Ways to solve the problems of the modern world. Global problems of our time and methods for solving them

1. The concept of global problems.

3. Ways to solve global problems.

The emergence of a special kind of problems of world development, called “global”, has become a characteristic feature of our time. International conferences of scientists, politicians, economists, and philosophers are devoted to their discussion and prospects for solving them. However, the severity of these problems not only does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. The relevance of global problems is due to the following factors: the acceleration of social development processes, the accumulation of human knowledge about nature and the growth of technical means, which have led to the fact that human forces, and at the present moment, are comparable to the forces of nature, and sometimes exceed them, the population is steadily growing.

The listed factors have posed a number of problems to humanity that were previously unknown and affect not individual regions or countries, but all of humanity as a whole. Close relationship within modern world is such that no country can avoid being influenced by factors of global significance. For example: consequences nuclear explosions, depletion of the ozone layer, the spread of AIDS and drug addiction are felt everywhere.

The global problems of our time are a complex of social and natural contradictions that affect the entire world as a whole. These problems are complex in nature, i.e. A wide variety of industries should be involved in the study of global issues scientific knowledge: both social sciences and humanities, as well as natural and technical sciences. Thus, a special field of knowledge was formed - the theory of global problems or global studies.

The classification of global problems, carried out on the basis of many years of research, helps to better understand the essence of global problems and outline ways to solve them. All global problems can be divided into three groups.

1. Intersocial problems associated with relations between groups of states with similar political, economic and other interests: “East-West”, rich and poor countries, etc. Long time in the center of inter social problems There was a confrontation between two socio-economic systems, two ideologies: capitalist and communist. Today this confrontation is a thing of the past, however, the severity of intersocial problems has not decreased - their nature has changed:

o In place of the threat of world war as a consequence of the collision of two opposing socio-political systems, many local conflicts, the spread of which could lead to a general military catastrophe.

o The problem of establishing a fair economic order has become more acute, because There is a sharp difference between countries in terms of the level of socio-economic development, and, consequently, the level of well-being of the population. On the one hand, there is a small group of developed countries, on the other, a large number of economically backward countries in which the quality of life of the population is low. The economy of underdeveloped countries is based on the extraction and export of raw materials, which gives rise to a large number of environmental problems. Underdeveloped and moderately developed countries make up the vast majority of the planet's population: about 5 billion out of 6 billion of the total population of the planet. Russia is one of the backward countries and faces the same problems as others. Solving these problems and achieving real success is possible if internal reserves are mobilized and the system of international economic relations is changed.

2. Problems associated with the interaction of society and nature can be divided into several groups.

1. Environmental issues refer to measures against pollution environment. They cover the protection of water and air basins, soil protection, conservation of flora and fauna, and conservation of the gene pool. In the approach to solving environmental problems, three main directions can be distinguished. They form the main strategies for environmental activities:

§ The restrictive strategy, as the main means of preventing environmental disasters, involves limiting the development of production and corresponding consumption.

§ The optimization strategy involves finding optimal level interaction between society and nature. This level should not exceed the critical level of pollution and should ensure the possibility of exchange of substances between society and nature, which does not negatively affect the state of the natural environment.

§ The closed cycle strategy involves the creation of production facilities built on a cyclical principle, thereby isolating production from the impact on the environment. Closed cycles are possible using biotechnology, which makes it possible to process inorganic production waste into organic substances.

The listed strategies can be used simultaneously, based on specific life circumstances. Optimization and closed loop strategies depend on technological excellence production process. A restrictive strategy is not always possible where the level of production and consumption and, accordingly, the quality of life are not high.

2. Problems of resources, such as air, water, without which human life is impossible, as well as energy and raw materials. For example: problem water resources considered the most acute in the world. Fresh water makes up a small part of the Earth's water basin - 2.5%-3%. Moreover, the largest part of it is concentrated in the ice of the Arctic and Greenland, and rivers and lakes account for a very small share. Energy resources are represented by fossil fuel reserves, such as oil, gas, coal, and oil shale. Raw materials are, first of all, mineral raw materials containing the necessary industrial production Components. Today there is no sufficiently accurate data regarding how long humanity can consider itself provided with fossil fuels and mineral raw materials. However, it is quite obvious that their reserves are exhaustible and non-renewable. A generalization of the principles of attitude towards nature are the laws proposed by the American scientist B. Commoner:

1. Everything is interconnected.

2. Everything has to go somewhere.

3. Everything is worth something.

4. Nature knows better than us.

3. Problems outer space and the World Ocean.

3. Problems directly related to man, his individual existence, and the “individual-society” system. They directly concern the individual and depend on the ability of society to provide real opportunities for personal development. This group of problems includes problems of health care, education, population control, development of moral, intellectual and other inclinations of a person, ensuring a healthy lifestyle, and normal mental development of the individual.

The need to find ways to solve global problems of humanity is generated by those real threats that have arisen before the world community, their dangerous nature for the continued existence of people and the search for solutions leads to two conclusions.

Firstly, if the current trends in the development of global problems continue in the future, then already during this century humanity will approach the boundaries of its economic growth. The consequence of the latter will be a significant decrease in both the population size. Land, and the production of material goods and services. Besides, world economy and international economic relations have acquired such a character that there is an opportunity to change current trends in economic growth, stabilize the economic and environmental condition of humanity and support it in the future. Global balance humanity can consciously design vata in such a way as to minimize the negative consequences of its existence on. Earth. In this regard, it is necessary to determine the main ways to solve global problems.

Ways to solve such global problems of the first group as environmental, fuel and energy and raw materials are associated with the rapid development and use of the main types of renewable energy (solar, wind, ocean and river hydropower); structural changes in the use of existing non-renewable types of energy: an increase in the share of coal in the energy balance of national economies and a decrease in gas and oil, because the reserves of the latter on the planet are much smaller, and their value for chemical industry much.

