Flora and fauna of Crimea. Natural resource potential and problems of environmental protection of the Crimea Reserves of the main mineral resources of the Crimea

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Let's preserve the nature of Crimea Oral journal PLANT WORLD OF THE CRIMEA Prepared by students of the 10-B class of biological and chemical profile, students of the “Fundamentals of Biology” club and biology teacher, head of the club L.I. Kadyrova. The purpose of the event: to cultivate in students a love for native land and the uniqueness of its nature

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Student 1. We love Crimea, probably no less! And we love poems about him very much: - But sometimes we read humorous things, we write again, we sing... In the same way, we are attracted by the open spaces, In the same way, the song of the cicadas and the wonderful Crimean mountains are intoxicating, And the September night starfall, Dry winds and mountain paths, Vineyards, sun, wine... Beautiful lines about Taurida We’ve been reading everything avidly for a long time!

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Student 2. Since the time of Herodotus and Strabo - for more than two and a half thousand years - European civilization has become acquainted with the natural resources of Tauris. Tavrida, the Crimean peninsula, is the northernmost corner of the Mediterranean and at the same time the southernmost region of the entire Eastern Europe. The splendor and uniqueness of the Crimean nature are sung by many poets, writers, scientists and travelers. L. S. Pushkin’s Crimea is a “magical land”, Pablo Neruda’s is “an order on the chest of planet Earth”, academician A. E. Fersman’s is a “museum of nature”...

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Pupil 3. Crimea actually turns out to be an extremely attractive place, which has now turned into the largest Ukrainian resort and one of the centers of international tourism. Crimea is experiencing a real tourist boom today, which at the same time leads to an exacerbation of environmental problems. In this regard, the main question arises - how to preserve the biological and landscape diversity of the peninsula for future generations. Sustainable development protected areas here turn out to be a key direction in resolving contradictions between man and nature.

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Student 4. The modern network of protected areas in Crimea includes more than 160 objects, covering about 5% of the peninsula’s area. Among the specially protected areas - 6 nature reserves(Crimean, Yalta, Cape Martyan, Karadag, Kazantipsky, Opuksky - a third of those available in the country!), 35 landscape, hydrological, botanical, ornithological reserves, 74 natural monuments, 38 parks-monuments of landscape art and 9 protected areas. Most of them are located in the Crimean forest midlands and the Crimean Sub-Mediterranean - two of the most unique and vulnerable landscape areas of the peninsula.

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Student 5. Protection of Crimean plants is a necessary measure for the protection and preservation of the Crimean flora. In order to preserve the plants of Crimea, the following resolution was created, the decision of which reads: “Taking into account the serious danger of depletion of the flora of Crimea as a result of indiscriminate collection of flowers, which leads to their gradual destruction, it is prohibited in the territory of Crimea to collect wild flowers, dig up bulbs, tubers and roots from for the purpose of further sale, export of plants outside the Crimean territory.”

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Student 6. The order states: “The regional department of trade, the regional department of internal affairs, local executive committees and people’s deputies should take measures to stop the sale of all types of wild growing and medicinal plants" The Yalta City Executive Committee was the first in Crimea to issue a decision “On the protection of rare wild plants.” It talks about the prohibition of mass and amateur collection and sale of flowers, digging up bulbs, as well as the collection of any parts of plants as technical and medicinal raw materials. The decision lists 48 species of protected plants. Control over the implementation of this decision is entrusted to the Internal Affairs Directorate, the Yalta Forestry Agency and the management of the markets of the city of Yalta.

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Student 7. For violation of the reserve regime, the forest guard has the right to impose a fine of up to 500 hryvnia. The basis is the “Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses”, Art. 91 “Violation of rules for the protection of territories and objects of natural reserve fund.” Large number At first glance, all kinds of prohibitions are depressing. But let's think for a minute and again imagine little Crimea, the very miniature South Coast, visited by millions of vacationers and tourists, the nature of the mountainous Crimea, still lush, rich and bright, but has already lost part of its magnificent mantle.

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Student 8. Many plants, animals, and insects have become rare in Crimea due to mass destruction by people, some have disappeared completely. And we understand that all restrictions are reasonable, that they should help our internal restructuring. When the environmental education of society reaches the required level, prohibitions will no longer be necessary. In the meantime, we will have to get used to the fact that in summer free visits to the forest in the mountainous Crimea are prohibited due to the high fire danger, and that we must not violate the boundaries of nature reserves.

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SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS Student 9. Almost 130 years ago, in 1870, part of the mountain-forest landscapes in Crimea acquired the status of an imperial (royal) hunting reserve. However, the first real steps to identify and organize special protection of the most outstanding natural territories and objects were taken in Crimea only in 1917, 1918 and in the 20s on the initiative of the geologist Academician. A.P. Pavlov and zoologist Prof. I.I. Puzanova. An important stage in the organization of nature conservation in Crimea was the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated July 30, 1923 “On the Crimean State Reserve and Forest Biological Station.” In subsequent years, a number of rare natural sites on the peninsula were declared natural monuments. Nature conservation in the Crimea has been developing for many years along the path of “accumulation of forces” and organization (as valuable objects distinguished by natural diversity are discovered and described) with each decade more and more new and relatively small protected areas: reserves, reserves, natural monuments, parks -monuments of landscape gardening art, protected areas. .

