Territories of regulated recreational use. Abstract: “natural recreational potential and recreational zoning of the territory of the Oryol region. What is included in the territory of regulated recreational use

Russian International Academy of Tourism

Dmitrovsky branch

Coursework

Discipline: Recreational resources

On the topic: Recreational assessment of natural recreational resources of the Perm region

Completed by: St. 12 groups Jalalyan A.M.

Checked by: Associate Professor Pospelova A.A.

(signature)

INTRODUCTION3

I. Recreational assessment of landscapes

1.1. Relief 4

1.2. Water features 5

1.3. Soil and vegetation cover 9

1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry and medicinal lands

plants 12

1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape 12

1.6. Landscape recreational potential And

landscape and recreational zoning of the territory 12

II. Territory reglaminated recreational

use

2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds 13

2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural

territories 15

III. Bioclimate

3.1. Mode solar radiation 24

3.2. Atmospheric circulation 25

3.3. Wind mode 25

3.4. Thermal mode 25

3.5. Humidity and precipitation regime 26

3.6. Bioclimatic potential and bioclimatic

zoning of territory 27

IV. Hydromineral and unique natural resources

4.1. Mineral waters 28

V. Conclusion 29

INTRODUCTION

This work will conduct a study and analysis of natural recreational resources of the Perm region.

The purpose of this work is to study the suitability of natural recreational resources of the Perm region for the purposes of tourism activities. To achieve this goal, you need to do the following - study and characterize:

Water bodies

Soil and vegetation cover

Resources of mushroom, berry lands and lands with medicinal plants

Hunting and fishing grounds

Bioclimate

Hydromineral and unique natural resources

After this, we will be able to analyze and draw conclusions.

The object of study in this work is the natural recreational resources of the Perm region.

At the end of the work, we will be able to summarize all the conclusions we have made and characterize the natural recreational resources of the Perm region as favorable or unfavorable for the development of tourism.

Natural recreational resources

1. Recreational assessment of landscapes

1.1. Relief

The relief of the region was formed under the influence of mountain-building processes in the Ural Mountains (Hercynian folding, about 250 million years ago), as well as marine and continental sedimentation on the ancient crystalline foundation of the platform.

The large (approximately 80% of the territory) western part of the region is located on the eastern edge of the East European Plain, where low-lying and flat terrain prevails, which is not very favorable for recreation. In the east, the Ural Mountains stretch in the meridional direction, occupying 20% of the region's territory.

The mountainous part of the region is represented by the mid-mountain relief of the Northern Urals and the low-mountain relief of the Middle Urals. The border between them is drawn at the foot of Mount Oslyanka (59 degrees north latitude). The mountains in the north of the region are the highest part of the region. Here is the highest point of the Perm region - Tulymsky Kamen (1496 m) and other significant peaks: Isherim (1331 m), Molebny Kamen (1240 m), Khu-Soik (1300 m). Rocks in the Urals are called mountains that rise sharply above the rest of the area. In the past, all the Ural Mountains were called the Belt Stone. The mountains of the Middle Urals are the lowest part of the Ural Mountains. The highest altitudes here are in the Basegi ridge (Middle Basegi - 993 m).

The highest point of the Perm region is the Tulymsky ridge

The flat part of the region has a hilly terrain with a height of 290 - 400 meters above sea level. It is distinguished by highlands (Tulvinskaya Upland, Ufa Plateau, Northern Ridges) and lowlands (the wide lowland Kama valley, partially coinciding with the Pre-Ural foredeep).

The flat areas of the region have a two-tier geological structure: a crystalline base and a sedimentary cover of marine origin. Once upon a time, on the site of the modern plain there was the ancient Perm Sea. It was relatively shallow, warmed well to the bottom, so plants and animals developed abundantly in it. From their remains mixed with rocks, and modern rocks and minerals were formed: limestones, anhydrites, gypsum, salts, oil, coal.

Relief assessment for therapeutic recreation.

It is possible to create paths of 1, 2 and 3 degrees of difficulty.

Terrain assessment for sports tourism.

The relief of the region is represented by both flat areas and areas located in the aisles of the Ural Mountains, which contributes to the development of a variety of sports.

Assessment of relief for caving tourism.

Features of local geological structure prone to the formation of caves. The Ural Mountains have over 500 caves. The most notable of them are the Kungur Ice Cave.

Relief assessment for mountain tourism and mountaineering.

The northern part of the Ural Mountains, located in the Perm region, is most suitable for these purposes. Mountain climbing is possible.

1.2. Water features

Rivers form the basis of the region's hydrographic network. All of them belong to the basin of one river - the Kama, the largest left tributary of the Volga. By the way, if we approach strictly from the position of the science of hydrology, taking into account all the rules for identifying the main river, it turns out that it is not the Volga, but the Kama that flows into the Caspian Sea. In terms of length, the Kama (1805 km) is the sixth river in Europe after the Volga, Danube, Ural, Don and Pechora. The vast majority of its tributaries are small, that is, less than 100 km. 42 rivers in the region are more than 100 km long each, but of these, only the Kama and Chusovaya belong to the category of large rivers (more than 500 km).

The longest and most abundant rivers in the Perm region:

The rivers of the Western Urals are very picturesque and varied in character. Some are typically flat (these are all the right tributaries of the Kama: Kosa, Urolka, Kondas, Inva, Obva and others: some left ones: Veslyana, Lupya, South Keltma, Tulva, Saigatka). They have a calm current, a winding channel with numerous meanders, islands, channels, and aquatic vegetation. Their floodplains abound in oxbow lakes and lakes and are often swampy.

The left bank tributaries of the Kama, originating in the Ural Mountains, are typically fast-flowing mountain rivers in their upper reaches. Along the banks of these rivers there are often outcrops of numerous stones and picturesque cliffs. The riverbed is replete with riffles, rapids and small waterfalls. When entering the plain, rivers lose their mountain character.

Vishera River. Vetlan stone.

The main source of nutrition for the rivers of the Western Urals is melt water (more than 60% of the annual flow). Therefore, the rivers of the region are characterized by prolonged freeze-up, high spring floods, and low summer and winter low water. Forests have a noticeable effect on the river regime. In the northern part of the region, thanks to forests and thick snow cover, in the northeast and mountains the flood lasts longer than in the south. The rivers of the forest-steppe south have a shorter freeze-up period, they open early in the spring, and in the summer there are high rain and flash floods. In the northeast of the region (the Vishera River basin) the rivers are full all year round. The level rise in spring exceeds 7-10 m, the current is fast (up to 2-3 m/s), the waters are cold, and the ice cover is thick. In the south, in summer, rivers become very shallow and even dry up. In some areas with little snow harsh winters small rivers freeze to the bottom. In the east, due to the high development of karst, disappearing rivers are not uncommon; second underground channels and watercourses with increased mineralization and hardness are encountered.

Ponds and reservoirs. Ponds were created in the Kama region for a variety of purposes: to regulate the flow of small rivers, for the needs of small-scale energy, timber rafting, fishing, water supply, irrigation, and for decorating rural areas. The largest ponds:

· Nytvensky (with an area of 6.7 sq. km) on the Nytva River

· Seminsky (with an area of 5.2 sq. km) on the Zyryanka River

· Ochersky (with an area of 4.3 sq. km) on the Travyanka River

The most ancient ones were created 150-200 years ago at ancient Ural factories. Now about five dozen veteran ponds such as Ochersky, Nytvensky, Pashiysky, Pavlovsky, Yugo-Kama and others have become unique monuments of history and culture.

In the region there are also larger reservoirs than ponds - reservoirs created in connection with the construction of hydroelectric power stations: Kamskoye and Votkinskoye on the Kama, Shirokovskoye on Kosva.

Lakes poetically called "the blue eyes of the planet." In the Perm region there are a variety of types of lakes: deep and shallow, small and medium, flowing and drainless, surface and underground, floodplain, karst, tectonic, natural and man-made, fresh and salty, overgrown, completely lifeless and rich in fish, with beautiful names and completely nameless. Moreover, most lakes are small, floodplain and nameless.

In terms of the number of lakes, the Kama region is inferior to other Ural regions. The total area of lakes in the Perm region is only 0.1% of its area.

The most big lakes are located in the north of the region:

ь Chusovskoe (19.4 sq. km)

ь Big Kumikush (17.8 sq. km)

b Novozhilovo (7.12 sq. km)

The deepest lakes (all of them are of karst origin):

ь Rogalek (depth 61 m)

ь Beloye (depth 46 m)

ь Bolshoe in Dobryansky district (depth 30 m)

Lake Igum (25.6 g/l) in the Solikamsk region has the highest salinity among surface lakes.

