Development of attentiveness and observation among employees of internal affairs bodies in the process of professional training. Observation as a professionally important human quality

Educational literature on legal psychology

Asyamov S.V., Pulatov Yu.S.
PROFESSIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES
OF THE INTERNAL AFFAIRS.

Tashkent, 2002.

Chapter II. PROFESSIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF COGNITIVE QUALITIES OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS EMPLOYEES

3. Training of attention and observation

Observation plays an important role in implementation professional activity employees of internal affairs bodies. It allows you to identify the criminal activities of persons of operational interest to the internal affairs bodies, their connections, personal qualities, places of storage and sale of stolen goods, identify facts related to the events under investigation, etc. Skillful organization of the observation process, of course in conjunction with other ways of organizing professional activities, largely contributes to timely warning, rapid disclosure, complete crime investigation, searching for escaped criminals.

In psychological science, observation means deliberate, systematic, purposeful perception undertaken with the aim of studying an object or phenomenon. Purposefulness and organization during observation not only make it possible to perceive the observed object as something whole, but also makes it possible to recognize the individual and the general in it, distinguish the details of the object and establish certain types of its connections with other objects. In other words, observation is not a simple sum of individual elements isolated from each other, but a combination of sensory and rational knowledge.

Professional supervision - This is a purposeful and specially organized perception by an employee of internal affairs bodies of phenomena and processes that are significant for solving operational and official tasks. The latter include, first of all, manifestations of personality (offenders, persons on preventive registration, convicts, victims, witnesses, etc.), its states, actions, various objects, the study of which is important for the detection and investigation of crimes, the activities of the employee himself and Ave.

The psychological nature of professional observation is very multifaceted. Observation is the most advanced form of intentional perception. At the same time, the employee does not perceive everything that catches his eye, but calculates what is most important, necessary, and interesting. This is due to the goals, objectives, and plan that usually underlie observation. Observation always relies on the active functioning of the senses. For an internal affairs officer, this is, first of all, vision and hearing. Attention plays a particularly important role in observation, acting as its regulator. Through attention, as the direction and concentration of consciousness on certain objects, the goals and plan of observation are realized. Observation is always associated with the processing of information and is impossible without the active work of thinking. Finally, observation is also determined by the personality characteristics of the employee himself.

Observation of the activities of internal affairs officers is characterized by emotional and intellectual intensity. Its conditions are determined by the psychological characteristics of the employees’ activities. In this regard, observation, as a method of activity of internal affairs officers, must satisfy the following psychological requirements.

Firstly, the officer needs preliminary knowledge of the personality characteristics of those persons in respect of whom he is conducting surveillance (for example, the nature and direction of their criminal activity, criminal experience, their inclinations, interests, etc.).

Secondly, he must fully and accurately record, by memorization or other means (if necessary, and using technical means), the specific actions and behavior of the object of observation.

Thirdly, he must compare the recorded facts with previously obtained data about the observed and promptly analyze the results of this comparison in order to anticipate the actions of the object of observation.

The success of observation is ultimately determined by the intellect, which organizes this process according to a certain plan, establishes the necessary sequence of observation stages and uses its results. According to prof. Ratinova A.R., in order to organize effective surveillance, an internal affairs officer must remember a number of general rules:

before observation, obtain the most complete understanding of the person, object or phenomenon being studied;

determine a goal, formulate a task, draw up (at least mentally) a plan or observation scheme;

to look for in the observed not only what was supposed to be found, but also the opposite of it;

dismember the object of observation and at each moment observe one of the parts, not forgetting about observing the whole;

follow every detail, trying to notice the greatest number of them, to establish the maximum number of properties of an object or features of what is being observed;

do not trust a single observation, examine an object or phenomenon from different points of view, at different moments and in different situations, changing the conditions of observation;

question observable signs that may be false demonstrations, simulations or staging;

pose questions “why” and “what does this mean” regarding each element of observation, thinking through, suggesting, criticizing and testing your thoughts and conclusions by further observation;

compare objects of observation, contrast them, look for similarities, differences and connections;

compare the results of observation with what was previously known about this subject, with data from science and practice;

clearly formulate the results of observations and record them in an appropriate form - this helps their understanding and memorization;

involve various specialists in observation, compare and discuss the results of observation with your colleagues;

remember that the observer can also be the object of observation 1.

Observation as a mental process and a certain form of professional activity of an employee of internal affairs bodies develops in him such an important personality trait as professional observation - a complex personality trait, expressed in the ability to notice professionally significant, characteristic, but subtle and at first glance insignificant features of the operational situation, people, objects, phenomena and their changes (which may subsequently have significance for the case). The basis of an employee’s professional observation is a stable interest in people, their inner world, psychology, seeing them from the angle of professional tasks, a kind of psychological “orientation” towards them.

What is necessary to ensure a high level of employee observation?

Firstly, the attitude towards the perception of information that is important for solving the employee’s professional problems. This attitude helps to overcome fatigue, apathy, disgust (for example, when examining a decomposing corpse).

Secondly, a specific concentration of attention precisely on those objects and their properties that can provide the necessary information that is important for solving the problems that the employee faces.

Thirdly, long-term maintenance of stable attention, ensuring the employee’s readiness to perceive the necessary initial information at the right time (especially during lengthy searches, inspections of crime scenes and interrogations).

The most important direction in the development of professional observation is the employee’s mastery of the technique of professional observation, which includes techniques and methods for its implementation based on relevant psychological laws.

It is useful to divide training to develop attention into three forms.

General attentiveness. Without giving yourself any preliminary task, you find out what remained noticeable from the impressions you encountered.

Directed mindfulness. The task is given to carefully examine the named object. After which the question is asked about something related to this object, something that could be caught during examination, although the subject of the question was not known in advance.

Targeted observation. The task is given to observe certain details of a certain phenomenon, and only then this phenomenon is shown.

One of the common techniques for developing professional observation is the following: after looking at someone around you, you should look away from him and then imagine him in memory, trying to mentally describe his signs, and then test yourself by looking at this person again. Or the following exercise: look for some time at a house nearby and, turning away, try to mentally describe how many windows, balconies, where the windows are open, where laundry hangs, where people are in the apartments, etc. It is necessary to take into account that knowing how many windows or balconies there are in a house does not mean being observant: their number is constant. But noticing when individual windows are open or where the lights are on is already the result of observation, close attention, the ability to grasp connections and notice dependencies. Another exercise is observing an event. In this case, we do not mean any street incident that attracts everyone's attention. It can also be a common set of actions of one or more people who pursue a specific goal. “Why is this person here?”, “What is he expecting?”, “What will he do now?” - answers to these questions allow you to develop the ability to psychologically observe people, the ability to predict human behavior, which is very important in the activities of an internal affairs officer.

Attention and observation during the exercises develop very successfully. The highest degree of development of observation should be considered the level when it becomes not only a personality trait of an employee, but also a trait of his character, when it manifests itself in all types of his activities. An observant employee is precisely characterized by the fact that he will not miss anything, will notice everything in a timely manner and draw the appropriate conclusions.

In solving professional problems facing employees of internal affairs bodies great value has the activation of his professional thinking. The meaning and role of professional thinking is determined by a number of points. Firstly, intellectual qualities and developed thinking are integrally related to the specifics of the activity and are necessary when solving almost any operational and service task. Without them, it is impossible to identify a carefully disguised crime, win an intellectual battle with an intelligent, calculating criminal, understand the contradictions of human nature and establish the truth.