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Alexey Petrovich Pavlov (1854 - September 9, 1929) Alexey Petrovich Pavlov - geologist, paleontologist, professor at Moscow University (1886), academician of the Petrograd Academy of Sciences (1916), teacher V.I. Vernadsky. With the name A.P. Pavlov is associated with the creation of the richest geological and paleontological collections at Moscow University.

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Puzanov Ivan Ivanovich (1885-1971), zoologist and zoogeographer, doctor biological sciences, professor (since 1923) of Taurida University (Simferopol). Basic research on the ecology and systematics of terrestrial animals, hydrobiology, the history of the formation of faunas, including the Crimea. Works on nature conservation, game management, history of science. Numerous natural science and popular science works, including for children and youth.

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Student 10. The need for protected nature protection in Crimea became especially noticeable after the Second World War: due to the powerful development of the chemical, mining, construction industries, transport on the peninsula, a sharp increase in population and a resort and recreational boom. IN different years Based on the research of scientists, government decisions were made that significantly increased the number and area of ​​specially protected natural territories and objects in Crimea. These studies and documents substantiated the importance of conservation as an integral part of optimal environmental management in the Crimean region, contributed to the formation of a systematic approach to protection natural uniques, conservation of landscape and biodiversity on the peninsula.

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Student 11. Over the 80 years of its development, the Reserve Fund of Crimea has become the most important indicator reference scientific and natural resource potential of the peninsula. This is a natural source of the plain-steppe, mountain-forest and southern coastal-sub-Mediterranean nature of the peninsula. At the same time, specially protected territories and objects, reflecting the degree of uniqueness of nature in different regions of the peninsula, are unevenly distributed across the landscape areas of Crimea. The Main Crimean Ridge and the Crimean Sub-Mediterranean region are characterized by the greatest reserve density. The landscape areas of the Plain Crimea, the Kerch hills and the Crimean foothills are characterized by significantly less reserve density. In general, the share of the reserve fund in Crimea accounts for 5.4% of the territory of the peninsula. This is 2.5 times higher than the same average for Ukraine as a whole, but 2 times lower than the UN recommended optimal level of reserve saturation for regions of the world.

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Student 12. The Crimean Peninsula is rightfully considered the natural treasury of Ukraine. More than 2,000 species of wild plants grow here, of which more than 100 species are Red Book plants, as well as plants recognized as protected areas. If we talk about unique vegetation, first of all it is necessary to mention the rare plants of Crimea. Some of their species are so threatened by civilization that they may disappear forever. For example, orchids are the rarest and most protected family of the Crimean flora. Almost all 45 local species of this family are Red Book plants. Many species of them need to be cultivated in order to preserve and repatriate places where they used to grow and have now disappeared.

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Cyclamen Kuznetsova (Cyclamen kuznetzovii Kotov & Czernova family Primulaceae). Student 13. Cyclamens can also be classified as rare species listed in the Red Book of Crimea. These flowers are active during the cold season. Delicate purple inflorescences of cyclamen Kos bloom directly in the snow. The only population of this representative of the primrose family in Crimea is protected in the Kubalach botanical reserve.

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Bieberstein's sprout, or "Crimean edelweiss" (Cerastium biebersteinii, Carnation family). This is a low plant - 10-12 cm - densely covered with silvery fluff of a bluish tint. The moth is widely distributed on yayla, where it prefers to live on rocky soils.

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Thyme (thyme) Dzevanovsky (Thymus dzevanovsyi, Lamiaceae family). There are 12 species of thyme in Crimea, and among them 6 species are endemic. All of them are valuable essential oils - they contain up to 0.6% essential oil, mainly thymol and corvalol.

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Teaching 14. The rich flora of Crimea contributes to the practical application of the beneficial properties of wild plants. There are about 600 species of medicinal plants in Crimea, many of which are grown, harvested and processed here industrially. An example is one of the most popular plants in Crimea - lavender. Lavender is bred mainly to extract essential oil, which is used in the perfumery and cosmetics industry, and for medicinal baths. Lavender decoction is known as a sedative and pain reliever. Lavender oil diluted with alcohol is taken for palpitations, migraines, increased irritability, and attacks of rheumatism. Lavender is known to have beneficial effects on influenza. Together with some herbs, it complements health-improving preparations for herbal teas. Branches with flowers and leaves of lavender are used in cooking as a spice.

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Measures to protect vegetation include: 1. legislative measures; 2. protection of vegetation in specially protected natural areas; 3. creation of collections of rare and endangered species in Botanical gardens and other institutions; 4. creation of “gene banks”; 5. regulation of trade in rare and endangered species.

The legislative way of protection is the adoption of laws and regulations on plant protection, incl. growing wild.

