article who is located in one State Party is likely to co-operate substantially with the competent authorities of another State Party, the States Parties concerned may consider entering into agreements or arrangements in accordance with with its domestic law regarding the possible provision by another State Party of such person of the treatment referred to in paragraphs 2 and 3 of this article.

Article 38
Cooperation between national authorities

Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to encourage, in accordance with its domestic law, cooperation between, on the one hand, its public authorities and public officials and, on the other hand, its authorities responsible for investigating and prosecution in connection with criminal offences. Such cooperation may include:

A) providing such responsible authorities with information, on its own initiative, if there are reasonable grounds to believe that any of the offenses established in accordance with Articles 15, 21 and 23 of this Convention have been committed; or

b) providing such responsible authorities, upon request, with all necessary information.

Article 39
Cooperation between national authorities and the private sector

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to encourage, in accordance with its domestic law, cooperation between national investigative and prosecutorial authorities and private sector entities, in particular financial institutions, in matters relating to the commission of offenses recognized such in accordance with this Convention.

2. Each State Party shall consider encouraging its citizens and other persons normally resident in its territory to report to national investigative and prosecutorial authorities the commission of any offense established in accordance with this Convention.

Article 40
Banking secrecy

Each State Party shall ensure, in the case of domestic criminal investigations in connection with offenses established in accordance with this Convention, that there are appropriate mechanisms within its domestic legal system to overcome obstacles that may arise from the application of bank secrecy laws.

Article 41
Criminal record

Each State Party may take such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to take into account, under such conditions and for such purposes as it considers appropriate, any previous conviction in another State of a person suspected of having committed the offense under investigation, for the use of such information in criminal proceedings in connection with an offense established in accordance with this Convention.

Article 42
Jurisdiction

1. Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offenses established in accordance with this Convention when:

A) the offense was committed in the territory of that State Party; or

b) the offense was committed on board a ship that was flying the flag of that State Party at the time the offense was committed, or an aircraft that was registered under the laws of that State Party at such time.

2. Subject to article 4 of this Convention, a State Party may also establish jurisdiction over any such offense where:

A) the offense was committed against a national of that State Party; or

b) the offense was committed by a national of that State Party or a stateless person who ordinarily resides in its territory; or

c) the offense is one of the offenses established in accordance with paragraph 1 b(ii) Article 23 of this Convention, and committed outside its territory for the purpose of committing any offense established in accordance with paragraph 1 A i) or ii) or b i) Article 23 of this Convention, on its territory; or

d) the crime has been committed against that State Party.

3. For the purposes of article 44 of this Convention, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offenses established in accordance with this Convention when the person suspected of having committed the offense is present in its territory and it does not extradite such a person merely on the ground that he is one of its citizens.

4. Each State Party may also take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offenses established in accordance with this Convention when the person suspected of having committed the offense is present in its territory and it does not extradite his.

5. If a State Party exercising its jurisdiction pursuant to paragraph 1 or 2 of this article is notified or otherwise becomes aware that any other States Parties are conducting an investigation, prosecution or trial in connection with the same act, the competent authorities these States Parties shall, as appropriate, consult with each other with a view to coordinating their actions.

6. Without prejudice to the rules of general international law, this Convention does not exclude the exercise of any criminal jurisdiction established by a State Party in accordance with its domestic law.

Chapter IV. The international cooperation

Article 43
The international cooperation

1. States Parties shall cooperate in criminal matters in accordance with articles 44 to 50 of this Convention. Where appropriate and consistent with their domestic legal systems, States Parties shall consider assisting each other in investigations and proceedings in civil and administrative matters relating to corruption.

2. When, in matters of international cooperation, compliance with the principle of dual criminality is required, this principle shall be deemed to have been satisfied regardless of whether the law of the requested State Party includes the act in question in the same category of offenses or describes it in the same terms, as the requesting State Party, if the act constituting the offense for which assistance is requested is established as a criminal offense under the laws of both States Parties.

Article 44
Issue

1. This article shall apply to offenses established in accordance with this Convention if the person in respect of whom extradition is sought is located in the territory of the requested State Party, provided that the offense for which extradition is sought is punishable under domestic law of both the requesting State Party and the requested State Party.

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, a State Party whose law so permits may grant the extradition of a person in connection with any of the offenses covered by this Convention which are not punishable under its own domestic law.

3. If the request for extradition relates to several separate crimes, at least one of which may give rise to extradition under this article, and the others cannot give rise to extradition due to the length of the sentence for them, but relate to crimes recognized as such in accordance with this article Convention, the requested State Party may apply this article also in relation to these crimes.

4. Each of the offenses to which this article applies shall be deemed to be included as an extraditable offense in any extradition treaty existing between States Parties. States Parties undertake to include such offenses as extraditable offenses in any extradition treaty concluded between them. A State Party whose law so permits, when it uses this Convention as a ground for extradition, shall not consider any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention to be a political offence.

5. If a State Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another State Party with which it does not have an extradition treaty, it may consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of any offense to which This article applies.

6. A State Party making extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty:

A) shall, at the time of depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to this Convention, inform the Secretary-General of the United Nations whether it will use this Convention as the legal basis for cooperation in matters of extradition with other States Parties to this Convention ; And

b) if it does not use this Convention as the legal basis for cooperation in matters of extradition, shall endeavor, where appropriate, to conclude extradition treaties with other States Parties to this Convention for the purpose of applying this article.

7. States Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall, between themselves, recognize the offenses to which this article applies as extraditable offences.

8. Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided by the domestic law of the requested State Party or applicable extradition treaties, including, inter alia, conditions relating to minimum penalty requirements for extradition and the grounds on which the requested State Party may refuse in the issue.

9. In relation to any offense to which this article applies, States Parties shall, subject to their domestic law, endeavor to expedite extradition procedures and simplify the associated evidentiary requirements.

10. Subject to the provisions of its domestic law and its extradition treaties, the requested State Party, upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant and are urgent, and at the request of the requesting State Party, may take into custody a person within its territory, whose extradition is requested, or to take other appropriate measures to ensure his presence during the extradition proceedings.