Secondly, important changes in society are significantly aggravating the problem of intellectual resources. The important tasks facing our society create the need for new approaches, new thinking when solving problems in the field of law and order. The effectiveness of an employee of internal affairs bodies in modern conditions largely depends on the professionalism of thinking.

Thirdly, professional thinking is not only an intellectual resource, a potential that needs to be set in motion, but, above all, a lever, a tool for activation human factor in the internal affairs bodies.

In psychology, thinking is usually understood as mental activity with the help of which a person reveals the essence of phenomena, their connections and relationships.Professionally developed thinking - important quality of an employee, manifested in the ability to cognize the essential properties of objects, people and their actions related to the professional tasks being solved, and to find natural connections between them 2 .

To be able to think means to apply existing knowledge and experience, to be able to think, reflect, reason when solving the problems facing an employee. An employee's thinking is the ability to solve new and complex operational problems, the ability to find new approaches to solving practical problems.

It may be of great interest to employees to master techniques for activating professional thinking. These techniques should be understood as methods of conscious, voluntary self-organization of the thought process, based on relevant psychological laws. When using such techniques, it is useful to get into the habit of being aware of your train of thought, developing certain rules for yourself, and taking into account your individual characteristics. When learning these techniques, an employee may encounter a number of psychological barriers that interfere with the formation of professional thinking techniques. Among them are the following:

1. Motivational:

lack of desire to think professionally, reluctance to approach matters creatively, proactively, independently;

lack of interest, incentives to think, desire to “keep a low profile,” etc.

2. Social-psychological:

the presence of informal norms, opinions and moods that inhibit independent, creative thinking;

lack of mutual understanding between employees, strained relationships, psychological incompatibility.

3. Individual psychological:

mental laziness;

rigidity, lack of flexibility of thought;

negativism, conformism;

age-related changes.

4. Cultural and linguistic:

shortcomings of the general intellectual culture;

professional narrowness, limited erudition;

habit of certain terms and concepts in professional speech, rejection of new terms and concepts.

5. Perceptual:

simplified, stereotypical perception of important phenomena;

unproblematic vision of phenomena in the circle of professional and official interests;

subjectivity, bias in perception and assessment from professional and official positions.

6. Intelligent:

the habit of uncontested, single-option thinking;

habit of unanimity, intolerance to other points of view, to professional pluralism;

lack of conceptual thinking skills, executive mindset;

superficial-formal approach, absolutization of the administrative-prohibitive tendency in thinking, etc.

It is important that an employee can learn to overcome these barriers that arise in his intellectual activity and negatively affect its effectiveness.

The main techniques for activating professional thinking include:

1. Method of clarifying a professional task. This is where you need to start any business. The initial general problem must be decomposed into several simple, elementary subtasks. It is important to pay attention to details, little things, and not lose sight of anything. In this case, it is necessary to try to have several options for solving the problem.

2. A technique for optimizing the search for a solution. The starting point, the starting point of the search, is identified, while the boundaries and search zones are also established and regulated. There is a selection, combination and revision of search strategies.

3. A technique for constructing a mental picture of the event under study. The employee needs to carry out a visual-figurative study of the initial elements and the picture as a whole and, on the basis of this, construct a diagram of the event under study (this can be implemented in the form of operational or investigative versions). It is necessary to trace and work out the connections between the elements of the event, rationally link them into a holistic picture, and find the decisive link.

4. Method of psychologizing thinking. It consists of psychological orientation in the situation under study (for example, to understand the motives of the suspect’s behavior), conducting a psychological analysis and, based on it, predicting the development of the situation in the future. Reflection is used - thinking for the opposing side.

5. A technique for activating self-control of thinking. The attitude towards self-criticism is important. It is necessary to check yourself using verbal self-control formulas (“How did I do this?”, “Why did I come to this conclusion?”, etc.). We must strive to eliminate subjectivity in our conclusions and assessments, to distance ourselves from personal likes and dislikes.

6. A technique for overcoming mental impasse. It is necessary to identify and overcome looping during mental activity and return to the original situation. In such cases, it is useful to involve other employees to help - “with a fresh look.”

As already noted, operational and service activities often take place in conditions of confrontation. The desire of the parties to achieve directly opposite goals creates a situation where each of the opponents, planning their actions, takes into account the actions of the other, creates obstacles and difficulties for him in order to ensure a win. At the same time, the question of how the “competing” parties reason and make decisions comes to the fore. In psychology, such mental work is designated by the term “reflection,” i.e. reflection associated with imitation of the thoughts and actions of the enemy and with the analysis of one’s own reasoning and conclusions. If there is opposition, the side that has superiority in reflection wins. From here it is clear how important it is for an employee to be able to foresee the possible actions of the person who committed the crime, how important it is not only to predict these actions, but also to ensure their timely change and localization. This can only be done if, for such a purpose, information is constantly collected, studied and the process of its use is modeled.

Reflexive management of the behavior of the opposing person is based on:

analysis of his general adaptive abilities;

its rigidity, stereotypedness;

lack of awareness of the employee’s tactical plans and the extent of his awareness;

using surprise, lack of time and information for thoughtful counteractions.

The advantage in reflexive reasoning allows an employee not only to anticipate the behavior of his opponent, thereby regulating his own behavior, but also to actively influence his reasoning, to form the basis for him to make the decision desired by the employee.

The concept and meaning of psychological observation. The most accessible and most widely applicable way of obtaining psychological information about a person of professional interest to an employee of a legal body is by observing him, observing him from the side, during a conversation, during professional contact. This can be realized through psychological observation - a special psychological action that a legal professional should master.

Psychological observation is a special psychological action that serves the solution of law enforcement problems and is intended to study the psychological characteristics of people with whom a legal professional has to deal. 1 Its significance lies in its wide accessibility and efficiency (the ability to quickly obtain at least some information about a person and his psychology). Everything depends practically on the employee himself, his desire and his professionalism. Psychological observation is implemented with the help of special psychological techniques that meet its purpose and the rules that specify them. It would be a simplification to attribute his success only to a certain technique of work. Its implementation requires a professional to have a special stable internal attitude towards psychological observation, the presence of certain psychological knowledge, as well as increased psychological sensitivity(sensitivity to external manifestations of human psychology). All these components are interconnected. The very use of psychological observation techniques requires an up-to-date attitude, the desire and desire of a professional to use them. Inverse relationship - the practice of using techniques develops and strengthens attitude and psychological sensitivity, a professional habit arises, appropriate skills and abilities are formed, experience is accumulated, and knowledge is improved.

Psychological observation provides information about a person, but its reliability should not be overestimated. Man as an object of psychological observation is very complex and ambiguous. Much of it contains psychological information: how he entered the room, how he approached, how he sat down, where he put his hands, what phrase he said and why, why he lingered on one question and avoided another, why he lowered his eyes, when his eyelids fluttered, at whom and in what watched the moment and much more. All this amounts to language of external manifestations of human psychology (Fig. 8.3). Its meanings are probabilistic and, nevertheless, a professional should understand them. This language will tell a professional more than a person about himself. There are citizen “artists” who try to mask their real thoughts, attitudes, qualities, states, which, of course, to a certain extent makes it difficult to understand the language of external manifestations and read the latter. However, a true professional will confidently distinguish the feigned from the real, the sincere from the deceitful. The fact is that the “artist” lives a double inner life: a demonstrated one, intended for display, and a real one, “for internal use.” Constant transitions from one to another in the process of communication one way or another reveal this bifurcation in numerous signs of inconsistency. Even if a professional fails to draw up a clear psychological portrait of a person, then, based on the results of psychological observation, he develops dissatisfaction, assumptions, and suspicions, prompting him to carry out additional checks and, ultimately, to establish the truth.