The largest underground lake today is considered to be the lake in the Grotto of Friendship of Peoples in the Kungur Ice Cave (about 1300 sq.m). In total, over 60 lakes were discovered in this cave. Lakes are also known in other karst caves - Pashiyskaya, Divya, Kizelovskaya.

Lake Goluboe is an underground river outlet.

Since many rivers of the Perm region originate in the mountains, their temperature regime often does not correspond to the required rating for a beach and swimming holiday. In the south, many rivers disappear in the summer season, which is caused by karst phenomena. Climatic conditions generally do not meet the necessary conditions. There is no beach or swimming season.

The development of yachting is possible, which is best suited by the Kama and a number of other rivers, of which there are many, as well as numerous ponds and reservoirs.

River rafting is carried out on boats and rafts.

1.3. Soil and vegetation cover

In the Perm region, podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils with low natural fertility predominate. There are sod-carbonate
(along river valleys), alluvial-turf, sod-meadow, leached chernozems, clayey and heavy loamy soils. In the Suksun, Kungur and adjacent areas there are degraded chernozems, dark gray, gray and light gray forest-steppe soils, which have the highest natural fertility in the region.

The nature of the soil in the Kama region, significant surface slopes, and intense summer rains contribute to the development of erosion: more than 40% of the region’s arable tracts are susceptible to it to one degree or another.

The vast majority of soils need to increase fertility by introducing organic and mineral fertilizers, and 89% of arable land requires liming.

The main type of vegetation in the Perm region is forests, occupying 71% of the territory. The main tree species are dark coniferous: spruce and fir. At the same time, spruce clearly predominates.

As you move from north to south of the region, the proportion of deciduous trees gradually increases, the undergrowth, shrub layer, herbaceous and ground cover change. In the northern regions of the flat part of the region, spruce-fir forests are distributed in large continuous tracts. Under their canopy it is dark and humid, so the undergrowth and grass cover are poorly developed, and the ground cover is dominated by green mosses, on the elevations of the relief - hare's sorrel, and in the depressions - cuckoo flax. Such forests in the Kama region are usually called Parma. They are allocated to the middle taiga subzone.

To the south of the latitude of the city of Berezniki, linden is mixed with spruce and fir at limestone outcrops. In these forests, which form the subzone of the southern taiga, the shrub layer is more diverse, and the moss cover is replaced by herbaceous vegetation. South of the city of Osa, the forests change again. Among the broad-leaved species, in addition to linden, there are maple, elm, elm, and sometimes oak, and among the shrubs - warty euonymus and common hazel. This is a subzone of broad-leaved taiga forests. The most typical area of such a forest has been preserved on the right bank of the Tulva River, in the Tulvinsky reserve.

Along swampy river valleys and near peat bogs, so-called sogro forests (spruce, spruce-alder, pine) are developed. They are characterized by a depressed state of the tree cover: dry tops, short stature, and crooked trunks. The ground cover is dominated by sphang mosses.

Pine forests are common in the north-west of the region, on sandy-clayey sediments left over from glaciation, along sandy terraces of large rivers. Among coniferous forests, pine trees occupy second place in the region.

A fairly large proportion of the tree plantations of the Kama region are small-leaved birch-aspen forests. Many of them are of secondary origin (they arose in the process of natural change of vegetation at the site of fires and during the cutting down of dark coniferous trees). In the forests of the northeastern and eastern parts of the region, along with dark coniferous species, there are light coniferous species - cedar and larch.

A significant part of the region's forests (over 50%) consists of mature and overmature plantations. About 20% of the forest cover is accounted for by young growth. The rest is middle-aged forests. Since intensive logging is carried out in the region, permanent forest nurseries have been created where planting material is grown to organize reforestation work.

Meadow vegetation is widespread both in interfluves (dry meadows) and in river valleys (flood meadows with the highest natural productivity). About 10% of the territory is occupied by meadows and pastures in the region. Swamp vegetation is present on 5% of the territory

Swamps in the Perm region they are widespread, both upland and lowland. Swamps and lakes in the north of the region are traces of former continental glaciation. Some swamps were formed as a result of natural processes in low-flow water bodies. Human economic activities often lead to waterlogging: intensive deforestation, creation of reservoirs, construction of dams, construction of roads.

In the Perm region there are over 800 bogs, the peat deposits of which can be of industrial importance. But the development of peat in many swamps is not recommended due to their water conservation role, biological and other valuable qualities. In addition, vitamin-rich cranberries, cloudberries, and princesses grow in the swamps. Many swamps are good hayfields.

The largest swamps are located in the north of the region:

· Bolshoye Kamskoye (area 810 sq. km)

Djuric-Nur (area 350 sq. km)

Byzimskoe (area 194 sq. km)

1.4. Resources of mushroom, berry and medicinal plant lands

650 plant species were noted, including 67 rare and endemic

The species quantity allows us to talk about a wide variety of species. There are territories (reserves, sanctuaries) where the abundance of growing plants is also high.

1.5. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape

The landscape has high attractive properties. What makes it attractive is the large number of rivers and reservoirs, as well as the features of the landscape and relief. As well as a number of other features.

1.6. Landscape-recreational potential and landscape-recreationational zoning of the territory

The environmental assessment varies greatly from unfavorable (near Perm) to favorable. In general, the characteristics are moderately favorable.

Landscape and recreational potential is characterized by 3 points.

The overall assessment is that the area is favorable for recreational development.

2. Territory of regulated recreational use

2.1. Hunting and fishing grounds

In total, in the Perm region there are about 60 species of mammals, over 200 species of birds, almost 40 species of fish, 6 species of reptiles and 9 species of amphibians. More than 30 species of mammals are of commercial importance.

Among the predators, the pine marten is widely represented in the region. Its favorite habitats are overripe, cluttered forests, especially in the southern regions. The Perm region ranks one of the first in the country in terms of the number of martens. Ermine and weasel live in the forests everywhere. In the southern and central regions there are badgers and otter, and in the northern regions there are wolverines. Throughout the territory, except for the very south, bears and lynxes are found, although their numbers are small. The wolf is also found everywhere.

Most of the region's animals are of European origin, but Siberian species also make their way into the region. Thus, at the end of the nineteenth century, kolonka appeared in the eastern regions.

Of the artiodactyls in the Kama region, moose predominate, living along forest edges and copses. In winters with little snow, roe deer come from the neighboring Sverdlovsk region to the eastern regions. From the Komi Republic, deer penetrate into the northern regions.

Most predatory and artiodactyl animals are of great commercial importance. Hunting for some of them (sable, otter, marten, elk) is possible only with special permits (licenses). Roe deer and reindeer are protected and hunting is prohibited.

The wolf, wolverine and lynx cause considerable damage to livestock production and therefore hunting for them is encouraged. Small mustelids (ferrets, weasels) destroy mouse-like rodents, but sometimes they contribute to the spread infectious diseases(tick-borne encephalitis, rabies).

Much work is being done in the region on the acclimatization and artificial breeding of some species of game animals - beavers, raccoon dogs, muskrats, arctic foxes and minks.

Of the 200 bird species in the region, the most common are wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, crossbills, several species of tits, and migratory birds include starlings, thrushes, rooks, and swallows. The most commonly seen birds of prey are eagles, owls, crows and magpies. Of the birds of greatest commercial importance, capercaillie, black grouse and hazel grouse are of greatest commercial importance.

The reservoirs of the region are inhabited by more than 30 species of fish, of which 15 are of commercial importance. Common species such as bream, roach, saberfish, perch, and pike form the basis of commercial and recreational fishing.

The stocks of the main commercial species are in satisfactory condition, however, the commercial fish productivity of the Kama reservoirs is one of the lowest in Russia and amounts to only 2-3.5 kg/ha. Low indicators of fishing productivity of reservoirs are due to shortcomings in the organization of fishing, as well as the low production capacity of reservoirs. The main limiting factors are massive industrial pollution and the unfavorable hydrological regime of reservoirs.

Despite high level anthropogenic pressure, the main fishery reservoirs of the region - the Kama and Votkinsk reservoirs - provide more than 90% of the catch, which averages 850-100 tons of fish over the last decade.