11. A State Party in whose territory a person suspected of having committed an offense is located, if it does not extradite such person in connection with an offense to which this article applies solely on the ground that he is one of its nationals, shall, request of the State Party requesting extradition to submit the case without undue delay to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. These authorities shall take their decision and conduct their proceedings in the same manner as in the case of any other offense of a dangerous nature under the domestic law of that State Party. The States Parties concerned shall cooperate with each other, in particular on procedural and evidentiary matters, to ensure the effectiveness of such prosecutions.

12. In all cases in which a State Party is permitted under its domestic law to extradite or otherwise transfer one of its nationals only on the condition that that person is returned to that State Party to serve the sentence imposed as a result of the trial or proceeding, in connection with which the extradition or surrender of that person has been requested, and that State Party and the State Party requesting the extradition of that person have agreed to such order and other conditions as they may consider appropriate, such conditional extradition or surrender shall be sufficient to satisfy the obligation established in paragraph 11 of this article.

13. If extradition sought for the purpose of carrying out a sentence is refused because the person sought is a national of the requested State Party, the requested State Party, if its domestic law so permits and if it complies with the requirements of such law, at the request of the requesting State Party -Party is considering the execution of a sentence or the remainder of a sentence imposed under the domestic law of the requesting State Party.

14. Any person subject to proceedings in connection with any offense to which this article applies shall be guaranteed fair treatment at all stages of the proceedings, including the enjoyment of all rights and guarantees provided for by the domestic law of the State Party in whose territory the person is located. .

15. Nothing in this Convention shall be interpreted as creating an obligation to extradite if the requested State Party has substantial grounds for believing that the request for extradition is intended to prosecute or punish a person on account of his sex, race, religion, nationality or ethnic origin or political opinion, or that granting the request would be detrimental to that person's position for any of these reasons.

16. States Parties may not refuse a request for extradition solely on the ground that the offense is also considered to involve tax matters.

17. Before refusing extradition, the requested State Party shall, where appropriate, consult with the requesting State Party in order to provide it with adequate opportunities to express its views and provide information relevant to the facts stated in its request.

18. The participating States shall endeavor to enter into bilateral and multilateral agreements or arrangements for the purpose of effecting or enhancing the effectiveness of the issuance.

Article 45
Transfer of convicted persons

States Parties may consider concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements for the transfer of persons sentenced to imprisonment or other deprivation of liberty for offenses established in accordance with this Convention so that they may serve their sentences in their territory.

Article 46
Mutual legal assistance

1. States Parties shall provide each other with the widest possible mutual legal assistance in the investigation, prosecution and trial of offenses covered by this Convention.

2. Mutual legal assistance shall be provided to the fullest extent possible under the relevant laws, international treaties, agreements and arrangements of the requested State Party in relation to the investigation, prosecution and trial of offenses punishable in the requesting State Party. a legal entity may be involved in accordance with Article 26 of this Convention.

3. Mutual legal assistance provided in accordance with this article may be requested for any of the following purposes:

A) obtaining evidence or statements from individuals;

b) service of court documents;

With) conducting a search and seizure, as well as suspending operations (freezing);

d) inspection of objects and areas of the area;

e) provision of information, material evidence and expert assessments;

f) providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and materials, including government, banking, financial, corporate or commercial documents;

g) identifying or tracing proceeds of crime, property, instrumentalities or other items for evidentiary purposes;

h) facilitating the voluntary appearance of relevant persons before the authorities of the requesting State Party;

i) provision of any other type of assistance not contrary to the domestic legislation of the requested State Party;

j) identification, freezing and tracing of proceeds of crime in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of this Convention;

k) seizure of assets in accordance with the provisions of Chapter V of this Convention.

4. Without prejudice to domestic law, the competent authorities of a State Party may, without prior request, transmit information relating to criminal matters to a competent authority in another State Party where they consider that such information may assist that authority in carrying out or the successful completion of an investigation and prosecution or may result in a request made by that State Party in accordance with this Convention.

5. The transfer of information in accordance with paragraph 4 of this article is carried out without prejudice to the investigation and criminal proceedings in the state of the competent authorities providing the information. Competent authorities receiving information will comply with requests to keep the information confidential, even on a temporary basis, or will comply with restrictions on its use. This shall not, however, prevent the State Party receiving the information from disclosing in the course of proceedings therein information that exonerates the accused. In such a case, before disclosing the information, the State Party receiving the information shall notify the State Party providing the information and, if so requested, consult with the State Party providing the information. If in exceptional cases, advance notice is not possible, the State Party receiving the information shall promptly report such disclosure to the State Party providing the information.

6. The provisions of this article shall not affect the obligations under any other treaty, whether bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual legal assistance.

7. Paragraphs 9 to 29 of this article shall apply to requests made under this article unless the States Parties concerned are bound by any mutual legal assistance treaty. If those States Parties are bound by such a treaty, the relevant provisions of that treaty shall apply, unless the States Parties agree to apply paragraphs 9 to 29 of this article instead. States Parties are urged to apply these paragraphs if this facilitates cooperation.

8. Participating States shall not refuse to provide mutual legal assistance under this article on the basis of bank secrecy.

A) The requested State Party, in responding to a request for assistance under this article in the absence of dual criminality, shall take into account the purposes of this Convention as set out in article 1;

b) States Parties may refuse assistance under this article on the basis of lack of dual criminality. However, the requested State Party will provide assistance, where consistent with the basic concepts of its legal system, as long as such assistance does not involve coercive measures. Such assistance may be refused where the requests involve matters of a de minimis nature or matters in respect of which the cooperation or assistance requested could be provided under other provisions of this Convention;

With) Each State Party may consider taking such measures as may be necessary to enable it to provide greater assistance under this article in the absence of dual criminality.

10. A person who is in custody or serving a prison sentence in the territory of one State Party and whose presence in another State Party is required for the purposes of identification, giving evidence or otherwise assisting in obtaining evidence for an investigation, prosecution or trial in connection with the offenses covered by this Convention may be transferred subject to the following conditions:

A) this person freely gives his informed consent;

b) the competent authorities of both States Parties have reached agreement on such terms and conditions as those States Parties may consider appropriate.

