Protected areas are specially protected natural areas. types of protected areas and their purpose

Specially protected natural areas(SPNA) are areas of land or water surface that, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.

The Law on Protected Natural Areas was adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to it, protected natural areas are intended to maintain ecological balance and preserve genetic diversity natural resources, the most complete reflection of the biogeocenotic diversity of the country’s biomes, the study of the evolution of ecosystems and the influence of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as for solving various economic and social problems.

According to this law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, the following main categories of these territories are distinguished:

a) state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

b) national parks;

V) natural parks;

d) state natural reserves;

e) natural monuments;

f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens.

Having briefly described each category of territories, I will give full description first.

And so, national parks are relatively large natural territories and water areas, where three main goals are ensured: environmental (maintaining ecological balance and preserving natural ecosystems), recreational (regulated tourism and recreation of people) and scientific (development and implementation of methods for preserving the natural complex under conditions of mass admission of visitors). The most famous national parks are “Losiny Ostrov” (district of St. Petersburg), “Sochi”, “Elbrus”, “Valdai”, “Russian North”.

Natural parks are areas of particular ecological and aesthetic value, with a relatively mild protection regime and used primarily for organized recreation of the population. The most famous are “Russian Forest” in the Moscow region; "Turgoyak" in Chelyabinsk region, on the shore of Lake Turgoyak. It was to this lake that my friends and I went on vacation last summer and visited the natural park. Tent tourism, bicycle tourism, and excursions to the island of “St. Helena” are developed there. All around pine forest, clean air. I really liked it.

The next category - state natural reserves - are territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. Preserve and restore the population density of one or more species of animals or plants, as well as natural landscapes, water bodies, etc. Example: the Vienna Forest nature reserve in the Tikhvin district of the Leningrad region.

Natural monuments – unique, irreproducible natural objects that have scientific, environmental, cultural and aesthetic value (caves, small tracts, ancient trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc.). An example is: the Kivach waterfall on the river. Sune (Karelia); rock "Brothers" ( Gorny Altai); dark bark birch (in Lebyazhyevsky district); Rocky outcrops (Northern Urals).

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose task is to create a collection of trees and shrubs in order to preserve biodiversity and enrich flora, as well as for scientific, educational and cultural-educational purposes.

And finally, State Nature Reserves - areas of territory that are completely removed from normal use. economic use in order to preserve the natural complex in its natural state.

The basis of nature conservation work is based on the following basic principles:

Creation in reserves of conditions necessary for the conservation and development of all species of animals and plants;

Maintaining the ecological balance of landscapes by protecting natural ecosystems;

The opportunity to study the evolution of natural ecosystems, both regionally and in broader biogeographical terms; solve many autecological and synecological issues (i.e., individual individuals and communities of organisms);

Inclusion in the scope of activities of nature reserves of socio-economic issues related to meeting the recreational, local history and other needs of the population.

The foundations of conservation in Russia were laid by such scientists as I. P. Borodin, G. A. Kozhevnikov, A. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, D. K. Solovyov.

The reserves have become the basis for the conservation, reproduction and elimination of the threat of extinction of many rare species of plants and animals such as beaver, wild ass, bison, sika deer, tiger, leopard, sable, common eider, flamingo, etc.

Zoological and botanical research is carried out in the reserves; For operational analysis of air, water, and soil, mini-laboratories are being created, weather stations and weather posts are functioning.

In 2006, there were about 100 state nature reserves in Russia total area 33.7 million hectares, which is less than 2% of the entire territory of Russia.

To smooth out the influence of adjacent territories, especially in areas with well-developed infrastructure, protected zones are created around nature reserves where economic activity is limited.

Among the reserves of Russia special place occupy biosphere reserves that are part of the global network of UNESCO biosphere reserves. Six of them have integrated background monitoring stations that provide data on chemical pollution of reference protected ecosystems. In a number of reserves there are nurseries in which the most valuable gene pool is preserved, studied and bred. rare species animals.

The largest reserves are Taimyrsky and Ust-Lensky, the area of each of them exceeds 1.5 million hectares. The Teberda, Altai, Kronotsky (Kamchatka), Voronezh reserves, as well as the Ilmensky reserve are unique in the diversity of flora and fauna.

More than 1,100 species grow in the Teberda Nature Reserve higher plants, including 186 species endemic to the Caucasus. There are 137 species of vertebrates.