The reform of state management systems also had a negative impact on fisheries. Since the early 90s, there has been a steady decline in catches of almost all major commercial species. The catches of bream, pike perch, pike, as well as roach and sabrefish in the Votkinsk Reservoir have fallen sharply. With the increase in the number of blue bream, its catches did not increase.

Amateur catches, licensed fishing and poaching are practically impossible to account for. But even assuming that the unaccounted catch of poachers and recreational fishermen is equal to organized fishing, there is an underutilization of the commercial stock.

Positive trends are observed in the dynamics of commercial fish in the Kama reservoirs. The numbers and catches of burbot, catfish, and asp are increasing.

The sterlet stocks in the Votkinsk Reservoir were favorably affected by Kamuralrybvod’s many years of work on transplanting spawners into the reservoir.

The water bodies of the north of the region - numerous lakes and oxbow lakes - are practically not developed by organized fishing. The main reasons are inaccessibility and difficulty in selling catches.

In the region's reservoirs, 3 species of fish require special protection measures: taimen, sterlet of the Upper Caspian population and brook trout. IN recent years There is some stabilization in the numbers of the first two species. The state of the brook trout population in the river basin. Iren is catastrophic. The experience of the Ulyanovsk region, where specialized reserves were created in the early 90s to save brook trout, shows that the restoration of a seemingly extinct species is possible.

As we can see, the Perm region has rich resources for the development of hunting and fishing tourism.

2.2. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas

The following nature reserves are represented in the Perm region:

Vishera Nature Reserve:

Number of lichen species: 100

Number of moss species: 286

Number of species of higher plants: 528

Vegetation:

The nature of the vegetation in the southern and northern parts of the reserve differs. In the south, middle taiga forests predominate; nemoral and forest-steppe species are found; in the north, northern taiga forests are found. In the forest stand, the dominance of Siberian fir and Siberian pine was noted, an increased role of grasses compared to shrubs was noted, and associations with the participation of ferns were widespread. Mountain middle taiga dark coniferous forests rise to a height of up to 400 m above sea level, giving way higher to forests of the northern taiga appearance. The following stand out: high altitude zones: 1) mountain forest (up to 600 m above sea level); 2) subalpine (about 600-850 m); 3) mountain tundra (about 850-1000 m); 4) belt of alpine deserts (over 1000 m). As a complement to the indicated scheme, within the sub-alpine belt there are: a sub-belt of park crooked forests and high-grass sub-alpine meadows and a sub-belt of mountain heaths with Siberian juniper, thickets of dwarf birch (from Betu1a nana), large willows, elfin trees and herbaceous psychrophytes. The mountain tundra belt is characterized by a more or less closed cover of mosses and lichens and is similar to the zone of the Arctic lowland tundras. In the alpine deserts, characteristic only of the highest ridges, epiphytic lichens dominate.

Number of fish species: 6

Number of reptile species: 1

Number of bird species: 143

Number of mammal species: 35

Fauna:

The fauna of the reserve has, in general, a typically taiga appearance, with characteristic European (pine marten, European mink) and Siberian (Siberian salamander, nutcracker, red-backed vole, Asian chipmunk, sable) species living together in one territory. In some areas there are inhabitants of open steppes (harrier, kestrel, common mole) and semi-aquatic (merganser, carrier) spaces, amphibiotic species (grass and frog, muskrat, beaver, otter) and species characteristic of the tundra zone (ptarmigan, arctic fox, reindeer).

Of the mammals, the largest number of rodents is represented - 16 species, then carnivores - 15, insectivores - 6, chiropterans - 3, ungulates 3, lagomorphs - 2 (the number of species is to be determined). Some of them are only periodically found in the reserve, not being its permanent inhabitants - the mustachioed and water bats, the raccoon dog, etc. Widespread: the common shrew, red and common voles, ermine, pine marten, wolverine, bear, elk.

The avifauna of the reserve and adjacent territories is unique, which was the reason for the allocation of this area to a special ornithogeographical district of Ripeysky due to the presence of representatives of various faunas here. A number of nesting, as well as migratory and migratory birds (golden plover, merlin, snapper, garnish, waxwing, bluetail, warbler, bee-eater, Lapland plantain, etc.) are typical only for the territory of the reserve and are found extremely rarely or irregularly in other areas of the Perm region. areas. In general, taiga inhabitants are common - hazel grouse, three-toed woodpecker, spruce crossbill, black-throated blackbird, nutcracker.

Among amphibians, the grass frog is common, and among reptiles, the viviparous lizard is common.

Fish belong to three faunal complexes - Arctic, Ponto-Caspian and boreal-plain. Most species are cold-loving; there are glacial relics. The most numerous and widespread are the river minnows and European grayling.

Basega Nature Reserve

Currently, the Basega ridge is the only taiga area in the Middle Urals that has almost completely survived deforestation and serves as an “island” where many species of plants and animals of this region have found refuge. Eight rivers of the reserve are protected as spawning grounds for valuable fish species - taimen and grayling. The Perm Regional Executive Committee established a protective zone with a total area of 25.6 thousand hectares along the border of the reserve.

The reserve has no natural boundaries. The boundaries are marked with notices on quarterly clearings. The territory of the Basegi Nature Reserve extends in the meridional direction along the mountain range. The distance between the northern and southern borders is about 25 km, between the western and eastern borders - 8-9 km.

11 small rivers flow through the reserve, their width is from 3 to 10 m. All of them are typically mountainous, with a significant slope of the riverbeds, high speed currents (from 3 to 5 and even 8 m/s). The Bolshaya Porozhnaya, Maly and Bolshoi Baseg and Lyalim rivers flowing from the western slope of the ridge flow strictly to the west, flowing into the river. Usvu. The Porozhnaya and Grayling rivers flow from south to north and are also tributaries of the Usva. The Korostelevka River with numerous tributaries originates in the intermountain basin east of the ridge, flows from north to south and flows into the river. Vilva. The spring flood, starting on April 25-30, usually lasts about 40 days and, as a rule, occurs not in one wave, but with 4-5 rises of water. During the period of heavy rainfall in mid- and late summer, the rivers swell again, almost reaching the level of the spring flood.

The largest rivers of the reserve are the Usva and Vilva. The greatest width of the first of them is 92 m, the depth is from 30 cm (on the rifts) to 2.2 m. The water level can fluctuate very significantly from year to year and seasonally, the amplitude reaches 1.5 m. First, the river. The Usva flows east, then north, a third of the way turns west and, rounding the Basegi ridge, rushes southwest and flows into the river. Chusovaya. The beginning of freeze-up on Usva falls on the period from October 20 to November 24. The ice lasts from 175 to 218 days. Its thickness ranges from 6 to 78 cm. Ice drift lasts on average 6 days. The river waters are rich in oxygen and not polluted.

Vilva originates on the western slope of the Ural ridge, 50 km east of the reserve. Its length is about 170 km. The greatest width of the river is 84 m, the depth ranges from 60 cm to 2.2 m. Moreover, during the spring flood, the water level rises by 4 m, and its fluctuations over the years and seasons range from 1.5 to 4 m. Ice phenomena on Vilva are characterized by later (by 2-3 days) in comparison with Usva, the onset of freeze-up and earlier (by 5-6 days) ice drift, therefore the ice cover on Vilva lasts almost 10 days less than on Usva. The bottom of both rivers is sandy and gravel, with frequent rapids strewn with debris.

Quite a lot of streams and springs flow into the rivers, some of them are very short - about 2 m. The springs are confined to hollows, but sometimes they are also found on hills, causing waterlogging. The soils of the mountainous regions of the Western Urals have been poorly studied. The territory of the reserve belongs to the zone of podzolic loamy-stony soils on the western slope of the Urals.

The reserve is home to 51 species of mammals, more than 150 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and 3 species of amphibians. This species diversity of animals in a relatively small area is explained by the heterogeneity of natural conditions, including vertical zonation. An analysis of the fauna of the mountainous regions of the Middle Urals allowed E.M. Vorontsov (1949) to put forward a hypothesis at the end of the 40s, the essence of which boils down to the fact that animals inhabited the Ural mountainous country not from the west and east, but vice versa: during the Ice Age, the Urals, and in particular Basegi, was a place where birds and animals were preserved, settling as the glacier retreated to the plains of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia. True, today most scientists believe that the centers of settlement of terrestrial vertebrates were Siberia and the plains of the European part of the USSR, from which the settlement of the Urals began, which, by the way, was not a significant barrier to the movement of these animals.