Among other ways to solve these problems, it is advisable for all countries of the world to develop a set of specific measures to comply with environmental standards. It's about about air and water cleanliness standards. Base einiv, rational energy consumption, efficiency improvement energy systems; It is also necessary to study the reserves of all resources in the countries of the world using the latest achievements. NTR; expansion in developing countries of their own raw material processing production; stopping deforestation, especially tropical ones, ensuring rational forest management and creating an ecological world. Considering that it would create opportunities to consider all economic, political, legal, social, ideological, national, regional, personnel issues both within individual countries and in our countries. At the international level, from the standpoint of solving environmental problems of humanity, giving environmental problems priority over others. Positive influence to solve environmental problems should be comprehensive and the development of legislation on environmental protection, including on waste, carrying out research work in this area, disseminating best practices in preserving the natural environment, as well as signing treaties and agreements aimed at solving these problems. Certain steps in this direction have already been taken in the period from 1992 to 2002 by member countries. The UN has signed a number of treaties and agreements that can and should create the basis for long-term global solutions. Three agreements were the result of the so-called “environmental conference in Rio” - on climate change, biodiversity conservation and desertification.

Saving energy and material resources has a positive effect on solving energy and raw materials problems

The global nature of the problems of saving material and energy resources requires the implementation of various activities both at the national and international levels. The most significant among them are about biomin information, scientific and technical cooperation, and the development of the exchange of new energy- and material-saving equipment and technologies. This would have a positive impact on the use of energy and raw materials. In the same direction, it would influence the solution of the raw material and energy problems by eliminating the causes that give rise to them. Among them, the following should be highlighted:

Providing national economies with fuel and raw materials is carried out mainly through their export;

There is a constant disruption of foreign economic relations with raw materials, which represents the main contradiction of the raw material problem;

Instability of supply and demand, the presence of periods of excess and shortage of raw materials, abrupt fluctuations in world prices;

Contradictions between countries regarding the export and import of raw materials. Raw materials and energy problems are too acute for Ukraine

First of all, this concerns the supply of oil, gas, coal, wood, non-ferrous metals, etc. On the other hand, Ukrainian production is too energy and material intensive. Thus, for 1 dollar of GDP in Ukraine, the consumer consumes four times more electricity and twice as much metal as the average in Western European countries.

The trend towards an increase in the volume of resources diverted to military needs, which leads to an exacerbation of economic and social problems in many countries, their negative impact on the development of civilian production and the standard of living of people, requires a search for ways to reduce military spending, primarily in the countries where about 80 percent of the world's population. Among them is the demilitarization of the country's economy. Ain of peace, that is, disarmament and liquidation of military industries. Since the militarized industries constitute the military-industrial complex of the national economy, demilitarization. The military-industrial complex is a conversion of its enterprises. It provides for a change in the proportions of distribution of financial, labor and material resources between the civil and military spheres, a transition in the process of disarmament of military production and other types of military activities to the production of goods and services to meet the needs of the population.

In economically developed countries and countries. CIS active the process is underway conversions. The military-industrial complex, which had high hopes due to the release of a significant amount of production capacity, material resources and labor, in fact, conversion turned out to be an undertaking that required significant costs both in the economic aspect (re-equipment of complex and specific equipment) and in the social aspect (massive the number of defense industry workers and the size of the armed forces). Expert estimates indicate that the initial costs of conversion exceed the costs of the arms race. Under such conditions, it is necessary for the people of all countries to jointly and organizedly carry out nuclear disarmament, significantly reduce military spending, and overcome interethnic and internal military conflicts.

There is a complex set of problems that arise in the sphere of human and social development, which significantly affect the biological and social aspects of the reproduction of not only the labor force, but also human populations and the public.

Among them is the elimination of poverty, hunger, disease, unemployment and illiteracy, which cover large areas of the modern world. There are more hungry people in the world now than at any time in human history. Poverty, poverty, unemployment, and socio-economic backwardness are characteristic primarily of developing countries, where almost 2/3 of the planet's population lives, allowing this global problem to be attributed to the problems of overcoming the backwardness of these regions.

Significant levels of poverty and socio-economic backwardness in developing countries raise doubts about the possibility of talking about normal development and progress of the world community, when the overwhelming majority of Astin's inhabitants of the planet found themselves on the brink of existence.

The main ways to solve global problems of developing countries are:

Implementation of a system of measures aimed at ensuring the dynamic socio-economic development of these countries in the scientific, technical and socio-economic spheres;

Formation of a new world order that would guarantee real help developing countries in solving their problems;

Significant transformation within the world economy of the pricing mechanism for natural resources by moving away from their definition as gigantic. TNCs controlling natural resources countries' decisions vary

Increasing output finished products these countries, which would allow, even under the current conditions on the world market, to significantly increase export revenues;

Provision by economically developed countries of the world to developing countries of significant financial, human, technical and intellectual resources for exploration and development natural resources, their cross-section, transportation and sale at transformed prices in order to increase foreign exchange earnings, establishing economic sovereignty over these resources. The specified funds should be directed to. Intensive development of agriculture, overcoming its irrational monoculture. To this end, in 2000, member countries. The UN adopted the “Development Goals for the New Millennium”, and since 2002, the “Monterrey Consensus”, which stipulates specific efforts to triple assistance to the poorest regions of the world to ensure international goal: increasing the volume of external assistance to 0.7% of the total. The GNP of the rich is strange. GNP of foreign countries;

Implementation of progressive agrarian reforms in agriculture these countries and the elimination of neo-colonial forms of management in this area

The main way to overcome the global problems of the world economy is international cooperation between the countries of the world community on the basis of new approaches and practical measures that would preserve the integrity of the world in which modern civilizations are developing.

The presence of contradictions between the countries of world cooperation gives rise to regional and interregional conflicts with the use of weapons, poses a task for humanity that is of crucial importance: to overcome political and military-political contradictions and conflicts for the sake of successfully solving global problems in order to preserve peace on the planet. One of the means of solving the latter is the formation and development of the foundations of new political thinking in relations between countries around the world.

New political thinking marks an awareness of the importance and immediate solution of global problems, including the development of a system of effective international procedures and mechanisms capable of ensuring the preservation and development of human civilization as a whole.

Global problems of humanity cannot be solved simultaneously by the efforts of individual countries. Therefore, a unified international mechanism for their solution and regulation is needed, the mobilization of resources from all countries of the world, the definition of international legal and economic norms of this regulation concerns the latter, then a significant number of politicians and experts agree that the existing policy for regulating the processes of globalization and the problems generated by them does not correspond requirements of new political thinking.