The Altai Nature Reserve is home to 1,500 species of vascular plants, 73 species of mammals, 310 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians and reptiles. In the alpine belt there are snow leopards - snow leopards (listed in the Red Book), Siberian mountain goats, and argali.

In the Kronotsky Nature Reserve there are 30 species of mammals and more than 130 species of birds. The most valuable inhabitant is the Kamchatka sable.

The Voronezh Nature Reserve is restoring reserves river beaver. Also protected are European deer, elk, roe deer, martens, etc.

Ilmensky Nature Reserve Southern Urals is unique. Ilmeny is a natural geological museum. More than 250 minerals have been discovered here, from common to rare ones. A wide variety of flora and fauna. This is not all that I was able to give as an example. In addition to these, there are many more reserves.

According to the law Russian Federation“On Specially Protected Natural Territories” this category includes “plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, and health value are located, which are withdrawn by decisions of the authorities state power wholly or partially from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.” All specially protected natural areas are called upon to perform the most important environmental functions, such as preserving unique and typical natural complexes and objects, the gene pool of plants and animals, ensuring optimal conditions for the reproduction of natural resources, and above all biological ones, the study of natural processes occurring in them, etc. The conservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priority areas of the state environmental policy of the Russian Federation, and therefore specially protected natural areas are classified as objects of national heritage. In accordance with the prevailing environmental objectives, features of the regime and structure of the organization, the following categories of protected areas are distinguished:

1) state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

3) natural parks;

4) state natural reserves;

5) natural monuments;

6) dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

7) medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions. The territory is completely withdrawn from economic use. This is a protected area with the most stringent form of nature conservation. Only scientific, security and control activities are permitted in nature reserves. The first reserves were organized at the beginning of the century: (1915, abolished in 1919), Barguzinsky (1916), “Kedrovaya Pad” (1916), etc., among which only Barguzinsky was officially approved as a state reserve. As of January 1, 1995, there were 88 state nature reserves in the Russian Federation with a total area of 28,854.1 thousand hectares, including 24,144.1 thousand hectares (1.4% of the land area of the Russian Federation) of territories with inland water bodies. By 2005, it is planned to create about 70 state nature reserves on the territory of the Russian Federation. Particularly among state natural reserves are state natural biosphere reserves, the main purpose of which is to conduct comprehensive background monitoring of the natural environment. Currently there are 17 in the Russian Federation biosphere reserves included in the international network biosphere reserves.

Sanctuaries are territories (water areas) intended to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain ecological balance. In this case, as a rule, the conservation of some types of natural resources is carried out while the use of others is limited. Wildlife sanctuaries may be of federal or regional subordination. Certain types are prohibited here economic activity which can lead to disruption of the natural environment. Highlight various types reserves: complex (landscape), hydrological (, river, etc.), biological (botanical and zoological), etc. Currently in the Russian Federation there are more than 1.5 thousand reserves, occupying more than 3% of the territory.

National parks (NP) are “environmental, environmental, educational and scientific research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and sites of particular ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended to be used for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism.” Currently, national parks are one of the most promising forms of protected natural areas. They are distinguished by their complex internal structure, expressed in the allocation of zones with different environmental regimes, for example, such as protected areas, zones for regulated tourism and recreation (recreational zones), territories of other land users allocated for traditional forms of economic activity. At the same time, historical heritage (historical and cultural objects) is taken into account and carefully preserved. National parks in Russia began to be created only in 1983, the first of which were: Sochi National Park and National Park"Losiny Ostrov" In subsequent years, the number of national parks has steadily increased and currently there are 31 national parks in the Russian Federation, with 2/3 of them created over the past five years. The total area of the NP is 6.6 million hectares, which is 0.38% of the territory of Russia. In the future, it is planned to create about 40 more parks with a total area of approximately 10 million hectares.

Natural parks (NP) are environmental recreational institutions that are used for environmental, educational and recreational purposes. They include natural complexes and objects of significant ecological and aesthetic value. Unlike national parks natural parks are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the main purpose of their creation is to ensure comfortable rest for the population. In this regard, environmental protection measures are aimed primarily at preserving recreational resources and maintaining the natural environment in a functional state. Much attention is paid, among other things, to the presence of interesting cultural and historical sites. Just like national parks, natural parks represent a combination of territories with different regimes of protection and use (environmental, recreational, agricultural and other functional zones).