Many plants are protected in specially protected natural areas. To preserve natural flora and fauna, it is important to create an extensive network of natural reserves, for which it is proposed to create reserves with an area of ​​at least 25 km2 in each time zone at 5° latitude. These reserves should include diverse landscapes with as many species of living organisms as possible. The prototype for organizing such reserves can be Japan with its system national parks and reserves.

The conservation of rare and endangered plant species is carried out in the Botanical Gardens. In the program of IUCN and the World Fund wildlife The main tasks of the Botanical Gardens are indicated:

1. improvement of collections that are important for the conservation of plants as a source of material for scientific research, gardening and education;

2. identification of plant species and areas of botanical interest that are most in need of protection;

3. carrying out basic research on plant taxonomy;

4. conducting environmental research and monitoring of endangered plant species;

5. cultivation and introduction of plants;

6. creation of protected habitat for certain species.

Importance of cultivation and preservation rare species in botanical gardens it is emphasized that about 200 plant species are no longer found in nature, but exist in culture. These types include ginger and saffron.

To preserve the genetic material of plant species, seed banks are created. The FAO Council of Experts suggests two methods for storing seeds: preferred– storage in an airtight container at t = -18o C and seed humidity 1-5%; valid– storage in airtight or open containers with air humidity no more than 20% at t = +5o C and below. Under the preferred regime, wheat seeds are expected to last for 390 years. Such seed banks have been created in the UK and Switzerland.

Trade in plant species is regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES). Convection prohibits trade in species listed in Appendices 1 and 2. The Appendices include entire families (orchidaceae, cactaceae, cycads), genera (aloe, cyclamen, spurge) and individual species. For almost all rare species grown in culture, export to other countries is prohibited.

For the rational use of useful wild plants, it is necessary to work in five directions:

1. development of a scientifically based assessment of stocks of useful plant species, taking into account their distribution and identification of species requiring protection;

2. development of an economically justified regime for the exploitation of natural thickets of useful plants;

3. economic use of the obtained raw materials, increasing the intensity of extraction of useful substances from them;

4. creation of additional reserves of those plants the need for which has increased;

5. development of special instructions regulating the collection of useful plants.

Reproduction forest resources. There are three main areas of forest resource reproduction: reforestation, artificial afforestation and the creation of forest plantations.

Reforestation predominates in the taiga forests of North America and Europe. Artificial afforestation is used in countries with cleared or low-productivity forests, which are artificially replaced by more valuable trees. This direction is typical for Central European countries, Japan, Australia, and partly for Scandinavia. Soils and trees are subjected to increased chemical treatment.

Currently, the creation of forest plantations is widespread. The plantations produce fast-growing, highly productive, and in great demand forest species. These species are represented by hybrid species, giving 10-12 times greater growth than conventional tree stands. IN temperate zone They plant Douglas fir and lodgepole pine (annual growth up to 10 m3/year), Sitka spruce (up to 18-22 m3/year), Weymouth pine, Japanese larch, and in the southern regions - American poplars, eucalyptus, and elms. In the tropical zone, radiata pine, Elliott pine, and eucalyptus are grown. On the plantations equatorial belt tree stands can produce 5-10 times more timber than temperate plantations.

FAO estimates that only 5% of the usable area is planted with fast-growing species. Latin America and in Africa it will give 150 million hectares of artificial plantings. These forests will produce 10 times more wood than all European forests. At the age of 6-10 years, tropical forest plantations can supply raw materials for the pulp and paper industry, and by 20 years - lumber and plywood. The pace of forest plantation development is insufficient to meet the demand for wood (on the world market).

We still do not know nature well, the level of its ability to self-heal, and often, due to departmental or other interests, we simply ignore the laws of nature, relying entirely on the omnipotence of scientific and technological progress. In an effort to improve the conditions of our lives, satisfying our growing needs, humanity has created a modern global environmental problem.

For lately concentration increased significantly carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the dust content of the air has increased, and the illumination of the Earth has decreased. Emissions of various gases into the atmosphere create greenhouse effect, deplete ozone layer. Millions of tons of toxic substances circulate in the natural environment. Green areas are shrinking, the humus layer is thinning, and the area of ​​deserts is increasing. There was a problem with drinking water.

Previously, characterizing environmental situation, the reason for its deterioration was seen solely in society’s consumerist attitude towards nature.

It has been discovered that when released into the atmosphere, some substances react with each other to form more toxic compounds. Thus, the combination of the production of bromine and hydroxyacetyl compounds when released into the atmosphere produces a “cocktail”, the toxicity of which is many times greater than the toxicity of the original substances.

Discharge volumes harmful substances in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea amount to 20 million cubic meters. meters per year. Despite efforts to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere and water, the situation has not improved significantly.

The role and protection of soils is determined by the fact that it is the custodian of energy resources. Negative effects on soil and deterioration environmental situation, unfortunately, exceeds the positive influence of a person. Deterioration of soil cover and its negative changes will lead to irreparable consequences.