The fauna of the Basegi reserve is typical for the taiga zone. There are many species of animals and birds here, common to the fauna of the forests of the more western European plains, but Siberian forms also play a noticeable role. Species of European fauna include the bank vole, wood mouse, common vole, marten, European mink, as well as most bird species; representatives of the Siberian fauna - Siberian weasel, sable, red-backed vole, red-gray vole, Siberian subspecies of roe deer; Among the birds - common bunting, bluetail, ruby-throated nightingale, dark-throated blackbird.

Many animals are represented in the reserve by specific Ural subspecies that are not found outside this region. mountainous country. E. M. Vorontsov considers such species to be the mole, common shrew, wood mouse, red-backed vole, root vole, dark vole (South Ural subspecies), and among birds - wood grouse, goshawk, long-tailed owl, brambling, common and reed buntings , wood accentor, dipper. He also lists the Basega three-toed woodpecker, Krestyannikov's brambling, Belousov's wood Accentor, and Vlasov's Ural bunting as endemics (the names of the subspecies were given in honor of biology students who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War).

Among the mammals in the reserve, the most numerous are small insectivores (8 species) and rodents (19 species), as well as carnivores (14 species).

The common mole is found in meadows and the edges of spruce-fir forests; it is quite common in the reserve, but its numbers here are small.

Shrews and shrews are one of the most numerous groups of animals in the reserve. Given the tiny size of the animals, in some years their total weight in forest landscapes can be more than 70% of the total weight of all vertebrates. There are 6 species in this group. Of these, the most numerous are the common and average shrews, which live in almost all natural complexes of the reserve. The small shrew inhabits a variety of forest areas and meadows, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and is also quite numerous. The equal-toothed shrew, which is quite rare in the flat part of the Perm region, was also common in the reserve.

The mountain hare is found almost everywhere, especially in forest-meadow areas and in sparse forests.

Rodents are very diverse on the territory of the reserve. The flying squirrel is occasionally found in the tall coniferous and deciduous forests of the reserve. The chipmunk is very rare in the reserve and lives in river valleys in areas with cedar trees. The squirrel, one of the main fur-bearing commercial animals in the Perm region, is common in all forests, with the exception of purely deciduous ones. In some years, squirrels are very numerous, in others, when the seed crop fails coniferous trees, the animals make mass migrations, leaving the territory of the reserve. In the forests of the Basegi ridge, squirrels also make local migrations, periodically moving to different years and seasons for forest areas with a sufficient harvest of cones. In addition to the seeds of coniferous trees, in the summer, squirrels feed on mushrooms, berries, sometimes succulent parts of herbaceous plants and large seeds. The number of mouse mice on the Basegi ridge is quite high.

There are few mouse-like rodents in the reserve. This is field and wood mouse. In river valleys and on lawns you can find the baby mouse - the smallest rodent of our fauna. The animal prefers thickets of tall grass, but at the same time it lives not only in shelters underground, but sometimes weaves a spherical nest from dry blades of grass, firmly attaching it to the stems of herbaceous plants, sometimes at a height of up to 1.5 m. Small mice weigh 6-7 g, very rarely one comes across “giants” weighing up to 9 g. In the 40s there were gray rat, which practically disappeared with the destruction of permanent human habitations.

The most diverse among rodents are hamster-like ones (9 species), some of them are very numerous. Findings of forest lemmings in the Kama region are rare, but in the reserve this northern taiga animal is quite abundant in moss dark-coniferous forests.

But the more southern voles - common and arable - are relatively rare and live mainly in meadow biotopes. In wetter places the root vole is found. Forest voles are numerous in the reserve and are found in all forest communities. This is the bank vole - a species of European mixed and broad-leaved forests, as well as Siberian taiga species - red and red-gray voles. All three species are common in forests and woodlands, and in summer they can also be found in meadows. Red-backed and red-gray voles go higher into the mountains than the red-backed vole, penetrating to the outcrops on the tops of the ridge, populating rocky areas and mountain tundras. The water rat is common in semi-aquatic biotopes, but in summer it can also live in subalpine meadows. This large vole is quite common in the reserve. Muskrats are occasionally found in the Vilva Valley.

The ungulates in the reserve include elk, roe deer and reindeer. Every year, in late autumn or early winter, elk migrate from the foothills of the Perm region to the eastern slopes of the Urals. Even for such a huge animal, the snow cover of the ridge is too deep, so only a few moose spend the winter in the reserve. The summer density of moose is 2-3 individuals per 1000 hectares. In some years, reindeer come to Basegi from the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and northern regions Perm region, however, large herds have not appeared in the last decade. In summer, roe deer can migrate to the reserve from the eastern regions of the Urals. She is as rare as the reindeer. In 1985, wild boar was recorded for the first time.

The pine marten is a typical predator of the old dark coniferous forests of the reserve, mainly cluttered areas with hollow trees. Its numbers in the reserve are significant.

Weasels and stoats are common and found throughout various habitats. Siberian weasel, mink and otter are numerous. The badger is rare and prefers open, dry areas and forest edges. In winter, wolverines have been spotted in the reserve, and wolves occasionally visit. The fox lives in the meadows and crooked forests. Brown bear and lynx are common in the forest belt.

Birds are the richest group of vertebrates in the Basegi Nature Reserve in terms of species diversity, but they are still rather poorly studied. Almost every year, since 1978, when employees of Perm University began studying the fauna of this territory, the list of birds has been supplemented with new species, most often Siberian.

There are 150 species of birds in 13 orders in the reserve. Most diverse passerine birds, represented by 19 families and more than 70 species.

All the corvids known in the Kama region are quite numerous in the reserve: hooded crow, raven, jackdaw, magpie, nutcracker, jay, and kuksha. Only the rook almost disappeared from the environs of the reserve by the middle of this century, which is probably due to the disappearance of villages. This can also explain the absence of the house sparrow in the area, which was quite common here in the 40s. Only tree sparrows live at the foot of Southern Baseg and on the site of the former village of Korostelevka.

On the banks quickly flowing rivers and the streams are inhabited by the dipper. This small bird is not afraid of cold weather and migrates to the south only after the reservoirs are completely frozen.

In various types of forest there are wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpeckers - yellow, three-toed and great spotted, common cuckoo, buntings - remez, common and reed, lentils, brambling, warblers - willow and chiffchaff, garden warbler, garden warbler, meadow stonechat, song thrush, fieldfare, wood accentor, bullfinch, waxwing, nuthatch, pika, tree pipit, crossbill, great tit, hawk - sparrowhawk and goshawk.

In the mountain-meadow tall-grass glades with areas of forest and willow shrubs one can find buzzard, hobby hobby, kestrel, corncrake, great snipe, tree pipit, white and yellow wagtail, lentil, garden warbler, gray warbler, stonechat, chaffinch, warbler, willow warbler, hoodie.

In the mountain moss-lichen crooked forest there are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, common cuckoo, brambling, chaffinch, bunting - common, dubrovnik, crumb and remez, siskin, puffy, pika, willow warbler, green warbler and chiffchaff, wood accentor, redstart, gray and garden warblers, robins, bee-eaters, blackbirds - whitebrow and fieldfare.

In the mountain tundra and rocky areas the bird fauna is very poor. Here you can see the peregrine falcon, common wheatear, stonechat, meadow pipit, and mountain wagtail. During the ripening period of blueberries, wood grouse, black grouse, and hazel grouse migrate here.

Along the rivers and floodplain swamps one can find mallards, teals - waders and whistlers, as well as waders - blacklings and waders, mergansers, and garden warblers.

The sedge-sphagnum and sedge-raised bogs are inhabited by the gray warbler, white wagtail, warbler, buntings - whelks and reed buntings, and some waders.

Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR, the white-tailed eagle and peregrine falcon nest in the reserve; osprey and golden eagle are seen on migration. E.M. Vorontsov (1949) indicated a black stork for the Basegi ridge.

Only two species of reptiles have been recorded on the territory of the reserve: the viviparous lizard and the common viper. The latter is found in the reserve only at the foot of the mountains, in the most dry and well-warmed areas. The viviparous lizard is much more widely distributed. It is found along the edges of forests in the mountain-taiga zone, in meadows, is quite numerous in the strip of open forests and crooked forests, and penetrates rocky placers and the tundra.

The reserve is home to 3 species of amphibians - gray toad, grass frog and sharp-faced frog. Gray toads found at the foot of the ridge, i.e., along the outskirts of the reserve. Moreover, their numbers are greater in the extensive clearings adjacent to the reserve. Grass frogs and sharp-faced frogs are inhabitants of the mountain forest belt and subalpine meadows. Only individual animals occasionally penetrate into the areas of open forest adjacent to the meadows. In general, for the life of relatively heat-loving amphibians, the cold, weakly warmed reservoirs of the reserve in summer, as well as the close level of cold groundwater, are not very favorable.