Manifestations of this discrepancy are:

The growing gap between economically developed and developing countries;

Reducing the share (compared to the level of income received) of assistance from economically developed countries to developing countries;

The trend of tightening requirements for emigration of the population to economically developed countries and an increase in the scale of illegal emigration;

The spread of protectionism in relation to goods produced in economically developed countries and the creation of various barriers to goods from other countries;

The growing gap between developing countries in the ability to borrow and use Newest technologies in production;

Significant Negative influence financial crises on developing countries, *

Mass protests by anti-globalists;

Rising xenophobia, nationalism, racism and tendencies to pit religious fundamentalism against liberal and democratic ideals and institutions

We must play our role in regulating these processes and solving global problems. UN,. IMF,. WTO, regional and industry organizations with extensive experience in coordinating international efforts, using resources, and regulating international economic relations.

To solve global problems, humanity has sufficient scientific, technical and material achievements and developed appropriate forms. Among the latter, one should name the International Commission on Environment and Development, which is developing programs to improve the quality of the natural environment and the general environmental condition. This commission and a number of others international organizations determine environmental safety criteria, develop short-term and long-term environmental protection programs.

Regional cooperation plays an important role in environmental protection. Yes, in the documents. The EU has repeatedly emphasized the need to develop a regional strategy in this area and the ional use of natural resources in the European region, which today is the most critical in environmental terms.

The fifth played a significant role in solving the demographic problem. World Conference. UN Population Conference, held in Cairo in 1994. It was accepted. A program of action to determine population policy throughout the world for the period until 2015. It contains provisions relating to population size, its growth and structure, international migration, education, and also determines ways of working in solving demographic problems.

Sources of resources and ways to solve global problems in the current conditions are:

Official assistance from economically developed countries to developing countries;

Foreign private investment;

The use of economic levers for managing environmental quality, in particular subsidies and subsidies for the production of environmentally friendly products, for the implementation of state environmental projects, environmental payments for all types of environmental pollution, payments for nature conservation and improvement of environmental results, preferential or discriminatory lending, taxation and pricing, environmental insurance, etc.

Uniting the efforts of all countries of the world to solve global problems;

Increased spending by states in the world community to overcome the former environmental crisis;

Creation, at the expense of the countries that have caused the greatest damage to the planet, a kind of environmental safety fund with the aim of eliminating sources of danger that threaten the environment;

Strengthening the responsibility of the countries of the world community for the conservation of nature;

Stimulating the production of such samples Vehicle, techniques that did not harm the environment and ensured savings of all fuel and energy resources

The complexity of solving global problems of our time does not mean that global community does not realize the harmful danger of ignoring them, the need for an integrated interstate approach to solving them

Test questions and assignments

1. What is the essence of globalization of the world economy?

2. What factors determine the process of globalization?

3. Describe the socio-economic preconditions of globalization

4. Name the main features of global problems of our time

5. What is the meaning of global problems in the sphere of interaction between nature and society?

6. Name the characteristic features of global problems in the field of public relations

7. What are the characteristics of global problems in the sphere of human development and ensuring its future existence?

8. Describe ways to solve global environmental, fuel, energy and raw materials problems

9. How can we solve global problems caused by the arms race?

10. Name of the main ways to solve global problems in developing countries

11. Describe the forms of international cooperation in solving global problems

12. What sources can be used to solve the global problems of our time?

13. What means of international cooperation contribute to solving global problems?

Global problems of our time- this is a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world.

List of global problems

Unsolved problem of reversal of aging in humans and poor public awareness of neglected aging.

the North-South problem - the development gap between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;

preventing thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing the world community from unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies and radioactive pollution of the environment;

prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution and reduction of biodiversity;

providing humanity with resources;

global warming;

ozone holes;

the problem of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and AIDS.

demographic development (population explosion in developing countries and demographic crisis in developed countries).

terrorism;

crime;

Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional trends in the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists on the principle of negative feedback (see biotic regulation of the environment), while human culture exists on the principle of positive feedback.

Attempts to solve

Demographic transition - the natural end of the demographic explosion of the 1960s

Nuclear disarmament

Energy saving

Montreal Protocol (1989) - combating ozone holes

Kyoto Protocol (1997) - fight against global warming.

Scientific prizes for successful radical life extension of mammals (mice) and their rejuvenation.

Club of Rome (1968)

Global problems of our time

Global problems of our time.

Features of integration processes covering a variety of spheres of life

people, manifest themselves most deeply and acutely in the so-called global

problems of our time.

Global problems:

Environmental problem

Save the world

Space and ocean exploration

Food problem

Population problem

The problem of overcoming backwardness

Raw material problem

Features of global problems.

1) They have a planetary, global character, affecting the interests of everyone

peoples of the world.

2) They threaten degradation and death of all humanity.

3) Need urgent and effective solutions.

4) They require the collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.

Most of the problems that we associate today with global problems

modernity, have accompanied humanity throughout its history. TO

These should primarily include problems of ecology, peace preservation,

overcoming poverty, hunger, illiteracy.

But after the Second World War, thanks to an unprecedented scale

transformative human activity, all these problems turned into

global, expressing the contradictions of the integral modern world and

denoting with unprecedented force the need for cooperation and unity of all

people of the Earth.

Nowadays, global problems:

On the one hand, they demonstrate the close interconnection of states;

On the other hand, they reveal the deep contradictions of this unity.

The development of human society has always been contradictory. It's constant

was accompanied not only by the establishment of a harmonious connection with nature, but also

destructive effect on her.

Apparently, noticeable damage to nature was already caused by synanthropes (about 400 thousand

years ago) who began to use fire. As a result of the

Due to fires, significant areas of vegetation were destroyed.

Scientists believe that the intensive hunting of mammoths by ancient people was one of

the most important reasons for the extinction of this species of animals.

The transition from the appropriative nature that began about 12 thousand years ago

management to the producer, associated primarily with the development

agriculture, also led to very significant negative impacts on

surrounding nature.

The farming technology in those days was as follows: at a certain

the forest was burned in the area, then basic tillage and sowing were carried out

plant seeds. Such a field could produce a harvest for only 2-3 years, after which

the soil was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site.

In addition, environmental problems in ancient times were often caused by mining.

mineral.

So, in the 7th – 4th centuries BC. intensive development in ancient Greece

silver-lead mines, which required large volumes of strong

forests, led to the actual destruction of forests on the Antique Peninsula.

Significant changes in natural landscapes caused the construction of cities

which began to take place in the Middle East about 5 thousand years ago, and

Of course, a significant burden on nature was accompanied by the development

industry.