11. For the purposes of paragraph 10 of this article:

A) The State Party to which a person is transferred shall have the right and obligation to keep the transferred person in custody, unless the State Party from which the person was transferred requests or authorizes otherwise;

b) The State Party to which a person is transferred shall promptly fulfill its obligation to return that person to the custody of the State Party that transferred the person, as previously agreed or as otherwise agreed upon by the competent authorities of both States Parties;

With) The State Party to which a person is surrendered shall not require the State Party from which the person was transferred to initiate extradition proceedings for his return;

d) the transferred person shall receive credit for the period of detention in the State Party to which he or she was transferred for the term of the sentence served in the State from which he or she was transferred.

12. Without the consent of a State Party required to surrender a person in accordance with paragraphs 10 and 11 of this article, that person, whatever his nationality, shall not be subject to criminal prosecution, detention, punishment or any other restriction on him. personal liberty in the territory of the State to which the person is transferred, in connection with an act, omission or conviction relating to the period prior to his departure from the territory of the State to which the person was transferred.

13. Each State Party shall designate a central authority which shall be responsible for receiving requests for mutual legal assistance and either executing them or transmitting them for execution to the competent authorities and having the appropriate powers. If a State Party has a special region or territory with a separate system of mutual legal assistance, it may designate a special central authority to perform the same function in relation to that region or territory. Central authorities shall ensure the prompt and proper execution or transmission of requests received. If the central authority transmits a request to the competent authority for execution, it shall facilitate the prompt and proper execution of the request by the competent authority. When each State Party deposits its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to this Convention, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be notified of the central authority designated for that purpose. Requests for mutual legal assistance and any related communications shall be transmitted to central authorities designated by the States Parties. This requirement is without prejudice to the right of a State Party to require that such requests and communications be sent to it through diplomatic channels and, in emergency circumstances where States Parties have agreed to do so, through the International Criminal Police Organization, if possible.

14. Requests shall be made in writing or, if possible, by any means capable of making a written record, in a language acceptable to the requested State Party, under conditions enabling that State Party to establish authenticity. At the time of the deposit of the instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to this Convention, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be notified of the language or languages ​​acceptable to each State Party. In exceptional circumstances and if agreed upon by the States Parties, requests may be made orally but shall be promptly confirmed in writing.

15. The request for mutual legal assistance shall indicate:

A) name of the authority making the request;

b) the nature of the matter and the nature of the investigation, prosecution or trial to which the request relates, as well as the name and functions of the authority conducting the investigation, prosecution or trial;

With) a summary of the relevant facts, except as regards requests for service of court documents;

d) a description of the assistance requested and details of any specific procedure which the requesting State Party wishes to be followed;

e) where possible, details of the identity, location and nationality of any relevant person; And

f) the purpose of the evidence, information or measures requested.

16. The requested State Party may request additional information if such information appears necessary to comply with the request in accordance with its domestic law or if such information may facilitate the implementation of such a request.

17. The request will be carried out in accordance with the domestic law of the requested State Party and, to the extent not inconsistent with the domestic law of the requested State Party, in accordance with the procedures specified in the request if possible.

18. To the extent possible and consistent with fundamental principles of domestic law, if a person is present in the territory of a State Party and is to be heard as a witness or expert by the judicial authorities of another State Party, the first State Party may, at the request of another State Party, allow the hearing to take place by video link if the personal presence of the person concerned in the territory of the requesting State Party is not possible or desirable. States Parties may agree that the hearing shall be conducted by a judicial authority of the requesting State Party in the presence of representatives of a judicial authority of the requested State Party.

19. The requesting State Party shall not transmit or use information or evidence provided by the requested State Party for the purpose of investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings other than those specified in the request, without the prior consent of the requested State Party. . Nothing in this paragraph shall prevent the requesting State Party from disclosing in proceedings therein information or evidence that exonerates the accused. In this case, before disclosing the information or evidence, the requesting State Party shall notify the requested State Party and, if so requested, consult with the requested State Party. If, in exceptional cases, advance notification is not possible, the requesting State Party shall promptly communicate such disclosure to the requested State Party.

20. The requesting State Party may require that the requested State Party keep the existence and substance of the request confidential, except as necessary to carry out the request itself. If the requested State Party is unable to comply with the confidentiality requirement, it shall promptly inform the requesting State Party.

21. Mutual legal assistance may be refused:

a) if the request has not been submitted in accordance with the provisions of this article;

b) if the requested State Party considers that compliance with the request may be prejudicial to its sovereignty, security, public order or other vital interests;

c) if the domestic law of the requested State Party prohibits its authorities from taking the requested measures in respect of any similar offense if such offense were the subject of an investigation, prosecution or trial within its jurisdiction;

d) if compliance with the request would be contrary to the legal system of the requested State Party with respect to matters of mutual legal assistance.

22. States Parties may not refuse a request for mutual legal assistance solely on the ground that the offense is also considered to involve tax matters.

23. Any refusal to provide mutual legal assistance shall be motivated.

24. The requested State Party shall comply with the request for mutual legal assistance to the extent possible. short time and, as far as possible, takes full account of any time limits that are proposed by the requesting State Party and that are justified, preferably in the request itself. The requesting State Party may make reasonable requests for information regarding the status and progress of measures taken by the requested State Party to comply with its request. The requested State Party shall respond to reasonable requests from the requesting State Party regarding the status and progress of the request. The requesting State Party shall promptly inform the requested State Party that the requested assistance is no longer required.

25. Mutual legal assistance may be delayed by the requested State Party on the grounds that it would impede an ongoing investigation, prosecution or trial.

26. Before refusing a request pursuant to paragraph 21 of this article or deferring its execution pursuant to paragraph 25 of this article, the requested State Party shall consult with the requesting State Party to determine whether assistance can be provided within such time frames and under such conditions. , which the requested State Party considers necessary. If the requesting State Party accepts assistance under such conditions, it shall comply with those conditions.

