Few types of recreation or leisure activities can compete with being in the lap of nature? Who would refuse the pleasure of feeling the spirit of complete freedom, breathing in clean air, saturated with the aromas of herbs and foliage?

Depriving oneself of the opportunity to contact nature more often is a price to pay for the benefits provided by scientific and technological progress. From year to year there are fewer and fewer places left that would retain their original appearance. The problem raised has prompted the birth of ecotourism, which is responsible for helping to organize cultural recreation. The reserves and national park of Crimea cannot be left without attention.

Crimean Nature Reserve: creation

Almost a hundred years have passed since its formation. It was in pre-revolutionary 1913 that the tsarist government decided to create the “Imperial Hunting Reserve”. At the same time, such rare artiodactyls as the bison, the Dagestan tur, the Corsican mouflon, the bezoar goat, and the Caucasian deer appeared on its territory.

Another 10 years have passed. The passions associated with revolutionary events subsided a little, and the civil war died down. The Council of People's Commissars of the young Soviet country issued a special Decree on the transformation of the former royal reserve into a nature reserve. Initially, its territory had an area of ​​16 thousand hectares, but by the end of 1923 it was increased by 7 thousand hectares. Nature reserves and national parks of Crimea are increasingly attracting vacationers who are supporters of eco-tourism.

At the end of the 50s, the reserve changed its status; with the light hand of Khrushchev, it became the Crimean State Game Reserve, where only high-ranking officials could be located. Only in 1991, the government of the Ukrainian SSR signed a decree, thanks to which the territory again turned into a state reserve. It is located in the center of a group of mountain ranges collectively called the Main Crimean Ridge. Currently, the Crimean National Park occupies almost 33.4 thousand hectares.

Climate and flora of the reserve

The climatic conditions of the Crimean Nature Reserve cannot be called stable. This factor is greatly influenced by the exposure of the mountain slope and altitudinal zone. For example, on the very top belt negative temperatures During the year they can be held for up to four months. In the highlands, precipitation falls in large quantities (more than 1000 millimeters per year), due to which the sources of many Crimean rivers appeared in the center of the reserve, including Tavelchuk, Alma, Kacha, etc. There are almost three hundred springs in the mountains of the Crimean reserve. Many of them are healing, the famous Savlukh-Su spring especially stands out - its water is saturated with silver ions.

The flora of the territory under state protection is quite diverse, the number of species exceeds 1200. Forests grow separately from each other, where one of them predominates. listed types trees:

• Crimean pine and common pine;
• hornbeam;

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of the forests of this protected area in terms of soil protection and water conservation. Not all local residents know what national parks there are in Crimea.

Who lives in the main reserve of Crimea?

Animals of the vertebrate class are represented by more than two hundred species. A red deer or a mouflon appearing from behind the trees, or a rapidly rushing Crimean roe deer should not cause surprise. Black vultures, griffon vultures and owls, of which there are several species, feel at ease here. The state has taken fifty-two species of animals under protection, and thirty are listed in the Red Book of Europe. These include:

• black stork;
• bustard;
• gray crane;
• owl;
• Crimean scorpion;
• etc.

The rivers of the protected area cannot boast of a large number of species freshwater inhabitants. But among them there are such rare fish as Crimean barbel and brook trout. There are not many corners of the planet where you can find freshwater crab. The reserves and national parks of Crimea are the natural heritage of the entire people, so people should take care of such magnificent places.

Ecological trails and recreational areas were once created here especially for tourists. Anyone who wants to get acquainted with the rich nature of Crimea is given a unique opportunity to see it with their own eyes.

Yalta mountain forest nature reserve

The starting point of the reserve with an area of ​​14 thousand 176 hectares is considered to be 1973. What kind of national parks there are in Crimea worries many vacationers. In Soviet times, this territory was the main health resort, so people wonder whether forests and ecologically clean corners remain today.

On the mountain slopes of this reserve grow trees with fairly tall trunks - Crimean and common pine. Thickets of oak and beech are sometimes replaced by undergrowth, which consists of evergreen representatives of the Mediterranean. And this is not surprising, since the climate at the foot is the same as in the resorts of the Mediterranean Sea. The higher up the slope, the more noticeable the contrast.

Protected plants of the reserve

The number of plant species that need state protection is 78. Here are some of them:

• adenophora Crimean;
• adiantum (or venus hair);
• small-fruited strawberry;
• Crimean cistus;
• Crimean peony;
• Crimean violet;
• Jaskolka Bibershtein et al.

There are also species that are distributed only within the protected area (the scientific term is “endemic species”), for example:

• Crimean bindweed;
• low clove;
• Crimean geranium;
• Dubrovnik Yaila;
• Crimean peony, etc.

Such national parks of Crimea should be under special protection. A list of names of park areas can be found in this article.

Wildlife of the reserve

In the sparse grass, reptiles crawl or bask on stones: the Crimean lizard, the Crimean gecko, snakes, the yellow-bellied copperhead (from the family Colubridae). Animals from the genus are under the reliable protection of the state bats: pipistrelle bats, bats, horseshoe bats and noctules.

Employees of the Yalta Nature Reserve special attention pay attention to educating the population on environmental issues. This purpose is served by nature trails and routes for anyone who wants to get more information about local attractions. The national parks of Crimea are becoming increasingly famous. The names of these places were approved back in the distant times of the USSR. It is important to treat these places with care so that our ancestors can also appreciate the natural beauty of Russia.

Azov-Sivash National Natural Park

This park appeared almost twenty years ago - in 1993. Before this, there was the Azov-Sivash Nature Reserve. Although the natural park is considered Crimean, some part is located within the Kherson region. In other words, it occupies the western coast of 57,400 hectares.

The lion's share of the park's territory is located on the sea spit under the name and the remaining small islands located nearby. Almost fifty species of fauna that live in the Azov-Sivash National Park have been included in the Red Book. Of course, the main national park of Crimea cannot be compared to this territory.

Nature Reserve "Cape Martyan"

If you drive a little in the eastern direction of the famous one, you will definitely come across the Cape Martyan Nature Reserve along the way. The entire area of ​​its territory, including the Black Sea waters, is 240 hectares. It was given the status of a nature reserve in 1973, although the state took it under protection back in 1947.

The calling card of the reserve is the relict forest, where at least five hundred species of vegetation grow, mostly belonging to the Mediterranean type. The name “Red strawberry” (or “Small-fruited strawberry”) can be found in the International Red Book. This is the rarest representative of broad-leaved evergreen trees, which are found mainly in the eastern part of the European continent. This is also a national park of Crimea, so the inhabitants and plants of this area are treated in a special way.

Nature Reserve "Swan Islands"

In the Karkinitsky Gulf - a part of the Black Sea bounded by the northwestern Crimean coastline - are the Swan Islands and the reserve of the same name. Its total area is 9612 hectares.

The reserve is part of the route along which birds migrate from Europe to the south (to Asia, Africa). The islands are chosen by cormorants, flamingos, herons, etc. to build their nests. In total there are up to 265 species of birds.

Everyone should visit the national parks of Crimea, a list of which is presented in this article. These places delight and amaze with their naturalness.

The unique nature of the Crimean peninsula needs protection and conservation. For this purpose, many protected areas have been organized on this land.

Protected areas of Crimea

Protected areas make up more than five percent of the peninsula's land. They are based on the natural reserves of Crimea. These include six government institutions, on whose territory economic activity is completely excluded. The main nature reserves of Crimea (list):

These are not all the reserves of Crimea. The list of territories under state protection continues with 33 more state reserves.

There are nine protected areas in Crimea. These are small plots of land on which some object of interest to scientists is located. In addition, Crimea has 30 magnificent parks and 73 protected natural monuments.

Today, all reserves of Crimea are accessible to visitors. Some parks and reserves charge a nominal entrance fee.

Crimean Reserve

This is the oldest reserve in Crimea. It was founded in 1923. In addition, it occupies the largest territory. It stretches from Yalta to Alushta. This land is full of interesting natural attractions.

Excursion groups regularly come to this unique Crimean reserve. The bus takes them along the Romanovskoe Highway - a mountain serpentine road. The first stop is at a trout farm. Further, the road goes around the ancient Kosmo-Damianovsky monastery. Today it has been revived, and every year on July 14, the day of Damian and Cosmas, pilgrims from all over the Earth try to get here.

After the monastery the road goes even higher into the mountain. There are stops near all interesting and memorable places along the bus route. For example, at viewing platforms where tourists enjoy beautiful views of the coast. At the Kebit-Bogaz pass, all tourists stop to honor the memory of the partisans who fought in 1941-1944 against the fascist occupiers on the land of the Crimean Nature Reserve. A monument was erected to them here.

At the Chuchelsky Pass (1150 m) you can see Mount Roman-Kosh (1545 m) - the highest on the peninsula. Then the road will lead travelers to the Gazebo of the Winds. From this place there are extraordinary views of the South Coast. At the “Red Stone” you can admire the beauty of Yalta from above, and breathe in the perfectly clean air filled with the smells of pine needles that the pine forest exudes.

Swan Islands

The reserves of Crimea are very different, each of them is unique. Experts call the Swan Islands on the peninsula an ornithological reserve. It is of international importance and is part of the Crimean Nature Reserve.

These are six separate islands that stretch along the Karkinitsky Bay for eight kilometers. The largest of them is the fourth. Its length is 3.5 kilometers, with a width of 350 meters. A security zone is designated on the shore and on the water around the reserve.

These islands appeared as a result of sand and shells, so their number and general view, may change over time. They rise equally above the surface of the water - no more than two meters.

Diverse world of birds

The reserves of Crimea and Lebyazhy Islands in particular are the largest nesting and wintering areas for waterfowl and wading birds on the peninsula. This unique reserve complex is located on the route along which birds migrate annually, going for the winter from Europe to the countries of Asia and Africa.

These places are favored by black-headed gulls, gray and white herons, waders, flamingos, pelicans and other representatives of birds. But the main pride of the Swan Islands is the mute swans. In the summer season, more than 6,000 individuals gather here. Mute swans are found on the islands during the molt, when the birds are very vulnerable. And at the end of autumn, whooper swans gather on the islands and stop to rest before a long flight to their wintering place.

Sea inhabitants

Crimean reserves conduct great job for the protection of not only birds. Dolphins that live in the Black Sea - bottlenose dolphins and white drums - found protection in the Swan Lakes. big jerboa and white polecat, porpoises. Reptiles also live here - steppe viper, yellow-bellied snake and many fish. Black Sea salmon, which is quite rare these days, is especially prized.

Crimea - Opuksky Reserve

At Cape Opuk, located on the coast of the Kerch Strait, there is a mountain of the same name, which is a striking landmark of Crimea. In its vicinity, the Opuksky Nature Reserve was opened in 1998. Boundless steppes stretch over more than one and a half thousand hectares. They are inhabited by rare animals, birds, marine inhabitants and a variety of plants.