Lately, we are increasingly learning about emergency emissions and the regular destruction and pollution of natural objects by enterprises in the mining, heavy, chemical, energy industries, construction industries, and transport, which leads to the death of plants and various animals, causes illness and even death of people.

Forest protection is one of the main tasks set for humanity, because the forest is a living self-regulating system. The forest provides shelter for many animals living in it. It creates living conditions for many species of plants that cannot exist safely outside the forest. The forest plays a moisture-accumulating role, protects the soil from erosion, softens the climate, and makes the landscape comfortable. The deterioration of the environmental situation in Crimea requires decisive and effective measures to improve environment and its main guardian – forest ecosystems.

We are talking about creating recreational and health zones in a form where, as a result of landscaping and, above all, the creation of ecological trails, the load will not exceed acceptable standards, and the recreation area will cover no more than 10% of the forest area. Then the flow of tourists can be regulated and controlled.

The city of Saki is a region where groundwater has long been, and recently, very intensively used for the needs of the national economy.

The issue of water supply to Sak is very acute. The drinking water reserves here have been exhausted for a long time, growth and mineralization are underway. groundwater. However, the Saki City Executive Committee continues to approve the construction and location of new medical institutions with a focus on water supply from groundwater. The construction of treatment facilities lags behind here (the existing capacity of the Saki treatment plant is 4,000 cubic meters per day with a wastewater volume of 14,000 cubic meters per day; untreated wastewater is discharged into Lake Chokrak, causing its pollution). However, in recent years, in the Saki region, the largest withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation in the region has been observed.

A very acute problem is the pollution of groundwater in Crimea as a result of economic activities. Everyone participates in this “work” - industrial enterprises, agriculture, utilities, individual residents. A long-term source of manganese-alkaline contamination of groundwater is the slag storage tanks of the Saki chemical plant in the area of ​​the village of Garshino. According to departments, the manganese content in groundwater is almost 5 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration. The appearance of manganese at the Chebotarsky water intake in quantities exceeding the maximum permissible concentration was noted in individual samples. Despite a number of decisions on the liquidation of sludge storage facilities at the Saki chemical plant, the issue remains open to this day. Hydrogeological specialists believe that the continued existence of this source of pollution will lead to the failure of the Chebotarsky water intake, the main source of water supply to Evpatoria. This may happen in the coming years.

The Saki Feed Mill is a constant source of groundwater pollution with nitrogen compounds.

A number of measures are being taken to prevent salinization and pollution of groundwater. The demand for designing facilities and carrying out environmental protection measures has increased. The use of drinking quality groundwater for industrial purposes and irrigation is prohibited. Work is underway to create installations for artificial replenishment of groundwater reserves by pumping them through wells or infiltration basins.

But the measures taken are insufficient. It is necessary to carry out a set of measures - both active and passive - to restore disturbed hydrogeological conditions, namely:

Apply water-saving technologies in industry and agriculture.

Accelerate the abandonment of wells used for irrigation in the Saki region in order to improve the hydrochemical situation in centralized watersheds and the water supply conditions of Saki.

Accelerate artificial replenishment of groundwater reserves.

In addition to pollution and changes in the qualitative composition of the runoff, in the process of economic activity it is regulated and redistributed - reducing the flow of fresh water into the sea. Salinity of the natural water layer of the northwestern shelf of the Black Sea in summer period has increased significantly over the past 30 years.

The disappearance or sharp decrease in the number of many fish is explained not only by “overfishing” or an increase in water salinity, but also by water contamination.

Man, having inhabited the peninsula for a long time, used it natural resources. With the development of modern powerful technology, human activity is becoming more and more destructive every year.

In terms of global negative impacts, two closely related measures should be put in first place: the construction of the first stage of the North Crimean Canal with wide network irrigation systems; and the continuous plowing of virgin steppe areas, which led to their almost complete disappearance.

The fauna of water bodies faces many environmental problems: seas, reservoirs, lakes, ponds, rivers... Uncontrolled and unjustified use of a huge number of various pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers, excessive watering leads to the fact that a significant part of this “good” ends up in water bodies and successfully destroys everything is alive. Many factories and institutions make a significant contribution to such destruction by discharging untreated waste into the waters of rivers and seas...

The most correct way out of this situation is the complete disposal of wastewater on land, without dumping it into the sea. But it will likely take many years to fully realize this idea.

The traffic load on resort areas, which is the city of Saki, is constantly increasing. Car exhaust gases contain a lot of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, as well as nitrogen dioxide, lead compounds, etc.

Until recently, nitrogen dioxide was considered a rare component in the Earth's atmosphere. The installation of high-power engines on modern cars, which has led to an increase in the combustion temperature of fuel in them, has led to an increase in the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the air with exhaust gases.

It is necessary to scientifically develop a territorial concept for landscape protection, which should reflect the problems of maintaining sustainability natural complexes and, monitoring changes in their natural state under the influence of human economic activity, determining natural potential. It is necessary to develop a landscape cadastre, compile maps of extreme natural and anthropogenic environmental uses, maps and standards for maintaining landscape-ecological balance.