27. Without prejudice to the application of paragraph 12 of this article, a witness, expert or other person who, at the request of the requesting State Party, agrees to give evidence in proceedings or to assist in an investigation, prosecution or trial in the territory of the requesting State Party , shall not be subject to criminal prosecution, detention, punishment or any other restriction of his personal liberty in that territory on account of an act, omission or conviction relating to the period prior to his departure from the territory of the requested State Party. Such guarantee of personal security shall cease to apply if the witness, expert or other person, for a period of fifteen consecutive days or for any period agreed upon between the States Parties, commencing from the date on which such person has been formally notified that his presence is no longer required by a judicial authorities, had the opportunity to leave the territory of the requesting State Party, but, nevertheless, voluntarily remained in this territory or, having left it, returned back of his own free will.

28. Normal costs associated with the execution of the request shall be borne by the requested State Party, unless the States Parties concerned agree otherwise. If the fulfillment of a request requires or will require significant or extraordinary expenses, the States Parties shall consult with a view to determining the conditions under which the request will be fulfilled, as well as the manner in which the costs will be covered.

A) provides the requesting State Party with copies of government records, documents or information in its possession that, under its domestic law, are open to public access;

b) may, at its discretion, provide to the requesting State Party, in whole or in part or subject to such conditions as it considers appropriate, copies of any government records, documents or information in its possession which, under its domestic law, are not available to the public.

30. States Parties shall consider, as appropriate, the possibility of concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements that would serve the purposes of this article, give effect to it in practice or strengthen its provisions.

Article 47
Transfer of criminal proceedings

States Parties shall consider the possibility of mutual transfer of proceedings for the prosecution of an offense established in accordance with this Convention in cases where such transfer is considered to be in the interests of the proper administration of justice, in particular in cases where multiple jurisdictions are involved. , to ensure the consolidation of criminal cases.

Article 48
Cooperation between law enforcement agencies

1. States Parties shall cooperate closely with each other, acting in accordance with their domestic legal and administrative systems, with a view to increasing the effectiveness of law enforcement measures to combat the offenses covered by this Convention. Participating States shall, in particular, take effective measures aimed at:

a) strengthening or, where necessary, establishing channels of communication between their competent authorities, institutions and services in order to ensure reliable and fast exchange information on all aspects of the offenses covered by this Convention, including, if the States Parties concerned consider it appropriate, links to other types of criminal activity;

b) cooperation with other States Parties in carrying out investigations into offenses covered by this Convention with a view to identifying:

i) the identity, location and activities of persons suspected of participating in the commission of such crimes, or the location of other persons involved;

ii) the movement of proceeds of crime or property resulting from the commission of such crimes;

iii) the movement of property, equipment or other means used or intended to be used in the commission of such crimes;

With) provision, where appropriate, of the necessary items or quantities of substances for the purposes of analysis or investigation;

d) sharing, as appropriate, with other States Parties information on the specific means and methods used to commit offenses covered by this Convention, including the use of false identities, false, altered or counterfeit documents and other means to conceal activities;

e) promoting effective coordination between their competent authorities, agencies and services and encouraging the exchange of personnel and other experts, including, subject to the conclusion of bilateral agreements or arrangements by the States Parties concerned, the posting of liaison officers;

f) exchange of information and coordination of administrative and other measures taken in appropriate cases with a view to the early detection of offenses covered by this Convention.

2. For the purposes of the practical application of this Convention, States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements for direct cooperation between their law enforcement authorities, and, where such agreements or arrangements already exist, modifying them. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements between the States Parties concerned, States Parties may consider this Convention as the basis for mutual law enforcement cooperation in relation to the offenses covered by this Convention. Where appropriate, States Parties shall make full use of agreements or arrangements, including mechanisms of international or regional organizations, to enhance cooperation between their law enforcement authorities.

3. States Parties shall endeavor to cooperate, within the limits of their capabilities, to combat crimes covered by this Convention that are committed using modern technology.

Article 49
Joint investigations

States Parties shall consider concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements whereby, in cases subject to investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings in one or more States, the competent authorities concerned may establish joint investigation bodies. In the absence of such agreements or arrangements, joint investigations may be conducted by agreement on a case-by-case basis. The States Parties concerned shall ensure full respect for the sovereignty of the State Party on whose territory such an investigation is to take place.

Article 50
Special Investigation Techniques

1. In order to combat corruption effectively, each State Party shall, to the extent permitted by the fundamental principles of its domestic legal system and subject to the conditions established by its domestic law, take, within its capabilities, such measures as may be necessary , in order to permit the appropriate use by its competent authorities of controlled deliveries and, where it considers appropriate, the use of other special investigative techniques, such as electronic surveillance or other forms of surveillance and undercover operations, on its territory, as well as with to ensure that evidence collected through such methods is admissible in court.

2. For the purpose of investigating offenses covered by this Convention, States Parties are encouraged to enter into, as appropriate, appropriate bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements for the use of such special investigative techniques in the context of cooperation at the international level. Such agreements or arrangements are concluded and implemented in full respect of the principle of sovereign equality of states and are implemented in strict accordance with the terms of these agreements or arrangements.

3. In the absence of an agreement or arrangement referred to in paragraph 2 of this article, decisions regarding the use of such special investigative techniques at the international level shall be taken on a case-by-case basis and may, if necessary, take into account financial arrangements and mutual understandings regarding the exercise of jurisdiction of the States Parties concerned.

4. Decisions to use controlled deliveries at the international level may, with the consent of the States Parties concerned, include methods such as intercepting goods or assets and leaving them intact or removing or replacing them, in whole or in part.

Chapter V. Measures for asset recovery

Article 51
General position

Asset recovery under this chapter is a fundamental principle of this Convention, and States Parties shall provide each other with the widest possible cooperation and assistance in this regard.

Article 52
Preventing and detecting transfers of proceeds of crime

1. Without prejudice to Article 14 of this Convention, each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary under its domestic law to require financial institutions subject to its jurisdiction to verify the identity of customers, take reasonable steps to identify the beneficial owners of funds deposited in high value accounts, and implement greater controls on accounts attempted to be opened or maintained by individuals who have or have held significant public authority, their family members and closely related associates or on behalf of any of the above persons. Such enhanced controls are reasonably designed to identify suspicious transactions for the purpose of reporting them to competent authorities, and should not be construed as preventing or prohibiting financial institutions from doing business with any legitimate customer.

