Depending on the nature of the sanctions that are applied to the deviant, styles of formal social control are distinguished.

1. Punishing (moralistic) style of social control .

This style aims to punish deviants who violated the foundations of society. Moreover, the maximum punishment is provided. Applies to a violator who has committed a deliberate act (most often a crime).

The peculiarity of this style is that it does not compensate the victim of deviant behavior. Justice is administered on the basis of moral justice.

Society has main dominant values, the violation of which leads only to punitive action (human life, property, etc.). But, in those societies where there are no clearly fixed core values, deviant actions do not entail punitive sanctions. For example, in archaic societies the central values ​​are religious. Severe punitive sanctions follow for violations of taboos and family traditions. At the same time, there will be no punitive sanctions for murder for an attempt on property.

In highly developed societies there is a very large concentration of values ​​- there are many of them.

A social institution such as the state gravitates toward a punitive style of social control. The most terrible act in the state is considered treason or treason and entails the death penalty or life imprisonment.

The intensity of the punitive style of social control is the opposite of social distance.

Social distance – the degree of closeness between people. The main characteristics of social distance are: frequency of relationships, their type (formal or informal), intensity of relationships (degree of emotional inclusion) and their duration, as well as the nature of the connection between people (relationships prescribed or non-prescribed).

The greater the social distance between the deviant and the agent of social control, the greater the role moral rules play.. For example, the relatives of a murderer are inclined to forgive his act, provided that this does not happen again in the future.

The punitive style of social control is inversely proportional to the relationship between the crime victim and the agent of social control. If the victim is close in social distance to the agent of social control, then the response to the crime will be harsh (for example, in the USA, for the murder of a police officer, the criminal will most often be killed by the police during arrest).

Social control is usually of two types - top-down and bottom-up.

Top-down social control – top-down, when a group occupying a higher social position controls a group occupying a lower position.

Bottom-up social control – from bottom to top - inferior control their superiors (system of public opinion in the West de).

The punitive style of social control is always top-down. Offenses against those higher up on the social ladder are punished more harshly.

The punitive style of social control is directly proportional to social inequality. How poorer man, the harsher the punishment.

The punitive style of social control is divided into several types:

1) Open punishment– the response of authorized bodies to the act of a deviant in accordance with the rules of law.

2) Hidden punishment(informal control) - the group itself can punish its member for any offense (especially common in criminal cultures).

3) Indirect answer– mental illness can be a response to an insult.

4) Suicide– self-punishment (self-control).

2. Compensatory style of social control.

Compensating style - coercive style of social control : the offender compensates for the damage caused to the victim. Most often this is financial compensation. After compensation for material damage is provided, the situation is considered resolved and the deviant is punished.

In this style, the main attention is paid to the result of the offense, and it does not matter whether there was intent in committing the offense or not. The focus of this style is always the victim and it is she who is given more attention.

In compensating style there is usually a third party, which forces compensation (arbitrator, lawyer, court, etc.).

The compensating style is not used in cases of murder, treason, terrorism - the punitive style is always used here. Sometimes a punitive style can be combined with a compensatory one (for example, a prison sentence for a crime with an additional penalty - confiscation of property).

Compensating style applies to medium to long social distance. Any close relationship interferes with the compensatory style. For example, neighbors rarely pay compensation for damage caused, since close ties that exist between people can be severed, and if close ties are broken, they are never renewed, especially if a third party is involved - the court. Compensation is rarely paid between friends.

With top-down control, the compensatory style is very rare, since often the violator with a lower status does not have enough funds to pay compensation, moreover, compensation seems to equalize the superior with the inferior, so compensation is rare or even impossible (for example, in a feudal society, if a commoner killed a feudal lord, then a punitive style was used, since compensation equated the feudal lord with a commoner). In bottom-up social control, compensation is paid. (A rich and famous person, when he goes to prison, loses his social status, so he pays off).

The modern world is more prone to a compensatory style of social control than to a punitive one (lawyers on both sides of a trial tend to reach an agreement before the trial and the responsible party pays damages to the victim; if there is no serious offense, then it rarely comes to imprisonment, which explains the development of the institution of lawyers in the West ).

In our country, this style has very little effect due to the legal illiteracy of citizens and the high fees for legal services.

3. Therapeutic style of social control.

This style is not aimed at punishment, but at changing the personality of the deviant and consists of a psychotherapy procedure - this is, as it were, a symbolic change in the personality of the deviant.

This style only applies if the deviant agrees to therapy.(violent therapy is a punitive style).

Here there is an attempt by a psychotherapist (or analyst) to resolve intrapersonal problems, help the individual improve, reevaluate his behavior, return the person to society and teach him to live in accordance with the norms.