Rice. 8.3. Observable signs of human psychology

The technique of selectivity and reliability of psychological observation. The interest of a law enforcement officer in surveillance is not idle curiosity, it is always specific. This specificity is expressed in interest in drawing up a psychological portrait (which, as noted above, in legal activity is always selective and accentuated) or individual psychological phenomena (for example, sincerity or deceit).

The rule of selectivity and determination recommends paying attention to the definition of observation tasks in each specific case, using recommendations for drawing up a psychological portrait, clarifying what external manifestations, acting as signs of those to be assessed psychological phenomena, subject to observation and recording.

Rule of complexity warns about the inadmissibility of categorical! psychological assessments based on a single recording of some signs; It is necessary to double-check the information, strengthening monitoring for their repeated manifestations. In addition, taking into account the integrity of the psyche, one should collect the widest possible range of information that corresponds to the structure of the psychological portrait. This will allow for more reliable assessment of individual manifestations.

Rule of resistance to socio-psychological effects that reduce the reliability of psychological observation. These include the effects of “first impression”, “first information”, halo, and inertia. In the context of law enforcement, preliminary or existing information about the person with whom he is meeting has a particularly strong and negative impact. They automatically form in him a search attitude, a perception in a person’s external data and behavior of what confirms the available information received from other persons or from documents. The rule requires always to be objective, not to succumb to first impressions, to be independent, to judge a person only by directly observed and verified facts, to double-check your impressions, and to be critical of the assessments made about him and his qualities.

A technique for identifying personality traits through observation. By appearance, facial expressions, pantomime, products of activity, words, speech, one can judge a number of qualities of a person. Rules:

on vocabulary, speech structure, presentation of thoughts, answering questions judge his education, culture, professional affiliation, mental development, resourcefulness, criminality, legal awareness, features of legal psychology, etc.;

by pronunciation assess his national and regional affiliation, possible place of birth and long-term residence, education;

by tempo of speech, intonation, gestures, expressiveness of facial expressions and expressiveness of speech assess his type of temperament, emotional balance, self-control, willpower, self-esteem, culture, system of value priorities. Thus, a person with a choleric temperament is fast, his speech rate is consistently high, his facial expressions are expressive, his behavior is characterized by impetuosity, impatience, and lack of restraint;

on things and objects belonging to a person - see §8.3.

Method of identifying criminally significant signs in observation. For a law enforcement officer, the significance of such signs is especially great.

Rule for assessing signs of criminalization of speech. Contamination of speech with words from criminal jargon is characteristic of some categories of modern youth. A derivative of their ideas about the “fashionability” and “modernity” of such a language is a certain psychological characteristic. Addresses such as “citizen chief”, “commander”, words and expressions characteristic of “thieves’ music” and the ability to “talk about a fiddle” deserve evaluation. The more there are, the more accurate their use of words (which can be assessed by an employee familiar with criminal jargon), the more reliable the assessments.

Rules for paying attention to tattoos. For the most part, they are not just decorations and manifestations of perverted tastes, but carry a semantic load that reveals the attitude of its bearer to the law, law enforcement officials, devotion to the criminal world, status in the criminal environment, talk about plans for the future, the nature of criminal activity, the number of “prisons” ", etc. Often located on visible parts of the human body (hands, fingers, ears, nose, etc.), they should not go unnoticed and not interpreted psychologically.

The rule of observing gestures, movements, details of clothing, and behavioral habits. In the recent past, experienced employees very clearly noticed people who had (or had) a relationship with the criminal world by their short haircut, somewhat old-fashioned clothes, adherence to wearing padded jackets or leather jackets, the absence of a tie (“noose”), a jacket thrown over their shoulders, and a mannered gait etc. Nowadays, most of these signs are outdated, but some have survived. Characterized by intense gestures, expressive movements of the hand and fingers (in the criminal world, in places of deprivation of liberty, gestures are used for the silent exchange of information and communication), a certain manner of entering a room, gait, communication behavior, squatting against a wall, feigning illnesses, a method storing some things, the peculiarities of waiting (three steps in one direction, three in the other), calling some people and himself by nickname, inability to use a knife and fork in the dining room, the habit of mixing different dishes in one, the presence of expensive rings on the fingers, etc. Of course, not each of these signs can be interpreted unambiguously, but taken together they become more definite. Sharpers, pickpockets and a number of other criminal “specialties” have their own characteristic habits and signs. The development of a complex of signs deserves further development by legal psychology.

A technique for identifying signs of a person engaged in criminal activity in observation. Today, however, in most cases it is not difficult to judge who leads a criminal lifestyle; The main difficulty is in obtaining evidence. Still, it is important to understand this, because persons occupying high places in the criminal hierarchy often prefer to stay in the shadows.

The rule for monitoring signs of personality inconsistency. Often such signs are: a discrepancy between the detected qualities and the appearance that a person is trying to give himself (for example, the unexpected discovery of a sharp mind, observation, sophistication in objections and answers to questions, detailed and accurate knowledge in some area, which is difficult to expect, for example, a “simple”, inconspicuous person, leading a quiet and modest lifestyle, holding an ordinary position); demonstrative detection of “crystal” honesty, decency, selflessness, charity, etc.; increased readiness for self-defense, acute alertness, heightened reaction to suspicion and suspicion of others, strict self-control, etc.

The rule for monitoring signs of behavior of persons about to commit or have committed a crime, It is especially significant for police officers serving on the streets and in public places, private security, etc. Noteworthy:

Wariness, increased tension, nervousness, unnatural cheerfulness or swagger of a person, especially when he notices a police officer or the latter approaches him to check his documents;

Hasty or overly tense gait, indicating a desire not to draw attention to oneself;

Anxious, impulsive looking back (“is there any surveillance”) and to the sides;

The use of techniques for breaking away from surveillance (last-minute entry into a bus, metro and the same exit, numerous transport transfers, etc.);

Having objects, bundles, suitcases in your hands at night or in places where people rarely carry them;

Inconsistency of age, clothing and what a person is carrying in his hands, etc.

Characteristic of these individuals, as, indeed, of those who have extensive criminal experience, is the habit of not allowing anyone to follow them from behind. They either speed up their pace or let the person behind them pass.

It enhances the productivity of detecting a person about to commit a crime and the law enforcement officer’s knowledge of how to commit certain crimes. For example, such knowledge is used by detectives of task forces involved in searching for and apprehending pickpockets. They know where and when to look for them, how to pick them out from the crowd, and when to catch them red-handed.

The rule for taking into account the psychological characteristics of identifying persons on the wanted list. The search is carried out on the basis of the use of various portraits (photographs, hand-drawn portraits, verbal portraits, etc.), however, success depends on taking into account the capabilities of human memory by those who orient and instruct police officers going on duty. It is difficult to remember data about even five people if the instruction is not accompanied by the distribution of copies of portraits. Much depends on the training of employees’ professional memory, the ability to recall information, compare a portrait and the actual person being observed, and check identity documents.

A technique for identifying and assessing a person’s mental state. Excitement, fear, joy, worry, tension, relaxation, anger, confusion, even calm can tell a lot to an observant lawyer.

The rule for observing external signs of mental states. Such signs are: voice intonation, changes in its tempo, pauses, timbre; eye expression and direction of gaze; complexion and sweat appearance; gestures, speech (in a state of tension, for example, the posture is somewhat unnatural, the fingers may tremble or tensely clench into a fist), hand movements (in a state of excitement, a person takes something in his hands, begins to rotate, accelerates the rotation). As one experienced lawyer rightly said: “We must look not only at the Criminal Code, but also at the person’s eyes.” It is difficult to judge a person in general without once looking closely, studying him in the eyes. Observation improves in good lighting conditions.