In fact, the problem of landscape protection goes far beyond the borders of Crimea. Of course, a law is needed on the protection of historically developed landscapes and on liability for their violation. New and stricter standards are needed.

The general public should be involved in the protection and preservation of recreation areas. There is a lot that needs to be done. One way or another, a radical solution to environmental problems depends on improving the culture of people, on painstaking, lengthy educational and educational work.

According to the law, land cadastre data are intended for use in the process of regulating land relations, rational use and protection of land, determining the amount of payment for land and the value of land as part of natural resources, monitoring the use and protection of land, economic and environmental justification of business plans and land management projects. That is, the land cadastre should be maintained in such a way that the needs for timely, accurate and reliable information about the current state and basic trends in the use of the land fund will be satisfied to the greatest extent. High-quality cadastral information in this context becomes the basis for the development of methods necessary to optimize land use effective management land resources and their assessment.

Despite the unconditional value of the information stored in the automated cadastral system, it is not sufficient to carry out an environmental assessment of territorial entities and individual land plots.

The basic basis for developing projects for the use of land improvement and conservation are soils; based on the agro-industrial grouping of soils, the landscape conditions of the territory can be assessed, since the composition and properties of soils in most cases are derived from the local topography and natural vegetation. But, even without paying attention to this, cadastral registration of land plots is quite promising for assessing and organizing the use of land.

A separate information layer must take into account the boundaries of protective, security and other zones provided for by law with special conditions of use, as well as coastal protective strips. This information is important for land valuation in two ways. On the one hand, a decrease in the monetary value of land plots that are included in these zones (strips) must be recorded due to the imposition of restrictions on their use, and on the other hand, these statements in most cases are mandatory for taking into account in the development of urban planning and land management design documentation.

When maintaining the land cadastre, it is necessary to take into account the territories of the national ecological border - a unified territorial system, which is created with the aim of improving the conditions for the formation and renewal of the environment, increasing the natural resource potential of the territory, preserving the landscape and biological diversity of habitats and the growth of valuable species of flora and fauna , genetic fund, migration routes of animals due to the unification of the territory and objects of the natural reserve fund, as well as other territories that are of particular value for environmental protection natural environment and are subject to special protection according to the laws.

In accordance with the projects for the formation of eco-boundaries, they have, among other things, to carry out measures to create objects of the natural reserve fund, preserve natural landscapes in areas that have historical - cultural value, implement programs for the ecological improvement of lakes, as well as measures to create and install water protection zones on coastal protective stripes water bodies, formation of environmental areas of international importance, preservation of natural landscapes on the lands of industry, transport, communications, defense.

Of course, it is impossible to implement these measures, which are very important for preserving the natural environment, without the participation of land resources authorities. The actual formation of the territory of the ecological border and the introduction of certain regimes for their use will require clear spatial fixation of the boundaries of these territories, first of all, in land cadastral documentation.

Crimea is rightly called a museum of nature. Here in the mountains and plains of Crimea there is a complex combination of more than 200 species and varieties of rocks and minerals up to 300 million years old. In the depths of the mountains there are more than 800 karst caves, mines and wells, many of which are decorated with unique sinter formations, storing the remains of the ancient fauna of the Crimean peninsula. The largest of the caves - Kizil-Koba - has 6 floors, underground river, lakes, and the total length of its galleries extends to 13.7 km. The mountain slopes are indented with grandiose valleys, gorges and canyons. The deepest of them - the Grand Canyon - is cut into the thickness of the mountains at 320 m. The Crimean waterfalls Uchan-Su, Golovkinsky, Dzhur-Dzhur, healing waters and silts of many lakes of the Crimean peninsula (Sakskoye, Sasyk, Chokrakskoye, etc.) are beautiful.

The richness of the flora of Crimea is well known: there are more than 2,600 species of wild plants, many of which are endemic (Steven's maple, Poyarkova's hawthorn, Crimean "edelweiss") or are relicts of past eras (tall juniper, small-fruited strawberry, yew berry, etc.).

All this, in conditions when about 10 million vacationers and tourists come to Crimea annually, requires exclusively a lot of attention to preserve the natural uniqueness of the peninsula.

The first steps to organize the protection of rare natural objects in Crimea were taken immediately after the October Revolution. In accordance with Lenin’s idea of ​​​​transforming Crimea into an all-Union health resort, the beginning was laid for the conservation of the nature of the peninsula. In 1923, in its mountainous part the Crimean State Nature Reserve was created. V.V. Kuibysheva. (In 1957, by resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, it was reorganized into the Crimean State Game Reserve). But the 1950s and 1970s were especially fruitful in organizing a network of specially protected natural areas in Crimea. Scientists have identified, described and mapped dozens of unique landscapes - a network of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and landscape gardening was gradually created to protect natural rarities. Their main goal is to preserve unique creations inanimate nature and rare communities of living organisms for scientific and educational purposes, to ensure the protection of the genetic fund of flora and fauna of landscapes as environmentally reproducing sources of nature.