All the reserves of Crimea have some kind of their own characteristic feature. In spring, the Opuksky Nature Reserve amazes with the abundance of white, yellow, crimson, black and purple tulips. And at night, countless numbers of bats fly out of the caves where stone has been mined for many years to get food.

Mount Opuk

Its height is only 183 meters. It is oblong in shape and does not differ in lush vegetation. Mount Opuk is located on a wide base, with a gentle slope in the north and steep slope with rocks and stepped screes in the south.

This reserve is recognized as an archaeological site. When excavations were carried out at the foot of the mountain, scientists discovered the remains of ancient structures, building foundations, and the ruins of the walls of the village of Cimmerik. In the 5th century BC it was part of the Bosporan kingdom.

Pink Starlings

This place is also famous for the fact that pink starlings nest only here in Crimea. These birds have amazingly developed genetic memory. For several thousand years, these beautiful birds have been flocking to the reserve, to the slopes of Mount Opuk overgrown with thorns, hawthorn and rose hips. Today, the population of the pink starling colony has doubled.

Rocks-Ships

At a distance of four kilometers from Cape Opuk, in the Black Sea, there are four small islands. They are called Ship Rocks. This one is composed of fairly dense reef limestones with high strength. The largest stone “ship” rises 20 meters above the water. These rocks got their name because of their resemblance to sailboats. Today they are inhabited by crested gulls, rock pigeons, black swifts, and cormorants. They hatch their chicks here in pre-made nests.

Park Lviv

In 2006, on the territory of the former military base, where there were only dilapidated buildings without communications, through the efforts of animal lovers, with the help and support of government officials, a unique Lviv Park was created in Crimea, not far from Belogorsk.

This is an extraordinary lion reserve in Crimea, which has no equal in Europe. The park territory stretches over 20 hectares, over which there are metal platforms raised six meters above the ground. Their length is several kilometers.

More than 50 lions currently live in the safari park - this is the largest population in Europe. Animals were collected according to South Africa, Europe, Ukraine, etc. Several prides - families of lions - live in a very large enclosure, in conditions as close as possible to the natural environment.

Animals, as befits kings of beasts, roam freely throughout the park.
In addition to the safari park, the reserve has its own zoo, equipped with large, clean and animal-friendly enclosures that fit perfectly into the surrounding landscape. In total, two thousand animals live in the safari park.

It should be noted that Taigan Park differs from many similar establishments in that the animals here are well-fed, well-groomed and peaceful. In the zoo, animals are allowed to be fed, but only with food that can be purchased in the pavilions located on the territory.

In the summer heat, lions and bears are given a refreshing shower. Near most of the enclosures there are benches surrounded by dense trees that create a pleasant shade. Roosters, quails, chickens and other living creatures run freely here, which can be heard, but not always visible because of the foliage. The territory of the Lions Park is beautifully decorated - numerous walking paths, animal sculptures, a lot of shrubs and flowers planted in picturesque flower beds.

Museum-reserves of Crimea

This ancient city on the coast of Crimea lived for more than two thousand years. It was founded by the Herakliots - natives of the city of Heraclea in 422-421. BC e. A hundred years later it was already the largest city-state in the Northern Black Sea region.

It was a slave-owning republic, distinguished by a democratic form of government, and was a center of crafts, trade and culture. Its population was more than twenty thousand people.

Since the 5th century. n. e. Chersonesos became part of the Byzantine Empire. After a nine-month siege in 988, the city was taken by the Russian prince Vladimir. Here Grand Duke accepted Christianity. Ancient Chersonese Tauride suffered twice from the Tatar hordes in the XII-XIV centuries. By the middle of the 15th century. the city was gone.

The reserves of Crimea, photos of which you can see in our article, are of great interest to scientists, historians and archaeologists. That's why on earth now ancient Chersonesus always crowded. Excavations are still ongoing here, with international expeditions taking part.

By visiting this museum-reserve, you can see the ruins of an ancient theater, quarters of the ancient city, defensive walls with the Tower of Zeno and other architectural structures.

Today we presented to you only some of the reserves of Crimea. We were unable to tell you about most of them. Therefore, come to the peninsula to see the beauty of this land with your own eyes.

MUSEUM OF NATURE

The first Museum of Nature on the territory of the Crimean Nature Reserve opened in 1926 in the Central Basin. The museum had two spacious halls: botanical and zoological, and about 2,300 exhibits. Next to the museum, enclosures for wild animals and an aquaterrarium were subsequently created. In November 1941, German-Romanian occupation units passed through the territory of the reserve and burned all the buildings and structures on the territory of the reserve. This is how the first museum died.

After the war, it was decided to locate the administrative services of the reserve in Alushta. For this purpose, on the outskirts of the city, they picked up a surviving house that had belonged to the merchant I.S. Igumnov before the revolution. The building was renovated and one of the rooms was allocated as a museum. The second, revived museum opened for the general public in 1957 (Putsatova St., 29). Zoologist Yu.V. Kostin became the head of the museum, and two years later E.A. Pyasetskaya became the head. The museum had its own taxidermy workshop, and around the administrative building there was a small but wonderful park with old cedars, pines and cypresses. There was a small pool in the park where swans swam.

In 1973, under the leadership of the director of the reserve V.A. The Lushpas are building a new three-story administrative building not far from the old one, where the first floor is being given over to a new, third, museum (Alushta, Partizanskaya St., 42). A team of researchers, headed by forester V.G. Mishnev, is creating a new scientific project for museum exhibitions. The graphic designers were V.A. Sokolov (member of the Union of Artists of the USSR), B.N. Chernyaev, N.G. Bozhko, P.N. Chistilin, V.G. Smirnov, B.A. Nikolin, V.I. Protsenko. On April 15, 1976, the third, updated, nature museum of the reserve was inaugurated. Realistic dioramas of protected areas and stuffed animals give a complete picture of the nature of the Reserve.

Dendrozoo

In 1981, a dendrozoo with a total area of ​​6 hectares was created on the territory adjacent to the management of the reserve. The dendrozoo was created in a landscape style; the enclosures blended harmoniously into the environment without disturbing its picturesque views.

Currently, 370 species of plants grow in this territory, including the Red Book juniper, yew, pistachio obtufolia, limodorum immature, Crimean cistus, snowdrop, etc. 15 species of animals are exhibited in the enclosures of the dendrozoo: red deer, European roe deer, mouflon European, wild boar, European fallow deer, rabbits, teleut squirrel, griffon vulture, mute swan, black-breasted goose, ducks, pigeons, pheasants, guinea fowl, buzzard.

The Museum of Nature and Dendrozoo of the Crimean Nature Reserve is an interesting and attractive excursion site, which has been visited by more than 1.2 million people since its opening.

ANIMAL WORLD

Invertebrates of the reserve There are about 3 thousand species and are represented by the following orders: spiders, mites, centipedes, mollusks, insects. Among spiders, the largest, up to 35 mm, is the tarantula, which lives in deep burrows lined with cobwebs. Ticks are represented by a large number of species, of which special attention should be paid to the forest tick - as a carrier of tick-borne encephalitis. Tick-borne viral encephalitis is an acute viral disease characterized by the development of severe clinical forms with damage to the brain and spinal cord, the development of persistent neurological disorders leading to disability and mortality. Prevention is a mandatory examination of the entire body within 3 hours after visiting the forest and contacting a doctor in case of a bite.

Insects are the most numerous and diverse class of animals. characteristic feature which is the presence of 3 pairs of jointed legs in its representatives. Among the most interesting units The following can be noted: dragonflies (arrow, yoke, beauty), mantises. Of the orthopterans - short-whiskered fillies, long-whiskered grasshoppers and crickets, the chirping of which begins to be heard an hour after sunset. The largest species is the steppe racket, the body length of which reaches up to 120 mm. Hemipterans include various bugs. The most famous of the order of beetles is the Red Book Crimean ground beetle, which is a Crimean endemic. It feeds on snails, caterpillars and even the remains of human food. The Red Book stag beetle also looks very impressive. From the longhorned family, the reserve contains the large oak longhorned beetle from the lower zone of vegetation and the alpine longhorned beetle from the upper zone. Hymenoptera are wasps, bees, bumblebees, and hornets, as well as ants, huge anthills of which can be found in the Yalta forestry. Butterflies, or Lepidoptera, attract the most attention. Among the most spectacular species are the white-black podalirium and the yellow-black swallowtail from the swallowtail family, and among the simple, background species, the most common is the burdock. From the order of flies or dipterans, you most often have to pay attention to horseflies, bloodsuckers and deer flies.

Vertebrates. Of the fish (6 species in total), the most famous is brook trout, found in many mountain rivers. Occasionally you come across a Crimean barbel or marinka.

The amphibian fauna includes 4 species: the lake frog - the main “song song” of mountain ponds; green toad; listed on the IUCN Red List, the tree frog, or common tree frog, spends an active life in the foliage of trees and comes down from there only during the breeding season. The Red Book newt Karelin, which has a jagged crest that appears in males during the breeding season, at the beginning of summer, can sometimes be found quite far from its native body of water - in winter it prefers to sleep under stones and snags of the forest.

Of the reptiles, the most commonly seen lizards are the Crimean lizard, the rock lizard and the sand lizard. The fourth, rarer lizard, the yellow-bellied lizard, is often mistaken by ordinary people for a snake and, unfortunately, is persecuted everywhere. Real snakes are also found, these are, in addition to the common grass snake, the common copperhead, so named for its color, and three species of snakes, the most common and most aggressive being the yellow-bellied snake. Its bite can be dangerous due to infection introduced into the wound, and the size of adult specimens reaches a length of about two meters. The four-striped snake is less common, and the Mediterranean relict leopard snake is very rare.

Birds- the most visible and frequently encountered vertebrates. In total, 160 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve in the mountain-forest part of the year in all seasons. In spring they delight us with their wonderful voices. Here is a chaffinch singing. His song is short, but very cheerful and perky. The song of the blackbird is amazingly pure and melodious. However, the best forest singer is the song thrush. The drumming of a woodpecker sounds in the forest, the ringing songs of tits and, of course, the cries of a cuckoo are heard... In the summer, the bird chorus gradually fades away. The birds have a lot of trouble - it's time to feed the chicks. Red-listed birds nest in the Crimean Nature Reserve: snake eagle, black stork, imperial eagle, black vulture, griffon vulture, saker falcon, peregrine falcon, pied falcon rock thrush. Among the nesting common species- spotted woodpecker, black-headed warbler, warbler, robin, blackbird, Muscovy, chaffinch, the most numerous bird of the Crimean forests, and many others. Red-headed and yellow-headed kinglets - the smallest birds in Europe, siskins and common crossbills nest in pine forests. On the yailas are skylarks, quails, and the spotted rock thrush, the most cautious, mysterious and beautiful bird of the reserve, one of the best singers. Only the adult male has a bright, beautiful coloring. This is how Alfred Brehm describes it: “The plumage on the head, on the front of the neck, on the back of the head and rump is a beautiful bluish-gray color, on the lower part of the back whitish-blue or white, on the entire lower part of the body a magnificent bright rusty red color... Singing rock thrushes are excellent, rich and varied, loud and euphonious, although at the same time soft and flute-like; Their singing is also distinguished by the fact that clicking and even entire stanzas from the songs of other birds are woven into it.” Females and young birds are more modestly colored.

