Typology of social organizations.

Social organization

Social organization of society (from late lat. organizio - I shape, give a slim appearance< lat. organum - tool, tool) - a normative social order established in society, as well as activities aimed at maintaining it or leading to it.
Organization is often understood as 1) the property of society as a whole or any social object to have an orderly structure, as well as 2) activities associated with a clear distribution of functions and delegation of powers, regulation and coordination of actions, management.
In the first case, the term “organization” means the established social order in the system as a whole or its individual subsystems. For example, an organization state power according to the administrative-territorial principle, or the organization of labor and wages at the enterprise through a system of standards for production and qualification of work.
In the second case, the term “organization” characterizes the moment of activity associated with management. For example, a manager organizes a production process - this means that he must arrange people at work places in such a way as to ensure its continuity and uninterrupted operation.
Thus, organization is understood as a certain normative order, which is ensured by the entire set of regulatory mechanisms and actions taken to maintain it and lead to it.

However, there is also a third, more specialized meaning of this term in society: “social organization” is a specific social unit that unites individuals into a group that jointly and coordinatedly realizes a common goal (N. Smelzer). Social organization, writes N. Smelser, is secondary social group formed to achieve certain goals. . In “Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary” (M., 1983) there is a distinction between broad and narrow meanings of social organization. In a broad sense, this concept “characterizes the ways of ordering and regulating the actions of individuals and social groups...”. In a narrower sense, “social organization is relative autonomous group people, focused on achieving some pre-fixed goal, the implementation of which requires joint and coordinated actions.” But in any case, the organization is characterized by hierarchy and controllability. According to A.I. Prigogine, “organizations arise,” he writes, “when the achievement of any common goals is carried out through the achievement of individual goals; or when the achievement of individual goals is carried out through the promotion and achievement of common goals.”

Definition

Social organization- is a target group (secondary and practical group), arising from a social need and representing an orderly, regulated and coordinated way joint activities, which applies a certain algorithm to the actions of people grouped around a set of goals: social prescriptions and expectations (social roles).

Signs of social organization

Three specific features distinguish social organizations from social communities, social groups and social institutions:
firstly, organizations are, first of all, communities focused on achieving rational, functional, specific goals;
secondly, organizations are groups of people that are characterized by a high degree of formalization. Their internal structure is highly formalized, normative and standardized in the sense that rules, regulations, and routines cover almost the entire sphere of behavior of its members.
thirdly, organizations are very dependent on quality composition participants, the personal qualities of its members, organizers, their group properties (organization, cohesion, solidarity, mobility, controllability, etc.), the composition changes - the “face” of the organization changes.
The structure of formal social organization is characterized by the following features:
A) rationality, i.e. at the basis of its formation and activity is the principle of expediency, usefulness, conscious movement towards a specific goal;
b) impersonality, i.e. it (the organization) is indifferent to the individual personal characteristics of its members, since it is designed for relationships established according to a given function;
V) service relations, i.e. provides for and regulates only official relations;
G) functionality, is subordinated in its activities and communications to functional (necessary, necessary) goals;
d) presence of organizers, persons systematically involved in its management, i.e. has (in most cases) a management level (“core”), administrative personnel, constantly responsible for maintaining the stability of the organization, coordinating the interactions of its members and the effectiveness of its activities as a whole.

Structure of social organization

In social organization, formal and informal structures can be distinguished. Formal structure social organization includes the following elements (components):

• goals of the organization;
• members of the organization, or participants;
• "organizers" who form the managerial link, the "organizational core" (this feature is typical for large groups, for small ones it is not necessary);
• a set of interrelated roles (i.e. everyone performs their part of the common task);
• rules governing human behavior;
• means of activity (technical, technological, informational, financial, etc.), including technology - systematized knowledge of useful and most rational methods practical actions(techniques, operations, procedures);
• a given algorithm of actions;
• the system of relationships between members of the organization, primarily the relations of subordination;
• orderly connections with other organizations, surrounding social groups and communities (for example, with clients), institutions (for example, with the state), and society as a whole.