The current network of protected landscapes in Crimea includes 157 objects total area more than 1 thousand sq km (3.7% of the territory of Crimea, one of the highest indicators of reserve saturation in Russia). This mosaic of landscape uniqueness unites 3 reserves (Yalta Mountain Forest State Reserve, Cape Martyan State Reserve, Karadag State Reserve) and the Crimean State Game Reserve (they occupy 58.6% of the total protected area peninsula) and 32 reserves (35% of the total protected area), including 15 of republican significance (Cape Aya, Mount Ayu-Dag, Grand Canyon, Black River Canyon, Kachin Canyon, Khapkhal Gorge with Jur-Jur waterfall, Mount Kubalach, section Karabi-Yayly, Kanaka tract, coast of the New World, Arabat Spit, Karkinitsky Bay, Altaninskie floodplains, “Mountain Karst of Crimea”, “Weeping Rock”). In addition, there are 17 nature reserves of local importance (the Kasiel tract, the virgin steppe of the village of Grigoryevka (Krasnogvardeisky district), Karalarsky (Leninsky district), etc.). Unique smaller ones form a network of 87 protected natural monuments (3.3% of the total protected area), among them 13 are of republican significance (Mount Koshka, Cape Karaul-Oba, Agarmysh Forest, Mount Mangup-Kale, Belbek Canyon, Mt. Ak-Kaya, Demerdzhi tract, Kizil-Koba tract and cave, Soldatskaya mine, Jau-Tepe hill, Karasu-Bashi tract, Kara-Tau mountain, Karabi-Yailinskaya basin). In addition, the protected network includes 10 protected areas (1.9% of the area of ​​the reserve fund: Bolshoy Kastel gully, Atlesha coast, Mount Opusk, Cape Kazantip, Levadki grove, forest near Topolevka, Chatyr-Daga yayla, Laspi rocks, Satery valley, Cape Alchak). Finally, the state protects 24 Crimean parks - monuments of landscape art. Among them is the State Nikitsky botanical garden and 10 parks - monuments of republican significance (Forossky, Alupkinsky, Miskhorsky, Kharaksky, Livadia, Massandrovsky, Gurzufsky, Kiparisey, the park of the Utes sanatorium, Karasansky).

In conclusion, we note that, in addition to the territorial reserve protection of natural rarities of Crimea, in 1978-1984, a significant part of the rare plants and animals of the peninsula were included in the Red Book of the USSR (vascular plants - 57 species, lower plants - 6, fungi - 7 and animals - 58 species), in 1980 - to the Red Book of the Ukrainian SSR (66 plant species and 48 animal species). The list of specially protected representatives of flora and fauna includes species that are endangered, declining in numbers or in the area of ​​their habitats. In total, there were 178 such species (listed in two Red Books - the USSR and the Ukrainian SSR) in Crimea: plants - 93 species, animals - 85. In addition, 29 species of rare plants of the peninsula were taken under protection by decisions of the Crimean Regional (1974) and Yalta City (1971) Council of People's Deputies.

Municipal budgetary educational institution “Kovylna School named after. A. Smolko" Razdolnensky district of the Republic of Crimea

Subject nature conservation in Crimea. The work of people who care about nature conservation.

class hour

Prepared by a primary school teacher

MBOU "Kovylna School named after A. Smolko"

Maksimchuk Galina Ivanovna

Subject . Nature conservation of Crimea. People's work caring about nature conservation. . Travel to the Crimean forest (green zone, steppe, mountains, etc.). Flora of the region of residence. Basic rules of conduct during a nature excursion. Reservoirs (seas, lakes, rivers, springs) and mountains: opportunities for active recreation

Goals:

educational: - understand the need to protect and protect the nature of Crimea, - expand children’s knowledge about the nature of Crimea, show its originality and uniqueness;awaken an active interest in activities to protect and improve the environment, discuss the consequences of human impact on nature;introduce students to the work of Russian artists (I.K. Aivazovsky, I.I. Levitan, A.P. Bogolyubov, K.A. Korovin), writers and poets (A.S. Pushkin, A.K. Tolstoy, M. Gorky, M.M. Kotsyubinsky and others) praising the beauty of the nature of Crimea;

educational :

– cultivate love for one’s native land; develop a sense of the need to preserve nature;form practical skills and skills of behavior in nature;

developing: – to interest students in the proposed material, to give them the opportunity to independently continue studying this topic.

Equipment : books about Crimea: Podgorodetsky. Crimea. Nature; V. Sukhorukov. Do you know Crimea; photo album. Window to nature; Legends of Crimea; Bogolyubova V.D. Nikitsky Botanical; Vorontsov E. A. Grand Canyon; magazine "Krymusha"; L. Ogurtsova. Girl and dolphin; illustrations of the nature of Crimea: plants, animals, insects, mountains, waterfalls, the Black and Azov Seas, karst caves of Crimea. Crimea peninsula.

Computer; multimedia projector; interactive whiteboard; presentation; posters - epigraphs for the lesson; markers.