The black vulture literally amazes the observer. She is one of the largest flying birds, with huge wings, up to two and a half meters in span. Vultures build their huge nests on the tops of centuries-old pines. Possessing exceptional vision, birds are able to see carrion from dizzying heights. Without visible effort, they soar over the mountains for hours using air currents. But the most amazing thing is the dedication with which vultures incubate their only egg and care for the chick. The nesting period continues for four long months. When the chick grows up and flies out of the nest, the “family” does not break up until next spring; the parents take care of the young vulture. Black vultures are listed on the European Red List as a globally threatened species. Given the special importance in the protection of black vultures, the Crimean Nature Reserve is included in the list of territories important for the conservation of bird diversity.

Mammals are represented by 6 orders, numbering 38 species. There are 5 species of insectivores. Of these, 3 species are voracious shrews, the smallest mammals of Crimea: the small shrew, the white-bellied shrew and the small shrew. They have a very intense metabolism and therefore they definitely need to eat someone within a few hours. Shrews' main diet consists of insects and other invertebrates. Shrews easily eat food with a total weight of 2-4 times their own weight per day. The largest of the insectivores is the white-breasted hedgehog. It is not found very often, and mainly in the lower part of the reserve. Chiroptera, or bats - 16 species, the largest of the bats is quite rare - the giant noctule, the wingspan of which is slightly less than half a meter. Another species, one of the most numerous in Crimea, is the dwarf pipistrelle.

Of the lagomorphs, the brown hare is the only representative of the order in the mountainous Crimea. A common but not numerous species. There are 7 species of rodents, of which the most noticeable is the teledut squirrel - the largest squirrel in the CIS. In addition to its large size, the teleduck has one more feature. In winter, its fur is silver-gray, its ear tufts are bright brown, and its tail is gray. All other squirrels have the same color on their ear and tail tufts in winter. After acclimatization in the reserve in 1940, the squirrel multiplied quite well, but during the epizootic of 1984 - 1986. almost completely disappeared from the reserve. Currently, its number fluctuates between 60 and 110 individuals in different years. The squirrel's natural enemies are the goshawk and stone marten.

From the mouse family, in addition to the gray rat or pasyuk, in some places a smaller, black rat has been preserved. Both live near human habitation. The house mouse also tries to stay there. After the snow has melted, in the foothills you can stumble upon traces of the vital activity of other mouse-like rodents leading an active lifestyle in winter - the small forest mouse and the yellow-throated mouse.

Carnivores are represented by 5 species. Of these, 2 species are from the canine family - a fox and a raccoon dog that appeared in the reserve in 2007. It was noted that raccoon dogs have been found in Crimea for about the last three decades, and until recently it was believed that only along the North Crimean canal, however, since 2000 they have been seen in Bakhchisarai, and in August 2007 - in the Alminsky forestry of the Crimean natural reserve , on the border with the Pionersky forestry of the Simferopol forestry enterprise. It is quite possible that in the near future these animals may colonize the territory of the entire reserve. Raccoon dog- the only representative of the canine family that lies in harsh winters V hibernation. In Crimea, real hibernation is not observed in these animals, but the metabolic rate in cold weather decreases to 25%.

Perhaps, only the fox can be called a real sedentary wild species from this family in Crimea. Some zoologists believe that two subspecies live in Crimea: the first - common fox, usually living in the steppes, but also found in the mountainous Crimea. The second is the Crimean mountain fox (endemic subspecies). It is smaller than ordinary, but has fluffier and brighter fur; on the lower part of the back it has a characteristic silvery pattern in the form of motley ripples. Hunters, due to its bright red, fiery color, call it fireweed. It is found only in the mountains and is quite rare.

Wolves appeared in recent years in the steppe Crimea, and, according to some witnesses, on Karabi-yayla. Wolves have not yet been documented in the reserve. However, their niche has been successfully occupied by stray dogs for many years. The reserve is home to 3 species of the mustelid family - the stone marten, or white marten, which differs from the pine marten in being lighter in color and having coarser fur. It is not as closely connected with the forest as the forest one, and therefore can inhabit rocky ravines and ravines. Often settles in human buildings - barns, attics. The stone marten feeds on mouse-like rodents, sometimes birds and bats, and loves to feast on fruits and berries. A relatively small, but incredibly brave and bloodthirsty weasel is the smallest representative of the order of predators. For daily consumption, one mouse per day is enough for her, but obeying the hunting instinct, she pursues more than one rodent a day in the narrow labyrinths of holes, attacking even prey larger than herself!

The Crimean badger living in the reserve is considered a subspecies of the common badger. In autumn, the badger intensively accumulates fat, which is used in folk medicine to treat colds and tuberculosis. Persecuted for this quality of its fat by poachers, the badger found itself on the verge of extinction.

And finally, the largest and most traditionally interesting for people are the 4 species of artiodactyls. When visiting the Crimean forests, you can often notice huge plowed areas of the forest floor. We can say with a high degree of certainty that a wild boar has been here. Boars in Crimea were the original, so to speak, indigenous inhabitants since ancient times. Fossil remains belonging to wild pigs were found in the Kiik-Koba and Skelskaya caves. IN historical era they have been noted since the Scythian-Sarmatian era, up to the first half of the 19th century, and were knocked out around this time. On April 23, 1957, on the territory of the Crimean Nature Reserve, in the valley of the Piskur stream, a tributary of the Alma River, 35 wild pigs were released, of which 18 were males and 17 were females. The released batch included 2 adult male cleavers (two years old), the rest were young pigs and gilts. The wild boars were caught in the Pozharsky district of Primorsky Krai in January 1957 and belonged to the Ussuri subspecies of wild boar (Sus skrofa continentalis) - the largest in the territory of the former USSR. The wild boar took root well here after reacclimatization in 1957 and soon spread throughout the Crimea. In the spring and summer, when feeding offspring, encounters with wild boars can be dangerous.

European roe deer differs from the Siberian one in its smaller size. The horns, found only in the male, have no more than three branches. The characteristic alarm bark of a roe deer can often be mistaken for the barking of a dog. The main natural enemies of roe deer are the same stray dogs and foxes, from which young animals suffer the most.

Crimean red deer- an endemic subspecies of the European red deer, differing from it in size and details of the structure of the horns. In March - April, male deer's old antlers fall off, and new ones begin to grow in their place. During growth, such horns, covered with velvety skin, are called antlers. By August, after the horns stop growing, the skin dries out and flakes off. At this time, deer scratch their antlers on the trees, getting rid of the remnants of the cover that is no longer needed on the ossified antlers. Now the number of deer in the reserve is about 1,300 individuals.

European mouflons, 10 of which were delivered from Corsica, through the German fur trading company Moritz, and 3 from the Askania-Nova reserve, were released in 1913 on Mount Bolshaya Chuchel, where they acclimatized quite well. By 1917, there were already 30 mouflons here. In the fall of 1917, all the animals kept in the pen were released into the wild. The civil war and poaching almost put an end to the history of the Crimean mouflons. The population had too many weapons, and gangs hunted in the forests. By 1923, when the Crimean Nature Reserve was organized, there were only 6–8 of these animals left. Protection and care have done wonders, and now there are about 300 mouflons.

Senior employee

Parshintsev A.V.

ABOUT THE RESERVE

Crimean Nature Reserve- the largest and oldest nature reserve in Crimea. The total area of ​​the Reserve, including the Lebyazhy Islands branch, is 88,601 hectares. The reserve occupies the central part of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains from Yalta in the west to Alushta in the east. On its territory in the mountain-forest part are the highest peaks of the peninsula - Roman-Kosh (1545 m above sea level), Demir-Kapu (1541), Zeytin-Kosh (1537). Many of the most important rivers of Crimea originate in the protected mountains: Alma, Kacha, Ulu-Uzen, Avunda, Derekoika, etc. The slopes of the mountains are covered with forests - oak, beech, pine, and the peaks (yails) are occupied by mountain-meadow steppes. The flora of the reserve is represented by more than 2,500 species of plants and fungi, of which 42 species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and 22 species are included in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The reserve is home to about 250 species of vertebrate animals, including red deer, wild boar, European mouflon, and roe deer. Of the birds, the black vulture (listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation) and the griffon vulture, the largest birds of prey in Europe, attract special attention from scientists.

One of the most popular excursion routes, “Reserved Crimea,” passes through the territory of the reserve, which follows the Romanov highway, built more than a hundred years ago. Business card The reserve is the Museum of Nature and Dendrozoo, located in Alushta.

HISTORY OF THE RESERVE

The history of conservation in Crimea, on the territory of the Crimean Natural Reserve, goes back more than 100 years. The first protected area of ​​Crimea, established by state documents of Russia, was the Mountain Forest Sanctuary in the Crimean Mountains, approved in 1896 Office of Imperial Hunts.

In 1913 during the forest management of the Beshuiskaya forest government dacha, the Administration of the Tsar's Estates, on an area of ​​about 3,700 hectares, organized Imperial Hunting Reserve.

After February Revolution 1917. The reserve was nationalized and, on the initiative of scientists of Crimea and the Crimean regional government, was created here national reserve . Zoologist V.E. Martino became his first director of the reserve, and zoologist M.P. Rozanov became his assistant. These dedicated people, often risking their lives, fought poaching to protect nature. Despite the political instability of life, devastation, civil war, in the period from 1917 to 1920, none of the six governments of Crimea canceled the status of the reserve. In 1923 (July 30) it was reorganized into the Crimean State Reserve. Its territory with an area of ​​21,138 hectares was zoned: an absolute reserve (40% of the territory), a security area (45%), and an experimental exploitation site (15%). This was the prototype of modern National Parks. In the 20-30s. Scientific research work is being intensively developed, weather stations, laboratories, and a nature museum are being equipped. Scientific research is carried out by V.N. Sukachev, G.I. Poplavskaya, E.V. Vulf, N.D. Troitsky, L.I. Prasolov, I.I. Puzanov and others.