Types of social organizations

Depending on the design organizational structures social organizations are divided into formal and informal.

• Informal - this is a system of interpersonal connections that arises on the basis of mutual interest of individuals in each other without connection with functional needs, i.e. immediate, spontaneously arose community of people based on personal choice connections and associations with each other (comradeship, mutual sympathy, amateur interests, etc.).

There are three main features of this phenomenon:
a) spontaneity, that is, unplanned occurrence;
b) existence and functioning alongside (in parallel) with the formal organization;
V) main feature- non-official, “non-business” content of interpersonal relationships.

• Formal - this is a form of relations within an officially formed team, recorded job descriptions, regulations, orders and instructions. It involves compliance with approved standards of behavior and interaction of employees within such a team.

In many formal organizations there are informal organizations, which arise on their own, where people group around one or several people and regularly interact with each other.

Types of social organizations

Organization is often used in connection with such concepts as labor, production and social organization.
I. A labor organization is: an organizationally assigned set of people acting according to a single plan to achieve a goal that is significant for all members of the organization and to create a certain socially necessary product or provide services. It is also necessary to distinguish between concepts such as labor and production organization. A labor organization is much broader than a production organization and covers employees of production, scientific, educational, medical, cultural, educational, administrative and other organizations.
II. A production organization relates only to the sphere of material production; it unites workers for the purpose of producing material goods. Labor organizations operate in all areas public life and differ from each other mainly according to two criteria:
1) by form of ownership. Currently, the following forms of ownership can be distinguished:
a) state;
b) cooperative;
c) joint stock;
d) property of the labor collective;
e) private;
f) joint with foreign capital;
g) foreign;
2) by areas of activity:
a) organizations operating in the field of material production (in industry, construction, transport, agriculture etc.),
b) organizations operating in the non-production sphere (cultural institutions, healthcare, education, etc.).
III. Public organizations - non-governmental/non-state voluntary associations of citizens based on common interests and goals. Environmental, political, sports, leisure, charitable, cultural, etc. are distinguished.
According to the degree of cohesion among social organizations, the following are distinguished: organization-association, organization-cooperation, organization-collective, organization-corporation.

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• Social Organization: How to Tap into the Collective Intelligence of Your Customers and Employees Using Social Media, by M. MacDonald. The book is based on extensive research conducted by vice presidents of the American research and consulting company Gartner is a leading social media analyst…

Social organization- a stable group of people interacting within certain boundaries with the help of material, economic, legal and other conditions in order to achieve their goal and solve emerging problems.

An organization is a real, but not a material object.

The term “organization” in relation to social objects implies:

· a certain instrumental object, an artificial association that occupies a certain place in society and is intended to perform certain functions;

· some activity, management, including the distribution of functions, coordination and control, i.e., targeted influence on the object;

· a state of orderliness or a characteristic of the orderliness of an object.

Signs of social organization:

1. The presence of a goal to which all its participants, structure and main processes are subordinated.

Here we can talk about expediency when the goal acts only as general meaning existence of the organization, conditions for preserving its integrity ( locality)

In another case, there may be a sense of purposefulness that can occur in manufacturing plants.

2. Isolation, expressed in isolation internal processes and the presence of boundaries separating it from the environment.

3. Integrity, consistency, unity of elements. It means that between the elements of the organization there is a purposeful connection, compatibility, consistency, support that holds them together.

4. Self-regulation, which allows it, within certain limits, to independently decide many issues of its activities and, taking into account specific circumstances, to carry out external commands.

5. Availability of information connections.

6. Organizational culture. This is an alloy of values, traditions, norms, symbols that determine relationships in a team and the direction of people’s behavior.

Social organization always corresponds following criteria:

Ø the presence of a consciously set general goal towards which the organization’s activities are aimed;

Ø the presence of a status-role hierarchy - vertical distribution of individuals social statuses and roles;

Ø the presence of institutionalized norms and requirements that individuals within the organization must comply with;

Ø presence of functional specialization.