Rule for monitoring changes in mental state. In the course of solving and investigating crimes, detaining criminals, suppressing violations of public order, and in other cases, it is useful, if not necessary, for an employee to know the mental state of the offender, victim, and witness. Calmness or the emergence of anxiety, fear, increased tension and the appearance of sweat at some moments of the meeting and conversation indicate the significance of the moment, its danger or avoidance of danger. This, in particular, is what the diagnosis of lies and hidden circumstances is based on (see § 8.12).

Method of psychological probing. An experienced lawyer does not passively wait for the person he is interested in to reveal his own psychology. He actively brings it out with the help of this technique and its rules.

For example, a search was carried out in the apartment of one of the suspects, but it did not yield results. Then the team leader ordered the suspect to be taken to another room and all the furniture in this room to be rearranged. When the suspect was brought back into the room, he was observed. He, seeing the changes, quickly ran around the room with a restless gaze, holding it for a while on the grandfather clock, and calmed down, smiling. From them they extracted material evidence that was carefully hidden there. The suspect gave himself away with his reaction.

Method of monitoring informationally significant psychological reactions in the course of an investigative or other professional action performed by an employee:

Eye movements;

Appearance of confusion, delay in response. Silence can say more than an answer;

Avoiding a direct answer, moving the conversation to other questions;

Change in mental state;

Sudden redness and sweat on the face, tapping with a finger, increased manipulation of an object in the hands (pen, pencil, matchbox, button, ashtray, etc.), lighting a cigarette, etc.;

Involuntary dilation of the pupils of the eyes;

Naturalness (pretentiousness of reactions), etc.

"Swinging" technique. Everyone has known the game “hot and cold” since childhood.

This technique is similar to hers. When an interrogation, conversation, movement approaches a dangerous topic, question, place, fact for a person who knows his guilt, but shows insincerity and secrecy, his internal tension increases; when they move away, it decreases. These internal reactions are involuntary, it is almost impossible to restrain them from “splashing out”, and an attempt not to express them outwardly turns out to be even more noticeable, since it is unnatural.

Psychological manifestations cannot be hidden from an experienced, psychologically observant lawyer, and any attempts by the perpetrator to deceive him, as a rule, are unsuccessful. The language of external manifestations is always more sincere than words.

"Cm.: O'Connor Joseph and Grinder John. Introduction to neurolinguistic programming: Trans. from English - Chelyabinsk, 1997; Human factor in law enforcement systems. Languages of the human brain and body: problems and practical use in the activities of internal affairs bodies. - Orel, May 29 - June 2, 1995; Shchekin G.V. Visual psychodiagnostics and its methods. - Kyiv, 1992; Skrypnikov A.I., Lagovsky A.Yu., Begunova L.A. The significance of a suspect’s behavioral reactions for rapid assessment of his psychological characteristics. - M., 1995; Kupriyanov V.V., Stovichek G.R. Man's face. - M., 1988.

The legal profession obliges employees to conduct constant observations of people’s behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

A legal practitioner should strive to notice in the observed object (victim, suspect, accused, etc.)

D.), the phenomenon is all essential features, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflecting reality. Sensations can be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. In the development of observation skills, the most important role is played by visual and auditory sensations.

The formation of observation skills also depends on the cultivation of attention. Without attention, deliberate perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.

Observation as a personality quality develops in the conditions of practical activity. To become observant, you must first acquire the ability to observe, but this is only one of the stages in the development of this property. To transform a skill into a lasting quality, purposeful, systematic and systematic training is needed. It is carried out in everyday life legal worker, as well as with the help of special exercises.

The lawyer must strive to penetrate into the essence of the observed phenomenon, to notice all the significant signs related to the case materials. It is important to organize observation, setting a certain specific goal. Only a rationally set goal of observation concentrates our psychological capabilities and forms the necessary qualities.

In parallel with targeted observation, it is necessary to develop universal observation. Such observation ability provides a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process practical work over an object from different points of view, that is, by setting different goals.

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Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) On the topic "Social-psychological observation and its formation in a doctor"

Relevance of the study.

The well-being of a country depends on a large number of factors, but, of course, one of the most important is the health of its citizens. In Russia, over the past few years, there has been a noticeable turn towards improving the overall healthcare system and quality medical care- this is an increase vocational training doctors, and improving the financial well-being of both medical personnel and medical institutions. It became obvious that part public policy is to preserve and strengthen the health of the population.

Many experts point to the urgent need to improve the quality of medical services to the population (V.A. Korzunin, S.V. Monakova, B.A. Yasko), and, most often, the main importance here is not the equipping of the medical institution with the latest equipment, but individual and socio-psychological qualities of a doctor, their influence on the efficiency and effectiveness of professional activities. And, first of all, as L.A. Lebedeva points out, this applies to general practitioners, because therapeutic patients constitute a significant group in the morbidity structure.

The doctor's perception and understanding of the patient is a necessary component of his professional communication. The doctor is obliged to understand not only the patient’s condition and mood, but also to determine the extent of his ability to be an active, interested and responsible partner in organizing the treatment process. The social-perceptual component is the most important professional component of his activity. The above determines public interest in the problem.

Observation was studied most actively in Russian psychology by teachers (Ya.L. Kolominsky, G.I. Kislova, G.A. Kovalev,

V.N. Koziev, T.S. Mandrykina, JI.A. Regush, J.I.B. Lezhnin, L.V. Kolodina, A.A. Rodionov, etc.), practical psychologists (L.A. Regush, V.A. Labunskaya, etc.), civil servants (I.V. Kulkova, E.V. Morozova, etc.), and, of course, doctors (L.A. Regush, L.B. Likhterman, etc.)

We analyze socio-psychological observation as a complex formation, including motivational, perceptual, cognitive, empathic, reflective and prognostic components.

From the procedural side, socio-psychological observation is manifested in the process of socio-psychological interpretation, the object of which is the external appearance of a person (A.A. Bodalev, V.N. Panferov), non-verbal behavior (V.A. Labunskaya), verbal and non-verbal text of communication (E.A. Petrova), extra- and paralinguistic features of voice and speech (V.P. Morozov), etc. The result of the process is knowledge of the socio-psychological characteristics of the observed person, understanding of the mental states and relationships he experiences.

Thus, the relevance of studying the socio-psychological observation of a doctor is connected both with public demand and with the logic of development scientific knowledge on the problem.

The purpose of the study is to study the features of socio-psychological observation of therapists and propose a technology for increasing it in relation to characteristics important for the interaction between doctor and patient.

Object of study: practicing therapists with different work experience.

Subject of research: socio-psychological observation of a doctor in relation to a patient and the possibility of its formation.

Research hypothesis: the level of socio-psychological observation among doctors depends on gender and on the doctor’s work experience and can be developed in the process of specially organized training in relation to a number of socio-psychological characteristics of the patient.

In accordance with the purpose and hypothesis of the study, the following tasks were identified: in theoretical terms: to summarize existing approaches and analyze the current state of the problem, to define the socio-psychological observation of a doctor, to develop a model of the socio-psychological characteristics of the patient that are important for interaction with the doctor; in methodological terms: to select a complex psychodiagnostic methods for the purpose of determining the socio-psychological characteristics of subjects - patients and developing tools for determining the level of socio-psychological observation of a doctor; in empirical terms: 1) create a technology for determining the level of socio-psychological observation among doctors of different genders and work experience; conduct an empirical study of the problem; 2) develop and justify a program (training) to increase the socio-psychological observation of a doctor, test and prove its effectiveness in the experimental group in comparison with the control group.