Agents of the therapeutic style are psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and religious figures. For example, in religion, an individual’s guilt for misdeeds is completely removed and this helps the person adapt to the situation.

Within this style, the behavior of the deviant is of great importance. If a person's behavior cannot be explained, he is considered not entirely normal and a therapeutic style of social control is applied to him. In the Criminal Code there is such a thing as sanity: a person who is mentally insane at the time of the crime does not bear criminal liability.

Therapeutic social control is inversely related to social distance. If a father beats his family, they will think he is sick. If parents beat their children, they are advised to see a psychiatrist rather than law enforcement agencies being invited. The greater the social distance between the deviant and the victim, the more inclined they are to consider the person a criminal rather than a sick person.

4. Regulatory style of social control.

The goal of the regulatory style is to regulate the relationship between the deviant and the victim of deviant behavior and bring them to harmony. It is used when there is a violation of relations between two parties: between two individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations. This style does not provide moral or material compensation to the injured party.

Nowadays, the regulatory style is quite widespread. It operates in the area of ​​family relations; in cases of conflicts between students and teachers; between schoolchildren and teachers; between employees at the enterprise, etc. Applies when both parties are rooted in a group where there is a long-term and overlapping relationship; when both parties belong to the same kinship group (if there are no selfish interests); when a group lives in one place for a long time (Russian peasant community).

The effect of the regulatory style is directly proportional to the equality of the parties. The two parties must be equal in social status; Only the positional “husband-wife, children-parents” is allowed. It is almost impossible to regulate relations between representatives of different social groups.

The regulatory style is widespread among organizations. It is very difficult for organizations to punish because... they have multiple intersecting connections. At the beginning of the twentieth century, trade unions emerged in Europe. With their advent, the regulatory style among organizations became dominant. Business owners can communicate with unions without feeling humiliated.

Term" social control"was introduced into scientific circulation by the French sociologist and social psychologist Gabriel Tarde. He considered it as an important means of correcting criminal behavior. Subsequently, Tarde expanded the considerations of this term and considered social control as one of the main factors of socialization.

Social control is a special mechanism for social regulation of behavior and maintaining public order

Informal and formal control

Informal control is based on the approval or condemnation of a person’s actions on the part of her relatives, friends, colleagues, acquaintances, as well as on the part of public opinion, which is expressed through customs and traditions, etc. Through means mass media.

IN traditional society there were very few established norms. Most aspects of life for members of traditional rural communities were controlled informally. Strict observance of rituals and ceremonies associated with them traditional holidays and rituals, fostered respect for social norms and an understanding of their necessity.

Informal control is limited to a small group, in large group it is ineffective. Agents of informal control include relatives, friends, neighbors, acquaintances

Formal control is based on approval or condemnation of a person’s actions by official authorities and administration. In complex modern society, which numbers many thousands or even millions of Jews, it is impossible to maintain order by means of informal control. In modern society, control over order is carried out by special social institutions, such as courts, educational institutions, the army, churches, mass media, enterprises, etc. Accordingly, employees of these institutions act as agents of formal control.

If an individual goes beyond the limits of social norms, and his behavior does not correspond to social expectations, he will certainly face sanctions, that is, with the emotional reaction of people to normatively regulated behavior.

. Sanctions- these are punishments and rewards that are applied by a social group to an individual

Since social control can be formal or informal, there are four main types of sanctions: formal positive, formal negative, informal positive and informal negative

. Formal positive sanctions- this is public approval from official organizations: diplomas, prizes, titles and titles, state awards and high positions. They are closely related to the presence of regulations that determine how an individual should behave and which provide rewards for his compliance with normative regulations.

. Formal negative sanctions- these are punishments provided for by legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from work, fines, official penalties, reprimand, death penalty, etc. They are associated with the presence of regulations governing behavior individual and indicate what punishment is intended for non-compliance with these norms.

. Informal positive sanctions- this is public approval from unofficial individuals and organizations: public praise, compliment, tacit approval, applause, fame, smile, etc.

. Informal negative sanctions- this is a punishment unforeseen by official authorities, such as remark, ridicule, cruel joke, contempt, unkind review, slander, etc.

The typology of sanctions depends on the educational system we have chosen.

Considering the method of applying sanctions, current and future sanctions are identified

. Current sanctions are those that are actually used in a particular community. Everyone can be sure that if he goes beyond existing social norms, he will be punished or rewarded according to existing regulations

Prospective sanctions are associated with promises of application of punishment or reward to an individual in case of violation of normative requirements. Very often, only the threat of execution (the promise of a reward) is sufficient to keep the individual within the normative framework.