Functions social organizations :

· integration and socialization of individuals into the system public relations;

· organizing and social control over the actions of organization members in areas of vital importance to them.

· community cohesion;

· satisfaction of needs.

Social-production. An organization is a group of people engaged in work as their main activity. The main task of the organization is to meet the needs of society for certain products.

Socio-economic. The organization's task is to produce products of the required quantity to satisfy the demand of the population and of a certain quality that meets the requirements of a modern industrialized society. Economic function The organization is aimed at making a profit as a result of the sale of its products.

Socio-technical. The organization’s activities are not only about servicing equipment and complying with rules and regulations technological process, but also in the creation of new techniques and technologies, their design, modernization and reconstruction in order to achieve the level of world standards and competitiveness in the world market.

Management. The organization’s task is to create conditions for increasing labor productivity, selecting and placing both executive and managerial personnel, and ensuring an established system for organizing the production process.

Psychological and pedagogical. This function consists of creating a favorable socio-psychological climate in the organization, providing assistance from personnel workers in the social and professional development of young people, creating a system for promoting professional qualifications all employees.

Socio-cultural. The organization aims to create not only consumer goods, but also items of material and spiritual value to society. Such cultural works as technical innovations and unique technologies are now created not by individuals, but by entire groups of people in the process of joint creative work.

Social and household. For normal, uninterrupted, economically profitable work, it is necessary to create certain social and living conditions for the company’s employees. Unfortunately, at present, with economic instability, not all enterprises are able to provide even what is necessary in this area. However, managers and entrepreneurs should not forget about the importance of performing this function.

Therefore, social organizations express the interests of different groups of society; The more there are, the more clearly expressed is the range of interests in society. Existence large number union social organizations leads to the fact that a problem arises in their functioning, as conflicts arise.

Social organization is an association of people who jointly realize common goals and act on the basis certain rules and procedures. Signs of social organization: goal-oriented nature; distribution of organization members by roles and statuses; division of labor and specialization of functions; construction on a vertical (hierarchical) principle; the presence of specific means of regulation and control of the organization’s activities; integrity of the social system.

The key element of social organization is purpose.

The following are mainly distinguished: types of social organizations :

business organizations, membership in which provides workers with a means of subsistence (enterprises, corporations, firms, banks, etc.);

public organizations, representing mass associations, membership in which allows one to satisfy political, social, cultural, spiritual, creative and other needs ( political parties, trade unions, creative associations, etc.);

intermediate organizations, combining signs of business and public organizations(cooperatives, artels, partnerships, etc.);

associative organizations, arising on the basis of mutual realization of interests (scientific school, interest clubs, informal groups etc.).

Typology of organizations by industry: industrial and economic, financial, administrative and managerial, research, educational, medical, sociocultural, etc.

Social organization plays an important role in the life of society. Modern man- This is a “man of the organization.” The organization requires him to focus on a rational style of behavior, competence, knowledge and skills. In turn, a person can realize these qualities only within the framework of an effectively working organization.

16. Bureaucracy as special kind social group. The inevitability of the emergence of bureaucracy, especially its attitude to the public domain and its own role in society. Principles of “ideal bureaucracy” by M. Weber. The concept of adhocracy.

In sociology, bureaucracy is understood as an impersonal management mechanism based on formal-rational relations and a hierarchical system of power.

According to Weber, the spread of bureaucracy in modern society inevitably. The development of bureaucratic power is the only way to deal with administrative requirements large-scale social systems. Weber connects the formation of bureaucracy with the process rationalization and considers it as the most rational and effective form achieving management goals based on a legal-rational type of legitimacy (dominance). For Weber, bureaucracy is an “ideal type” of management, focused on the rational and effective implementation of the tasks facing the organization. Weber's ideal type of rational bureaucracy has the following main features:

1. strictly hierarchical structure;

2. formal status subordination;

3. management according to formal, impersonal rules;

4. emotional neutrality of relationships.