To solve the assigned problems, a number of socio-psychological methods (interviews, questionnaires, tests, video surveillance, content analysis, etc.) and techniques were used, namely:

For psychodiagnostics patients test life-saving exercise “Test of meaning and life orientations” (D.A. Leontyev); Multifactorial personality questionnaire(16 PF) R. Cattell; test questionnaire “J. Rotter’s level of subjective control” - USK (adapted by E.F. Bazhin, E.A. Golynkina,

A.M. Etkind); test questionnaire for the structure of temperament V.M. Rusalova (OST); Methodology " Value orientations» M. Rokeach; scale-questionnaire for determining individual suggestibility; test " Your psychological age"; questionnaire " Your attitude towards a healthy lifestyle"(JI.M. Astafiev), questionnaire " Level of severity of infantilism»UVI (A.A. Seregina, 2005), to determine the characteristics of a person’s micro-social environment and the stereotyping of their ideas regarding certain diseases - a patient questionnaire developed by us (Lee Won Ho, 2005); for diagnosing the socio-psychological observation of a doctor, the SPNV questionnaire, specially developed by us (Lee Won Ho, 2006)

The methodological basis of the study was the general scientific principles of the systems approach, the principles of historicism and development, the principles of the unity of consciousness and activity (B.G. Ananyev, P.K. Anokhin, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, G.M. Andreeva, A.A. Bodalev, Y.M. Zabrodin, V.P. Zinchenko, B.F. Merlin, S.L. Platonov, etc.

The theoretical basis of our research was the work on the social psychology of communication (G.M. Andreeva, A.A. Bodalev, E.A. Petrova, L.B. Filonov, Ya.A. Kolominsky, E.A. Orlova, etc.) , namely:

Social-perceptual approach (A.A. Bodalev, V.N. Panferov,

V.N. Kunitsina and others);

Theories of nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication (V. Berkinbill, R. Birdwhistell, V. A. Labunskaya, E. A. Petrova, J. Nirenberg, G. Calero, A. Pease, V. P. Morozov, V. V. Kupriyanov, E V. Fetisova, A. M. Shchetinina, etc.);

Visual psychosemiotics of communication (E.A. Petrova)

Particular models of the functioning and development of psychological observation in humans (JI.A. Regush, I.V. Kulkova),

Theories of observational relationships JI.A. Regush, A.A. Rodionova, I.V. Kulkova, J.I.B. Lezhnin, etc.), psychological insight (A.A. Borisova, V.G. Zazykin) and professionally important qualities.

The reliability of the research results obtained was ensured by the initial methodological positions, the use of complementary methods for studying psychological observation, the use large number indicators characterizing individual psychological characteristics subjects, the statistical significance of the differences between the studied parameters (correlation analysis, Student's T-test and non-parametric criteria for identifying the significance of differences, etc.).

The total sample size is 177 people aged from 19 to 62 years. Of these, 97 doctors from the experimental sample aged from 25 to 43 years are permanently working therapists in district clinics in Moscow with professional experience ranging from 8 months to 17 years; 32 doctors made up the control sample. As well as 40 male and female patients aged from 19 to 62 years old, turning to district clinics in Moscow for medical help.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that:

1. The current state of the study of psychological and socio-psychological observation is analyzed; a definition of the concept “social and psychological observation of a doctor” is given.

2. Gender differences in the development of socio-psychological observation were revealed: female doctors, compared to male doctors, generally have higher indicators.

3. It is shown that male doctors are more accurate in interpreting such characteristics as: type of patient, life performance, authority, suspicion, and female doctors in relation to characteristics: family, profession, life goals, importance of health, belief in God, locus of control in the field of health, sociability, social emotionality, social ergicity.

4. It was found that the level of socio-psychological observation among doctors with professional experience from 3 to 7 years is the highest, among doctors with experience from 7 to 17 years it is average, and among young specialists (with experience up to three years) it is the highest. short.

5. It has been proven that doctors with work experience from 3 to 7 years are the most accurate in such socio-psychological characteristics as: independence, general and health loci of control, sociability, infantility, profession, social level, suspiciousness; doctors with 7 to 17 years of experience are more observant regarding the patient’s age, psychological age, nationality, family, faith in God, religion, and suggestibility; and doctors with up to 3 years of experience are the most observant in the following characteristics: emotional intensity of life, social pace, social plasticity, social ergicity, social emotionality, authority.

6. The effectiveness of the method “ feedback» as a technology for self-correction by a doctor of the results of the patient’s socio-psychological interpretation. It was revealed that with the experience of feedback there is an increase in the accuracy of judgments on the following characteristics: age, nationality, psychological age, measure of independence-infancy, suggestibility, suspicion, authority, sociability of the patient.

7. The effectiveness of the course program “Social and psychological observation of a doctor”, proposed and tested by us, has been substantiated and confirmed. Its effectiveness in increasing the level of socio-psychological interpretation by the doctor of a number of social, socio-individual-psychological characteristics of the patient (nationality, profession, social level, value of health, stereotypical ideas about the disease, locus of control in the field of health, suggestibility, psychological age, measure of his social independence or infantility, general locus of control, locus of control of life, social emotionality, emotional richness of life, sociability).

The following provisions are submitted for defense:

1. The socio-psychological observation of a doctor as the ability to recognize the characteristics and conditions of a patient through their external expression is an important professional skill necessary for building an optimal strategy for interaction and communication with the patient in order to achieve the most effective technology for his treatment. Developed socio-psychological observation allows the doctor to determine the patient’s degree of readiness to interact, understand his emotional state, and determine his intentions. Thus, socio-psychological observation affects not only the procedural side of communication, the ability to establish and maintain contacts, but also effectively carry out healing.

2. The socio-psychological observation of the doctor is aimed at perceiving and understanding in the process of professional communication the typological characteristics of the patient, his value orientations, attitudes and ideas regarding health, the development of a number of socio-psychological characteristics of the individual that are important for the process of organizing treatment.

3. The socio-psychological observation of a doctor depends on his individual psychological characteristics, his length of professional activity and gender, the presence of professional knowledge about the external signs of a person with a particular disease, about the socio-psychological and age-related psychological characteristics of patients manifested in the patient in attitude towards himself and the illness that befell him.

4. An increase in the level of socio-psychological observation is revealed in practicing doctors as a result of “feedback” experience, as well as as a result of specially organized training on the following characteristics: the value of health, stereotypical ideas about illness, locus of control in the field of health, suggestibility, psychological age , a measure of his social independence or infantility, general locus of control, locus of control of life, social emotionality, emotional richness of life, sociability. The socio-psychological interpretation of general social characteristics patient, such as: nationality, profession, social status.

Theoretical significance of the study. The results of our research make a certain contribution to the social psychology of communication and personality, the psychology of observation, the psychology of professional medical activities and communication. We have confirmed that the training of doctors, structured according to a specific program, leads to a significant increase in the level of their socio-psychological observation compared to the initial one and to the control sample.

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic "Social Psychology", Lee Won Ho

Conclusions on the third chapter

1. If doctors-subjects are provided with feedback opportunities to assess the accuracy of their observations and self-correction in the process of interpreting socio-psychological characteristics, then the level of their socio-psychological observation increases. An increase in the accuracy of doctors' judgments about the patient was found based on the following characteristics: age, psychological age, infantility, suggestibility, nationality, suspicion, authority, sociability.