Recommendations: before the lesson, students are united into groups, each group chooses a topic to complete the work:

1. Draw up rules of human behavior in nature; explain the meaning of the expression “To protect nature means to protect the Motherland”;

2. Draw environmental signs;

3. Prepare messages about interesting facts concerning the nature of Crimea;

Poems, riddles about animals and plants of Crimea.

On the board: illustrations of Crimean nature views, plants, animals.

1. Epigraph:

…I love you more and more painfully

Every meter of this strange land,

The hot sun is above her,

Hot mountains in the distance

Villages exhausted by the heat,

Herds exhausted by the heat...

Dry wind hot sighs,

The frenzied songs of the cicadas.

And in the heavy delirium of the dry wind,

In the merciless prickly dust

I continue to love without sobering up,

Every meter of this difficult land -

Let it be gloomy, let it be unsung,

Let it be so unusual in Crimea.

Yu.V. Drunina

Progress of the lesson

Student - Look at the illustrations that are in front of you on the board. Describe what you see.

Pay attention to the exhibition of books that is in front of you. Name them.(Children's answers are listened to).

Now tell me, what are we going to talk about in class today?

(About Crimea, its nature.)

Uch. We're really going to talk about unique nature Crimea, but we’ll also talk about the need to preserve it.

Teacher's story:

Teacher: Today you have the opportunity to admire one of the most beautiful places on the planet. The great Chilean poet Pablo Neruda called Crimea an order on the chest of planet Earth. Not only him, but also many other creative people were captivated by the beauty of this region, which the gods created for themselves, but then gave to people.
Crimea is a wonderful corner of generous nature, a museum under open air. How much magic is there Crimean names!

1. Acquaintance with the work of Russian artists and poets who dedicated their works to Crimea. ( Slides No. 2-4)

K.G. Paustovsky (1892-1968) wrote:

“There are corners of our land so beautiful that every visit to them evokes a feeling of happiness.... Such is Crimea...”

Polish poet A. Mickiewicz, shocked by the charm of the southern coast of Crimea, writes: “Before me is a country of magical beauty. Here the sky is clear, here the faces are so beautiful...”

“I walked here as if in a dream,” Ukrainian poet M.M. Kotsyubinsky conveys his impression.

“I walked in silent admiration...” - admitted M. Gorky in the story “My Sleeper”.

Many admiring lines about Crimea belong to the poet A.S. Pushkin. .

Crimea - amazing place, which aroused admiration from everyone who visited here. It did not leave indifferent not only writers, poets, but also artists who visited here.

The artist and teacher A. M. Dubinchik said that “Landscape is the artist’s confession.”

Questions for children:

What does confession mean? (confess, tell the truth, tell secrets)

And what can artists confess and confess to us, the audience, when depicting nature? (in love for her)

View the slide presentation "Crimea in the works of artists": (Slides No. 5-9)

1. I.K. Aivazovsky "Moonlit Night in Crimea"

2. L.I. Levitan "Crimean Coast"

3. A.P. Bogolyubov "Gurzuf and Ayu-Dag",

4. A. Kuindzhi "Crimea. Yayla",

5 .K.A. Korovin.

The Crimean Peninsula is one of the southern peninsulas of Europe. The area of ​​the peninsula is about 26 thousand square meters. km, the length of Crimea from north to south is 205 km, from east to west is 324 km. Crimea is characterized by the unique presence of 2 climatic zones: on the South Coast - subtropics, throughout the rest of the territory - warm temperate continental climate. This allows the peninsula to rightfully bear the name of the pearl of Europe. The nature of Crimea is unique. Here in Crimea, diverse landscapes that are not similar to each other are concentrated. Here are the endless expanses of the steppe, and the sun-scorched hills of Koktebel, and the exotic relict vegetation of the South Coast against the backdrop of the delightful ridge of the Crimean Mountains, and the beauty of the Karadag rocks, and the underground world of karst caves. (Slides No. 10-14) Crimea is washed by the waters of two seas.

What seas wash our peninsula? (children's answers) (Slide No. 15)

The maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2245m, Sea of ​​Azov- 14m. It is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals. The Sea of ​​Azov is the shallowest sea in the world. The rivers of Crimea, although small and low-water, drying up in summer, are very picturesque. They form canyons, gorges, waterfalls. Grand Canyon, waterfalls Uchan-Su, Jur-Jur. (Slides No. 16-18)

The flora of Crimea is diverse; more than 2,500 plant species are described here, 250 of which are endemic and not found in other areas of the world. Riddles:

1. Near snow-covered hummocks,

Under a white snow cap,

We found a little flower

Half frozen, barely alive. (snowdrop).

2. This rare flower is not at all simple -

Fluffy, and comparable to a silver star.

You can find it only in rock cracks

He hides there so no one can find him. (edelweiss).

This is a folded snowdrop, Birberstein's berry (Crimean edelweiss). (Slide No. 19)

Beautiful and varied fauna Crimea.

Riddles. Slender, fast, branchy horns.

Jumps through the forest all day, called..... (deer).