By 1941, the reserve was experiencing a flourishing of activity. Dozens of scientific articles have been published. The herd of ungulates has grown: deer by 30 times, mouflons by 29 times, roe deer by 10 times. In 1937, bison were again brought into the reserve for acclimatization. In 1940, the Altai Teleut squirrel was successfully acclimatized. There were a popular nature museum, animal enclosures, and a tourist route.

During the Second World War, the reserve's employees fought on the fronts or were in the ranks of the partisan movement. Many gave their lives for liberation native land. Among them are senior forester of the reserve A.P. Rynkovsky and senior researcher V.I. Bukovsky.

The war caused enormous damage to the reserve. All the cordons, the administration building, and the museum were burned. Scientific laboratories and a library were looted, and most of the animals were destroyed. Forests covering an area of ​​2,000 hectares were destroyed by special arson and felling.

After the war, activities in the reserve had to start literally from scratch. The reserve healed its wounds: new cordons were built, roads were repaired, and the number of animals increased. In 1949, a branch was added to the reserve - the unique ornithological complex “Swan Islands”, where tens of thousands of waterfowl accumulate annually.

In 1957, the reserve was reorganized into a reserve hunting enterprise (KGZOH), whose tasks included, in addition to scientific research and security work, economic activities. An example of such activity was the creation of trout ponds in the upper reaches of the river. Alma. In the spring of 1957, 35 wild pigs were brought to the reserve from the Primorsky Territory for the purpose of reacclimatization and enrichment of the fauna of the mountainous Crimea. Currently wild boars- typical animals not only of the mountainous Crimea, but also of some steppe areas of the peninsula.

In the 50-80s. There was a new rise and flourishing of the activity of the hunting reserve. During this period, such scientists as K.K. Vysotsky, P.A. Yanushko, A.A. Tkachenko, V.G. worked fruitfully in the reserve. Mishnev, Yu.V. Kostin, B.E. Garin, L.A. Garina, A.I. Dulitsky and others.

In the early 70s, the scientific part of the reserve developed a project for a nature museum, which took into account the new requirements of the time in the field of natural science and nature conservation. In 1976, the museum was inaugurated.

In November 1976, the game reserve and its Swan Islands became the basis for the International Conference of Ornithologists, which brought together scientists from 33 countries. This became possible after the inclusion of the Swan Islands and their wetlands in the list of International Protected Areas in 1975.

In 1991, the hunting reserve was reorganized into the Crimean State Reserve, and a little later into the Crimean Nature Reserve. As before, its main task is to preserve mountain protected forests, animal and plant diversity; research and educational activities.

SWAN ISLANDS

The ornithological branch of the Crimean Nature Reserve, “Swan Islands” is located in the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea. The area of ​​the islands is 52 hectares. They are on the flyways of many waterfowl species. The water area of ​​the bay with an area of ​​9,560 hectares is allocated for the reserve. The surrounding area of ​​27,646 hectares has been declared a nature reserve.

In 1947, by the decision of the Razdolnensky district executive committee, the Lebyazhy Islands were declared a nature reserve of local importance and taken under protection.

In 1949, by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 85 of February 9, the Lebyazhy Islands were declared a state reserve and annexed as a branch to the Crimean State Reserve.

Already in the first years of studying the avifauna of the islands, it became clear that the protection of this most valuable natural object within the existing boundaries cannot be effective, since large concentrations of birds during molting, wintering and during seasonal migrations stay in shallow waters and on the mainland shore, that is, outside the protected district. In order to improve the living conditions of birds and more effectively protect them from poachers, the Crimean Regional Executive Committee of the Council of Workers' Deputies, by Decision No. 1006 of September 29, 1961, approved a protective zone around the islands, including shallow waters with an area of ​​3,500 hectares and part of the coast of Karkinitsky Bay with an area of ​​1,500 hectares.

In connection with the construction of the Razdolnenskaya branch of the North Crimean Canal and the formation of two rice fields in the coastal part of the bay, which significantly changed the habitat conditions of birds in this area, the Crimean Regional Executive Committee adopted decision No. 337 of May 20, 1967 “On the expansion of the protective zone around the protected Lebyazhye Islands of the Crimean State Reserve", according to which the area of ​​the protective zone on the coast of the Karkinitsky Gulf increased to 10,000 hectares.

The fame of the Karkinitsky Bay of the Black Sea as a place of concentration of a large number of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds for molting, wintering, and migration, led to the inclusion of the Karkinitsky Gulf and the Swan Islands Nature Reserve, including in the List of objects of protection of international importance (Iran, Ramsar, 1971, group “ A" MAR). After the ratification of the Ramsar Convention by the Soviet Union, a Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated December 26, 1975 followed. No. 1046 “On measures to ensure the fulfillment of the obligations of the Soviet Party arising from the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as habitats for waterfowl, dated February 2, 1971. "and the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR dated February 26, 1976. No. 106 “On measures to strengthen the protection of wetlands of international importance mainly as habitats for waterfowl.” Based on these decisions, the Crimean Regional Executive Committee made a Decision on March 19, 1976. No. 132 on expanding the protective zone of the Lebyazhy Islands nature reserve on the coast of Karkinitsky Bay to an area of ​​16,780 hectares, of which 15,960 hectares in the Razdolnensky and 820 hectares in the Krasnoperekopsky districts.

In accordance with the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR dated January 17, 1978. No. 43 “On the expansion of the Black Sea Nature Reserve, the Crimean State Game Reserve and the addition of the list of state reserves” to improve the protection and weaken the anthropogenic impact on the natural complexes of the Lebyazhy Islands Nature Reserve, its area was increased due to the shallow waters of the Karkinitsky Bay by 9560 hectares. By the same decree, in order to strengthen the reserve regime, the state ornithological reserve “Karkinitsky” was organized with an area of ​​27,646 hectares, which adjoins the water area of ​​the reserve from the north.

Currently, the lands taken under protection in the Lebyazhye Islands area have a total area of ​​54,038 hectares and consist of three parts with different statuses and protection regimes: the Lebyazhye Islands reserve with an area of ​​9,612 hectares (52 hectares of the islands’ territory and 9,560 hectares of shallow waters around them), ornithological reserve "Karkinitsky" with an area of ​​27,646 hectares and a protected zone of the reserve in the mainland part of Karkinitsky Bay with an area of ​​16,780 hectares. The listed lands are under the protection of the Crimean Nature Reserve.

The attraction of the protected islands is mute swan. This bird is popularly considered to be the personification of marital fidelity. They live as friendly, inseparable couples. In the past, swans were mercilessly shot, which led to a significant reduction in the number of this bird. Measures taken to protect waterfowl habitats have had a positive impact on the increase in both nesting bird species and those arriving here to moult. Suffice it to say that during the molting period alone, more than 5 thousand swans accumulate here in some years.

The species composition of birds on the Swan Islands during migration is diverse. Of the ducks, the most numerous are the red-headed duck, mallard, teal and gabbler, wigeon, and pintail. Coots on their autumn migration near the islands accumulate up to 7-8 thousand birds, white-fronted and gray geese- up to 2-4 thousand. Lesser goose, bean goose and red-breasted goose do not form large aggregations here. The abundance of migratory waders, gulls, terns, and waders is high. The most numerous of them are: grey, great and little egrets, red-headed heron, black-headed and glaucous gulls, red and dunlin, mud-billed sandpiper, sandpiper and white-tailed sandpiper, snipe, lapwing, herbal, fifi and dunlin.

In years with mild winters, a large number of birds remain near the islands for the winter. According to census data, from 10 to 30 thousand ducks live here in different years (mallard, teal, wigeon, pintail, shelduck, red-nosed, red-headed, sea and tufted duck, great merganser, long-nosed merganser, goldeneye, lutok), up to 2 thousand geese (white-fronted and gray), up to 2 thousand coots, more than a thousand gulls (lake, gray, silver), several dozen great white and gray herons, great shelduck, snipe, curlews, more than 2.5 thousand swans (mute, whooper). In the protected zone and on the territory of the islands, in addition to sedentary wintering species, there are also large numbers of common and reed buntings, great tits, blue tits, greenfinches, whiskered tits, gray shrikes, steppe and skylarks, meadow pipit, common starlings, millet grasses, and long-eared owls.

The list of birds recorded in the area of ​​the Lebyazhy Islands (the territory of the islands, the water area and the protective zone of the reserve) includes 255 species. Some of them (220 species) come here regularly for nesting, molting, migration and wintering. Others are very rare or random. These are the red-throated loon, black stork, common loon, black scoter, common scoter, saker falcon, Siberian crane, little bustard, white-tailed shrike, sandpiper, yellow shank, long-tailed skua, kittiwake, Syrian woodpecker, yellow-headed wagtail, black tit, red-headed shrike, nutcracker, red-headed wren , southern nightingale.

Much more often, but not regularly, the Little Cormorant, Pink Pelican, Dalmatian Pelican, Spoonbill, Scorched Duck, Duck-headed Duck, Greater Spotted Eagle, Short-eared Eagle, Imperial Eagle, Icelandic Sandpiper, Slender-billed Curlew, White-cheeked Tern, Warbler, and Bullfinch are found near the Swan Islands.

The Swan Islands area is a natural laboratory for ornithologists. Scientists ornithologists and students come here every year to conduct scientific observations. On the protected territory of the Lebyazhye Islands, researchers and specialists constantly conduct phenological observations and study the impact of economic activities on the state of the environment.

Senior Researcher

Crimean Nature Reserve

Tarina N. A.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

A wide range of scientific work has been carried out in the reserve since 1923, with the creation of the Zoological and Forestry Laboratory here. Every year, for many years, students and graduate students undertook internships here under the guidance of the most famous scientists of our country - Academician V.N. Sukachev, professors G.I. Poplavskaya, I.I. Puzanov and others. The period from 1923 to 1945. characterized by the creation of the first herbarium of the reserve, the first list of the flora of the Crimean reserve by G.I. Poplavskaya (1931), which lists 771 species of vascular plants, of which five are new to science species (Scrophularia exilis Popl., Phelipaea helenae Popl., Anthyllis biebersteiniana Popl., Euphrasia taurica Ganesch. ex Popl., Sorbus taurica Zinserl.). The results of geobotanical and forest typological studies were published (Poplavskaya, 1925-1934; Sukachev, 1931; Wulf, 1927-1941; Ivanenko, 1925, Troitsky, 1929).