Natural monuments include natural objects of natural or artificial origin, as well as natural complexes, small in area, that have scientific, aesthetic, cultural or educational significance. Natural monuments are often associated with certain historical events(for example, oak trees in the Kolomenskoye estate, preserved from the time of Ivan the Terrible) and are represented by unique natural objects: individual remarkable trees, caves, etc. Natural monuments are used primarily for scientific, environmental, educational, and environmental protection purposes.

The existing network of specially protected natural areas in Kaliningrad region includes the National Park Curonian Spit“, 7 state nature reserves and 61 natural monuments. In the future, it is planned to create a reserve “Pravdinsky” on the territory of the Kaliningrad region, which will include the marsh natural complex of the Baltic lake area with an area of 2.4 thousand hectares (“Tselau”). Currently, the network of protected areas in the Kaliningrad region is not sufficient to preserve natural diversity and perform environment-forming and environment-forming functions.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Specially Protected Natural Territories of the Russian Federation" dated October 2, 1992. the preservation and development of specially protected natural areas is one of the priority directions of the state environmental policy of Russia.

Specially protected natural areas are areas of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use , relating to objects of public domain.

Currently, Russia has fairly developed legislation on specially protected natural areas. Along with the Land Code of the Russian Federation of 2001. and the Law “On Environmental Protection” of 2002. the development of a system of specially protected natural areas and their conservation are regulated Federal law"On Specially Protected Natural Areas" dated March 14, 1995, Federal Law "On Natural Healing Resources, Medical and Health Areas and Resorts" dated February 23, 1995, others regulations.

Legislation allocates the following types specially protected natural areas:

state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

national parks;

natural parks;

state nature reserves;

natural monuments;

dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Specially protected natural areas may have federal, regional or local significance. The territories of state natural reserves and national parks are classified as territories federal significance. Territories of state reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts can have either federal or regional significance. Medical and recreational areas and resorts may also have local significance.

In order to protect specially protected natural areas from the adverse effects of human activity, protective zones are created on adjacent areas of land and water. Within these zones, the regime of economic activity is regulated.

State nature reserves have the highest status and, accordingly, the strictest legal regime of protection. Commandment - Russian word, which has three interrelated meanings: inviolable, forbidden, bequeathed.

The reserve regime is divided into three types: absolute, relative, mixed.

The regime of absolute conservation is inherent in natural reserves and natural monuments.

It excludes economic, recreational activities and any interference in the course of natural processes if it is not compatible with the goals and objectives of the conservation regime of a given natural object or natural complex, which, in particular, are:

conservation of biological diversity and maintenance of protected natural complexes in their natural state;

conducting environmental monitoring, including through maintaining the Chronicle of Nature;

conducting scientific research;

assistance in training scientific personnel and specialists in the field of nature conservation;

promotion of environmental knowledge;

participation in the state environmental assessment of construction projects, reconstruction and expansion of economic facilities, as well as schemes for their location and development in a given region.

Within state natural reserves, plots of land, its subsoil and water space with all natural objects located within their boundaries are transferred to the reserves for free, indefinite (permanent) use.

Within the territory (water area) of state natural reserves the following is prohibited:

exploration work and development of mineral resources, disturbance of soil cover, mineral outcrops, rock outcrops;

final felling, harvesting of resin, tree sap, medicinal plants and technical raw materials, as well as other types of forest management, except for specially provided cases;

haymaking, grazing, placement of beehives and apiaries, collection and preparation of wild fruits, berries, mushrooms, nuts, flower seeds and other types of use of flora, except for specially provided cases;

construction and placement of industrial and agricultural enterprises and their individual facilities, construction of buildings and structures, roads and overpasses, power lines and other communications, with the exception of those necessary to ensure the activities of nature reserves;

commercial, sport and amateur hunting, other types of use of wildlife, with the exception of specially provided cases;

introduction of plants and animals for the purpose of their acclimatization;

use of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products;

timber rafting;

transit of pets;

passage of motor vehicles outside public roads and waterways;

presence, travel and passage of unauthorized persons off roads and public paths;

collection of zoological, botanical and mineralogical collections, except for those provided for by the themes and plans of scientific research in reserves;

the flight of airplanes and helicopters below 2000 meters above land and water without coordination with the reserve or environmental regulatory authorities, as well as the passage of the sound barrier by airplanes over the territory of the reserve;

other activities that disrupt the natural development of natural processes, threaten the state of natural complexes and objects, and are also not related to the implementation of the tasks assigned to the reserve (Article 61 of the 1991 Law).