6. A small deer, but similar to a goat.

Likes to settle in a good forest.

Red color. She is not afraid of snow.

And the males have horns like a lyre... (roe deer).

Yes, in the Crimean forests you can find foxes, wild boars, squirrels, European mouflon brought from Corsica, Crimean red deer and roe deer, weasel badger. Among the birds of prey, we note the griffon vulture and the black vulture, which live in the mountainous Crimea. Insects: stag beetle, rhinoceros beetle, Crimean ground beetle, etc. (Slides No. 20-22)

Say a word:

Playing and fooling around in front of the bow of the ship again.

Backs flash above the wave - nimble.....(dolphins) are rushing.

Until mid-1990, monk seals could be found in the Black Sea. But for more than 20 years, representatives of this species have not appeared off the Crimean coast.

Dolphin - bottlenose dolphin. Bottlenose dolphins are the most popular actors in dolphinariums; they tolerate life in captivity better than other dolphins.

Appears less frequently on the Black Sea coast common dolphin, or white sided. Even more rarely, the smallest dolphin of the Black Sea, the Azov porpoise, is found off the Crimean coast. (Slides 23-24)

Many species from the flora and fauna are listed in the Red Book. Man considers himself a master over nature. Wastewater, household waste water bodies are polluted, smoke from factories and factories, car exhaust makes it difficult to breathe - the air is polluted, many areas turn into huge garbage dumps. Due to unreasonable human activity, various species of animals and plants are disappearing, and huge areas of forests are burning out. Nature, our lives and health are in danger.

To protect and preserve nature in Crimea, 6 state reserves, 7 protected areas, 38 state reserve, 94 protected natural monuments, 30 parks-monuments of landscape art and 1 botanical garden and 2 zoological parks. (Slides 25-26) (The teacher’s story is accompanied by a display of illustrations).

In our area there is a nature reserve “Lebyazhi Islands”.The Lebyazhy Islands Nature Reserve offers magnificent landscapes, clean air and an amazing variety of animals living in a pristine, natural environment.

The islands got their name from the German scientist Brawler, who visited here at the end of the 19th century, saw a huge number of white mute swans and believed that their nesting places were located here. From the very beginning, the main direction of work has been the protection of birds. Since the early 50s of the 20th century, it has become a research base for ornithologists. (Slides 27-28)

The Swan Islands are located off the northwestern coast of Crimea in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea. The protected area includes 6 islands stretching 8 km along the coast of Crimea. These small islands are composed of sand and shell sediments. From time to time there is even a change in the number of islands. The height of the islands above sea level does not exceed 1-2 meters. The largest of the islands is the fourth: about 3.5 km long and about 350 m wide. The strictly protected part of the islands covers an area of ​​52 hectares. The climate is temperate continental, arid. Summers are dry, hot, winters are mild, with little snow with frequent thaws. In particularly severe winters, the straits between the islands and Crimea freeze.

Problematic question:

Why are there so many nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries on such a small territory of Crimea? To answer this question, children continue to work in groups, each of which prepares an answer.

Plants, animals of forests and seas need protection from human activity. Every extinct species is an irreparable loss. Everything that disappears in nature disappears forever. Today our “little brothers” need patronage and protection from people.

Guys, how can you and I help nature? (Slide 29)

Man is responsible for nature. You and I must remember the main rule: even if you cannot help in any way, it is always in your power not to interfere, not to harm, and this is not so little! It is very important that such beautiful creatures as plants and animals live happily on our Earth! After all, where it’s bad for our neighbors on the planet, it’s bad for us ourselves.

What work has been done by the staff and students of our school to preserve and enhance the beauty of our region? (Slides No. 30-35)

Slide – call No. 36

The year 2017, announced by the President, has started Russian Federation Vladimir Putin Year of Ecology and Specially Protected Natural Areas in the Russian Federation.

By Order of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea dated July 7, 2016 No. 718-r, the Plan of Main Activities for holding the Year of Ecology in 2017 in the Republic of Crimea was approved.

“The Year of Ecology should become not only a year of environmental protection, but also a year of ecology of the soul, a year of personal and spiritual development every citizen,” the minister emphasized.

Thus, from April to June, an environmental campaign “Crimea – a region of environmental safety and cleanliness” was held on the territory of the republic. As part of the campaign, more than 40 environmental thematic competitions were held, more than 10,000 hectares of territory were cleared of garbage, and more than 250 thousand tree and shrub seedlings were planted. More than 20 thousand people took part in the action.The purpose of creating specially protected natural areas is to preserve the unique natural environment and natural components in their natural state.

Summing up the lesson.
The teacher invites students to demonstrate their work to each other and evaluate their performance.6. Reflection.
This is where our acquaintance with the nature of Crimea ends. What new did you learn today?

What do environmental signs say?

I will take care of the nature of Crimea because...
Statements (in a chain) of students:
Crimea is.... (Nature reserve; land where all year round, something is blooming; a land always ready to receive guests; sea ​​tale; Earth ancient legends etc.)