2. In order to facilitate the implementation of the measures provided for in paragraph 1 of this article, each State Party, in accordance with its domestic law and guided by relevant initiatives of regional, interregional and multilateral organizations to combat money laundering:

A) Issues guidance on those categories of individuals or entities in respect of whose accounts financial institutions subject to its jurisdiction would be expected to apply more stringent controls, the types of accounts and transactions to which special attention should be given, and appropriate measures on the opening and maintenance of accounts, as well as the maintenance of accounts, which should be accepted in relation to such accounts; And

b) shall, where appropriate, notify financial institutions subject to its jurisdiction, at the request of another State Party or on its own initiative, of the identity of specific individuals or entities with respect to whose accounts such institutions will be expected to apply enhanced controls, in addition to those persons whose identities financial institutions may otherwise establish.

3. In the context of paragraph 2 a of this article, each State Party shall take measures to ensure that its financial institutions maintain, for an appropriate period of time, proper records of accounts and transactions involving persons referred to in paragraph 1 of this article, which shall include, at a minimum, information concerning the identity of the client and, as far as possible, the beneficial owner.

4. With a view to preventing and detecting the transfer of proceeds of offenses established in accordance with this Convention, each State Party shall take appropriate and effective measures to prevent, through its regulatory and supervisory authorities, the establishment of banks that do not have a physical presence and that are not affiliated with any regulated financial group. In addition, States Parties may consider requiring their financial institutions not to enter into or continue correspondent banking relationships with such institutions, and to guard against establishing relationships with foreign financial institutions that permit the use of accounts with them by banks that do not have a physical presence or which are not affiliated with any regulated financial group.

5. Each State Party shall consider establishing, in accordance with its domestic law, effective systems for the disclosure of financial information concerning relevant public officials and shall establish appropriate sanctions for non-compliance with these requirements. Each State Party shall also consider taking such measures as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities to exchange such information with competent authorities in other States Parties when necessary for the investigation, assertion of rights and measures to recover proceeds from offenses established in accordance with this Convention.

6. Each State Party shall consider taking such measures as may be necessary, in accordance with its domestic law, to provide for appropriate public officials having an interest in or signature or other authority in respect of any financial account in any foreign country, the requirement to report it to the appropriate authorities and maintain proper records relating to such accounts. Such measures also provide for the application of appropriate sanctions for failure to comply with these requirements.

Article 53
Measures for direct return of property

Each State Party, in accordance with its domestic law:

A) take such measures as may be necessary to permit another State Party to bring civil actions in its courts to establish title to or ownership of property acquired as a result of the commission of any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention;

b) take such measures as may be necessary to enable its courts to order those persons who have committed offenses established in accordance with this Convention to pay compensation or damages to another State Party which has suffered damage as a result of the commission of such offences; And

With) shall take such measures as may be necessary to enable its courts or competent authorities, when making orders of confiscation, to recognize the claims of another State Party as the legal owner of property acquired as a result of the commission of any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention .

Article 54
Mechanisms for the seizure of property through international cooperation in confiscation

1. Each State Party, for the purpose of providing mutual legal assistance under article 55 of this Convention in respect of property acquired as a result of the commission of any of the offenses established in accordance with this Convention, or used in the commission of such offences, in accordance with its domestic legislation:

A) take such measures as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities to enforce orders of confiscation issued by the courts of another State Party;

b) take such measures as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities, within their jurisdiction, to make orders for confiscation of such property foreign origin when adjudicating in connection with the offenses of money laundering or such other offenses as may fall within its jurisdiction, or using other procedures permitted by its domestic law; And

With) shall consider taking such measures as may be necessary to enable the confiscation of such property without conviction in criminal proceedings in cases where the offender cannot be prosecuted by reason of death, concealment or absence or in other appropriate cases.

2. Each State Party, for the purpose of providing mutual legal assistance upon a request made pursuant to paragraph 2 of Article 55 of this Convention, in accordance with its domestic law:

A) shall take such measures as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities to freeze or seize property pursuant to a freezing or seizure order issued by a court or competent authority of the requesting State Party and which sets out reasonable grounds enabling the requested State Party believe that there are sufficient reasons for taking such action and that the property will ultimately be subject to a confiscation order for the purposes of paragraph 1 A this article;

b) shall take such measures as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities to freeze or seize property upon a request which sets out reasonable grounds enabling the requested State Party to believe that there are sufficient grounds for taking such measures and that in relation thereto the property will ultimately be subject to a confiscation order for the purposes of paragraph 1 A this article; And

With) considers taking additional measures to allow its competent authorities to retain property for the purpose of confiscation, for example, on the basis of a foreign seizure order or criminal charges in connection with the acquisition of such property.

Article 55
International cooperation for confiscation purposes

1. A State Party that has received from another State Party within whose jurisdiction an offense established in accordance with this Convention falls a request for the confiscation of the proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other items referred to in article 31, paragraph 1, of this Convention means of committing crimes located in its territory, to the maximum extent possible within the framework of its internal legal system:

A) forwards this request to its competent authorities with a view to obtaining a decree of confiscation and, if such a decree is issued, carries it out; or

b) forward to its competent authorities an order of confiscation issued by a court in the territory of the requesting State Party in accordance with Article 31, paragraph 1, and paragraph 1 A Article 54 of this Convention, for the purpose of its execution to the extent specified in the request and to the extent that it relates to the proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other instrumentalities referred to in the commission of crimes located in the territory of the requested State Party paragraph 1 of article 31.

2. Upon receipt of a request made by another State Party under whose jurisdiction any offense established in accordance with this Convention falls, the requested State Party shall take measures to identify, trace, freeze or seize the proceeds of crime, property, equipment or other means of committing the offenses referred to in article 31, paragraph 1, of this Convention, with a view to subsequent confiscation ordered either by the requesting State Party or, as requested under paragraph 1 of this article, by the requested State Party.