But although these human impacts on the environment have become increasingly

scale, nevertheless, until the second half of the 20th century they had a local

character.

Humanity, developing along the path of progress, gradually accumulated

material and spiritual resources to satisfy their needs, however

he never managed to completely get rid of hunger, poverty and

illiteracy. The severity of these problems was felt by each nation in its own way, and

the ways to solve them have never before gone beyond the boundaries of individual

states

Meanwhile, it is known from history that the steadily growing interactions between

peoples, exchange of industrial and agricultural products

production, spiritual values ​​were constantly accompanied by acute

military clashes. For the period from 3500 BC. 14,530 wars occurred.

And only 292 years people lived without wars.

Killed in wars (millions of people)

XVII century 3.3

XVIII century 5.5

About 70 million people lost their lives in the First and Second World Wars.

These were the first world wars in the entire history of mankind, in which

The vast majority of countries in the world participated. They marked the beginning

turning the problem of war and peace into a global one.

What gave rise to global problems? The answer to this question is, in essence,

pretty simple. Global problems resulted from:

WITH one side of the enormous scale of human activity, radically

changing nature, society, people's way of life.

WITH the other side of a person’s inability to rationally manage this

mighty force.

Ecological problem.

Economic activity in a number of countries today is so powerfully developed that

that it affects the environmental situation not only within an individual

country, but also far beyond its borders.

Typical examples:

The UK 'exports' 2/3 of its industrial emissions.

75-90% of acid rain in Scandinavian countries is of foreign origin.

Acid rain in the UK affects 2/3 of woodlands, and in

countries of continental Europe - about half of their area.

The USA lacks the oxygen that is naturally produced in their

territories.

The largest rivers, lakes, seas of Europe and North America intensively

are polluted by industrial waste from enterprises in various countries,

using their water resources.

From 1950 to 1984, the production of mineral fertilizers increased from 13.5 million.

tons up to 121 million tons per year. Their use gave 1/3 of the increase

agricultural products.

At the same time, the use of chemicals has increased sharply in recent decades

fertilizers, as well as various chemical plant protection products have become one

one of the most important causes of global environmental pollution. Spaced

water and air over vast distances, they are included in the geochemical

the cycle of substances throughout the Earth, often causing significant damage to nature,

and even to the man himself.

The rapidly developing process has become very characteristic of our time.

removal of environmentally harmful enterprises to underdeveloped countries.

Huge and ever-expanding use of natural resources

mineral resources have led not only to the depletion of raw materials in individual countries,

but also to a significant impoverishment of the entire raw material base of the planet.

The era of extensive use of potential is ending before our eyes

biosphere. This is confirmed by the following factors:

§ Today there is negligible amount of undeveloped land left to exploit

Agriculture;

§ The area of ​​deserts is systematically increasing. From 1975 to 2000

it increases by 20%;

§ The reduction in forest cover on the planet is of great concern. Since 1950

by 2000, the forest area will decrease by almost 10%, but forests are light

the whole Earth;

§ Exploitation of water basins, including the World Ocean,

carried out on such a scale that nature does not have time to reproduce what

what a person takes.

Constant development of industry, transport, agriculture, etc.

requires a sharp increase in energy expenditure and entails an ever-increasing

load on nature. Currently, as a result of intense human

activities even climate change occurs.

Compared to the beginning of the last century, the content carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

increased by 30%, with 10% of this increase coming from the last 30 years. Promotion

its concentration leads to the so-called greenhouse effect, as a result

which causes the climate of the entire planet to warm.

Scientists believe that this kind of change is already taking place in our time.

As a result of human activity, warming has occurred within 0.5

degrees. However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles

compared to its level in the pre-industrial era, i.e. will increase by another 70%,

then very drastic changes will occur in the life of the Earth. First of all, at 2-4

degrees, and at the poles the average temperature will increase by 6-8 degrees, which, in

in turn, will cause irreversible processes:

Melting ice

Rising sea level by one meter

Flooding of many coastal areas

Changes in moisture exchange on the Earth's surface

Reduced precipitation

Changing wind direction

It is clear that such changes will pose enormous problems for people,

related to farming, reproduction of the necessary conditions for their

Today, as rightly one of the first marks of V.I. Vernadsky,

humanity has gained such power in transforming the world around us that it

begins to significantly influence the evolution of the biosphere as a whole.

Human economic activity in our time already entails

climate change, it affects the chemical composition of water and air

basins of the Earth on the animal and plant world of the planet, on its entire appearance.

The problem of war and peace.

The problem of war and peace has become global literally before our eyes, and

primarily as a result of the sharply increased power of weapons.

Today, so many nuclear weapons alone have been accumulated that their explosive

force is several thousand times greater than the power of the ammunition used in all

wars that have been fought before.

In the arsenals different countries nuclear charges stored, total power

which is several million times greater than the power of a bomb dropped on

Hiroshima. But this bomb killed over 200 thousand people! 40% area

the city turned to ashes, 92% was mutilated beyond recognition. Fatal

The consequences of the atomic bomb are still felt by thousands of people.

For each person currently only in the form of nuclear weapons

there are so many explosives that their trinitrotoluene

the equivalent exceeds 10 tons. If people had that much food,

how many types of weapons and explosives exist on the planet!.. By this

weapons can destroy all life on Earth many dozens of times. But

Today even “conventional” means of warfare are quite capable of causing

global damage to both humanity and nature. Moreover, it should be kept in mind that

warfare technologies are evolving towards greater destruction

civilian population. The ratio between the number of civilian deaths and

Throughout their existence, people face problems on a global scale. The growth of scientific and technological progress has influenced the fact that there are more negative processes affecting the planet as a whole. Modern philosophy requires their in-depth understanding in order to predict the consequences of such influence. Global problems of our time and ways to solve them concern all countries on earth. Therefore, not so long ago a new concept appeared - global studies, which is based on a scientific and philosophical strategy for eliminating unpleasant phenomena on an international scale.

There are many specialists working in the field of global studies, and this is no coincidence. The reasons that prevent humanity from developing harmoniously and moving forward are complex in nature and do not depend on one factor. That is why it is necessary to analyze the slightest changes in the political, social, economic state of states and peoples. The life of all humanity depends on whether the world community can decide on time.