Rational bureaucracy is considered by Weber to be technically more advanced and efficient than all previous forms of administration, since it is the most predictable, accurate, impartial and quick to act. Modern sociology notes the limitations and ineffectiveness of bureaucracy. Adhocracy - the opposite of bureaucracy. An adhocracy ignores the classical management principles that everyone has a defined, permanent role and is a flexible organization where individuals are free to use their talents as needed.

17. The concept of a social institution, the main types of social institutions, their purpose

Social Institute- this is an adaptive structure of society, created to satisfy its most important needs and regulated by a set of social norms. Basic institutions exist in every society, from the most primitive to the most modern.

Depending on the goals and objectives, functions performed in society, the main types of social institutions can be distinguished:

Institute of Family and Marriage;

economic institutions;

political institutions;

sociocultural and educational institutions(education, science, art, religion, etc.).

There are certain features and characteristics that are characteristic of all social institutions: attitudes and patterns of behavior (for the institution of the family - affection, respect, trust; for the institution of education - the desire for knowledge); cultural symbols (for family - wedding rings, marriage ritual; for the state - coat of arms, flag, anthem; for business – brand name, patent mark; for religion – cross, icons); utilitarian cultural features (for a family - a house, apartment, furniture; for business - a store, factory, equipment; for education - classes, a library); oral and written codes of conduct (for the state - constitution, laws; for business - contracts, licenses); ideology (for family - love, compatibility; for business - freedom of trade, business expansion; for religion - Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Islam).

The activities of a social institution are considered functional if they benefit society and contribute to its stability and integration.

Thanks to social institutions in society, stability, predictability of people's behavior, and the stability of their social connections are achieved.

18. Social progress as a process and as an idea. Criteria for social progressiveness. The problem of social progress in the modern world.

No society stands still: it either progresses or regresses. If the amount positive changes in society exceeds the sum of negative ones, then they talk about progress. Otherwise there is regression.

Social progress is a global, world-historical process of the ascent of human societies from a state of savagery to the heights of civilization. Progress - global process characterizing the movement of human society throughout history.

Progress is both local and global. There are gradual and spasmodic types of social progress. The first is called reformist, the second - revolutionary. Reform is a partial improvement in any area of ​​life, a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social system. Revolution is a complex change in all or most aspects of social life, affecting the foundations of the existing system.

Reforms are called social, if they concern transformations in those areas of society or aspects of public life that are directly related to people, are reflected in their level and lifestyle, health, participation in public life, access to social benefits (the introduction of universal secondary education, health insurance, unemployment benefits, etc.). They touch social status various segments of the population, limit or expand their access to education, healthcare, employment, and guarantees.

By comparing the evolution of societies that human civilization goes through in its development, scientists have identified a number of patterns. One of them is law of acceleration of history. He testifies on the compaction of historical time: each subsequent stage takes less time than the previous one. Recent history is one thousandth part world history. But this is the most eventful period with social, cultural, economic and political events.

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An organization is created as a tool for solving social problems, a means of achieving goals. An organization is formed as a human community and a special social environment.

In relation to social objects, the term “organization” is used in three senses:

1) an artificial association that occupies a certain place in society and is intended to perform a more or less clearly defined function (that is, social institution, which is considered as an independent object);

2) certain activities inside social education aimed at distributing functions, establishing stable connections, coordination, etc.;

3) the degree of ordering of an object, the structure and type of connections as a way of connecting parts into a whole, specific for a certain type of object.

The emergence of organizations is associated with the achievement of individual or collective goals. Collective achievement creates the need for hierarchy and management.

Any organization can be described in terms of a number of components: purpose, type of hierarchy, nature of management and degree of formalization.

A goal is an image of a result in which the organization is interested and to which it strives. Hierarchy involves the distribution of roles into two groups: roles that give their holders power, and roles that place the individual in a subordinate position. From a hierarchy point of view, there are centralized and non-centralized organizations. Centralized organizations require special coordination and integration of efforts. Power relations can be determined both by personal dependence and by the existence of special formal rules.