3. The provisions of Article 46 of this Convention shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to this Article. In addition to the information specified in article 46, paragraph 15, requests made under this article shall contain:

A) A of this article, a description of the property to be confiscated, including, to the extent possible, the location and, where appropriate, the estimated value of the property and a statement of the facts relied upon by the requesting State Party that are sufficient to the requested State Party could take steps to make an order under its domestic law;

b) in relation to the request provided for in paragraph 1 b of this article - a legally admissible copy of the order of confiscation issued by the requesting State Party on which the request is based, a statement of facts and information regarding the scope of the order requested, a statement indicating the measures taken by the requesting State Party to provide adequate notice bona fide third parties and due process of law, and a statement that the forfeiture order is final;

With) in the case of a request under paragraph 2 of this article, a statement of the facts relied upon by the requesting State Party and a description of the measures requested, and, if available, a legally admissible copy of the order on which the request is based.

4. The decisions or measures provided for in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article shall be taken by the requested State Party in accordance with the provisions of its domestic law and its procedural rules or any bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements to which it may be bound in relations with the requesting State. -by the participant, and subject to their compliance.

5. Each State Party shall provide to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the texts of its laws and regulations giving effect to the provisions of this article, as well as the texts of any subsequent amendments to such laws and regulations or a description thereof.

6. If a State Party wishes to make the adoption of the measures referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article conditional on the existence of a relevant treaty, that State Party shall consider this Convention to be a necessary and sufficient treaty basis.

7. Cooperation under this article may also be refused or interim measures may be withdrawn if the requested State Party does not receive sufficient evidence in a timely manner or if the property is of minimal value.

8. Before lifting any interim measure taken pursuant to this article, the requested State Party shall, whenever possible, provide the requesting State Party with an opportunity to state its reasons for continuing the measure.

9. The provisions of this article shall not be interpreted in such a way as to prejudice the rights of bona fide third parties.

Article 56
Special cooperation

Without prejudice to its domestic law, each State Party shall endeavor to adopt measures to enable it to transmit, without prejudice to its own investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings, information concerning the proceeds of crime established in accordance with this Convention to another State Party without preliminary request when it considers that the disclosure of such information may assist the receiving State Party in initiating or conducting an investigation, criminal prosecution or judicial proceedings or may result in that State Party making a request under this chapter of the Convention.

Article 57
Return of assets and disposal of them

1. Property confiscated by a State Party under article 31 or article 55 of this Convention shall be disposed of, including the return of such property to its previous lawful owners, in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article, by that State Party in accordance with the provisions of this Convention and its domestic law.

2. Each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as may be necessary to enable its competent authorities to return confiscated property when acting on a request made by another State Party, in accordance with this Convention, subject to the rights of bona fide third parties.

3. Subject to articles 46 and 55 of this Convention and paragraphs 1 and 2 of this article, the requested State Party:

A) in the case of embezzlement of public funds or laundering of stolen public funds, as provided for in Articles 17 and 23 of this Convention, if the confiscation has been effected in accordance with Article 55 and on the basis of a final judgment rendered in the requesting State Party, which requirement may be withdrawn by the requested State Party, - returns the confiscated property to the requesting State Party;

b) in the case of the proceeds of any other offense covered by this Convention, if the confiscation was made in accordance with Article 55 of this Convention and pursuant to a final judgment rendered in the requesting State Party, which requirement may be waived by the requested State Party, - returns confiscated property to the requesting State Party if the requesting State Party reasonably establishes to the requested State Party its pre-existing title to such confiscated property or if the requested State Party accepts damage caused to the requesting State Party as a basis for the return of the confiscated property;

With) in all other cases, shall give priority consideration to the return of confiscated property to the requesting State Party, the return of such property to its previous legal owners, or the payment of compensation to victims of crime.

4. In appropriate cases, unless States Parties decide otherwise, the requested State Party may deduct reasonable costs incurred in the investigation, prosecution or judicial proceedings leading to the return or disposition of confiscated property under this article.

5. Where appropriate, States Parties may also give special consideration to the possibility of entering into agreements or mutually acceptable arrangements on a case-by-case basis regarding the final disposition of confiscated property.

Article 58
Units for collecting operational financial information

States Parties shall co-operate with each other to prevent and combat the transfer of proceeds of offenses established in accordance with this Convention and to promote ways and means of seizing such proceeds and, for these purposes, shall consider establishing a unit for collection of operational financial information, which will be responsible for receiving, analyzing and sending to the competent authorities reports of suspicious financial transactions.

Article 59
Bilateral and multilateral agreements and arrangements

States Parties shall consider the possibility of concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements to enhance the effectiveness of international cooperation carried out under this chapter of the Convention.

Chapter VI. Technical assistance and information exchange

Article 60
Training and technical assistance

1. Each State Party shall, to the extent necessary, develop, implement or improve specific training programs for its personnel responsible for preventing and combating corruption. Such training programs may cover, but are not limited to, the following areas:

A) effective measures to prevent, detect, investigate, punish and combat corruption, including the use of evidence-gathering and investigative techniques;

b) building capacity in the development and planning of strategic anti-corruption policies;

With) training of competent authorities in drafting requests for mutual legal assistance that meet the requirements of this Convention;

d) assessment and strengthening of institutions, public service management and public financial management, including public procurement, and the private sector;

e) preventing the transfer of proceeds from crimes established in accordance with this Convention, as well as the seizure of such proceeds;

f) identification and suspension of transactions for the transfer of proceeds of crimes recognized as such in accordance with this Convention;

g) monitoring the movement of the proceeds of crimes established in accordance with this Convention and the methods used to transfer, conceal or conceal such proceeds;

h) appropriate and effective legal and administrative mechanisms and methods to facilitate the recovery of the proceeds of crimes established in accordance with this Convention;

i) methods used in the protection of victims and witnesses who cooperate with judicial authorities; And

j) training of staff on issues related to national and international rules, and language learning.

2. The participating States shall, within the limits of their capabilities, consider providing each other with the widest possible technical assistance, especially for the benefit of developing countries, in connection with their respective anti-corruption plans and programs, including material support and training in areas specified in paragraph 1 of this article, as well as training and assistance and mutual exchange of relevant experience and special knowledge, which will facilitate international cooperation between participating States on issues of extradition and mutual legal assistance.

3. The participating States shall intensify, as far as necessary, efforts aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of practical and training activities in international and regional organizations and within the framework of relevant bilateral and multilateral agreements or arrangements.