How problems are classified

Problems of humanity that have global character, affect the lives of all people and lead to serious social and economic losses. When they escalate, they can threaten the existence of the world's population. To solve them, governments of all countries must unite and act together.

There is a scientific and philosophical classification of problems, formed on the basis of long-term research. It consists of three large groups.

• The first includes problems that affect the political and economic interests of different countries. They can be roughly divided into confrontation between “East and West”, between backward and developed countries, and into the prevention of terrorism and war. It also includes maintaining peace and establishing a fair economic order on the planet.
• The second group contains problems arising from the interaction of humanity with nature. This is a shortage of raw materials, fuel and energy, a problem of preserving the World Ocean, flora and fauna of the earth.
• The third group includes problems that may be associated with the individual and society. The main ones are overpopulation of the earth, education and health care.

Global studies carefully examines the problems of our time, based on philosophy and scientific and technical basis. Philosophy explains that their occurrence is not an accident, but a pattern associated with progress in society and influencing the development of mankind.

• do everything to preserve peace;
• reduce rapid population growth;
• reduce the use of natural resources;
• stop and reduce planetary pollution;
• reduce the social gap between people;
• eradicate poverty and hunger everywhere.

Scientific and philosophical theory requires not only to state problems, but also to give a clear answer on how to solve them.

Causes and solutions to problems

Understanding global problems is very important for humanity. This is the first step towards eliminating them.

The main condition for preserving life is peace on earth, therefore it is necessary to eliminate the threat of a third world war. The scientific and technological revolution gave people thermonuclear weapons, the use of which can destroy entire cities and countries. Ways to solve this problem could be:

• stopping the arms race, a complete ban on the creation and use of weapons mass destruction;
• strict control over chemical and nuclear warheads;
• reduction in military spending and a ban on the arms trade.

To solve global environmental problems, humanity needs to try hard. There is a threat hanging over people. This is due to the expected warming that is caused by emissions. If it happens, it will be catastrophic for the earth. The geosystem of the planet will begin to change. As a result of the melting of glaciers, the level of the World Ocean will rise, thousands of kilometers of the coastal zone will be flooded. The planet will be subject to a barrage of hurricanes, earthquakes and other extreme events. This will lead to death and destruction.

The high concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere leads to another global problem - the destruction of the ozone layer and the appearance of ozone holes. They are the cause and have a detrimental effect on all living things. The concept “has not been fully studied, but scientists have some information.

• These problems can be solved by reducing environmental pollution.
• It is necessary to reduce industrial emissions into the atmosphere, using the latest scientific and technological progress, and make every effort to preserve forests.

The demographic problem has long been relevant for humanity. Today, most developing countries are experiencing a baby boom and the population is growing rapidly. In developed countries, on the contrary, this indicator is falling and the nation is aging. Social philosophy suggests looking for a solution in a competent demographic policy, which should be pursued by the governments of all countries.

The fuel and raw materials problem threatens the world community with a shortage of various resources necessary to ensure the lives of people in the modern world. Already, many countries suffer from insufficient fuel and energy.

• To eliminate this disaster, natural resources must be distributed economically.
• Use non-traditional types of energy sources, for example, wind, solar power plants.
• Develop nuclear energy and wisely use the power of the World Ocean.

Food shortages are severely affecting many countries. According to official data, about 1.2 million people are undernourished in the modern world. There are two ways to solve this global problem for humanity.

• The essence of the first method is that it is necessary to increase the area for pastures and crops in order to produce more food for consumption.
• The second method recommends not increasing territories, but modernizing existing ones. Productivity can be improved by using scientific and technical innovations. For example, biotechnology, with the help of which frost-resistant and high-yielding plant varieties are created.

The global problem of backwardness of underdeveloped countries is carefully studied by social philosophy. Many experts believe that the reason for the slow development of states is rapid population growth amid the lack of a developed economy. This leads to total poverty of people. To support these states, the world community must provide financial assistance, build hospitals, schools, various industrial enterprises and promote the development of the economy of backward peoples.

Problems of the World Ocean and human health

IN Lately The threat to the world's oceans is acutely felt. Environmental pollution and irrational use of its resources have led to the fact that it is on the verge of destruction. Today, the goal of humanity is to preserve the ecosystem, because without it the planet cannot survive. This requires a certain strategy:

• prohibit the burial of nuclear and other hazardous substances;
• improve the structure of the world economy by creating separate places for oil production and fishing;
• protect recreational resources from destruction;
• improve industrial complexes located on the ocean shore.

The health of the world's inhabitants is an important global problem of our time. Scientific and technological progress stimulates the emergence of new drugs for serious diseases. The latest equipment for diagnosis and treatment has been invented. But despite this, epidemics often occur that claim thousands of lives, so scientists continue to actively develop advanced methods of control.

However, medicine is not a panacea. By by and large, the health of each individual person is in his own hands. And above all, it's about lifestyle. After all, the causes of terrible diseases, as a rule, are:

• poor nutrition and overeating,
• immobility,
• smoking,
• alcoholism,
• stress,
• bad ecology.

Without waiting for solutions to global world problems, everyone can take care of their own health and the well-being of loved ones - and the world's population will become much healthier and happier. Why not a massive success?

The action plan is simple and clear, and the main thing here is to move from theory to practice. Review your diet in favor of natural products, fresh vegetables and fruits; if you smoke - as soon as possible, do the same with your addiction to alcohol; if your life is full of stress - identify their sources and deal with them negative factors, eliminating them if possible. Be sure to start moving more. As for ecology, it matters on the most local scale - in your apartment, workplace. Try to create a healthy environment around you and seriously consider moving to another area if your air quality is poor. Remember: what we breathe every day (including tobacco smoke) and what we eat every day has a key impact on our health.

Each problem has its own specifics and methods of elimination, but they all affect common interests humanity. Therefore, their resolution will require the efforts of all people. Modern philosophy warns that any problems can become global, and our task is to promptly notice and prevent their development.

Global problems(French g1оba1 - universal, from Lat. g1оbus (terrae) - globe) represent a set of problems of humanity, on the solution of which social progress and the preservation of civilization depend: preventing world thermonuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment, including the atmosphere, the world ocean, etc.; bridging the growing gap in economic levels and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating the backwardness of the latter, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy across the globe; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, industrial raw materials and energy sources; stopping rapid population growth (“population explosion” in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of “depopulation” in developed countries; prevention negative consequences scientific and technological revolution. The twenty-first century, having just begun, has already added its own problems: international terrorism, the continuing spread of drug addiction and AIDS.