The state nature reserve is established by decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. This occurs subject to the consent of the subject of the Russian Federation to classify its territory as federal property. The decision to establish a reserve is made upon the proposal of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and specially authorized state bodies of Russia in the field of environmental protection (Article 8 of the Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”).

State natural reserves, which are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring, have the status of state natural biosphere reserves.

State nature reserves are legal entities. These are non-profit organizations created in the form of an environmental institution. They are financed from the federal budget (Article 11).

The relatively reserved regime is built on a combination of absolute prohibitions with the assumption of limited exploitation of natural resources and recreation. This feature corresponds to the organization and activity of numerous forms of customized regime - hunting, botanical, biological, paleontological, hydrological, geological, medicinal, landscape, recreational and similar reserves.

The objectives of declaring natural complexes as state nature reserves are:

preservation of natural complexes in their natural state;

conservation, reproduction and restoration of natural resources;

maintaining ecological balance.

On the territory of state natural reserves and their individual sections the following may be completely or partially, permanently or temporarily (including at certain times of the year) prohibited or limited:

plowing of land;

final felling and other types of felling, harvesting resin, haymaking, grazing livestock, harvesting and collecting mushrooms, berries, nuts, fruits, seeds, medicinal and other plants, other types of use of flora;

commercial, sport and amateur hunting and fishing, harvesting of marine mammals and aquatic invertebrates, other types of use of wildlife;

collection of zoological, botanical and mineralogical collections, as well as paleontological objects;

provision of land for development, as well as for collective gardening and horticulture;

carrying out drainage and irrigation works, geological surveys and development of mineral resources;

construction of buildings and structures, roads and pipelines, power lines and other communications;

the use of pesticides, mineral fertilizers, chemical plant protection products with growth stimulants;

timber rafting;

blasting;

location, travel and passage of citizens, motor vehicles, ships and other watercraft, arrangement of halts, bivouacs, tourist stops and camps, other forms of recreation for the population;

any other types of economic activity, recreational and other nature use that impede the conservation, restoration and reproduction of natural complexes and objects (Article 62 of the 1991 Law).

State nature reserves may have federal or regional significance. Nature reserves of federal significance are created by decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation. The basis for such a decision is the representation of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and specially authorized state environmental authorities. Wildlife sanctuaries of regional significance are created by decisions of the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation after the issue has been agreed upon with the relevant local government bodies. Declaration of territory as state territory natural reserve is allowed both with and without seizure of land plots from their users, owners and proprietors.

A mixed regime is observed in the practice of organizing national natural parks, where protected zones are created, operating on the principles of an absolute ban on interference in natural processes, passive and active recreation zones, where a natural reserve regime is used, combining methods of prohibitions and permits for a limited range of activities in the field of environmental management. In Russia, the first national park of the Russian Federation (“Sochi”) was formed in 1983.

National natural parks are assigned the following tasks:

preservation of historical, cultural and other cultural heritage sites;

creating conditions for regulated eco-tourism and recreation in natural conditions;

organization of environmental education of the population;

development and implementation scientific methods protection of natural and cultural heritage.

On the territory of national natural parks, any activity that threatens the existence of natural, historical and cultural complexes and objects is prohibited, including:

construction of new, operation of existing enterprises and facilities, as well as other types of activities not related to the activities of the park, violating the integrity of its natural complexes or entailing the depletion of natural resources, reducing the aesthetic value of the territory, geological exploration and mining;

actions that change the hydrological regime;

construction of main roads, pipelines, power lines and other communications not related to the functioning of national natural parks;

organization of mass sports and entertainment events;

introduction of plants and animals alien to the local flora and fauna;

final felling and harvesting of resin (Article 63 of the 1991 Law).

National natural parks are legal entities, are supported by the state budget, are on an independent balance sheet, have accounts, including foreign currency, in Russian bank institutions and have seals with the image of the state emblem of the Russian Federation and with their name. They are exempt from paying for land and other natural resources.

A differentiated regime of protection and use is established on the territory of national natural parks, taking into account local natural, historical, cultural and social characteristics.