Modern comprehensive studies of the KrPZ flora and its rare component began in the late 50s. At this time, work was carried out on the description of yayls (Chernova, 1951; Privalova, 1956,1958), beech forests (Mishnev, 1969, 1980, 1986; Mishnev, Kostina, 1970), classification of oak and pine forests (Korzhenevsky, 1982; Didukh, 1990), types of forest vegetation (Vysotsky, 1957; Posokhov, 1963) inventory of the flora of the reserve (Kostina, 2010; Rudenko, 2010, 2014). Populations of some rare species were also studied - Cachrys alpina (Kosykh, 1978), Silene jailensis (Ena, 2001; Nikiforov, 2009, 2011, 2012), Sobolewskia sibirica (Nikiforov, 2009), Lamium glaberrimum (Nikiforov, 2005; Ena, 2006) , Pulsatilla taurica (Golubev, 2012), Allium siculum subsp. dioscoridis, Seseli lehmannii, Solenanthus biebersteinii (Rudenko, 2014). This period was marked by publications and collections concerning floristic discoveries of new species on the territory of the KrPZ: Silene jailensis (Rubtsov, 1974), Allium albidum (Allium denudatum F. Delaroche) (Korzhenevsky, YALT, 1979), Anemone fasciculata (Kostina, 1979), Dryopteris villarii (Immortal, 2011).

Since the late 60s, regular work on the study of mammals began to be carried out in the area of ​​the Lebyazhy Islands (Dulitsky A.I.), and from the mid-70s floristic work has been established (Kostina V.P.), in which in some years the Institute’s employees participated Botany of the Ukrainian SSR. During 10-12 years of stationary work, ornithologist of the Crimean Nature Reserve Yu.V. Kostin (who worked in the reserve from 1959 to 1982) ringed a large number of nesting and migratory birds, collected interesting material about the avifauna of the Lebyazhye Islands region and its uniqueness. Due to the large volume of publications using these data, the Swan Islands and Karkinitsky Bay were included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Iran, Ramsar, 1971)

Since the mid-80s, there has been a need to conduct comprehensive studies of the nature, depth and rate of change in the natural ecosystems of the reserve as a result of economic activities in adjacent territories. Workers of the reserve (Tarina N.A.) studied the condition of the habitats of birds of the semi-aquatic complex in the conditions of the Swan Islands, identified environmental factors that determine the dynamics of bird numbers, as well as mechanisms of adaptation of birds to living conditions changing under the influence of anthropogenic factors. And since May 1988 within the framework of household On the contractual topic, hydrochemical toxicological studies of the ecosystems of the Swan Islands Nature Reserve began by employees of the Laboratory of Radiobiology of the Institute of Biology of the South Seas (Sevastopol), which continued with short interruptions until 1996. Over the years, material has been collected on the content of organochlorine compounds in living and non-living natural objects of the reserve and its buffer zone (Zherko N.V., Shchepinova N.A., Chervyakov S.M.), mercury (Svetasheva S.K., Plotitsina O. .V.), other materials (Ovchinikova S.S.), radioactive strontium (Korkishko N.F., Arkhipova S.I.), cesium-137 (Popovichev V.N.); distribution of phytoplankton (Sergeeva L.M.) and zooplankton (Shcherbatenko P.V.) – indicators of environmental pollution; study of the mutagenic activity of water on a yeast biomodel (Tsymugina V.G., Tereshchenko N.N.).

In 1990, for the first time for the reserve, an employee of the Nikitsky Botanical Hall conducted a study of the macrophytobenthos of protected water areas (Maslov I.I.). Since 1996, it has been working in the reserve's lands complex group from employees of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden (Bagrikov N.A., Kostin S.Yu., Sadogursky S.E.), the nature reserve (Tarina N.A.) and the Tauride University named after V.I. Vernadsky (Klyukin A.A.). The influence of colonial bird species on the vegetation of the Lebyazhye Islands was studied, and work began on geomorphology, geobotany, and algology of protected areas. In 1998, a zoological and geobotanical survey of all cadastral sites of the international land of Karkinitsky Bay was carried out under the Wetlands International program.

In protected areas (mountain forest area, the Lebyazhy Islands branch, its protective zone, the waters of the Karkinitsky ornithological reserve), a complex of monitoring work and research is carried out annually under the “Chronicles of Nature” program, approved annually by the scientific and technical council of the Crimean Nature Reserve.

PLANT WORLD

The area of ​​the mountain forest area of ​​the reserve is almost 35 thousand hectares. Forests cover 28.8 thousand hectares or 83.2% of its mountain forest territory. Half of this area (almost 53%) is occupied by oak forests. The most common plant communities found here are sessile oak. Communities of downy oak and pedunculate oak occur in fragments. The age of the trees is 85 – 125 years. They occupy the lower reaches of the mountain range at an altitude of 300 to 600 m above sea level and are distinguished by a richness of plant species. Here grow narrow-leaved and tall ash, Caucasian and heartleaf linden, Stephen and field maple, common hornbeam, aspen, European and warty euonymus, wild apple and pear trees, several types of rowan, wild cherries and plums, dogwood, 9 types of hawthorn, rose hips, privet , svidina, mackerel, barberry, hazel and many others. In summer and autumn there is a real fruit paradise here; the forest generously gifts everyone with the most delicious and valuable products.

Beech forests occupy 7490.1 hectares of the reserve area and are represented by plant communities from beech. Beech forests grow on the northern slopes of the Babugan, Chatyr-Dag, Nikitsky massifs and the Sinap-Dag ridge in the upper and middle parts. Today in the Crimean Nature Reserve you can see magnificent tree stands 300 years old, witnesses of bygone eras.

Under the canopy of the beech forest there is a shade-tolerant coniferous plant - yew, which is a relict of the Tertiary period. The species is listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. All parts of the tree, except the watery-tasting apiary, are poisonous. The yew is a long-liver; in the reserve there are plants about 1000 years old. Yew wood is durable, hard, does not rot, red in color, beautiful texture, the same famous “mahogany”, because of which people have exterminated the plant for centuries.

The area of ​​pine forests of the reserve is 3.5 thousand hectares. Pine forests are represented by plant formations of Crimean pine (Pallas) and Scots pine. They grow in the middle and upper belt of the Main Ridge, fragmentarily on the northern macroslope of the Main Ridge. Forests dominated by Scots pine are distributed at an altitude of 500-1450 m above sea level. On the southern slopes, pine forests more than 300 years old have been preserved.

There is a unique grove of stinking juniper on the slopes of the Chernaya and Bolshaya Chuchel mountains. The plant is a relict Mediterranean species. The trees reach an age of more than 400 years, have a height of 7-9 m and a trunk diameter of 20-36 cm. Four more types of juniper grow on the territory of the reserve: red juniper, tall juniper and creeping junipers - Cossack and hemispherical. All species of junipers growing in Crimea are listed in the International Red Book (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2011).

The flora of the reserve amazes with its diversity. The list of flora includes 1357 species of higher vascular plants belonging to 535 genera and 114 families (Rudenko, 2010), 183 species of mosses (Partyka, 1995), 59 species of algae (Sadogursky, 2009). According to A.E. Khodosovtsev (2006), there are 344 species of lichenophilic fungi (lichens), 71 species of myxomycetes (Romanenko, 2001), 480 macromycetes (Sarkina, 2011).

Analysis of the geographical structure showed that the flora of the reserve is Mediterranean in nature. Largest number of species higher plants of the reserve (409) belongs to the day-Mediterranean type, which accounts for 30.1% of the total number of species. Adventive taxa are represented sporadically (2.3%). Based on the list of endemics of Crimea published by An.V. Ena (Ena, 2009), 60 species of the reserve are considered endemic (Rudenko, 2014). Some of the most common species in the reserve include Steven's maple, Biberstein's crayfish, Steven's sunflower, taurid saxifrage, large-cupped primrose, Crimean lumbago, yayla's mantle, irrigated saxifrage, etc.

Unique are the narrow local endemics ( Scrophularia exilis), discovered by G.I. Poplavskaya in the upper reaches of the Avunda, as well as the Yailinka (Silene jailensis), growing in the same area.

More than 150 rare species included in protected lists of various levels have been identified on the territory of the reserve. Thus, 42 species of plants and fungi are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (2005), including Crimean asphodelina, Onosma multifolia, Crimean saffron, Steveniella satyrium, pale orchis, Belladonna belladonna, etc.

The European Red List lists 127 species of higher vascular plants of the reserve. Of these, 1 species has Endangered status: Steveniella satyrioides; Vulnerable status (vulnerable) – 3 species: purple lagozeris (Crepis purpurea), onosma polyphylla, Iberian fingerroot (Dactylorhiza iberica); Near Threatened status (endangered) – 5 species: small-leaved napkin (Epipactis microphylla), lady's slipper (Cypripedium calceolus), napkin orchis (Anacamptis morio), round-leaved chin (Lathyrus rotundifolius.), white-flowered onion (Allium albiflorum); Least Concern status (least problematic) – 110 species; Data Deficient status – (insufficient data) – 8 types. The same list includes 9 species protected by the Berne Convention and 38 species protected by CITES.

M.I.Rudenko, Ph.D.,

head of scientific department

REGIME AND PROTECTION OF RESERVES

ORGANIZATION OF PROTECTION SERVICE IN STATE NATURAL RESERVES

According to Article 33 of the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” dated March 14, 1995 No. 33-F3, the protection of natural complexes and objects in the territories of state natural reserves (hereinafter referred to as reserves) and national parks is carried out by a special state inspection for the protection of territories of reserves and national parks. parks, whose employees are part of the staff of the relevant environmental institutions.

State inspectors were formed to strengthen the protection of natural complexes and objects and monitor compliance with the established regime and other requirements of environmental legislation. In their activities, state inspectors are guided by the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas, other legislative and regulatory legal acts, including regulatory legal acts of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, acts of the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, these Methodological Recommendations, orders and instructions of the director of the reserve (national park).

The Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (hereinafter referred to as the Administrative Offenses Code) and the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Areas” grant state inspectors for the protection of the territories of state natural reserves and national parks the following rights:

Carry out delivery (forced transfer) of an individual for the purpose of drawing up a protocol (if it is impossible to draw it up on the spot), to a police station or to another official premises (Article 27.2 of the Administrative Code). That is, the state inspector also has the right to deliver the violator to the premises of a nature reserve or national park, which was not provided for by previously existing legal acts. Delivery must be made as soon as possible. A protocol on delivery is drawn up or a corresponding entry is made in the protocol on the administrative offense.

Conduct a personal search and search of things (Article 27.7 of the Code of Administrative Offences): carried out in order to detect the instruments of the crime or objects administrative offense; a personal search is carried out by a person of the same sex as the person being searched in the presence of two witnesses of the same sex;

If necessary, photography, filming, video recording, and other established methods of recording material evidence are used;

Carry out an inspection (that is, examination) of a vehicle (Article 27.9 of the Administrative Code):

Carried out in order to detect instruments or objects of an administrative offense;

- if necessary, photography, filming, video recording, and other established methods of recording material evidence are used;

— Confiscate things and documents (Article 27.10 of the Administrative Code).