The criteria for identifying global problems are the following:

• their widespread distribution affects humanity as a whole;
• failure to resolve these problems can lead to the death of all humanity;
• they can only be resolved through the joint efforts of humanity, i.e. they cannot be fully resolved within a single state or region.

These problems, which previously existed as local and regional, have become modern era planetary character. Thus, the time of the emergence of global problems coincides with the achievement of the apogee of industrial civilization in its development. This happened approximately in the middle of the 20th century.
However, there is a difference between problems that are truly global and universal. Failure to solve global problems leads humanity to inevitable destruction, and universal problems are those that are widespread and can develop into global ones. General problems include health care, education, social protection, etc. For example, the most people dying in the world today are not from terrorists or from AIDS or drug addiction, but from cardiovascular diseases.

Summarizing what is known about the global problems of our time, they can be reduced to three main ones:

1. the possibility of the destruction of humanity in a global thermonuclear war;
2. the possibility of a worldwide environmental disaster;
3. spiritual and moral crisis of humanity.

The interesting thing is that when solving the third problem, the first two are solved almost automatically. After all, a spiritually and morally developed person will never accept violence either towards another person or towards nature. Even a simply cultured person does not offend others and will never throw garbage on the sidewalk. From little things, from the wrong individual behavior of a person, global problems grow. It is better to say that global problems are rooted in human consciousness, and until he transforms it, they will not disappear in the outside world. Solving the third global problem, which is essentially the first, is the most difficult. This cannot be done mechanically, as could be done with the first two. Its solution is connected with the education and formation of a spiritual and moral personality.

Analysis of global problems

Possibility of destruction of humanity in the third world thermonuclear war is the most threatening problem. And although the Cold War is a thing of the past, nuclear arsenals have not been destroyed, and Russia’s efforts in the international arena in terms of disarmament do not find the proper response from politicians in the most developed countries with nuclear weapons, primarily from the US leadership.

It is known that for the period from 3500 BC, i.e. actually from the moment of its inception ancient civilizations, there were 14,530 wars, and only 292 years people lived without them. If in the 19th century 16 million people died in wars, then in the 20th century. - more than 70 million! The total explosive power of weapons is now about 18 billion tons in TNT equivalent, i.e. Each inhabitant of the planet accounts for 3.6 tons. If at least 1% of these reserves explodes, then a “nuclear winter” will occur, as a result of which the entire biosphere, and not just humans, could be destroyed.

Measures to prevent war and hostilities were already developed by I. Kant at the end of the 18th century, but there is still no political will to approve them. Among the measures he proposed: non-financing of military operations; rejection of hostile relationships, respect; the conclusion of relevant international treaties and the creation of an international union seeking to implement a policy of peace, etc. However, it seems that the world community is in last years is increasingly moving away from these steps.

Ecological problem could lead to a worldwide environmental disaster. The first significant environmental crisis, which threatened the continued existence of human society, arose in prehistoric times. Its causes were both climate change and the activities of primitive man, who, as a result of collective hunting, exterminated many large animals inhabiting the middle latitudes Northern hemisphere(mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, steppe bison, cave bear, etc.). Sinanthropus, which lived about 400 thousand years ago, already caused noticeable damage to nature. They began to use fire, which led to fires that destroyed entire forests. However, although human impacts on nature sometimes acquired alarming proportions, until the 20th century. they were local in nature.

Before our eyes, the era of extensive use of the potential of the biosphere is ending: there are almost no undeveloped lands left (with the exception of the territory of Russia), the area of ​​deserts is systematically increasing, the area of ​​forests - the lungs of the planet - is decreasing, the climate is changing ( global warming, Greenhouse effect), the amount of carbon dioxide increases and the amount of oxygen decreases, the ozone layer is destroyed.

The environmental problem begins with individual human behavior. If he allows even small garbage to be thrown out on city streets or even in an open field, then environmental problems arise at the mass level. Such consciousness inevitably generates them. Pay attention to what the railway platforms in Russia have become, on which smokers throw cigarette butts, and absorbing sunflower seeds throw husks, and then much will become clear. It is not some bad people, politicians or directors of large factories who can arrange ecological disaster. You and I arrange it with our own behavior. Chaos, garbage in the mind and moral underdevelopment give rise to garbage on the streets, rivers and seas are polluted, the ozone layer is destroyed and forests are barbarously cut down. The man forgot that the world is a continuation of his own body, and if he pollutes or destroys the habitat, then first of all he harms himself. This is evidenced by the diseases that modern man has encountered.

Society is also defined as a part of the world separated from nature, but closely connected with it. Only by distinguishing oneself from others, from nature, can a person and society realize their specificity. N.A. expressed it deeply and vividly. Berdyaev: “Spirit is freedom, not nature.”

On the one hand, a person is biological species, and society represents a special integrity of such biological individuals, on the other hand, a person is only a person insofar as he distinguishes himself from the surrounding natural, animal world. The difference between the human and the natural can be captured in terms such as “culture”, “sociality”, “spirituality”, “labor, intelligent activity”, etc.

Man is a fundamentally different being from nature, and at the same time the most deeply rooted in it. Nature needs man, she is not self-sufficient without him, and she did not produce him so that he would destroy himself. Man also needs nature; without it he turns into an automaton. Modern psychologists have established how beneficially pets have an effect on people, especially children, and a walk in the forest can relieve week-long fatigue and nervous tension.

Man and nature are not fused, for man exists as Man only thanks to public relations, which do not exist in nature, and also that society and nature are indissoluble, because man always remains a biological species, and society is always forced to use the environment and natural resources in its life. The problem lies only in a person’s humane attitude towards himself (his body) and towards nature as his bodily continuation,

Terrorism in modern times is also becoming a global problem. Especially when terrorists have lethal means or weapons capable of killing huge numbers of innocent people. Terrorism is a phenomenon, a form of crime, directed directly against a person, threatening his life and thereby striving to achieve its goals. Terrorism is absolutely unacceptable from a humanistic point of view, and from a legal point of view it is a grave crime.