River valleys and forest areas adjacent to mountain meadows and old clearings are the most populated by animals. The population of birds and animals from recent logging sites near the northern and southern borders of the reserve is very poor. Therefore, the taiga massif of the reserve is a natural “island” into which many animals and birds migrate from the adjacent, almost completely deforested areas.

3. Bioclimate

3.1. Solar radiation mode

Compared to areas lying at the same latitude in the European part of Russia and Western Siberia, solar energy resources in the Perm region are greater. This is due to the corresponding circulation conditions that determine the significant frequency of anticyclonic weather (with low clouds and high atmospheric transparency).

Cloudiness reduces the flow of direct solar radiation by 2-3 times and at the same time increases diffuse radiation by an average of 1.9 times.

3.2. Atmospheric circulation

Circulation processes of the atmosphere over the territory of the Perm region are determined by the general circulation of the Earth’s atmosphere, but local physical and geographical conditions also have a great influence.

In winter, the air over Asia becomes very cold and an anticyclonic region forms here. high blood pressure with closed clockwise circulation. The main factor determining the climate of the cold period of the Perm region is the influence of the Asian anticyclone, which almost completely fills the territory of the republic at this time. The movement of cyclones from west to east in the north of the region is often accompanied by strong winds and prolonged snowstorms.

3.3. Wind mode

Northern, northeastern and western winds predominate, and in the southeastern part - southern ones. The summer distribution of wind directions continues from May to August. During the transition seasons, which include September and April, the winter distribution of wind directions is combined with the summer one.

3.4. Thermal mode

The climate of the region is temperate continental.

Winter is usually snowy and long. The average January temperature in the northeast of the region is -18.5 degrees Celsius, and in the southwest -15. The absolute minimum temperature in the north of the region reaches -53 degrees Celsius.

Summer is moderately warm. Most warm month- July. The average July temperature in the northeast of the region is +15, and in the southwest - +18.5 degrees Celsius. The absolute maximum temperature reaches +38 degrees Celsius. The duration of the growing season (with temperatures above +5) ranges from 145 to 165 days.

3.5. Humidity and precipitation regime

The annual precipitation rate increases from 410-450 mm in the southwest to 1000 mm in the extreme northeast, in the most mountainous part of the region. Most of the precipitation occurs in the warm half of the year (from May to September it falls from 66 to 77%). Snow cover sets in at the end of October - beginning of November and lasts on average 170-190 days a year. The snow thickness by March reaches 80-90 cm in the north of the region and 60-70 cm in the south.

The climate features of the Perm region include the fairly frequent recurrence of dangerous meteorological phenomena (fogs, thunderstorms, snowstorms, etc.).

Fogs are observed throughout the year, but more often in warm weather (July - October). In the eastern mountainous part of the region (Polyudov Kamen area) there are up to 195 foggy days a year. Winter fogs are associated with the phenomenon of temperature inversions, when dense cold air stagnates in closed valleys and mountain basins.

Thunderstorms usually occur in the summer, and sometimes at the end of winter, more often in the afternoon. Largest number days with thunderstorms are also observed in the northeast of the region (in the Polyudov Kamen area 27 days a year). Winter thunderstorms are a rare natural phenomenon. They have been recorded during sudden incursions of Arctic air masses against the general background of westerly transport, at temperatures around zero. They are usually accompanied by squally winds, heavy snowfalls and thunderstorms, followed by a sharp drop in air temperature.

3.6. Bioclimatic potential and bioclimatic zoning of the territory

Among the discomfort phenomena typical for the Perm region are:

b Lack of UV

ь Short duration of the summer season

b Significant precipitation

b Hypothermia

4. Hydromineral and unique natural resources

4.1. Mineral waters

KEYS, a balneological and mud resort 150 km southeast of Perm and 60 km from the city of Kungur. Located at the foot of the city of Klyuchevskaya, on the left bank of the river. Irgina, near the village. Keys. Average temperatures in January are -17C, July - 16C. Precipitation up to 550 mm per year. The main natural healing factors are sulfide mineral water containing hydrogen sulfide and sulfide silt mud of the Suksun pond, located 12 km from the resort, near the village of Suksun. There is also calcium sulfate water in the resort area; By drilling from a depth of over 1000 m, iodine-bromine brines were obtained. Sanatorium, water and mud baths. Treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, movement and support, nervous system and skin.

The mineral springs in Klyuchi have been known since the beginning of the 18th century and have been used for medicinal purposes since the 2nd half. 19th century

UST-KACHKA, a village 58 km from Perm and 12 km southwest of Krasnokamsk, on the left bank of the Kama. The largest balneological resort in the Urals. The climate is moderate continental. Average temperatures in January are -16C, in August 20C. Precipitation is about 600 mm per year. The main natural healing factor is mineral waters: sulfide chloride sodium brine containing bromine and iodine (used in diluted form for baths), as well as sulfate-chloride sodium-calcium-magnesium water (obtained by drilling in 1972, used for drinking treatment). Treatment of diseases of the circulatory system, movement and support, digestion, nervous system and gynecological diseases.

Conclusion

The Perm region has rich natural resources. The development of health tourism is possible here, which is facilitated by the terrain, nature and climatic features.

The relief, also, primarily thanks to the Ural Mountains, contributes to the development of mountaineering and caving tourism.

There are many rivers in the area, which can be used for river rafting. However, due to the low temperature of the waters, they cannot be used for beach holidays.

There are many forests in the region (71%). Rich flora and fauna. What makes the development of fishing and hunting tourism promising? There are also a wide range of berry and mushroom fields, as well as medicinal plants.

The environment is generally satisfactory. There are two reserves - Vishersky and Basegsky. On their basis it is possible to conduct ecological tours.

The solar radiation regime is more favorable for tourism than even in the Central European part of Russia. The landscapes of the Perm region are distinguished by their highly attractive characteristics.

All this allows us to characterize the natural recreational resources of the Perm region as favorable for the development of tourism.

List of studied literature and sources

1. Garkin A.P. Geography of Russia. - M., "Great Russian Encyclopedia", 1998 - 800 pp.: illus, maps.

2. Kozlova I.I. Health resorts of trade unions of the USSR, sanatoriums, boarding houses, rest homes. - M., ed. 6th, revised and additional - M.: Profizdat, 1986 - 704 p., ill.

3. Kolotova E.V. Recreational resource science: Tutorial for students studying in the specialty “Management”. - M., 1999

4. Lappo T.M. Cities of Russia. - M., Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994 - 559 pp.: ill., maps.

5. Radionova I.A. Economic geography. - M., Moscow “Moscow Lyceum”, 1999

6. Stepanov M.V. Regional economics. - M., Moscow “Infa M”, 2000

Semester program

1. Introduction to the course

Recreational resource studies as a science that studies natural, historical and cultural resources involved in recreational activities. The concept of recreational resources. The role of recreational resources in the development of the tourism industry. The main components of recreational resources: natural recreational resources (landscapes, hunting and fishing grounds, bioclimate, natural healing resources), historical and cultural potential ( historical cities, monuments of civil and religious architecture, archeology, ethnography), tourist infrastructure, recreational network, labor resources. Degree of knowledge and principles of assessment. Conditions of operation and protection. Reserves, reliability, capacity of recreational resources.

2. History of the study and development of recreational resources

Study of natural recreational resources in Russia from the times of Peter the Great to the present day. Study and mastery cultural heritage in excursion activities. History of the development of tourism infrastructure and the material base of tourism.

3. Natural recreational resources
3.1. Landscape and recreational assessment of the territory.
Factorial, integral and differential assessment of landscapes. Reliability and Capacity natural complexes.

Assessment of relief, water bodies and vegetation cover. Assessment of relief for various types recreational activities: medical and recreational recreation, sports tourism (mountain hiking, mountaineering, caving tourism, skiing). Assessment of water bodies for therapeutic and recreational (beach and bathing) recreation and the main types of water tourism: yachting, surfing, sports rafting, family water tourism .Evaluation of vegetation cover for recreational purposes. The importance of vegetation cover: ionization, phytoncidal properties of plants, bioenergy, environmental protection of the natural environment, others. Taxation assessments of forests, meadows and wetlands. Recreational assessment of agricultural land. Permissible anthropogenic recreational loads on natural complexes. Recreational assessment of mushroom and berry lands and lands with medicinal plants. Principles of recreational assessment: types of landscapes, assessment of the abundance of berries, mushrooms and medicinal plants, degree of species diversity, rare species, seasonality of use.