2. The course program “Social and psychological observation” was developed and tested. The course consists of two parts: theoretical (16 academic hours) and practical (20 academic hours). The goals and objectives of the theoretical and practical parts of the course are formulated. A list of diagnostic techniques, exercises and psychological games that were used in the classroom is provided.

3. An increase in the level of socio-psychological observation in doctors was found after training in the program for the development of observation according to the following socio-psychological characteristics: psychological age, infantility, general locus of control, locus of control in the field of health, suggestibility, type of patient, importance of health, social emotionality, profession, social level, nationality, locus of control of life, independence, emotional richness of life, stereotypical ideas about the disease, sociability. Social and psychological observation in the control group of doctors did not change.

4. In the first series of the study (before training), it was found that the most accurate interpretation (more than 70%) was of such socio-psychological characteristics as: gender, age, nationality, religion; and the least accurate (less than 30%): life productivity, social plasticity, emotional richness of life, number of goals in life. In the second series of the study (after training), such socio-psychological characteristics as: gender, nationality, age, social level, infantility, religion are interpreted most accurately (more than 70%); and the least accurate (less than 30%) - life effectiveness, number of goals in life, social plasticity.

5. When comparing the level of socio-psychological observation of male and female doctors, it is proven that female doctors have a higher level of socio-psychological observation. However, male doctors are more observant when interpreting such characteristics as: type of patient, authoritativeness, suspicion, productivity of life. At that time, female doctors had significantly higher rates of accuracy of socio-psychological interpretation for the following characteristics: family, profession, sociability, importance of health, belief in God, locus of control in the field of health, social emotionality, social ergicity, number of goals in life .

6. It was found that the highest socio-psychological observation is among doctors with professional experience from 3 to 7 years; intermediate level observation skills of doctors with experience from 7 to 17 years; and the lowest observation skills are among young specialists (work experience of up to three years).

7. Doctors with up to 3 years of professional experience most accurately interpret the following socio-psychological characteristics of patients: emotional richness of life, social pace, social plasticity, social ergicity, social emotionality, authority. Doctors with 3 to 7 years of experience most accurately interpret the following socio-psychological characteristics of patients: independence, general locus of control, locus of control in the field of health, sociability, infantility, profession, social level, suspiciousness. Doctors with 7 to 17 years of professional experience most accurately interpret the following socio-psychological characteristics of patients: age, psychological age, nationality, family, faith in God, confession, suggestibility.

The study made it possible to achieve the set goal - to study and increase the level of socio-psychological observation of doctors in relation to the socio-psychological characteristics of the patient’s personality that are important for interaction.

As a result of theoretical analysis and empirical research, the initial research hypothesis was confirmed that the level of socio-psychological observation among doctors in relation to patients depends on gender and on the doctor’s work experience and can be developed in the process of specially organized training in relation to a number of socio-psychological characteristics.

The study solved the theoretical and practical problems: in theoretical terms: an analysis of the current state of the problem was carried out, existing approaches were analyzed and generalized and a definition of the socio-psychological observation of a doctor was given, a model of the socio-psychological characteristics of the patient that are important for interaction with the patient was developed; in methodological terms: we carried out the selection of a complex psychodiagnostic methods for psychological diagnostics socio-psychological characteristics of the subjects in accordance with the objectives of the study and developed two author's questionnaires. in empirical terms: 1) revealed that the levels of socio-psychological observation among doctors in relation to patients depend on gender and on the doctor’s work experience; 2) developed a program for increasing the socio-psychological observation of doctors in relation to a number of socio-psychological characteristics of patients in the process of specially organized socially active training).

The empirical study carried out allowed us to draw the following general conclusions:

6. Psychological observation in modern psychology is most often considered as a personality property that allows it to successfully capture subtle, but essential for understanding, features of the interlocutor. This is an integrative characteristic that absorbs some features of cognitive processes, attention, as well as the life and professional experience of an individual (A.A. Bodalev, A.L. Zhuravlev, I.V. Labutova, etc.). We understand the socio-psychological observation of a doctor as a set of qualities and abilities of a doctor, manifested in the ability to recognize the features of the appearance and behavior of other people as an external expression of their socio-psychological characteristics and states.

7. Socio-psychological observation is manifested in the doctor’s judgments about the external signs of a person with a particular disease, about the characteristics of people’s behavior with various diseases, about the age-related characteristics that manifest themselves in the patient in relation to himself and to the disease that has befallen him. Understand the characteristics of the patient’s micro-social environment, his group affiliation (nationality, religion, etc.), socio-psychological characteristics (suggestibility, sociability, value system, attitude to health, etc.).

8. The model of the basic socio-psychological characteristics of the patient’s personality, important for the socio-psychological interpretation of the patient, includes three groups of characteristics: social group affiliation, the person’s microsocial environment and his socio-psychological qualities.

9. The possibility of feedback in assessing the accuracy of the interpretation of the patient’s socio-psychological characteristics creates the effect of self-correction of the therapist’s observation and leads to an increase in its level. This increase occurs according to the following characteristics: age, psychological age, infantility, suggestibility, nationality, suspicion, authority, sociability of the patient.

Yu. When comparing male doctors and female doctors, it has been proven that female doctors have a higher level of socio-psychological observation. However, male doctors are more observant when interpreting such characteristics as: type of patient, authoritativeness, suspicion, productivity of life. At that time, female doctors had significantly higher rates of accuracy of socio-psychological interpretation for the following characteristics: family, profession, sociability, importance of health, belief in God, locus of control in the field of health, social emotionality, social ergicity, number of goals in life .

11. It was found that the highest socio-psychological observation was in the group of doctors with professional experience from 3 to 7 years; average level of observation among doctors with experience from 7 to 17 years; and the lowest observation skills are among young specialists (work experience of up to three years).

12. Doctors with up to 3 years of professional experience most accurately interpret the following socio-psychological characteristics of patients: emotional richness of life, social pace, social plasticity, social ergicity, social emotionality, authority. Doctors with 3 to 7 years of experience most accurately interpret the following socio-psychological characteristics of patients: independence, general locus of control, locus of control in the field of health, sociability, infantility, profession, social level, suspiciousness. Doctors with 7 to 17 years of professional experience most accurately interpret the following socio-psychological characteristics of patients: age, psychological age, nationality, family, faith in God, confession, suggestibility.

13. The course program “Social and psychological observation of a doctor”, developed and tested by us, showed its effectiveness when comparing the indicators of the experimental and control groups, as well as measurement data before and after the training program in the experimental group of doctors. An increase in the level of socio-psychological observation among doctors after training occurs according to the following socio-psychological characteristics: psychological age, infantility, general locus of control, locus of control in the field of health, suggestibility, type of patient, importance of health, social emotionality, profession, social level, nationality , locus of control of life, independence, emotional richness of life, stereotypical ideas about the disease, sociability.

14. It was revealed that before training, doctors most accurately (more than 70%) interpret such socio-psychological characteristics of the patient as: gender, age, nationality, religion; After training, indicators of the social level and measures of the patient’s infantility are added to the group of the most accurate interpretations.

15. Least accurately (less than 30%) doctors assessed: life performance, social plasticity, emotional richness of life, number of goals in life. As a result of the training, the indicators of socio-psychological interpretation regarding the effectiveness of life, the number of goals in life, and the patient’s social plasticity did not change, which indicates the impossibility of their development within the framework of the program we proposed.