Terrorism is extremely difficult to fight, because it puts the lives of innocent people, taken hostage or blackmailed, at risk. There is and cannot be any justification for such actions. Terror takes humanity into the era of pre-civilizational development - this is inhuman barbarism, when human life is not valued at all. He is a brutal spread of the principle of blood feud, incompatible with any developed religion, especially the world one. All developed religions and the entire culture unconditionally condemn terrorism, considering it absolutely unacceptable.

But after unconditionally condemning this phenomenon, it is necessary to think about its causes. The fight against the consequences is as ineffective as the treatment of an advanced disease. Only by understanding the causes of terrorism and eradicating or solving them can one truly defeat it. In this regard, we can formally distinguish two types of causes of terrorism: subjective and objective.

Subjective reasons coincide with the reasons for the emergence of crime in general - this is the desire to get rich. Only terrorism chooses the most inhumane and unacceptable method for this. Such terrorism must be fought by all legal means. Moreover, the punishment must be inevitable and severe.

But there is terrorism that has objective reasons, i.e. one that does not set the goal of personal enrichment, but pursues any political and other goals, to the greatest extent a supplier modern terrorism is separatism in the form of a struggle for national independence, but using unacceptable methods.

We have to admit that the growth of national self-awareness almost inevitably tends to be formalized by the state. This problem can be avoided in a civilized manner only by creating favorable conditions for the development of a given nation within the framework of an existing, not national, but multinational state. It is necessary to make compromises and seek compromises, strive to solve this problem rather than suppressing it.

But the possibility of such a solution to the problem of terrorism is aggravated by the fact that there is an international terrorist network that supplies terrorists with both weapons and money and provides information assistance. And instead of jointly fighting against international terrorism, developed countries used it as a bargaining chip in the fight against each other. The fruits of this policy turned against those countries that financed and created this network. Controlled terrorism suddenly became uncontrollable, and after tragic events in September 2001, the United States came to the realization that terrorists have their own goals, and that terrorism must be fought together.

Another objective source of terrorism, along with national terrorism, is the unevenness of economic and social development in different regions and countries of the world. The continuing policy of neo-colonialism and exploitation in a hidden form is the main source of international terrorism today. The well-fed cannot understand the hungry, and the hungry cannot understand the well-fed; An illiterate and ignorant person always seeks to solve his problems through violence. And a well-fed, but spiritually and morally undeveloped person always strives to live even richer and better, not paying attention to the poverty and instability of others. Thus, the main source of terrorism is in the socio-economic problems of the modern world, in the unfair redistribution of wealth, in the hopeless ignorance and fanaticism of some and the satisfied complacency of others.

A person, driven to despair and not having any legal and legal forms of influence on a certain situation, turns to the simplest - violent option, believing that this way something can be achieved. This path is unacceptable, but the lack of sufficient spiritual and moral development leads to fanaticism and violence.

Both terrorism with subjective reasons and terrorism with objective ones are equally unjustifiable. Due to the different reasons, there must be different and varied methods to combat this phenomenon. No violence against a person should go unpunished, but it is necessary to follow the path of eliminating the causes that lead to terrorism. Modern international economic order, apparently, leads humanity to a dead end, and if it wants to survive, it must fight to change it. Politicians in the most developed countries bear a special responsibility here, but they are the ones who do not want to recognize the fact that the modern world is interdependent, that it is impossible to save ourselves alone. Their struggle for human rights is dual in nature and expresses certain geopolitical rather than universal human interests.

Demographic problem is becoming increasingly important for humanity. Demographic processes are studied by demography - the science of population, the laws of its reproduction and development in socio-historical conditions.

It is believed that demography dates back to 1662 - from the publication of J. Graunt's book "Natural and Political Observations Made on the Basis of Death Certificates".. The term "demography" was introduced in 1855 in the book by A. Guillard " An element of human statistics, or comparative demography."

The English economist and priest T. Malthus (1766-1834) in his work “An Essay on the Law of Population...” (1798) wanted to explain the contradictions of social development with the “natural law” he formulated, according to which the population tends to grow exponentially, and the means existence - in arithmetic. Because of this, “absolute overpopulation” is possible, which must be combated by regulating marriages and regulating the birth rate.

Let's consider the dynamics of the growth of the Earth's population: the early Paleolithic - 100-200 thousand people, by the end of the Neolithic (transition to agriculture) - 50 million, the beginning of our era - 230 million, by the beginning of the 19th century. - 1 billion, by 1930 - 2 billion, by 1961 - 3 billion, by the beginning of 1976 - 4 billion, by the beginning. 1980 - 4.4 billion, 1988 - over 4.9 billion. The growth rate of the Earth's population is constantly increasing, reaching 2% per year, which gave rise to talk about a “demographic explosion”. However, in the future, under the influence of socio-economic factors, population growth should stabilize. This is due to the development of “intrafamily planning”, the so-called “conscious parenting”. In this regard, it is expected that end of XXI V. the population will stabilize at 11-12 billion people. Thus, in the 20th century. The inconsistency of Malthus's calculations was revealed, because the volume of food produced increased much faster than the population grew. The mistake of Malthusianism lies in reducing the processes of demography to biological principles, while the development of population is carried out under the decisive influence not of nature, but social organization and the level of culture of society. However, Malthus's fundamentally erroneous point of view is still being reproduced and spread. Meanwhile, it is erroneous not only from the point of view of science, but also unacceptable from the point of view of humanism.

The birth of a new person is happiness for parents; children largely contain the meaning of a person’s life, but in modern conditions market economy childbearing has become an “unprofitable” enterprise. In the modern era, everything is measured in material values, in money, which extends to the sphere of meaning. But a person who lives for himself and does not have children for reasons of “savings” commits a crime against his spiritual essence, against life in the final analysis. And no one from the outside should, has the right to limit the birth rate, cannot tell parents how many children they should limit themselves to. The birth of a child is the greatest thing a person can participate in the creation of. In a child there is endless joy and satisfaction, and if children are born, then God has not yet abandoned the person, as one of the great writers said. At the same time, it is important not only to give birth to children, but also to raise them, help them get on their feet, and find their place in society. A state that calls itself social should take care of this.

The development of the birth rate in Russia is especially important. It only seems at first glance that population growth leads to economic problems. In fact, it is he who solves them, because needs increase, people’s economic activity increases, which ultimately leads to economic growth. We can now observe such processes in countries characterized by high population density - in Germany, Japan and, especially, in China. Based on this, one can draw a conclusion that is directly opposite to Malthusianism. Population growth can not only create problems, but also solve them.