Aesthetic and environmental assessment of landscapes. Landscape diversity: type of space (open, closed), vertical and horizontal position, panoramic views, color range of territories.

Landscape and recreational potential and zoning of the territory. Determination of the landscape and recreational potential of the area. Landscape and recreational zoning of the territory taking into account the ecological state of the natural environment.

3.2. Territories of regulated recreational use

Hunting and fishing grounds. Their assessment: types of tracts and reservoirs, abundance of fauna, degree of diversity of species, presence of rare species of fish, animals and birds. Geography of distribution of hunting and fishing grounds.
Specially protected natural areas (SPNA). Types of protected areas and recreational activities permitted in them: natural reserves (botanical, zoological, complex landscape, geological, hydrological), natural monuments (unique and memorial natural objects), protected areas forests, national parks. Reserves.

3.3. Bioclima
The concept of bioclimate and the main climate-forming factors. Principles for assessing bioclimate parameters: gentle. Trainer. Irritating modes of influence of bioclimate on the human body. The concept of human climatic and temporal adaptation.

Medical and climatic assessment of meteorological regimes. Assessment of comfortable and uncomfortable effects on the human body: solar radiation regime (insolation and ultraviolet), atmospheric circulation regimes (variability of weather and meteorological parameters), wind, thermal regimes, humidity and precipitation regime. Seasonal changes in bioclimatic parameters. Climatotherapy and climatic prevention.

Bioclimatic potential. The concept of the seasonal and annual bioclimatic potential of the area. Bioclimatic zoning of the territory according to the degree of comfort. Bioclimatic conditions of different geographical zones. Local bioclimate. Concept, assessment methods. Microclimatic surveys and the importance of their implementation in resort areas. Microclimatic zoning of health resort territories.

3.4. Hydromineral resources

Mineral waters. Main indicators: composition, mineralization, temperature conditions, reserves. Use in sanatorium-resort and non-resort practice. Characteristics of the most common types of mineral waters. Protection of deposits. Geography of distribution of mineral waters throughout Russia.

Healing mud. Types, main properties of medicinal mud. Application in sanatorium-resort and non-resort practice. Protection of deposits.

Geography of distribution of medicinal mud.

Unique natural healing resources. Superheated gas and water vapor (Yangan-Tau).

Salt mines (Sol-Iletsk). Gaseous radon (Borovichi).

Areas with extremely low humidity (Bayram Ali). Kumis treatment (Yumatovo).

3.5. Integrated natural and recreational zoning of territories

Comprehensive recreational assessment of natural areas, taking into account all natural recreational resources. Natural and recreational zoning of territories according to the degree of favorableness for the development of various types of tourism activities.

4. Historical and cultural potential
4.1. Basic types and principles for assessing cultural complexes

Main types of cultural complexes. Principles for assessing cultural complexes. The concept of ranking. The concept of necessary and sufficient time for inspection. Reliability and capacity of cultural complexes.

4.2. Main components of historical and cultural potential

Archaeological monuments. Villages, ancient settlements, burial mounds, rock paintings, museum archaeological exhibitions. Historical cities.

The main components of historical and cultural potential. Principles of recreational development and geography of placement. Monuments of religious architecture. Orthodox monasteries, history and geography of their location throughout Russia. Principles of organizing pilgrimage trips. Organization of monastery natural and historical parks. Monuments of religious architecture of other faiths: centers of Muslim and Buddhist culture on the territory of Russia. Monuments of secular architecture. Urban and suburban development. Palace and park architecture and estate complexes. History of development and geography of the Russian estate. Organization of natural and historical estate recreational parks. Monuments of industrial architecture. Memorial complexes and structures. Memorial areas. Places of battles and other historical events. Places of residence of historical and cultural figures. The main types of use of memorial complexes: memorials, museum-reserves, houses and apartments prominent figures cultures, places reflected in their work.

Ethnographic complexes and folk crafts. Russian ethnographic villages, settlements of small nations, museums of wooden architecture. Geographical features ethnographic complexes. Folk arts and crafts, arts and crafts centers. Main types of folk crafts. The history of their development and geographical location. Use in souvenirs.

Scientific and technical complexes and structures. Scientific centers, scientific museums, unique technical structures and objects of their use for the purposes of educational and scientific tourism.

5. Tourist infrastructure

Sociocultural infrastructure. Museums, cinema and exhibition halls, libraries, theaters, clubs, leisure centers, etc. Geography of placement.
Transport security. Accommodation and catering facilities for tourists (restaurant and hotel chains). Trade and consumer services. Telecommunications support. Heat, water and energy supply system.

6. Recreational network

Types of recreational institutions: enterprises of medical, health and children's recreation, sports tourism and their material resources.

7. Thematic field trip

It is carried out at the end of the course and involves introducing students to natural landscapes, historical and cultural monuments, elements of sociocultural and tourist infrastructure and one of the types of recreational institutions.
1. Moscow - St. Petersburg - Moscow - 3-day field lesson. Study of anthropogenic recreational resources.
2. Sergiev Posad - one-day field lesson. Study of folk crafts, religious architectural styles in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
3. Lake Seliger. Study of natural recreational resources.

Questions for testing

1. Introduction. An integral part of recreational resources. What does recreational resource science reflect?
2. Classification of tourist resources.
3. Assessment of relief for the development of pedestrian tourism.
4. Assessment of terrain for the development of sports tourism. Mountaineering and alpine skiing.
5. Assessment of water recreational resources for the development of sports tourism.
6. Assessment of water resources for the development of beach and health tourism.
7. Bioclimate. Solar radiation mode. Adaptation.
8. Climate. Atmospheric circulation.
9. Characteristics of climatic conditions in the temperate zone of Western Europe for the development of excursion tourism.
10. Characteristics of climatic features subtropical zone for the development of beach and health tourism.
11. Characteristics of the climatic features of the subtropical zone for the development of excursion tourism.
12. Mineral waters. Classification of mineral waters: by composition, mineralization, temperature.
13. Geography of mineral waters in Russia. Development of medical and health tourism.
14. Healing mud. Classification of medicinal mud according to: origin, temperature and effect on the human body.
15. Unique natural healing resources. Geography of medical and health tourism.
16. Classification of natural recreational resources. Characteristics of a natural object (at the student’s choice).
17. Recreational use of specially protected areas.
18. Resources of mushroom, berry lands and areas with medicinal plants. Aesthetic assessment of the landscape.
19. Hunting and fishing grounds. Recreational use of specially protected natural areas.
20. Nature reserves of Russia and the Near Abroad.
21. National and natural recreational parks. Principles for placing recreational parks in urbanized areas.
22. Classification of anthropogenic recreational resources.
23. Monuments of religious architecture. Characteristics of one temple of any religion (student's choice).
24. Monuments of religious architecture. Orthodox Christianity. Characteristics of the temple (at the student's choice).
25. Monuments of religious architecture. Catholicism. Characteristics of the temple (at the student's choice).
26. Monuments of secular architecture. Characteristics of famous squares of the world.
27. Monuments of secular architecture. Famous gardens and parks of the world.
28. Monuments of secular architecture. Famous museums of the world.
29. Monuments of secular architecture. Famous art galleries.
30. Monuments of secular architecture. Famous palace and park ensembles.
31. Monuments of secular architecture. History of the development of the Russian estate.
32. Archaeological sites.
33. Ethnographic monuments. Description of the Museum of Ethnography and Anthropology in St. Petersburg.
34. History of the development of museums in Russia.
35. Folk crafts. Characteristics of Russian folk crafts.
36. Characteristics of Moscow museums. Kremlin.
37. Characteristics of Moscow museums. Museum fine arts named after A.S. Pushkin, Museum of the East.
38. Characteristics of palace and park ensembles of Moscow and the Moscow region. Ostankino. Arkhangelskoe.
39. Characteristics of palace and park ensembles Leningrad region. Peterhof, Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk.
40. Characteristics of museums in St. Petersburg. Hermitage, Russian Museum.
41. Scientific and technical complexes and structures.
42. Basic principles of recreational development of natural and historical heritage.
43. Tourist infrastructure. Transport support.
44. Tourist infrastructure. Utility systems. Places of accommodation and food.
45. Trade and consumer services of telecommunications.
46. Recreational network. Medical and recreational institutions.
47. Tourist establishments. Children's recreation institutions.
48. Labor resources of tourist complexes.