Practical significance of the study and implementation in practice. Data from the experimental part of the study can be used:

1. The main provisions of the study can be used in universities in the training of doctors of various profiles, in conditions of higher, additional education or advanced training of doctors, or in other professions of the “person-to-person” type, where socio-psychological observation is a professionally important quality.

2. The program “social-psychological observation of a doctor” can be used in the process of improving the qualifications of therapists.

It seems important to us to develop further study of the problem in the following areas:

Research on the specifics of socio-psychological observation among doctors of various profiles.

Study of the development of observation skills in future doctors;

Development of technologies for diagnostics and correction of socio-psychological observation by specialists various representatives specialties of the human-human group

Approbation of research results. The main provisions of the work were discussed at meetings of the Department of Social Psychology of the Russian State Social University (2005, 2006, 2007), discussed at the sixth international congress of the Russian State Social University, II International Congress " Current problems of rehabilitation of children suffering from cerebral palsy"(Moscow, 2007); YII All-Russian Social-Pedagogical Congress " Modern social education: experience and problems of modernization"(2007), tested at advanced training courses for doctors. The results of the study are reflected in six publications by the author.

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227. Test meaningful in life orientation (LSO).1. Leontyev D. A.)

228. I am usually very bored. 3210123 I'm usually full of energy.

229. Life always seems exciting and exciting to me. 3210123 Life seems completely calm and routine to me.

230. I don’t have specific goals or intentions in life. 3210123 I have very clear goals and intentions in life.

231. My life seems extremely meaningless and aimless to me. 3210123 My life seems to me quite meaningful and purposeful.

232. Every day always seems new and different to me. 3210123 Every day seems to me completely similar to all others.

233. When I retire, I will do interesting things that I have always dreamed of doing. 3210123 When I retire, I will try not to burden myself with any worries.

234. My life turned out exactly as I dreamed. 3210123 My life did not turn out at all the way I dreamed.

235. I have not achieved success in implementing my life plans. 3210123 I have accomplished much of what I planned in life.

236. My life is empty and uninteresting. 3210123 My life is filled with interesting things.

237. If I had to sum up my life today, I would say that it was quite meaningful. 3210123 If I had to sum up my life today, I would say that it had no meaning.

238. If I could choose, I would build my life completely differently. 3210123 If I could choose, I would live my life again the same way I live now.

239. When I look at the world around me, it often makes me confused and worried. 3210123 When I look at the world around me, it does not cause me anxiety or confusion at all.

240. I am a very obliging person. 3210123 I am not an obligatory person at all.

241. I believe that a person has the opportunity to make his life choices as he wishes. 3210123 I believe that a person is deprived of the opportunity to choose due to the influence of natural abilities and circumstances.

242. I can definitely call myself 3210123 I can't call myself a goal-oriented person. a purposeful person.

243. I have not yet found my calling and clear goals in life. 3210123 I found my calling and goals in life.

244. My life views have not yet been determined. 3210123 My life views are completely determined.

245. I believe that I managed to find a calling and interesting goals in life. 3210123 I am hardly able to find a calling and interesting goals in life.

246. My life is in my hands, and I manage it myself. 3210123 My life is not under my control and it is controlled by external events.

247. My daily activities bring me pleasure and satisfaction. 3210123 My daily dals bring me a lot of troubles and worries.

248. Instructions: Answer the questions presented as frankly as possible, possible answers are “Yes” or “No”.

249. Belief in omens is a delusion.

250. My parents treat me more like a child than an adult.

251. It seems to me that I feel more acutely than others.

252. I try to avoid conflicts and difficult situations.

253. I don’t care what others think about me.6. I'm quite confident in myself.

254. I get annoyed when people look at me somewhere on the street, in a store or on a bus.

255. If I get sick or injured, I will consult a doctor without any fear.

256. Some people can heal a sick person with one touch.

257. If I want to do something, but those around me think that it is not worth doing, then I am ready to give up my intentions.

258. I. Most often I would like to sit and dream than do anything.

259. It is difficult for me to concentrate on one thing.

260. I wake up easily from noise.14. It's easy to argue with me.

261. I often worry about something.

262. I calmly tolerate the sight of blood.

263. I often think: “It would be nice to become a child.”18. I dream very rarely.

264. My sleep is intermittent and restless.

265. A person should try to understand his dreams, be guided by them in life and extract warnings from them.

266. All the “miracles” I know are explained very simply: some people lead others by the nose, that’s all.

267. I used to notice that strangers look at me critically.

268. It’s quite difficult to piss me off.

269. I often consider myself obliged to answer what I consider fair.

270. I usually fall asleep calmly, and no thoughts disturb me.

271. Some people love to command so much that I feel the urge to do everything contrary, even if I know that they are right.

272. I prefer to work with managers who provide more autonomy than with managers who give clear and strict instructions.28. I'm a sociable person.

273. It happens that when discussing certain issues, I have no particular difficulty in agreeing with the opinions of others.

274. I am easily confused.

275. It is always good to be frank.32. I very rarely dream.

276. I am more impressionable than most other people.34. I believe in miracles.

277. My behavior is largely determined by the customs of those around me.36. It's hard to offend me.

278. My convictions and views are unshakable.

279. There have been one or more cases in my life when I felt that someone, through hypnosis, was forcing me to do certain things.

280. I have little self-confidence.

281. I have always been independent and free from family control.

282. Sometimes I insist on my point so much that people lose patience.

283. I don’t trust anyone to make it safer.

284. METHOD "VALUE ORIENTATIONS" (M. Rokeach)

285. Instructions: “Now you will be presented with a set of 18 cards indicating values. Your task is to arrange them in order of importance for you as the principles that guide you in your life.

286. Develop slowly, thoughtfully. The end result should reflect your true position."

288. Try to answer honestly, without trying to guess the correct answer and adjust your answers to the desired result. This is the only way you can get the most accurate result.

289. I think I have a good sense of humor.

290. I have good intuition, and I always understand what people mean3. I hope there are many pleasant things awaiting me in the future

291. I think people like talking to me

292. I can like a person, even if he doesn’t look like me and doesn’t share my views in everything6. I love children

293. I like to solve a variety of problems

294. When I take on something, I try to find a way to do it as best as possible.

295. I am interested in the reasons for various events

296. Besides work, I have many other hobbies.

297. I try to perceive any changes as changes for the better.

298. My work benefits people13. I like to dream sometimes

299. My favorite music lifts my mood

300. I am interested in new ideas.

301. As a rule, I do not give up when faced with difficulties and obstacles.

302. I am ready to sincerely laugh at a good joke

304. I enjoy physical activity

305. I like meeting new people

306. I would like to learn something else that I don’t know yet

307. I strive to look attractive and it seems that I succeed

308. I won’t let minor troubles make me sad

309. I like the time in which I live

310. I think I will still have the opportunity to demonstrate my abilities more fully.

311. QUESTIONNAIRE “YOUR ATTITUDE TO HEALTHY IMAGE1. LIFE" author JI.M. Astafiev)

312. Answer the question by placing a sign opposite the judgment on the right side of the table, in the column that refers to the answer that best matches your opinion.