Meanwhile, the demographic problem exists and it is contradictory, it has the opposite character for different countries: in China there is overpopulation, in Russia there is depopulation. Together with social development this problem must be resolved naturally, - stabilization will occur in this regard. However, states now faced with a demographic problem are forced to take appropriate measures. It is important that they are not violent and do not violate the sovereignty of the individual and family life

Demographic processes at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries. are largely determined by two trends:

1. demographic “explosion”, characterized by a sharp increase in population in the countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, since the 60s;
2. “zero population growth” in Western European countries.

The first leads to a sharp exacerbation of socio-economic problems in developing countries, including hunger and illiteracy of tens of millions of people. The second is to a sharp aging of the population in developed countries, including a deterioration in the balance between workers and pensioners, etc.

In Russia, according to Goskomstat data as of January 2000, the population was 145 million 600 thousand inhabitants; Moreover, from January 1 to December 1, 1999 alone, the country’s population decreased by 716,900 people. In other words, in 1999 the population of Russia decreased by 0.5% (for comparison: in 1992 - by 0.02%). Every year 60 thousand children die in the country. Mortality is 1.5 times higher than birth rate; 80% of infant mortality is caused by infectious diseases. A terrible problem is child and adolescent substance abuse and drug addiction. There is a discrepancy between the number of divorced women of reproductive age and the number of men willing to remarry. According to experts, by 2020 the working population of Russia beyond the Urals will be 6-8 million people. For comparison, in the adjacent areas of the border countries of this region in the same year, the working-age population is projected to be 600 million people. By 2050, the population of Russia as a whole may amount to only 114 million inhabitants. The emergence of many conflicts in the post-Soviet space once again raises the problem of migration. In these conditions, the state and society must make every effort to interest the Russian population in childbearing.

food problem also sometimes considered global: today over 500 million people suffer from malnutrition, and several million die from malnutrition every year. However, the roots of this problem lie not in food shortages as such or in the limitations of modern natural resources, but in their unfair redistribution and exploitation both within individual countries and on a global scale. The fact that in the modern world people can be malnourished, and even more so die of hunger, is a completely immoral, criminal and unacceptable phenomenon. This is a disgrace to humanity and, above all, to the most developed countries. This is where the real field for protecting human rights lies when his fundamental right to life is violated. However, double standards prevail in international politics and economics, and so much money is spent on weapons that it would be possible to solve food, housing and educational problems on a planetary scale. Modern “developed” humanity spends colossal amounts of money on developing weapons of mass destruction instead of helping those in need get back on their feet and feed the hungry; instead of defeating ignorance and fanaticism through the development of the world education system, etc.

AIDS, drug addiction and bad habits more and more widespread in society. AIDS is called the plague of the 20th century, it can also be called the scourge of the 20th century. The disease, discovered in the United States in 1981, began to quickly spread throughout the planet. First of all, this was due to the sexual promiscuity of modern “civilized” man and drug addiction. By the beginning of 2001, there were 40 million AIDS patients in the world, and more than 16 million had already died. The AIDS epidemic is also spreading in Russia: according to unofficial data, about 500 thousand people are currently infected in the country. Moreover, it mainly covers people aged 15 to 30 years, which can aggravate the problem of depopulation.

Drug addiction is spreading even faster in Russia. The problem stems from the lack of public policy in this area and underfunding of the fight against drug addiction. At that time, due to the criminal inaction of the state and society, the youth of Russia were left alone with their problems and were not ready to confront them.

AIDS and drug addiction in Russia can now be called a national disaster that has befallen its people. We can talk about genocide, because as a result of diseases and addictions, the nation is deprived of its most active and youthful part. Someday statistics will calculate what killed more people in Russia - from Stalin's repressions or from AIDS and drug addiction. And then the turn of the millennium in Russia will go down in history not only thanks to the attempt to implement reforms...

Along with such obvious diseases and vices as AIDS and drug addiction, there are more “harmless” ones that simply destroy a person more slowly, but, nevertheless, just as inevitably. The only similarity here is that the state did not fight either the first or the second. The second category includes drunkenness, which is deeply rooted in Russia, as well as smoking, foul language, etc.

Alcoholism has not only internal spiritual causes, when a person is experiencing an ideological crisis, is faced with insurmountable circumstances in life, trying to relieve stress by turning off consciousness, but also social ones. Under the conditions of a command-administrative system and a single, forcibly implanted ideology, any initiative and creativity in a person was suppressed; he could not self-realize. Realizing the futility and meaninglessness of existence, he indulged in drunkenness. In the 90s of the XX century, during the period of market, oligarchic bacchanalia, and today, in the conditions of the bureaucratization of the state apparatus and its corruption, people also had and have little opportunity to improve their living conditions. Thus, the social prerequisites for the prosperity of both alcoholism and drug addiction, along with crime, were preserved. A particularly difficult situation, as throughout the 20th century, has developed in the countryside, where widespread drunkenness exists. And in cities where more money and entertainment - drug addiction reigns. To combat these diseases and vices, the entire society and state, from schools to law enforcement agencies, must unite.

Tobacco smoking is now most widespread in Russia. It has quietly penetrated into all pores of society. Advertising on the streets of Russian cities continues to seduce and seduce young people, while in civilized countries the state and education system are waging a serious fight against this vice. It is necessary to develop special educational programs aimed at enlightening the younger generation. Every effort should also be made to make smoking the unattractive, disgusting thing it really is. It is necessary to help a person get rid of this extremely bad habit, develop anti-advertising of tobacco smoking, beer consumption and alcoholic drinks. The state should increase taxes on tobacco products, directing the funds received to these measures. A person must realize that he is also spending money to destroy his own health.

One of the problems associated with spiritual underdevelopment is foul language. When a person utters obscene words, he destroys his own personality, his moral system. A common person does not notice this, considers foul language to be a harmless phenomenon, but as soon as he takes the path of cultural, and even more so, spiritual development, he realizes all its harmfulness and inadmissibility. Foul language is dirt, and the one who utters it, it turns out, eats dirt. If a person respects himself and the people around him, then he will not allow foul language, because it humiliates human dignity, especially the dignity of the one who allows it. Ecology is needed not only of the environment, but also of language.