Textbooks

1. Vedenin Yu.A., Miroshenichenko N.N. Assessment of natural conditions for organizing recreation // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Series "Geography". 1969. No. 4
2. Vedenin Yu.A. Filippovich L.S. Experience in identifying and mapping landscape diversity of natural complexes // Geogr. problems of organizing recreation and tourism. - M., 1969.
3. Geography of recreational systems of the USSR. - M.: Nauka, 1980.
4. Kornilova R.P. Duration of the swimming season on the territory of the USSR // Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Series "Geography". 1979. No. 4.
5. Mukhina L.I. Principles and methods of technological assessment of natural complexes. - M.: Nauka, 1973.
6. Preobrazhensky V.S., Shelomov N.P. The problem of using natural resources // Urban planning. - Kyiv, 1982. No. 32.
7. Svatkov M.N. and others. Tourist resources of the USSR // Izvestia VGO, 1981. No. 113. Issue. 2.
8. Tymchinsky V.I. On methods for studying natural recreational resources // Urban Planning. - Kyiv, 1982. No. 32.

people and animals that settled as the glacier retreated onto the plains of the European part of the USSR and Western Siberia. True, today most scientists believe that the centers of settlement of terrestrial vertebrates were Siberia and the plains of the European part of the USSR, from which the settlement of the Urals began, which, by the way, was not a significant barrier to the movement of these animals.

The fauna of the Basegi reserve is typical for the taiga zone. There are many species of animals and birds here, common to the fauna of the forests of the more western European plains, but Siberian forms also play a noticeable role. Species of European fauna include the bank vole, wood mouse, common vole, marten, European mink, as well as most bird species; to representatives of the Siberian fauna of weasels, sable, red-backed vole, red-gray vole, Siberian subspecies of roe deer; Among the birds: bunting, bluetail, ruby-throated nightingale, dark-throated blackbird.

Many animals are represented in the reserve by specific Ural subspecies that are not found outside this mountainous country. E. M. Vorontsov considers such species to be the mole, the common shrew, the wood mouse, the red vole, the root vole, the dark vole (South Ural subspecies), and among the birds the capercaillie, the goshawk, the long-tailed owl, the brambling, the common and reed buntings, the forest Accentor, dipper. He also lists the Basega three-toed woodpecker, Krestyannikov's brambling, Belousov's wood Accentor, and Vlasov's Ural bunting as endemics (the names of the subspecies were given in honor of biology students who died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War).

Among the mammals in the reserve, the most numerous are small insectivores (8 species) and rodents (19 species), as well as carnivores (14 species).

The common mole is found in meadows and the edges of spruce-fir forests; it is quite common in the reserve, but its numbers here are small.

Shrews and shrews are one of the most numerous groups of animals in the reserve. Given the tiny size of the animals, in some years their total weight in forest landscapes can be more than 70% of the total weight of all vertebrates. There are 6 species in this group. Of these, the most numerous are the common and common shrews, which live in almost all natural complexes of the reserve. The small shrew inhabits a variety of forest areas and meadows, especially along the banks of rivers and streams, and is also quite numerous. The equal-toothed shrew, which is quite rare in the flat part of the Perm region, was also common in the reserve.

The mountain hare is found almost everywhere, especially in forest-meadow areas and in sparse forests.

Rodents are very diverse on the territory of the reserve. The flying squirrel is occasionally found in the tall coniferous and deciduous forests of the reserve. The chipmunk is very rare in the reserve and lives in river valleys in areas with cedar trees. The squirrel, one of the main fur-bearing commercial animals in the Perm region, is common in all forests, with the exception of purely deciduous ones. In some years, squirrels are very numerous, in others, when the coniferous tree seed crop fails, the animals make mass migrations, leaving the territory of the reserve. In the forests of the Basegi ridge, squirrels also make local migrations, periodically moving in different years and seasons to forest areas with a sufficient harvest of cones. In addition to the seeds of coniferous trees, in the summer, squirrels feed on mushrooms, berries, sometimes succulent parts of herbaceous plants and large seeds. The number of mouse mice on the Basegi ridge is quite high.

There are few mouse-like rodents in the reserve. These are field and forest mice. In river valleys and on lawns you can find the tiny mouse, the smallest rodent of our fauna. The animal prefers thickets of tall grass, and lives not only in shelters underground, but sometimes weaves a spherical nest from dry blades of grass, firmly attaching it to the stems of herbaceous plants, sometimes at a height of up to 1.5 m. Tiny mice weigh 6-7 g , very rarely you come across “giants” weighing up to 9 g. In the 40s, there was a gray rat, which practically disappeared with the destruction of permanent human habitations.

But the more southern voles, the common and arable voles, are relatively rare and live mainly in meadow biotopes. In wetter places the root vole is found. Forest voles are numerous in the reserve and are found in all forest communities. This is the bank vole, a species of European mixed and broad-leaved forests, as well as the Siberian taiga species red and red-gray voles. All three species are common in forests and woodlands, and in summer they can also be found in meadows. Red-backed and red-gray voles go higher into the mountains than the red-backed vole, penetrating to the outcrops on the tops of the ridge, populating rocky areas and mountain tundras. The water rat is common in semi-aquatic biotopes, but in summer it can also live in subalpine meadows. This large vole is quite common in the reserve. Muskrats are occasionally found in the Vilva Valley.

The ungulates in the reserve include elk, roe deer and reindeer. Every year, in late autumn or early winter, elk migrate from the foothills of the Perm region to the eastern slopes of the Urals. Even for such a huge animal, the snow cover of the ridge is too deep, so only a few moose spend the winter in the reserve. The summer density of moose is 2-3 individuals per 1000 hectares. In some years, reindeer come to Basegi in winter from the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the northern regions of the Perm region, but large herds have not appeared in the last decade. In summer, roe deer can migrate to the reserve from the eastern regions of the Urals. She is as rare as the reindeer. In 1985, wild boar was recorded for the first time.

The pine marten is a typical predator of the old dark coniferous forests of the reserve, mainly cluttered areas with hollow trees. Its numbers in the reserve are significant.

There are 150 species of birds in 13 orders in the reserve. The most diverse passerine birds are represented by 19 families and more than 70 species.

The dipper lives on the banks of fast-flowing rivers and streams. This small bird is not afraid of cold weather and migrates to the south only after the reservoirs are completely frozen.

In various types of forest there are wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse, woodpeckers, three-toed and great spotted woodpeckers, common cuckoo, bunting, common and reed, lentil, brambling, willow warbler and chiffchaff, garden warbler, garden warbler, stonechat, song thrush, fieldfare, wood accentor, bullfinch, waxwing, nuthatch, pika, tree pipit, crossbill, great tit, sparrowhawk and goshawk.

In the mountain moss-lichen crooked forest there are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, common cuckoo, brambling, chaffinch, common bunting, dubrovnik, crumbling and remez, siskin, puffer, pika, willow warbler, green warbler and chiffchaff, wood accentor, redstart, gray and garden warblers, robins, bee-eaters, white-browed thrushes and fieldfare.

Along the rivers and floodplain swamps one can find mallards, teals, waders, and waders, as well as waders such as black and waders, mergansers, and garden warblers.

The sedge-sphagnum and sedge raised bogs are inhabited by the gray warbler, white wagtail, warbler, remez and reed buntings, and some waders.

Only two species of reptiles have been recorded on the territory of the reserve: the viviparous lizard and the common viper. The latter is found in the reserve only at the foot of the mountains, in the driest and most well-warmed areas. The viviparous lizard is much more widely distributed. It is found along the edges of forests in the mountain-taiga zone, in meadows, is quite numerous in the strip of open forests and crooked forests, and penetrates rocky placers and the tundra.