In national natural parks located in areas inhabited by indigenous people, zones of traditional extensive natural resource management that do not destroy the surrounding environment can be identified. natural environment and biological resources.

National parks are formed in the same order as state nature reserves.

Natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes. They can be of federal or regional significance and are established by decisions of the Government of Russia and the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Territories of natural monuments, in accordance with the law, can be confiscated from the owners, possessors and users of the corresponding land plots (Article 26). In the territories where natural monuments are located and within their boundaries security zones Any activity that entails or may entail a violation of the preservation of natural monuments is prohibited. The owners, possessors and users of land plots on which natural monuments are located are charged by law with the obligation to ensure a regime of special protection of natural monuments.

In contrast to the Law “On Environmental Protection” of 1991. Law 2002 indicates a regime of special protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms (Article 60), rare and endangered soils (Article 62) and the green fund of urban and rural settlements (Article 61). For the first time, the Law determined the legal status of the Red Books of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities, and the Red Books of Soils of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, all natural lands are subject to protection, regardless of their purpose. But there are territories that are protected especially carefully.

These include:

Land plots on which the cultural, natural or historical heritage of specially protected areas (SPAs) is located.
Lands and fauna of specially protected natural areas (SPNA).

What's the difference?

PAs are lands that have some value, be it historical, cultural or natural.

Lands of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are, in fact, a type of protected area. These are mineral deposits that contain rich natural value.

Why allocate a ZOO

Due to the fact that there are natural areas where many grow rare plants or there are unique animals, it was decided to take them under special control.

Due to the threat of mass destruction of vegetation or animals in such places, hunting, agricultural activities, and even more so deforestation and the construction of residential buildings are prohibited. The concept of specially protected natural areas includes not only land, but also water bodies and airspace.

Reserved natural land: description

A specially protected natural area is not only land, but also bodies of water, and even the air space above them, where there are unique natural objects that need protection.

Such areas are a national property and cannot be sold to a private person or rented out.

All activities on these lands, with the exception of the study, preservation and enhancement of specimens located there, are prohibited. For the normal functioning of life, a specially protected natural area presupposes the absence, even within reach, of harmful emissions, and a ban on the construction of industrial plants. All activities that negatively affect the natural objects of protected areas are prohibited.

The boundaries of protected lands are necessarily marked with special signs.

Types of specially protected natural areas

With various features of natural objects, their status and the presence of erected buildings on the territory, protected areas are divided into certain types and categories.

Natural State Parks.
Natural untouched reserves.
Monuments of living nature.
National parks.
Arboretums and botanical gardens.
Medical and health resorts.

In a certain area, local government decrees may establish other categories of specially protected natural areas - this is a kind of subtype of the basis of the territory, distinguished by certain characteristics.

Regardless of the status of the land (all-Russian or local), the rules for its use do not differ.

Specially protected natural areas of Russia are subject to preservation and enhancement. All activities carried out on these lands are permitted only subject to this requirement.

Pristine reserve

The reserve is a specially protected natural area, which is distinguished by its pristine nature. Everything here has not been touched by human hands and is in the same condition as Mother Nature created.

So that the earth becomes nature reserve, it must meet a number of requirements:

To be as little affected by civilization as possible.
Have on your territory unique plants and rare species of animals.
Earths are self-regulating and not subject to self-destruction.
They have a rare landscape.

It is the reserves that are a traditional species and are designated as specially protected natural areas of Russia as an example of pristineness and originality.

At the time of 2000, 99 were allocated in the Russian Federation protected areas. Conducted on their territory scientific research, educational and environmental work.

Natural monuments

These are unique natural objects that cannot be recreated through human efforts.

Such natural objects may be under federal or regional jurisdiction. It all depends on the value of the natural monument.

As a rule, such objects are classified as regional assets. They are essentially the pride of the region where they are located.

Today, there are 28 such unique corners of nature of federal significance; they occupy an area of more than 19 thousand hectares.

Regional unique natural places much more, and they are divided into types:

Biological, including interesting plants and animals.
Hydrological are unique reservoirs and rare aquatic plants and animals.
Geological - includes unique lands.
Complex - corners of nature that combine two or more types of rare natural objects.

Nature reserves

Natural reserves are specially protected natural areas where endangered plants and animals are subject to preservation and restoration.