Management is a purposeful influence on an individual in order to encourage him to perform certain actions in which the organization is interested and in which the individual himself may not be interested. The means of control are orders (tasks) and incentives. From this point of view, we can distinguish organizations based on self-organization, that is, spontaneous regulation, which involves decision-making by all members of the organization depending on the circumstances, and organizations in which management is carried out by specific individuals.

Formalization of relationships is associated with the creation of standard patterns of behavior for individuals. The most important, although not mandatory, feature is the contractual, documented consolidation of rules and norms in a certain unified system.

In a small group, relationships are not so complex or can be regulated within the limits of the situation, since such a group assumes that communication between its members is direct. In an organization, the situation is much more complicated, since there direct communication does not always take place. Consequently, limiting the choice of forms and goals of action, as well as the subjective will of participants during formalization, plays an important role. Often the limits of formalization are determined by a system of informal connections that develop during the communication and interaction of its members. There are three types of organizations.

1. The goals of voluntary organizations (public unions) are developed internally as a generalization of the individual goals of the participants. Membership in an organization is associated with satisfaction not only
material, but also other needs.

According to Sills, a voluntary association has three main features:

a) it is formed to protect the interests of its members, which are common to them;

b) membership in a voluntary association is not compulsory, a person accepts it voluntarily and consciously; each member has the opportunity to leave the organization if he is not satisfied with the activities of the leader;

c) this type of organization is not associated with government agencies.

In addition to these features, it should also be noted that voluntary associations do not have a rigid structure and do not develop a system of coercive power.

2. Voluntary associations often “grow” into bureaucracies - complex organizations with a high degree of distribution of roles. Examples include the Salvation Army, the Boy Scouts, and the Red Cross Society.

3. The third type is organizations that are characterized by a high degree of hierarchy and concentration of power in the hands of a limited number of organization members. Two main types of such organizations can be distinguished: most business organizations and total-type institutions belong to them.

Business organizations are created for commercial purposes or to solve other specific problems. The management of such organizations is carried out on the basis of administrative regulation. Membership in the organization is supported mainly by the fact that it provides workers with a means of subsistence. Consequently, such organizations are often characterized by a discrepancy between the goals of employees and the goals of the owners (or the state).

Institutions of a total type are created to promote the public good, and the essence of this good is formulated by transpersonal entities - the state, religious and other organizations. Residents of total institutions are isolated from society. Examples of total organizations include prisons, military schools, etc.

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The term "organization" (from Lat. organiso- inform, slender appearance, arrange) is used in several meanings:

§ as an element of the social structure of society;

§ as a type of activity of a group;

§ as the degree of internal orderliness and consistency in the functioning of system elements.

In sociology, the key concept is the element of social structure and the following definition is given: social organization - a large social group formed to achieve certain goals(N. Smelser).

The first attempt to create a theory of organization was made by an American engineer Federico Taylor(1856-1915). Putting into practice a system of standardization of labor methods, he came up with the idea of ​​production lines and conveyors. In such an organization main role played by the administration and management personnel who exercised control over production process. Moreover, Taylor proposed to stimulate the most hardworking and proactive people through a system of material incentives. This model of Taylor was called the “school of scientific management” or “Taylorism”.

At the beginning of the 20th century. French engineer Henri Fayol(1841-1925) developed the “organization-machine” model. Its essence was that the organization itself was understood as an impersonal mechanism, a tool for solving socially significant problems, in which a person was only a formal performer, an elementary cell in the system of management and control. The administration's task was reduced only to control, coordination and planning of the work of various parts of the system. Fayol believed that the effectiveness of an organization is determined by unity of command and a clear division of labor.

All organizations, due to the standardization of their activities and unity of management, are to one degree or another bureaucratized. The term itself "bureaucracy", meaning the power of officials, was introduced into scientific circulation by the French scientist de Gournay in 1745 by A. M. Weber. who first developed the sociological concept of bureaucracy, singled out seven main characteristic features bureaucratic organization:

§ hierarchy of power in the form of a pyramid, implying the responsibility of lower-level officials to their superiors;

§ the activities of officials are regulated on the basis of formally established rules and instructions that ensure uniformity and continuity of management activities;

§ strict division of labor, and each function must be performed by a competent and knowledgeable specialist working under a contract and bearing full responsibility for the quality performance of his duties;

§ the private life of officials is separated from activities in the organization, they obey only official duty and must be as objective as possible (“the ideal administrator works without anger and bias”);

§ promotion (career) of an official through the career ladder is carried out depending on his professional abilities, level of qualifications and work experience;

§ the activities of employees are based on official discipline and administrative control:

§ officials are rewarded with a constant monetary allowance (salary).