The reserve is home to 3 species of amphibians: the gray toad, grass frog and sharp-faced frog. Gray toads were found at the foot of the ridge, that is, along the outskirts of the reserve. Moreover, their numbers are greater in the extensive clearings adjacent to the reserve. Grass frogs and sharp-faced frogs live

The share of reserves and national parks in the total area of the region is 3.9%. According to the official scientific and reference publication “Natural Reserve Fund of the Ryazan Region” (2004), as of January 1, 2004, the existing network of protected natural areas in the Ryazan region includes the Oka State Natural Biosphere Reserve, national park"Meshchersky", state nature reserve federal significance"Ryazansky", protected forest area "Ramenskaya Roshcha", protected areas of regional significance - 48 state natural reserves and 100 natural monuments. Five natural monuments were created specifically for the purpose of preserving valuable geological and paleontological objects, two natural monuments preserve man-made hydrological objects (large ancient ponds - Ermishinsky and Syntulsky). The natural monument Erlinsky Arboretum Park is actually a monument of landscape gardening art, and therefore requires special measures to maintain it in a condition different from the surrounding natural areas. Also, especially valuable forest areas within the water protection zones of water bodies, along reservoirs inhabited by beavers, around capercaillie currents and in honey-bearing areas of the forest have been taken under protection. The territories of the reserve and national park are classified as a wetland of international importance "Floodplain of the Oka River and a section of the floodplain of the Pra River within the national natural park"Meshchersky" (Ryazan region)".

Oka State Natural Biosphere Reserve is a strictly protected area. Recreation and tourism are prohibited in the main territory of the Oksky Nature Reserve. A promising area for using the reserve in recreation is the organization of educational excursions.

The territory of the Meshchersky National Park is one of the most visited recreation areas among the central regions of Russia. Dozens of excursion bus routes pass through this territory, about 100 groups of sports trips lasting 8-10 days are organized, including water, ski, hiking, cycling, as well as about 1,000 weekend trips. Auto tourism is highly developed; on weekends in summer and autumn, up to 30 thousand cars travel to Meshchera. Several tourist centers, hunters' and fishermen's bases are open to visitors.

On the territory of the state natural reserve of federal significance "Ryazan" it is possible to pick mushrooms and berries, excursions and walks.

IN security zone wetlands “Floodplain areas of the Oka and Pra rivers” the local population is allowed to hunt and fish. Hunting, fishing and other types of recreation are also popular in the rest of the territory. The magnitude of the loads is relatively small (See Table 9).

Based on the data in Table 9, we can conclude that most protected areas are located in the northern part of the Ryazan region on the territory of the Meshchera Lowland. The total area of the reserve, national park, reserves and natural monuments, taking into account the overlap of some protected areas with each other, is more than 370 thousand hectares, including 177 thousand hectares of reserves and natural monuments of regional significance. The area of protected areas is more than 9% of the area of the Ryazan region.

Table 9. Specially protected natural areas.

	Name	Brief description
Reserve of federal significance	Oka Biosphere State Reserve	It is located in the middle reaches of the Oka River, in the eastern part of the Meshcherskaya Lowland on the left bank of the Pra River, the left tributary of the Oka, in the Spassky district of the Ryazan region. The number of protected species: animals - 57, birds - 251, plants - 867, fish - 36. Most of the reserve is pine and birch forests and oak groves; a significant area is occupied by swamps. Rich fauna: elk, wild boar, fox, otter, ermine, marten, raccoon dog, muskrat, squirrel, badger, mink, lynx, sika deer, beaver; of birds - capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, crane, mallard, great snipe, snipe, woodcock, black kite, buzzard, sea eagle, black stork. The reservoirs contain perch, pike, crucian carp, bream, ide, roach, silver bream, asp, pike perch, sterlet, and catfish. Work is underway to restore the bison herd. There is a museum on the territory of the reserve. The main goal of creating the reserve is to preserve and increase the number of muskrats. Other goals of the reserve are the preservation of natural complexes typical of this region, with all their components, the study of the flow of natural processes and phenomena, the development scientific foundations nature conservation. A number of experimental works are also being carried out in the reserve.
National park of federal significance	Meshchersky	The park is located in the north of the Ryazan region and covers the Klepikovsky lakes, the adjacent lowland swamps, the valley of the Pra River - a tributary of the Oka, as well as a system of shallow lakes and raised bogs on the Pra and Solotchi watershed. Organized for the protection and study of natural, historical and cultural complexes of the Meshchera region. The number of protected species: animals - 50, birds - 170, plants - 867, fish - 36. Main tasks: creation of park infrastructure; security wildlife(conservation of species and genetic diversity); conducting scientific research and environmental monitoring; environmental education; development of recreation and tourism; study and preservation of cultural heritage; organization of international cooperation. About 1/3 of the territory of "Meshchersky" is made up of meadows, fields, villages, where traditional economic activities of the local population continue, grazing livestock, picking berries and mushrooms. About five thousand guests annually visit the protected area - tourists, fishermen and other visitors.
State natural zoological reserve of federal significance	"Ryazansky"	Organized on the territory of the Shilovsky and Spassky districts of the Ryazan region, within the Oka-Don lowland, in the Oka floodplain. The purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve, reproduce and restore wild animals in need of protection along with their habitat, as well as maintain the overall ecological balance. Special significance reserve - protection of muskrats and places of mass migration and resting of geese. Objects of protection include: Russian muskrat, beaver, marten, otter, badger, elk, wild boar; capercaillie, black grouse, partridge, hazel grouse, waterfowl; water chestnut (chilim), as well as some medicinal plant species. In addition to valuable species of animals, there are a number of objects recognized as natural monuments on the territory of the reserve.
Wetland of international importance	Floodplain areas of the Oka and Pra rivers	It is located on the territory of the Meshcherskaya Lowland north of the bend of the Oka River between the cities of Ryazan and Kasimov, Ryazan region, Klepikovsky, Ryazan, Spassky districts. It includes a river valley flowing in a flat area with extensive meadow floodplain, which is replete with oxbow lakes, areas of swampy forests, and lake systems. An important place for the concentration of waterfowl during the autumn and, especially, spring migration. The nesting site of the main game species of waterfowl in middle lane Russia.

The development of ecological tourism in the Ryazan region is promising, thanks to the large number of preserved unique natural complexes, mainly in the Meshchera Lowland (See Fig. 4).

2. Territories of regulated recreational use

2.1 Ecotourism resources (SPNA)

The Curonian and Vistula Spit occupy special place on the territory of the Kaliningrad region and not only because of their unique location, but also because of their significance for the territory and Russia as a whole. That is why the Curonian Spit has been a state natural national park since 1988. What makes it unique are the dune landscapes - 60-meter sand dunes, pine forests, the proximity of the sea and the bay, animals protected by humans - elk, deer, wild boars. However, this territory is at the same time very ecologically vulnerable - from nature (frequent erosion) and from humans (destruction of vegetation cover and, as a consequence, degradation of dunes). The Baltic (Vistula) Spit is not inferior in attractiveness and natural value to the Curonian Spit. Located in the border zone, it remained inaccessible to tourists for a long time. The uniqueness and vulnerability of this territory became the reason for classifying it as a protected area.

Table 9. Specially protected natural areas

No.	Type of protected area	Name	Area, ha	Brief description
1.	Reserve	Curonian Spit	6 621	Formed in order to preserve the unique natural complexes of the Curonian Spit.
2.	Reserve	Vistula Spit	520 ha	Formed for the purpose of preserving unique forest complexes
3.	Reserve	Vishtynetsky	330 ha	Reserve in the area of Lake Vishtynets

2.2 Hunting and fishing grounds.

Animals in the region are represented by ungulates, predators, rodents, insectivores, and bats. They are distributed mainly in forests, where the living conditions of animals are least modified by humans.

The order of ungulates includes the largest animal in the region - the elk, as well as other representatives of the deer family - red and sika deer, roe deer and fallow deer.

The largest number of roe deer in the forests of the region is several thousand. Elk and red deer number in the hundreds. Fallow deer are extremely rare and are found in the Polesie region (there are several hundred of them in Russia). Sika deer were brought to the region quite recently. They were released on the territory of the Novoselovsky animal farm, where they are bred to produce antlers - a valuable medicinal raw material. Small herds of wild boars are found in many forests in the region.

Predators include foxes, martens, horis, stoats and weasels. Wolves were completely destroyed by the 70s, but since 1976 they have reappeared and are hunted year-round.

Fish in inland reservoirs are represented by freshwater species (58 species, in the Curonian - 42, in the Kaliningrad - up to 40 species).

From sea fish There are herring, sprat, cod, flounder, and Baltic salmon. Semi-anadromous species (rising to spawn in the lower reaches of rivers) are smelt and herring, anadromous species (going up rivers to spawn) are whitefish, fisherman, Baltic sturgeon, salmon, eel. Bream, pike perch, roach, smelt, crucian carp, ruffe, perch, and pike are widely distributed. Rivers are home to not only those typical for lowland rivers fish such as burbot, catfish, chub, ide, but also trout and grayling, characteristic of the foothills.

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