— To arrest goods, vehicles and other things (Article 27.14 of the Code of Administrative Offences) that were instrumentalities in the commission or subjects of an offense:

— Draw up protocols on administrative offenses (Article 28.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses) provided for in Article 8.39 of the Code of Administrative Offenses (violations of the regime or other rules of environmental protection and use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas);

Provided for in Part 1 of Article 19.4. Code of Administrative Offenses (disobedience to a legal order of a person exercising state control);

Provided for in Part 1 of Article 19.5. Code of Administrative Offenses (failure to comply with a legal order of an official exercising state control);

Provided for in Article 19.7. Code of Administrative Offenses (failure to provide data (information), the presentation of which is provided for by law).

— Issue decisions on initiating a case of an administrative offense and carrying out an administrative offense (Article 28.7 of the Code of Administrative Offences).

— Check (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas”) permits for the right to stay in the territories of nature reserves and national parks from persons located in these territories;

Documents for the right to carry out environmental management and other activities in the territories of nature reserves and national parks and their protective zones.

— Detain in the territories of nature reserves, national parks and their protective zones persons who have violated the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas”).

— Freely visit any objects located in the territories of nature reserves, national parks, their protective zones to check compliance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas”).

— When performing official duties (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas”):

use special means in the prescribed manner - handcuffs, rubber truncheons, tear gas, devices for forcibly stopping vehicles, service dogs, carry, store and use service firearms.

Also enjoy all the rights of officials of the state forest protection and other federal executive authorities in the field of environmental protection (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas”).

The rights of officials of the state forest protection are provided for in Article 77 of the Forest Code of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the State Forest Protection of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 20, 2006 No. 150.

The rights of officials (state inspectors) of other federal executive bodies in the field of environmental protection are established by Article 66 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ, including:

to visit, for the purpose of inspection, organizations, objects of economic and other activities, regardless of their form of ownership, including objects subject to state protection, defense objects, objects civil defense, get acquainted with documents and other materials necessary for the implementation of state environmental control;

check compliance with regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, the operation of treatment facilities and other neutralizing devices, control means, as well as the implementation of plans and measures for environmental protection;

verify compliance with requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection during the placement, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of production and other facilities;

check compliance with the requirements specified in the conclusion of the state environmental assessment and make proposals for its implementation;

make demands and issue instructions to legal entities and individuals to eliminate violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection (in this case, demands to limit, suspend or terminate the activities of legal entities and individuals carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection are considered by the court or arbitration court);

stop and inspect vehicles, check weapons and other tools for obtaining objects of the animal world, products obtained from them, including during its transportation, in places of storage and processing.

In addition to the above rights, the chief state inspectors for the protection of territories of nature reserves and national parks and their deputies are given the right to:

Consider cases of administrative offenses (Article 23.25 of the Administrative Code) provided for in Article 8.39. Code of Administrative Offenses (violations of the rules for the protection and use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas).

According to Art. 29.6. of the Code of Administrative Offenses, cases of administrative offenses are considered within 15 days from the date of receipt by the official authorized to consider the case of the protocol on the administrative offense and other materials of the case. According to Art. 4.5. Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, a resolution in a case of violation of environmental protection legislation cannot be made after one year from the date of commission of the administrative offense, and in the case of a continuing offense - from the date of its discovery.

In case of refusal to initiate a criminal case or its termination, but if there are signs of an administrative offense in the actions of the violator, an administrative penalty may be imposed no later than a month from the date of the decision to refuse to initiate a criminal case or to terminate it.

— Bring claims to individuals and legal entities for the recovery in favor of state nature reserves and national parks of funds to compensate for damage caused to natural complexes and objects of nature reserves, national parks, their protected zones as a result of violations of the established regime (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas” ).

Prohibit economic and other activities that do not comply with the established regime of state natural reserves, national parks, and their protective zones (Article 34 of the Federal Law “On Protected Natural Areas”).

Send materials to law enforcement agencies about violations of the legislation of the Russian Federation on specially protected natural areas.

LIABILITY FOR VIOLATION OF LEGISLATION ON SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS

2.1. Administrative responsibility.

2.1.1. General requirements.

The issue of bringing an individual or legal entity to administrative liability must be resolved in strict accordance with the requirements of Art. 1.5. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (hereinafter referred to as the Code of Administrative Offenses):

In accordance with Art. 2.9. If the administrative offense committed is of minor importance, the official authorized to resolve the case may release the offender from administrative liability and limit himself to an oral remark. In this case, according to Article 29.9. Based on the results of the consideration, the Code of Administrative Offenses makes a decision to terminate the proceedings in the case of an administrative offense.

According to Art. 2.7. The Code of Administrative Offenses does not constitute an administrative offense if a person causes harm to legally protected interests in a state of extreme necessity, i.e. to eliminate a danger that directly threatens the personality and rights of a given person or other persons, as well as the legally protected interests of society or the state, if this danger could not be eliminated by other means and if the harm caused is less significant than the harm prevented.

According to Art. 2.8. The Code of Administrative Offenses is not subject to administrative liability individual, who at the time of committing illegal actions was in a state of insanity, i.e. could not realize the nature and illegality of his actions due to a chronic or temporary mental disorder, dementia or other painful mental state.

Administrative liability for violation of legislation on specially protected natural areas is established by Article 8.39 of the Administrative Code:

Article 8.39. Violation of the rules for the protection and use of natural resources in specially protected natural areas.

Violation of the established regime or other rules for the protection and use of the natural environment and natural resources in the territories of state natural reserves, national parks, natural parks, state natural reserves, as well as in territories where natural monuments are located, in other specially protected natural areas or in their security zones. Involves the imposition of an administrative fine on citizens in the amount of three thousand to four thousand rubles with or without confiscation of the instruments of committing an administrative offense and products of illegal use of natural resources; for officials - from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand rubles with or without confiscation of instruments for committing an administrative offense and products of illegal use of natural resources; for legal entities - from three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand rubles with or without confiscation of instruments for committing an administrative offense and products of illegal use of natural resources.

2.1.6. Responsibility of foreign citizens.

According to Art. 2.6. Code of Administrative Offenses: foreign citizens, stateless persons and foreign legal entities are subject to administrative liability on a general basis;

the issue of administrative liability of a foreign citizen enjoying immunity from the administrative jurisdiction of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal laws and international treaties is resolved in accordance with the norms of international law.

2.1.9. Failure to pay an administrative fine.

Administrative liability for failure to pay an administrative fine is established by Part 1 of Article 20.25 of the Administrative Code: Failure to pay an administrative fine or unauthorized leaving the place of serving an administrative arrest. Failure to pay an administrative fine within the period provided for by this Code entails the imposition of an administrative fine in the amount of twice the amount of the unpaid administrative fine or administrative arrest for a period of up to fifteen days.

2.2. Criminal liability.

Criminal liability for environmental crimes in the area of ​​specially protected natural areas and protection of biological resources is established by a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

Article 256. Illegal extraction of aquatic animals and plants

Illegal harvesting of fish, sea animals and other aquatic animals or commercial marine plants, if this act is committed:

b) using a self-propelled floating vehicle or explosive and chemicals, electric current or other methods of mass extermination of the specified aquatic animals and plants;

c) in spawning areas or on migration routes to them;

d) on the territory of a nature reserve, wildlife sanctuary, or in a zone of ecological disaster or in a zone of emergency ecological situation - shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or arrest for a term of four to six months.

2. Illegal hunting of seals, sea beavers or other marine mammals on the high seas or in prohibited zones is punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or arrest for a term of three to six months.

3. Acts provided for in parts one or two of this article, committed by a person using his official position or by a group of persons by prior conspiracy or by an organized group, are punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person. for a period of one to three years or imprisonment for a term of up to two years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years.

Article 258. Illegal hunting.

1. Illegal hunting, if this act is committed:

a) causing major damage;

b) using a mechanical vehicle or aircraft, explosives, gases or other methods of mass destruction of birds and animals;

c) in relation to birds and animals, hunting of which is completely prohibited;

d) on the territory of a reserve, wildlife sanctuary, or in a zone of environmental disaster or in a zone of environmental emergency, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of up to two hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to eighteen months, or by correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or by arrest for a term of four to six months.

2. The same act, committed by a person using his official position, or by a group of persons by prior conspiracy or by an organized group, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or by imprisonment for a term of up to two years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years or without it.

Article 260. Illegal cutting of trees and bushes

1. Illegal cutting, as well as damage to the point of stopping the growth of trees, shrubs and lianas in forests of the first group or in specially protected areas of forests of all groups, as well as trees, shrubs and lianas that are not included in the forest fund or are prohibited from cutting, if these the acts were committed on a significant scale, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of up to forty thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to three months, or by deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years, or by corrective labor for a term of six months to one year. , or arrest for up to three months.

1. Illegal felling, as well as damage to the point of stopping the growth of trees, shrubs and vines in forests of all groups, as well as plantings not included in the forest fund, if these acts are committed:

a) a group of persons;

c) by a person using his official position;

d) on a large scale, -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of up to two hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to eighteen months, or by compulsory labor for a term of one hundred eighty to two hundred forty hours, or by corrective labor for a term of one to two years, or by imprisonment freedom for a term of up to two years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years.

3. Acts provided for in parts one or two of this article, committed on an especially large scale, by a group of persons by prior conspiracy or by an organized group -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to five hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to three years, or by imprisonment for a term of up to three years with deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to three years or without it.

Note. In this article, significant damage is recognized as damage caused to the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund, calculated at the rates approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, exceeding ten thousand rubles, large damage - one hundred thousand rubles, especially large amount - two hundred and fifty thousand rubles.

Article 261. Destruction or damage to forests

Destruction or damage to forests, as well as plantings not included in the forest fund, as a result of careless handling of fire or other sources of increased danger -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of up to two hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to eighteen months, or by correctional labor for a term of up to two years, or by imprisonment for a term of up to two years.

Destruction or damage to forests, as well as plantings not included in the forest fund, by arson, in another generally dangerous way, or as a result of pollution with harmful substances, waste, emissions or garbage -

shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of one hundred thousand to three hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of one to two years, or by imprisonment for a term of up to seven years with a fine in the amount of ten thousand to one hundred thousand rubles, or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period from one month to one year or without it.

Article 262. Violation of the regime of specially protected natural territories and natural objects

Violation of the regime of nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, natural monuments and other specially protected state natural areas, resulting in significant damage, is punishable by a fine in the amount of up to two hundred thousand rubles or in the amount of the wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to eighteen months, or by deprivation the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a period of up to three years, or correctional labor for a period of up to two years.

PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS

In Crimea “...there are no two pieces of land, two mountains, two valleys similar to each other... Each Crimean valley has its own winds, its own sunshine, its own humidity and dryness, its own colors, smells, sounds, its own climate, its own soil, its own vegetation” , - this is how the writer S.Ya. wrote about the Crimean landscapes in 1913. Elpatievsky. We find the same diversity directly in the Crimean Nature Reserve.