Another criterion for dividing sanctions is related to the time of their application

Repressive sanctions are applied after an individual performs a certain action. The amount of punishment or reward is determined by public beliefs regarding the harmfulness or usefulness of its action

Preventive sanctions are applied even before an individual commits a certain action. Preventive sanctions are applied with the aim of inducing an individual to the type of behavior that is needed by society

Today, in most civilized countries, the prevailing belief is a “crisis of punishment,” a crisis of state and police control. The movement for the abolition of not only the death penalty, but also legal imprisonment and the transition to alternative measures of punishment and restoration of the rights of victims is growing more and more.

The idea of ​​prevention is considered progressive and promising in world criminology and sociology of deviations

Theoretically, the possibility of crime prevention has long been known. Charles. Montesquieu, in his work “The Spirit of Laws,” noted that “a good legislator is not as concerned about the punishment of a crime as a father. In preventing crime, he will try not so much to punish as to improve morality.” Preventive sanctions improve social conditions, create a more favorable atmosphere and reduce inhumane actions. They are useful to protect a specific person, a potential victim, from possible attacks.

However, there is another point of view. While agreeing that the prevention of crime (as well as other forms of deviant behavior) is democratic, liberal and progressive than repression, some sociologists (T. Matthiessen, B. Andersen, etc.) question the realism and effectiveness of their preventive measures the arguments are as follows:

Since deviance is a certain conditional construct, a product of social agreements (why, for example, is alcohol allowed in one society, but in another its use is considered a deviation?), It is the legislator who decides what constitutes an offense. Will prevention turn into a way to strengthen the position of officials?

prevention involves influencing the causes of deviant behavior. And who can say with certainty that he knows these reasons? and apply the basis in practice?

prevention is always an intervention in a person’s personal life. Therefore, there is a danger of violation of human rights through the introduction of preventive measures (for example, violation of the rights of homosexuals in the USSR)

The severity of sanctions depends on:

Measures of role formalization. The military, police, and doctors are controlled very strictly, both formally and by the public, and, say, friendship is realized through informal social relationships. Ole, that’s why the sanctions here are quite conditional.

status prestige: roles associated with prestigious statuses are subject to severe external control and self-control

The cohesion of the group within which role behavior occurs, and therefore the strength of group control

Test questions and assignments

1. What behavior is called deviant?

2. What is the relativity of deviation?

3. What behavior is called delinquent?

4. What are the causes of deviant and delinquent behavior?

5. What is the difference between delinquent and deviant behavior?

6. Name the functions of social deviations

7. Describe the biological and psychological theories of deviant behavior and crime

8. Describe sociological theories of deviant behavior and crime

9. What functions does the social control system perform?

10. What are "sanctions"?

11. What difference is there between formal and informal sanctions?

12 Names for the Difference Between Repressive and Preventive Sanctions

13. Prove with examples what the tightening of sanctions depends on

14. What is the difference between informal and formal control methods?

15. Name of agents of informal and formal control

Social sanctions are a means of reward and punishment that encourage people to comply social norms. Social sanctions are guardians of norms.

Types of sanctions:

1) Formal positive sanctions are approval from official bodies:

Reward;

Scholarship;

Monument.

2) Informal positive sanctions are approval from society:

Praise;

Applause;

Compliment;

3) Formal negative is punishment from official bodies:

Dismissal;

Rebuke;

Death penalty.

4) Informal negative sanctions - punishments from society:

Comment;

Mockery;

There are two types of social control:

1. external social control - it is carried out by authorities, society, and close people.

2. internal social control - it is exercised by the person himself. 70% of human behavior depends on self-control.

Compliance with social norms is called conformity - this is the goal of social control

3. Social deviations: deviant and delinquent behavior.

The behavior of people who do not comply with social norms is called deviant. These actions do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes established in a given society.

Positive deviance is deviant behavior that does not cause disapproval from society. It could be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, hyper-dedication, excessive zeal, a heightened sense of pity and sympathy, super-hard work, etc. Negative deviation is deviations that cause reactions of disapproval and condemnation in most people. These include terrorism, vandalism, theft, betrayal, ill-treatment with animals, etc.

Delinquent behavior is a serious violation of the law that may result in criminal liability.

There are several main forms of deviation.