313. QUESTIONNAIRE “ LEVEL OF INFANTILISM"(A.A. SEREGINA)

314. Do you always know what you want to achieve in life?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

315.B). More likely no than yes D). No

316. Do you prefer to take responsibility in life?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

317.B). More likely no than yes D). No

318. Do you often analyze your actions?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

319.B). More likely no than yes D). No

320. Can you achieve your goal long time by force of will to perform uninteresting work?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

321.B). More likely no than yes D). No

322. Would you work if you were financially secure?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

323.B). More likely no than yes D). No

324. When trying to get pleasure, do you always think about the consequences associated with this pleasure?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no1. B). More likely no than yes1. G). No

325. Do you think an orderly and organized life is compatible with the concept of “youth”?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

326.B). More likely no than yes D). No

327. Will you be very upset if you fail to find decent job and make a career?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

328.B). More likely no than yes D). No

329. In some stressful life situations, is it easy for you to pull yourself together?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

330.B). More likely no than yes D). No

331. Do you have more significant interests than the desire to receive pleasure?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

332.B). More likely no than yes D). No

333. In some life situations, do you look at the situation and yourself in it from the outside, and draw conclusions?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

334.B). More likely no than yes D). No

335. Usually, for convenience, do you try to relieve yourself of responsibility?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

336.B). More likely no than yes D). No

337. Do you think that having fun and relaxing is more interesting than working?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

338.B). More likely no than yes D). No

339. Do some restrictions usually irritate you? A). Yes

340. B). More likely yes than no B). More likely no than yes D). No

341. Is it extremely important for you to achieve your goal?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

342.B). More likely no than yes D). No

343. Most often, do you hope for a favorable combination of circumstances?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

344.B). More likely no than yes D). No

345. Do various situations or people usually prevent you from achieving success?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

346.B). More likely no than yes D). No

347. Are difficult life situations a significant obstacle to achieving your goals?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

348.B). More likely no than yes D). No

349. Do you rightly believe that your parents or relatives should provide you with everything you need for a decent existence?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

350.B). More likely no than yes D). No

351. Do you live one day at a time and don’t make long-term plans?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

352.B). More likely no than yes D). No

353. Are you capable of purposeful volitional effort?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

354.B). More likely no than yes D). No

355. Are you ready to endure difficulties today in order to achieve your goal tomorrow?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

356. B). More likely no than yes D). No

357. Would you like to receive everything at once, here and now, and for free?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

358.B). More likely no than yes D). No

359. Do you consider yourself a disciplined person?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

360.B). More likely no than yes D). No

361. Are your leisure and entertainment often associated with illegal actions?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

362.B). More likely no than yes D). No

363. Isn’t it particularly difficult for you to overcome life’s difficulties?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

364.B). More likely no than yes D). No

365. Do you successfully overcome your weaknesses?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

366.B). More likely no than yes D). No

367. Do you strive to satisfy your desires without thinking, immediately?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

368.B). More likely no than yes D). No

369. Do you usually not bother yourself with analyzing the consequences of your actions?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

370.B). More likely no than yes D). No

371. Do you know how to control your emotions?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no1. B). More likely no than yes

372. Most often, other people are the culprit of your troubles?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

373.B). More likely no than yes D). No

374. Do you view work mainly as an opportunity to have a good time?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

375.B). More likely no than yes D). No

376. Do you usually not try to evaluate the reasons and impulses that prompted yourself and others to act?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

377.B). More likely no than yes D). No

378. If you encounter serious obstacles on your way, then most often you give up on this goal?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

379.B). More likely no than yes D). No

380. Are material values more important to you than moral ones?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

381.B). More likely no than yes D). No

382. Are you a supporter of civil marriage?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

383.B). More likely no than yes D). No

384. Do you have a desire to defiantly oppose yourself to others?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

385.B). More likely no than yes D). No

386. When looking for a job, do you mainly rely on the activity of your parents and close relatives?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

387. B). More likely no than yes D). No

388. Do you think that adhering to moral principles is not fashionable now?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

389.B). More likely no than yes D). No

390. Do you think that knowing yourself is a very boring process, it’s better to do something else?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

391.B). More likely no than yes D). No

392. Do you think it is acceptable to commit an offense to satisfy one’s needs?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

393.B). More likely no than yes D). No

394. For the sake of material wealth, are you sometimes willing to overstep your principles?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

395.B). More likely no than yes D). No

396. Do you usually try to organize your life by putting it in order?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

397.B). More likely no than yes D). No

398. Are you generally more interested in being inconsistent, irrational, and impulsive than in bringing boredom, order, and organization into your life?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

399.B). More likely no than yes D). No

400. Are you better able to evaluate the consequences of an action, its result, than to evaluate the reasons that led to this action?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

401.B). More likely no than yes D). No

402. Do you usually not think about the moral side of your action if you can actually derive material benefit from it?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

403.B). More likely no than yes D). No

404. Are there many people with illegal behavior among your friends?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

405.B). More likely no than yes D). No

406. Overcoming life difficulties helps to increase your self-esteem?1. A). Yes1. B). More likely yes than no

407.B). More likely no than yes D). No

Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for informational purposes only and were obtained through original dissertation text recognition (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors associated with imperfect recognition algorithms.
There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.

legal psychology thinking investigative

The legal profession obliges employees to conduct constant observations of people’s behavior, their appearance, gait, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

Observation refers to the process of purposeful perception of people, objects, events and phenomena. The main thing in observation is the ability to visually or with the help of hearing notice certain changes in the observed phenomenon, connect them with other phenomena and draw logical conclusions. Observant people are able to notice even minor details and draw important conclusions from them; observation is inherent in all persons who have a central nervous system. But this does not mean that all people possess these qualities to the same extent. Poor ability to notice phenomena and the lack of a plan in observation lead to the fact that people with poorly developed powers of observation will make significant mistakes when solving official problems. Legal work requires people with a high level of observation.

Psychologists have proven that observation skills develop in the process of specific activities. At the same time, its development is facilitated by special training exercises, as well as training with abstract objects. Observation as a personality quality is formed by cultivating certain mental functions of a person: sensation, perception.

A practicing lawyer should strive to notice all the essential features in the observed object - victim, suspect, accused, etc., a phenomenon, that is, to know its essence. Cognition is based on sensations as a process of reflecting reality. Sensations can be visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, etc. In the development of observation, the most important role is played by visual and auditory sensations.

The formation of observation skills also depends on the cultivation of attention. In psychology, it is understood as the direction and concentration of the psyche on certain observable objects or phenomena of life. Attention is included as a necessary component in all types of human mental activity. Without attention, deliberate perception, memorization and reproduction of information is impossible.

Observation as a personality quality develops in the conditions of practical activity. To become observant, you must first acquire the ability to observe, but this is only one of the stages in the development of this property. To transform a skill into a lasting quality, purposeful, systematic and systematic training is needed. It is carried out in the daily life of a legal worker, as well as with the help of special exercises.

The lawyer must strive to penetrate into the essence of the observed phenomenon, to notice all the significant signs related to the case materials. It is important to organize observation by setting a specific, specific goal. Only a rationally set goal of observation concentrates our psychological capabilities and forms the necessary qualities.

In parallel with targeted observation, it is necessary to develop universal observation. Such observation provides a deeper and more versatile study of the object of observation. It is formed in the process of practical work on an object from different points of view, that is, by setting different goals.

The development of observation skills should be based on the principles of purposefulness, planning and systematicity. Compliance with these principles provides a legal worker with observation as a personal quality.

Development of attentiveness and observation among employees of internal affairs bodies in the process of professional training. Observation as a professionally important human quality

Chapter II. PROFESSIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING OF COGNITIVE QUALITIES OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS EMPLOYEES

3. Training of attention and observation

More on topic 23. Observation as a professionally significant quality of a lawyer:

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) On the topic "Social-psychological observation and its formation in a doctor"

Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic "Social Psychology", Lee Won Ho

List of references for dissertation research candidate of psychological sciences Lee Won Ho, 2007

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