The main territory of the reserve is a typical mountainous area with inaccessible rocky peaks, gorges, mountain rivers and forests. The total area of ​​the mountain forest territory is 34,563 hectares (excluding the Lebyazhy Islands branch). The southern border of this territory almost reaches the Black Sea, and the northern border partially covers the city of Chatyr-Dag. The reserve occupies the most elevated part of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains. Its northern slopes have longer length than the southern ones, which are shorter and steeply descend to the sea. The reserve contains the highest points of the Main Ridge - the city of Roman-Kosh (1545 masl), Demir-Kapu (1541 masl), Zeytin-Kosh (1537 masl). The peaks of the Main Ridge are hilly treeless plateaus covered with grassy vegetation - yayly (from the Turkic “summer pasture”).

The main rocks of the reserve are shales, sandstones, limestones and conglomerates, varying in age, mainly from the Jurassic period. The diversity of the geological structure determines the diversity of soils, which in the reserve are represented by groups of mountain-forest and mountain-meadow soils.

The reserve is of great importance as an accumulator of fresh water, which accumulates on the yayls and feeds springs and rivers. There are more than 1000 water sources in the reserve. They are located unevenly throughout its territory. The largest number of powerful springs is located in the zone of distribution of tall beech stands. One of the most picturesque places of the reserve is considered to be the Central Basin (700 msl), formed by the wooded spurs of the Konek, Babugan and Chernaya ridges. There is an abundance of water here. The Savlukh-Su spring (Turkish for “healthy water”), which has been covered in legends since ancient times, is especially unique. For two years (1987-1989) it was studied by employees of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine under the leadership of Academician E.F. Shnyukova. Studies have shown that the source water is sulfate-hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium, of high purity, neutral in acidity (pH 7.6). Water temperature is about +5°C. The water flow is constant - 6 l/sec. Deep waters participate in the source's feeding, as evidenced by geological, hydrochemical and radiochemical data. The source is located in the intersection zone of two deep faults - Alminsky and Demerdzhisky. In the water of Savlukh-Su, silver and zinc were found in elevated concentrations - elements that are not typical for the karst strata of the region. The source water contains 0.08-0.125 mg/l of silver ions. It was also found that when water is stored for more than a year, it chemical composition and the properties do not change. Employees of the Institute of Geological Sciences examined the water of 15 more springs in the reserve. The presence of zinc ions in the Uzen-Bash spring and manganese in the water of the Berezovy spring were discovered. Traces of silver are noted in sources on the river. Babuganka, b. Alma and Berezov. The waters of the Tarier and Uzen-Basha springs were classified as sulfate-hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium.

Nature has decorated the upper reaches of many Crimean rivers with waterfalls. This is Uzen-Bash, the right tributary of the river. Ulu-Uzeni. At an altitude of 800 m a.s.l. in the wild Yaman-Dere gorge there are cascades of the waterfall named after Professor N.A. Golovkinsky. And although the height of the water fall is small - 12 m, it is breathtaking when you see the colossal work of the stream, escaping from the gorge squeezed by the rocks, making its way through the stones, down there - into the sunny Alushta valley, to the sea.

Reserved springs give rise to many the most important rivers Crimea: Alma, Kache, Ulu-Uzeni, Derekoyke, Avunde, etc. The deepest and longest protected rivers are Alma (84 km) and Kacha (69 km). These are typical mountain rivers with fast current, flood nature. They contain the most water in spring (when the snow in the mountains melts) and in autumn, when it rains heavily. In winter, the rivers do not freeze.

23 reservoirs were built on the rivers of Crimea, including Kachinskoye, Alminskoye, Izobilnenskoye (on the Ulu-Uzen river). The water problem in the mountainous part of the peninsula was solved solely thanks to them. The development of southern coastal resorts, agriculture with its vineyards and gardens is impossible without this water. Therefore, it is impossible to overestimate the importance of the reserve, which conserves forests and water.

Crimean reserves

The value of many corners of Crimea was noticed in ancient times. True, they were guarded mainly for hunting and recreation by the nobility.

Therefore, when the first Soviet reserve (the current Crimean Nature Reserve) was created in 1923, it was based on the hunting grounds of the Romanovs - the imperial family and grand dukes, protected since 1870 (for the first time in history Russian Empire), and also hunting reserve princes Yusupov and other Russian aristocrats. Nikitsky Botanical Garden and Climbing Wall Nikitsky Cleft Much earlier, during the time of the Crimean Khanate, aristocrats and merchants considered the construction of gardens and flower beds, irrigated by cleverly arranged fountains, a sign of nobility and wealth. The improvement of mountain springs had the richest traditions in Crimea. Many mighty old trees and bizarre rocks about which legends were made were considered sacred. Therefore, the restriction of economic use and even the inviolability of many natural objects in Crimea has centuries-old, and maybe even thousand-year-old traditions

Now the natural reserve fund is being formed according to international standards, covering different levels from a notable tree, rock or spring to vast areas with varied landscapes. The total area of ​​land and coastal waters of various categories of protected areas is about 5% of the peninsula's area. In some regions of Crimea that are valuable in terms of biological diversity, the percentage of protected landscapes is much higher; on average for the Mountainous Crimea it is about 10%.

The protection regime and tourism opportunities depend on the level of the protected area, so let’s briefly talk about this. The highest category includes state reserves. The lands, subsoil and water expanses within their borders are excluded from the economy forever and are transferred to specially created departments. They conduct scientific research and develop tourist and excursion activities, primarily for environmental education. However, if you visit a water show with dolphins and seals at the Karadag biological station, you will see that education can be both fun and interesting! The reserve preserves typical or unique natural complexes in their natural form, without interfering with the course of centuries-old processes, but only by studying them.

Crimean Nature Reserve

Alushta, st. Partizanskaya, 42

Administration opening hours 8 – 17, closed. Sat, Sun

Driving along the Romanovskoye Highway (trout farm, the monastery of Kosma and Damian, the Savlukh-Su spring, the Gazebo of the Winds). Museum of Nature, Dendrozoo.

The Crimean Reserve and the Kosmo-Damianovsky Monastery The Crimean Reserve, after reorganization in 1928, occupies 33,397 hectares in the central part of the Main Crimean Ridge. The protected area is home to more than 1,200 species of plants (almost half of the total flora of Crimea), and over 200 species of vertebrate animals (half of those found in Crimea). Of particular value are oak, beech and hornbeam forests, which play an important water and soil protection role. The forests are home to Crimean red deer, Crimean roe deer, mouflon, black vulture, griffon vulture and other rare animals. The reserve has great scientific, cultural and educational significance. On the periphery of the protected area, several recreational areas and ecological trails have been created, where tourists in organized groups, without damaging nature, get acquainted with its riches. On Chatyrdag, the most beautiful “Marble” cave is equipped for public visits. In Alushta, under the management of the Crimean Nature Reserve, a Museum of Nature and a dendrozoo have been created, where you can get acquainted with the natural resources of mountain forests.

Cosmo-Damianovsky Monastery

It is located 18 km from Alushta, in the depths of the Crimean Nature Reserve (to visit, you must take permission from the administration of the reserve in Alushta) near the healing spring Savlukh-su. The spring became extremely popular after the Chernobyl accident, as its waters remove radionuclides. According to an ancient legend, associated with many other places in the Byzantine Empire, two brothers Cosmas (Kozma) and Damian, who later died at the hands of an envious person, healed the sick for free at the spring. Their memorial day is celebrated on July 1/14. On this day you can go to the monastery without a pass to the protected area.

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In 1856 A monastery was founded, but in 1899 for the debauchery of the monks, the Holy Synod abolished it. A convent was set up here, the main occupation of the nuns was crafts, so they successfully survived both the NEP and collectivization, forming an agricultural artel, which ceased to exist only during the Great Patriotic War. Patriotic War. Now the monastery has been reopened, popular with both pilgrims and tourists. Monastic buildings and ancient crafts are being restored, and mass production of Savlukh-su mineral water has been established.

The branch of the Crimean Nature Reserve off the north-western coast of Crimea - Lebyazhye Islands - is of international importance; they are included in the Ramsard Convention on the Protection of Wetlands. Here is one of the largest concentrations of waterfowl in Eastern Europe: more than 230 species, of which 18 species are listed in the Red Book. Every year, up to 5 thousand swans flock from the south to molt, and the colony of laughing coeds numbers more than 30 thousand individuals. During the summer season, seagulls destroy almost 2 million gophers and up to 8 million mice - pests of fields.

Yalta Mountain Forest Reserve

Yalta, Massandra, Doloss highway. 8 -18, no lane and out.

Pedestrian routes (Koreizskaya, Jewish, Botkinskaya, Shtangeevskaya trails), Uchan-Su roadblock, Trekhglazka cave

Museum of Nature +73654 23 28 91

The Yalta Nature Reserve was created relatively recently, in 1973, but has united dozens of remarkable natural objects, some of which have been declared protected areas since 1947. The total area of ​​the reserve is now 14.5 thousand hectares from Foros and Baydarsky Pass in the west to Nikitskaya Yayla in the east, which is about 53 km in length. The northern border in some places coincides with the edge of the yaila, but on the Ai-Petrinskaya and Yalta yailas it also extends onto the plateau to protect remarkable plant objects and caves. In the south, the boundaries of the reserve are connected with the history of development of the coast; in the pristine areas of the coast near Foros, Sanatornoye and Beregovoye, natural complexes of coastal rocks are already protected.

The main value of the reserve is the relict coniferous mountain forests of Crimean pine. There are also forests of beech, mixed forests, and below - of downy oak. The flora as a whole includes 1,363 species of vascular plants, 183 species of mosses and 154 species of lichens. Among the rare plants, the most famous are small-fruited strawberry, tall juniper, blunt-leaved pistachio, and yew. The reserve has preserved dozens of luxurious and very ancient (up to a thousand years old) plants of these species. The faunal diversity of the reserve is impressive: 37 species of mammals, 150 species of birds, 16 species of reptiles. Badgers, many species of bats feel great here, among birds the largest species are very rare in Europe - the black vulture and the griffon vulture; among reptiles, the Crimean gecko, the yellow-bellied snake, and the leopard snake are very unique and attractive.

Walking along the mountain trails of the Yalta Nature Reserve Since the 2004 season, the reserve management has offered tourists a multi-day route that combines all the famous trails (Shtangeevskaya, Botkinskaya, Kalendskaya) and all the famous viewpoints. In total, paid visits are provided for 18 objects of the reserve; the price for visiting each is usually 6-10 hryvnia. If you are not going on a multi-day trip, then you need to pay right on the spot. There are always signs where the trails begin, and documents with a fee (with stamps) are posted. In general, they don’t require you to pay any fee “to repair the Failure so that it doesn’t fail so much,” but garbage removal and improvement of trails that are located on landslide slopes, as well as fire-fighting measures, require serious expenses.