4. States Parties shall consider assisting each other, upon request, in undertaking assessments, research and development concerning the types, causes, consequences and costs of corruption in their respective countries, with a view to developing, with the participation of competent authorities and society, strategies and action plans to combat corruption.

5. To facilitate the seizure of the proceeds of offenses established in accordance with this Convention, States Parties may cooperate in providing each other with the names of experts who can assist in achieving this purpose.

6. The participating States shall consider using subregional, regional and international conferences and seminars to promote cooperation and technical assistance and stimulate discussion on issues of mutual interest, including the special problems and needs of developing countries and countries with economies in transition.

7. States Parties shall consider establishing voluntary mechanisms to provide financial assistance to the efforts of developing countries and countries with economies in transition to apply this Convention through technical assistance programs and projects.

8. Each State Party shall consider making voluntary contributions to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to facilitate, through the Office, the implementation of programs and projects in developing countries for the implementation of this Convention.

Article 61
Collection, analysis and exchange of information on corruption

1. Each State Party shall consider carrying out, in consultation with experts, an analysis of trends in corruption in its territory, as well as the conditions in which corruption offenses are committed.

2. States Parties, with a view to developing, as far as possible, general definitions standards and methodologies, consider expanding and sharing statistics, analytical knowledge on corruption and information, including best practices in preventing and combating corruption, among themselves and through international and regional organizations.

3. Each State Party shall consider monitoring its anti-corruption policies and practices and assessing their effectiveness and efficiency.

Article 62
Other measures: implementation of this Convention through economic development and technical assistance

1. States Parties shall take measures to promote the optimal implementation of this Convention, as far as possible, through international cooperation, taking into account negative consequences corruption for society as a whole, including for sustainable development.

2. States Parties, to the extent possible and in coordination with each other and with international and regional organizations, shall make specific efforts to:

A) intensify its cooperation at various levels with developing countries in order to strengthen the capabilities of these countries to prevent and combat corruption;

b) extending financial and material assistance to support the efforts of developing countries to effectively prevent and combat corruption and to assist them in the successful implementation of this Convention;

With) providing technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition to help meet their needs in connection with the implementation of this Convention. To this end, States Parties shall endeavor to make, on a regular basis, sufficient voluntary contributions into an account specifically designated for this purpose in the funding mechanism established by the United Nations. States Parties may also give special consideration, in accordance with their domestic laws and the provisions of this Convention, to the possibility of transferring into the above-mentioned account a certain share of the funds or the corresponding value of the proceeds of crime or property confiscated in accordance with the provisions of this Convention;

d) encouraging and persuading other States and financial institutions, as appropriate, to join them in efforts undertaken pursuant to this Article, including by making available to developing countries more training programs and modern equipment to assist them in achieving purposes of this Convention.

3. To the extent possible, these measures shall be without prejudice to existing obligations regarding foreign aid or other financial cooperation arrangements at the bilateral, regional or international level.

4. States Parties may enter into bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements for logistical assistance, taking into account the financial arrangements necessary to ensure the effectiveness of the international cooperation provided for in this Convention and to prevent, detect and combat corruption.

Chapter VII. Implementation mechanisms

Article 63
Conference of the States Parties to the Convention

1. A Conference of States Parties to the Convention is hereby established for the purpose of enhancing the capacity of States Parties and cooperation among them to achieve the objectives set forth in this Convention and to promote the implementation of this Convention and review the progress of its implementation.

2. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall convene a Conference of the States Parties no later than one year after the entry into force of this Convention. Subsequently, regular meetings of the Conference are held in accordance with the rules of procedure adopted by the Conference of the States Parties.

3. The Conference of the States Parties shall adopt rules of procedure and rules governing the conduct of the activities referred to in this article, including rules concerning the admission and participation of observers and the payment of expenses incurred in carrying out those activities.

4. The Conference of the States Parties shall agree on activities, procedures and methods of work to achieve the objectives set out in paragraph 1 of this article, including:

A) facilitating the activities of States Parties in accordance with Articles 60 and 62 and Chapters II to V of this Convention, including by encouraging the mobilization of voluntary contributions;

b) facilitating the exchange of information among participating States on forms of corruption and trends in this area, as well as on successful methods of preventing, combating and recovering the proceeds of crime by, inter alia, publishing the relevant information referred to in this article;

With) cooperation with relevant international and regional organizations and mechanisms, as well as non-governmental organizations;

d) make proper use of relevant information produced by other international and regional mechanisms to prevent and combat corruption, to avoid unnecessary duplication of work;

e) periodically review the implementation of this Convention by its States Parties;

g) taking into account the technical assistance needs of States Parties in connection with the implementation of this Convention and making recommendations for any action it may consider necessary in this regard.

5. For the purpose of paragraph 4 of this article, the Conference of the States Parties shall receive necessary information on the measures taken by States Parties in implementing this Convention and the difficulties encountered by them in doing so, on the basis of information provided by them and through such additional review mechanisms as may be established by the Conference of States Parties.

6. Each State Party shall provide to the Conference of the States Parties information on its programmes, plans and practices, and on legislative and administrative measures aimed at implementing this Convention, as required by the Conference of the States Parties. The Conference of the States Parties shall examine the most effective means of obtaining such information and taking appropriate decisions on its basis, including, inter alia, information received from States Parties and from competent international organizations. Materials received from relevant non-governmental organizations duly accredited in accordance with procedures to be determined by a decision of the Conference of the States Parties may also be considered.

7. Subject to paragraphs 4 to 6 of this article, the Conference of the States Parties, if it considers it necessary, shall establish any appropriate mechanism or body to facilitate the effective implementation of the Convention.

Article 64
Secretariat

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary secretariat services to the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention.

2. Secretariat:

A) assist the Conference of States Parties in carrying out the activities referred to in Article 63 of this Convention, as well as organize sessions of the Conference of States Parties and provide them with the necessary services;

b) upon request, assist States Parties in providing information to the Conference of States Parties as provided for in paragraphs 5 and 6 of Article 63 of this Convention; And

With) ensures necessary coordination with the secretariats of other relevant international and regional organizations.