It happens that land is declared a natural reserve, but it is leased to a private person. In this case, the issue of withdrawal or abandonment of the lease is decided, taking into account what activities are carried out by the owner in the given territory.

Wildlife sanctuaries as specially protected natural areas have different meanings:

Landscape - created for restoration
Biological - in their territories, biologists are trying to preserve and increase endangered animals and plants.
Paleontological - fossil objects are especially protected here.
Hydrological - based on the conservation of reservoirs, lakes and water bodies.

National parks

This meaning includes the concept of lands with special natural, aesthetic or cultural value. used for scientific observations, and also organize cultural recreation for people.

The entire world community has recognized the enormous benefits of creating such protected lands.

There are three national parks in the Russian Federation included in the World cultural heritage. Two of them - Transbaikalsky and Pribaikalsky - are also included in the special protected zone of Lake Baikal.

Arboretums and botanical gardens

IN lately Arboretums are actively increasing and expanding. This is due to the development of resort areas and the emergence of everything more health institutions operating in environmentally friendly conditions.

Botanical gardens are dedicated to the conservation of rare and endangered plant species. In addition, various experiments are carried out there aimed at protecting endangered species.

Arboretums are used for educational purposes. On their territory they conduct educational excursions, telling and showing people all kinds of strange trees, shrubs and herbs.

In addition to educational tasks, arboretums have as their goal the cultivation and preservation of all the beauty of Russian nature that can only be captured in a given area.

As you can see, there are a lot of protected lands, all of them have different names, but the goals of specially protected natural areas are almost the same - preservation and enhancement of natural objects, observation of the natural course of events, scientific and educational activities.

The coming 2017 is the Year of Specially Protected Natural Areas. The corresponding Decree was signed on August 1, 2016 by the President. Specially protected natural areas and objects are a national property. They are presented in the form of areas, the surface of the water and the air space above them. Within their boundaries there are complexes that have cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic, and health value. The Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Areas" in force in the country contains a list and characteristics of them, and establishes rules for their use.

Value

Basics the importance of specially protected natural areas- preservation of valuable botanical, geological, hydrological, landscape, zoological complexes. According to international organizations, at the end of the 90s. last century, there were about 10 thousand large valuable sites all over the world. Total quantity There were about 2 thousand national parks, and 350 biosphere reserves. The importance of specially protected natural areas determined by their uniqueness. They are of great value for educational tourism. This allows us to consider them as recreational resources, the exploitation of which must be strictly regulated.

Characteristic

Each specially protected natural area is assigned its own functions. Within its boundaries, specific rules of stay are provided, as well as the procedure for using resources. In the hierarchical structure, each specially protected natural area has the ability to prevent destruction and serious changes to the complex or its individual components. To protect them from negative anthropogenic factors, zones or districts can be formed in adjacent areas. They have a special regime of specially protected natural areas.

Reserves

They act as research, environmental, environmental and educational institutions. Their goal is to preserve and study the natural course of processes and phenomena, unique and typical ecosystems, and the gene pool of the plant world. Reserves are considered the most common and typical specially protected natural areas. Animals, plants, ecosystems, and subsoil located in them are completely withdrawn from circulation and economic use.

Prescriptions

The property of the reserves belongs to the category of federal property. Plants, animals, subsoil, water are provided to institutions with special rights. Structures, historical, cultural and other elements are transferred to reserves for operational management. "does not allow the seizure or other termination of rights to areas and other resources located within their boundaries. The regulations determining the status of a particular reserve are approved by the Government.

Acceptable events

They are provided for Law "On Specially Protected Natural Areas"". Within the reserve, activities and events aimed at:

Ensuring the preservation of complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in them and their elements under the influence of anthropogenic factors.
Maintaining sanitary and fire safety conditions.
Prevention of factors that can cause disasters that threaten the lives of the population and the area where they live.
Carrying out environmental monitoring.
Implementation of research tasks.
Execution of control and supervisory functions.

Protection of specially protected natural areas carried out in accordance with the Regulations. Any activity that is not consistent with the objectives of the reserve and that is contrary to the established rules is prohibited. The introduction (relocation) of living organisms for acclimatization is not allowed.