Doctors of pre-revolutionary times were somehow able to use their own funds to organize the first health paths from ancient mountain paths. However, their houses, in the words of M. Zhvanetsky, stood out in those days with “wealth and lights.” Sergei Petrovich Botkin (1832 - 1889) was the first to draw attention to the importance of the Crimean climate in the treatment of patients, especially pulmonary patients. He believed that mountain walks train the body, strengthen the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and increase metabolism. He also attached great importance to the emotional impact of nature on humans. The most beautiful path, which has a surprisingly smooth and gradual climb up the mountain, was named Botkinskaya in memory of the outstanding Russian doctor and still bears this name.

“You need to walk evenly, and under no circumstances take the climbs, as they say, in one breath. After the first ten minutes of the journey, you need to do the first self-test: count your heart rate. Suppose that if someone has a normal pulse of 68-70 beats per minute (more often in women), then during a stop it can be 120-140 beats. If your pulse returns to normal within 1-3 minutes (the sooner the better), it means your heart is not working badly, you can move on. The breathing rate should not exceed 18 times per minute. In case of severe weakness, dizziness or interruptions in the functioning of the heart, you should immediately stop the hike and return back after rest” - these recommendations must be followed in order to experience the healing and health-improving properties of the Botkin Trail.

Nature Reserve "Cape Martyan" Yalta, Nikita, Nikitsky Botanical Garden

May-September, without lane and out.

From the east, the Cape Martyan nature reserve adjoins the Nikitsky Garden with an evergreen forest of tree-like juniper and small-fruited strawberry. In the center of the reserve, a small House of Creativity of the Academy of Sciences, now a Phytocenter, was built. The water area of ​​the reserve preserves the marine biocenoses of the South Coast in their natural form. It is significant that, unlike most of the coast, where there are artificial beaches with concrete structures that are constantly being destroyed, and in terms of water purity, they do not shine, the shores near Cape Martyan are distinguished by the cleanliness and balance of beach sediments. Small beaches have long been considered especially valuable among naturists in many countries. However, the audience here is purely select - from the world of science and art.

Hiking routes along the ecological trail on the territory of the reserve must be ordered through the directorate of Nikitsky Garden. An ancient path to Ai-Danil passes over the reserve, where the estate of H. Steven has been preserved.

Karadag Nature Reserve

With. Resort, Biostation.

May-September, 8 - 17, without lane. and out.

736562 26 212, 26 290, 26 288

The Karadag Reserve is famous for its geological and mineralogical attractions: bizarre rocks, veins of gems and other rare minerals. Karadag is also interesting for its unique flora and fauna, which intricately combines species of deserts, subtropics, steppes and forests. The main center for Karadag is the village of Kurotnoye. The administration of the Karadag Nature Reserve and the Biological Station of the Institute of Biology are located here. South Seas AN. Performances with dolphins and fur seals are organized in the Dolphinarium building. There is a wonderful pebble beach. And in the beautiful old park there are rare plants, as well as exhibitions of reptiles and fish.

From the Biostation and from the village of Koktebel, you can walk for a fee along a large ecological trail or take a sea excursion. The rocks here make up a whole fairy tale: the King and Queen march to the Throne; one of the vents of the volcano - the Devil's fireplace faces the sea and is cluttered with hardened lava; The devil's finger threatens the sky with a sharp multi-meter claw. But the most famous, of course, is the rock Shaitan-kapu (Devil's Gate), better known as the Golden Gate.

Kazantip Nature Reserve

Leninsky district, nearest locality Mysovoye village

the office is located in Shchelkino, building 33 (there are no streets in Shchelkino), apt. 12,

phone +736557 222-50 or 221-56.

Kazantip preserves unique steppe communities of plants and animals, as well as the best coastal habitats of valuable commercial fish of the Azov Sea. This reserve was created recently and is still in its infancy,

Opuk Nature Reserve

Leninsky district, Black Sea coast, nearest settlement. Yakovenkovo

The management of the Opuksky Nature Reserve is located on the central street of Kerch - st. Kirova 31a. phone +736561 4 05 01.

The best time to visit is May, the time of mass flowering of wild tulips.

Just like Kazantip Reserve, the reserve near Mount Opuk in the south of the Kerch Peninsula is only taking its first steps. Cape Opuk. Kerch Peninsula. Cape Opuk is a unique landscape complex - something like a fragment of the Crimean Mountains. The mountain range, visible from afar, is distinguished by its unique vegetation and microclimate. The massif is composed of limestones (as some researchers claim, reef stones); several grottoes open in the cliffs. The top, like all Crimean mountains, is flat, the slopes abound with ledges, cliffs, and crevices. And this is unusually good for nesting birds. In total, 43 species of birds are found here. In addition to the unusually beautiful and rare pink starling, these are the laughing gull, cormorant, shrike, rock pigeon, owl, shelduck, and peregrine falcon.

Springs with excellent water, rare for these places, and excellent beaches create ideal conditions for relaxation. But before it was a military zone, and now it is a nature reserve. So, it’s as if the students – geologists, ecologists, biologists, soil scientists, historians – are not resting here, but are just blissfully enjoying educational practices. However, to do this, their managers must obtain permission from the environmental department in Simferopol. Opposite the cape in the sea there are several rock-islands made of gray spongy but dense Kerch limestone - Ship Rocks, Elken-kaya.

On the territory of Crimea there are 196 objects of natural reserve fund of various categories with a total area of ​​220 thousand hectares, which is 8.3% of total area Crimea. In the world, or more precisely in countries with a high environmental culture, 10% is considered optimal. In the most valuable regions, for example, on the southern coast of Crimea, specially protected natural complexes can occupy about 20%, and even over 50% of the territory. A significant part of reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, natural monuments and protected areas are available for excursions, scientific and academic work, student practices and expeditions, as well as for international environmental programs and projects. The restrictions relate mainly to construction, economic activities, and the extraction of mineral and biological resources.

State reserves, natural monuments and other entry-level categories are declared protected, without taking them away from land users. In this case, forestry and agricultural enterprises, health resorts, and military units are required to provide the protected regime (this also happens). Wildlife sanctuaries are formed for the time necessary to restore the numbers of species listed in the International Red Book or the Red Data Book. This means that, say, other species, for example, medicinal plants, you can freely collect for personal use. But for the protected ones rare species you will face a serious fine. Individual components of nature may be protected, such as in botanical reserves New World, Kubolach, Arabatsky; but there are also landscape reserves: Ayu-Dag, the Grand Canyon of Crimea, Cape Aya, where everything is protected, including minerals and insects.

Natural monuments are small areas or individual natural objects. There, either the natural complex as a whole or individual components are preserved. The Belbek Canyon, Mangup-Kale, Karaul-Oba are complex. Geological natural monuments - Red Caves and Demerdzhi. There are also botanical monuments - giant trees, long-lived trees, for example the famous airplane pine on Ai-Petri, several 1000-year-old yews.

The term “reserve tract” appeared relatively recently. The word “tract” usually brings to mind a dark, remote ravine, a wild gorge, or, conversely, a piece of paradise among the monotonous steppe. The main thing is that the tract is a natural complex, standing out sharply among its surroundings, isolated.

Natural complexes of artificial origin can also be protected areas. Our parks and monuments of landscape gardening art are famous throughout the world. And they were created by the labor and talent of people from generally recognized world schools - French, English, German, Italian, and in recent years also Japanese. Russian estate culture, through the hands and souls of ordinary people, made this miracle of capricious green aliens to our relatives. Nikitsky State Botanical Garden, due to the uniqueness of its green collection, has also been declared a reserve with all its branches. Most of the protected landscapes of Crimea are available for excursions and even independent visits.

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The Crimean Nature Reserve is the largest protected area, where unique plants, animals and natural resources are collected on an area of ​​44 hectares.

The natural Crimean reserve is located in a specific place. Its territory is dotted with streams and rivers; the altitude of areas above sea level varies significantly. Here nature itself has created special conditions, which are successfully complemented by the Black Sea climate. The area is ideal for the life of many species of animals and plants, which are considered rare and are listed in the Red Book.

History of the reserve

Even during the imperial rule, on the territory of the modern reserve, then still a difficult-to-reach and practically unexplored place, the “Royal Hunting Reserve” was created. A 3-hectare forest area was allocated, where wild animals were brought from all over the world.
By 1925 its territory already occupied 23 hectares, and by 1949 nature education"Swan Islands" were annexed. This area received official status as a state reserve only in 1991.
The forest part of the protected area is the highest section of the Crimean mountain range. It is surrounded on all sides by high mountains. The ancient rocks that make up the reserve's sites are classified as Jurassic period deposits. There are limestone deposits, conglomerates, sandstones, and shale. Their presence and centuries-long transformation contributed to the appearance of caves, gorges, and natural cracks.

Fauna of the reserve

A special place in the Crimean Nature Reserve is occupied by invertebrates, mostly insects. There are more than 8 thousand of them here different types! Freshwater crabs, centipedes, ticks and scorpions - this is not the entire list of pleasant and not so pleasant inhabitants of the area.

The rivers are full of trout, chub, and minnows. Frogs and toads, lizards, snakes, snakes, and marsh turtles jump along the banks of reservoirs. Many representatives of birds nest in gorges and caves, far from humans, who pose a threat to their offspring. Bats are also not uncommon in the reserves - there are more than 15 species of them out of 18 living throughout Crimea.

Of the large vertebrates, roe deer, acclimatized mouflons and wild boars, and red deer live in the reserve. There are large numbers of badgers, hares, martens and even squirrels brought from Altai.
Most of the animals living in the protected area are listed in the Red Book. Strict recording and monitoring of the number of individuals of the endangered species is carried out.

Flora

The vegetation of the Crimean Nature Reserve is quite diverse. Representatives of the flora grow here as nature intended, based on their own characteristics and needs. On the lower tiers of the mountain range, powerful downy oaks with an undergrowth of hornbeams feel comfortable. Above are sessile oaks mixed with ash and hornbeam. Hornbeam-beech trees rise to the next level forest plantations, the soil and climatic conditions at an altitude of 800-1200 meters are quite suitable for them.
In the high-mountain meadows, which are called yaylas, fragrant herbs and flowers bloom from spring to autumn: St. John's wort, thyme, oregano, crocuses, Crimean edelweiss, wheatgrass, hedgehog, sleep-grass, timothy.
The vegetation cover of the Crimean Nature Reserve is also represented by pines, beeches, lindens, Stephen and field maples, euonymus, mountain ash, aspens, dogwoods, and alders. Many tree species are listed in the Red Book and are at risk due to a significant reduction in area.

Photos

Location on the map