Chapter VIII. Final provisions

Article 65
Implementation of the Convention

1. Each State Party shall take, in accordance with the fundamental principles of its domestic law, the necessary measures, including legislative and administrative measures, to ensure the implementation of its obligations under this Convention.

2. Each State Party may take measures more stringent or severe than those provided for in this Convention to prevent and combat corruption.

Article 66
Dispute Settlement

1. States Parties shall endeavor to settle disputes concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention through negotiations.

2. Any dispute between two or more States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled by negotiation within a reasonable period of time shall, at the request of one of those States Parties, be submitted to arbitration. If, within six months from the date of the request for arbitration, those States Parties are unable to agree on its organization, any of those States Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by making an application in accordance with the Statute of the Court.

3. Each State Party may, at the time of signature, ratification, acceptance or approval of or accession to this Convention, declare that it does not consider itself bound by the provisions of paragraph 2 of this article. Other States Parties shall not be bound by the provisions of paragraph 2 of this article in relation to any State Party which has made such a reservation.

4. A State Party which has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may at any time withdraw that reservation by notification addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 67
Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession

1. This Convention shall be open for signature by all States from 9 to 11 December 2003 in Merida, Mexico, and thereafter at United Nations Headquarters in New York until 9 December 2005.

2. This Convention shall also be open for signature by regional economic integration organizations, provided that at least one of the member States of such organization has signed this Convention in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article.

3. This Convention is subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. A regional economic integration organization may deposit its instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval if at least one of its member States has done so. By such instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, such organization declares the scope of its competence with respect to the matters governed by this Convention. Such organization shall also notify the depositary of any corresponding change in the scope of its competence.

4. This Convention is open for accession by any State or any regional economic integration organization at least one of whose member States is a Party to this Convention. Instruments of accession are deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Upon accession, a regional economic integration organization declares the scope of its competence with respect to matters governed by this Convention. Such organization shall also notify the depositary of any corresponding change in the scope of its competence.

Article 68
Entry into force

1. This Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. For the purpose of this paragraph, any such instrument or instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be considered as additional to those deposited by member States of such organization.

2. For each State or regional economic integration organization which ratifies, accepts, approves or accedes to this Convention after the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification or instrument of such action, this Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit by such State or organization of the instrument concerned or on the date of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article, whichever is later.

Article 69
Amendments

1. After the expiration of five years after the entry into force of this Convention, a State Party may propose an amendment and transmit it to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall then transmit the proposed amendment to the States Parties and the Conference of the States Parties to the Convention for the purpose of considering the proposal and deciding on him. The Conference of States Parties shall make every effort to reach consensus on each amendment. If all efforts to reach consensus have been exhausted and agreement has not been reached, then, as a last resort, a two-thirds majority vote of the States Parties present and voting at a meeting of the Conference of States Parties is required for adoption of the amendment.

2. In matters within their competence, regional economic integration organizations shall exercise their right to vote in accordance with this Article, having a number of votes equal to the number of their member States that are Parties to this Convention. Such organizations do not exercise their voting rights if their member states exercise theirs, and vice versa.

3. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the States Parties.

4. An amendment adopted in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article shall enter into force in respect of a State Party ninety days after the date on which it has deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations the instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of such amendment.

5. When an amendment enters into force, it becomes binding on those States Parties that have expressed their consent to be bound by it. Other States Parties shall continue to be bound by the provisions of this Convention and any amendments previously ratified, accepted or approved by them.

Article 70
Denunciation

1. A State Party may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Such denunciation shall take effect one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General.

2. A regional economic integration organization shall cease to be a Party to this Convention when all its member States have denounced this Convention.

Article 71
Depository and languages

1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations is designated as the Depositary of this Convention.

2. The original of this Convention, the English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts of which are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed this Convention.

The United Nations Convention against Corruption is the first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument. It was adopted by UN General Assembly resolution No. 58/4 of October 31, 2003 and entered into force on December 14, 2005. Russia was one of the first to sign it in December 2003 and ratified it on March 8, 2006.

In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2008 No. 1799, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation is designated as the body responsible for implementing the provisions of the UN Convention against Corruption on all issues of mutual legal assistance, with the exception of civil law issues.

Representatives of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation receive on an ongoing basis Active participation in the work of the Conference of States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption, the activities of the Intergovernmental Working Group to Review the Implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption, the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Prevention of Corruption and the Intergovernmental Working Group on Asset Recovery.

During these events, advanced methods of combating corruption, issues of preventing, identifying and suppressing the legalization of proceeds from corruption crimes, and strengthening international cooperation in taking measures to recover assets are discussed.

On the sidelines of these meetings, the work of the mechanism for reviewing the progress of implementation by state parties of the provisions of the UN Convention against Corruption in general, and the results of assessments of countries’ implementation of the provisions of the UN Convention against Corruption are also discussed.

In 2013, in relation to the Russian Federation, the first cycle of the mechanism for reviewing the implementation of Chapters III “Criminalization and Law Enforcement” and IV “International Cooperation” of the UN Convention against Corruption was completed, following which a report was prepared and published on the official website of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation on the Internet.

According to UN experts, Russian legislation and the practice of its application generally comply with global anti-corruption standards.

At the 6th session of the Conference of States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption (November 2015), the launch of the second cycle of the mechanism for reviewing the implementation of Chapters II “Prevention of Corruption” and V “Measures for Asset Recovery” of the UN Convention against Corruption was announced.

In addition, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, as part of a joint project with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), organizes training seminars for government experts and contact persons from various countries participating in the mechanism for reviewing the implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption.

The first such seminar was organized in 2012. Representatives of the CIS countries, Central and Eastern Europe took part in it. The results of the seminar were highly appreciated by both its participants and representatives of UNODC.

The next seminar was held at the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation in June 2013. The geography of international cooperation was significantly expanded: 26 government experts from 22 countries in Europe, the CIS, as well as Africa, Asia and Latin America were trained.

In December 2014, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, in collaboration with UNODC, conducted a three-day regional training course for experts participating in the review of the implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption. Representatives of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, UNODC and World Bank, as well as experts from Brunei, Botswana, East Timor, Vietnam, Iran, Malaysia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Tanzania, Zambia, the Philippines and South Korea.



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