M. Weber believed that modern bureaucracies effective organizations, since decisions here are made not arbitrarily, but according to general criteria, professional training cuts off “talented amateurs” and raises general level competence. Bureaucracy, by giving a fixed salary and strictly limiting functions, reduces corruption compared to organizations traditional societies, general criteria performance evaluations reduce the possibility of personal and family connections.

The main advantage of bureaucracy, according to Weber, is high economic efficiency: accuracy, speed, knowledge, constancy of the management process, official secrecy, unity of command, subordination, minimizing conflicts and efficiency. Main disadvantage- ignoring specifics conflict situations, template actions, lack of necessary flexibility.

Thus, bureaucracy for M. Weber is the “ideal type” of management, focused on the rational and effective implementation of the tasks facing the organization. In reality, no existing organization can fully correspond to Weber's model of bureaucracy.

Despite numerous shortcomings, bureaucracy, according to a number of experts, remains effective as a form of management today. Therefore, one of the tasks of modern management is to adjust the activities of the bureaucracy in accordance with the principles developed by M. Weber.

Russian sociologist A.I. Comely(b. 1940) highlights the following signs of a modern organization:

§ target nature;

§ distribution of organization members by roles and statuses;

§ division of labor and specialization of functions;

§ construction on a vertical (hierarchical) principle;

§ the presence of specific means of regulation and control of the organization’s activities;

§ integrity of the social system.

The key element of social organization is purpose. There are three interrelated type of organizational goals:

§ goals-tasks - designed as programs general actions instructions given externally by the organization more high level;

§ goal-orientation- a set of goals implemented through the organization;

§ goals-systems - goals dictated by the desire to preserve the organization as an independent system.

All the variety of social organizations are classified according to different criteria. So, American sociologist. Etzioni divides all organizations into three main groups:

§ voluntary, whose members unite on a voluntary basis (political parties, trade unions, clubs, religious associations, etc.);

§ forced, whose members become forced by force (army, prisons, mental hospitals, etc.):

§ utilitarian, whose members unite to achieve common and individual goals (enterprises, firms, financial structures, etc.).

Modern Russian sociologists mainly distinguish the following types organizations:

§ business, membership in which provides workers with a means of subsistence (enterprises, corporations, firms, banks, etc.);

§ public, which are mass associations, membership in which allows one to satisfy political, social, cultural, spiritual, creative and other needs (political parties, trade unions, creative associations, etc.);

§ intermediate, combining the characteristics of business and public organizations (cooperatives, partnerships, etc.);

§ associative, arising on the basis of mutual realization of interests (scientific school, interest clubs, informal groups, etc.).

A typology of organizations can be produced by industry: industrial and economic, scientific research, administrative and managerial, financial, educational, sociocultural, medical, etc.

Modern organizations have complex control system, including the following characteristics:

§ development of an organization management strategy;

§ activities for managing the organization’s personnel;

§ receipt, selection and distribution of business and socially significant information;

§ rational distribution of the organization’s resources;

§ conducting personnel policy;

§ conducting business negotiations;

§ introduction of the principles of innovative management;

§ planning and designing work in the organization;

§ control and coordination of employee actions.

This is far from full list functions of a specialist performing management activities. Currently, such specialists are key figures in the organization. At the same time, informal connections and relationships can develop within organizations that arise spontaneously as a result of prolonged interpersonal and intragroup communication. Informal relationships serve as a kind of mechanism for relieving tension generated by the contradiction between individual interests and strict rules formal organization, but sometimes they can have negative impact on the activities of the organization.