Zones

A specially protected natural area of the reserve, unlike national park, has quite limited recreational use. Mainly, it serves for educational purposes. This situation is reflected in the functional zoning of reserves. In particular, 4 territories are distinguished within their borders:

Reserve regime. In them, representatives of flora and fauna develop without human intervention.
Scientific monitoring. In this zone, researchers monitor the development and condition of natural objects.
Environmental education. As a rule, a museum is located in this area. Regulated paths are laid here, along which tourist groups are led to get acquainted with the features of the complex.
Economic and administrative zone.

National Park

This specially protected natural area has historical, cultural, environmental and aesthetic value. The national park is used for educational, scientific purposes, as well as for regulated tourism. Objects located within the territory are transferred for use in accordance with current standards. Historical and cultural complexes under state protection are transferred to national parks in agreement with the authorized bodies.

Nuances

Within some areas of the national park there may be areas of third-party users and owners. The administration of protected areas has the exclusive right to acquire land using federal funds or other sources not prohibited by regulations. National parks are state property. Structures, buildings, historical, cultural and other complexes are transferred to the administration for operational management. A specific park operates in accordance with the Regulations. It is approved by the body responsible for the territory, in agreement with the authorized structure operating in the field of nature conservation.

Objectives of the National Park

Along with environmental activities, conditions for regulated recreation and tourism are created on the territory. Special zones are established within the national park:

Wildlife sanctuaries

These specially protected natural areas of Russia are presented in large quantities. Wildlife sanctuaries operate in almost all regions of the country. The assignment of a territory to this category is carried out with or without the seizure of plots from users, owners, owners. Wildlife sanctuaries may fall under federal or regional jurisdiction. These territories have special meaning to restore or preserve natural complexes or their components, as well as to ensure ecological balance. Wildlife sanctuaries may have different purposes. Landscape ones are intended for the restoration and preservation of complexes, biological ones - for endangered and rare representatives of fauna and flora, paleontological ones - for fossil objects, hydrological ones - for aquatic ecosystems, geological - for elements of the inanimate environment.

Botanical gardens and dendrological parks

These environmental institutions perform various functions. These include, in particular, the creation of collections of plant species to enrich the flora and preserve its diversity. IN botanical gardens and dendrological parks, educational, scientific and educational activities. The territories in which these institutions are located are intended for the implementation of their direct tasks. The plots are transferred for permanent use to parks, educational or research organizations under their jurisdiction. These institutions introduce plants into natural environment, study their ecology in stationary conditions. Parks and gardens are being developed scientific basis for ornamental horticulture, landscaping, landscape architecture, selection techniques and methods and so on. These institutions may be under federal or regional jurisdiction. Their creation is the responsibility of the executive authorities.

Natural monuments

These complexes are considered the most widespread in the country. Natural monuments are irreplaceable, unique, valuable in scientific, environmental, aesthetic and culturally objects. They can be artificial or natural origin. Areas of water and land, as well as single elements, can be declared natural monuments. The latter include, among others:

Scenic areas.
Reference areas of untouched nature.
Areas where the cultural landscape predominates. For example, they are alleys, ancient parks, ancient mines, canals, etc.
Habitats and habitats of relict, valuable, rare, scarce and endangered animals and plants.
Forest areas and their individual areas that are valuable due to their characteristics. For example, plants with a unique species composition, genetic qualities, productivity, etc. can grow on them.
Examples of achievements in forestry practice and science.
Complexes that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime.
Unique relief forms, landscapes associated with them. These include, for example, mountains, gorges, groups of rocks and caves, canyons, moraine-boulder ridges, glacial cirques, barchans and dunes, hydrolaccoliths, giant ice dams, etc.
Geological outcrops with unique properties and having scientific value. These include, in particular, stratotypes, reference sections, outcrops of rare rocks, fossils, and minerals.
Geological and geographical polygons, classic areas where there are especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, exposures of folded and faulty rocks.
Areas containing particularly valuable or rare paleontological objects.
Hydromineral natural complexes, mineral and thermal springs, mud deposits.
Areas of lakes, rivers, wetland complexes, marine areas, ponds, small river streams with floodplains.
Coastal facilities. These include spits, islands and peninsulas, isthmuses, bays, lagoons.
Separate objects of inanimate and living nature. This category includes nesting places of birds, plants with bizarre shapes, long-lived trees, as well as those with historical and memorial value, etc.

Natural monuments may have regional, federal or local significance depending on their environmental, cultural, aesthetic and other value.