1. Drunkenness – excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. Alcoholism is a painful attraction to alcohol. This type of deviation brings great harm to all people. Both the economy and the well-being of society suffer from this. For example, in the United States, about 14 million people suffer from alcoholism, and annual losses from it reach up to 100 billion dollars. Our country is also a world leader in alcohol consumption. Russia produces 25 liters of alcohol per capita per year. Moreover, most of the alcohol is strong alcoholic drinks. IN lately There is also a problem of “beer” alcoholism, which mainly affects young people. About 500 thousand Russians die annually for various reasons related to alcohol.

2. Drug addiction is a painful attraction to drugs. Associated consequences of drug addiction are crimes, physical and mental exhaustion, and personality degradation. According to the UN, every 25th inhabitant of the Earth is a drug addict, i.e. There are more than 200 million drug addicts in the world. According to official estimates, there are 3 million drug addicts in Russia, and 5 million according to unofficial estimates. There are supporters of the legalization of “soft” drugs (such as marijuana). They give the example of the Netherlands, where the use of these drugs is legal. But the experience of these countries has shown that the number of drug addicts is not decreasing, but only increasing.

3. Prostitution – extramarital sexual relations for payment. There are countries where prostitution is legalized. Supporters of legalization believe that the transfer to a legal position will allow better control of the “process”, improve the situation, reduce the number of diseases, rid this area of ​​pimps and bandits, in addition, the state budget will receive additional taxes from this type of activity. Opponents of legalization point out the humiliation, inhumanity and immorality of body trade. Immorality cannot be legalized. Society cannot live according to the principle of “everything is permitted”, without certain moral brakes. In addition, underground prostitution with all its criminal, moral and medical problems will continue.

4. Homosexuality is sexual attraction to people of the same sex. Homosexuality occurs in the form of: a) sodomy - sexual relations between a man and a man, b) lesbianism - sexual attraction of a woman to a woman, c) bisexuality - sexual attraction to individuals of the same and opposite sex. Normal sexual desire women to men and vice versa is called heterosexuality. Some countries already allow marriages between gays and lesbians. Such families are allowed to adopt children. In our country, the population generally has ambivalent attitudes towards such relationships.

5. Anomie is a state of society in which a significant part of people disregard social norms. This happens in troubled, transitional, crisis times of civil wars, revolutionary upheavals, deep reforms, when previous goals and values ​​collapse, and faith in the usual moral and legal norms falls. Examples include France during the Great Revolution of 1789, Russia in 1917 and the early 90s of the 20th century.

SOCIOLOGY: HISTORY, FUNDAMENTALS, INSTITUTIONALIZATION in RUSSIA

Chapter 4
TYPES AND FORMS OF CONNECTIONS IN THE SOCIAL SYSTEM

4.2. Social control

Social control, what is it? How does social control relate to social connection? In order to understand this, let's ask ourselves a number of questions. Why do acquaintances bow and smile at each other when they meet, and send greeting cards for the holidays? Why do parents send their children over a certain age to school, but people don't go to work barefoot? A number of similar questions can be continued further. All of them can be formulated as follows. Why do people perform their functions in the same way every day, and some functions even pass from generation to generation?

Thanks to this repetition, the continuity and stability of the development of social life is ensured. It makes it possible to foresee people's reactions to your behavior in advance, this contributes to the mutual adaptation of people to each other, since everyone already knows what they can expect from the other. For example, a driver sitting behind the wheel of a car knows that oncoming cars will keep to the right, and if someone drives towards him and crashes into his car, then he can be punished for this.

Each group develops a number of methods of beliefs, regulations and prohibitions, a system of coercion and pressure (even physical), a system of expression that allows the behavior of individuals and groups to be brought into line with accepted patterns of activity. This system is called the social control system. Briefly, it can be formulated as follows: social control is a mechanism of self-regulation in social systems, which is carried out thanks to the normative (legal, moral, etc.) regulation of individual behavior.

In this regard, social control also performs corresponding functions; with its help, social control is created. necessary conditions for the sustainability of the social system, it contributes to the preservation of social stability, as well as, at the same time, positive changes in the social system. Therefore, social control requires greater flexibility and the ability to correctly assess various deviations from social norms of activity that occur in society in order to appropriately punish deviations that are harmful to society, but are necessary for it. further development- encourage.

The implementation of social control begins in the process of socialization, at this time the individual begins to assimilate social norms and values ​​corresponding to the level of development of society, he develops self-control, and he accepts various social roles that impose on him the need to fulfill role requirements and expectations.

The main elements of the social control system: habit, custom and system of sanctions.

Habit- this is a stable way of behavior in certain situations, in some cases taking on the character of a need for the individual, which does not meet with a negative reaction from the group.

Each individual may have his own habits, for example, getting up early, doing exercises in the morning, wearing a certain style of clothing, etc. There are habits that are generally accepted by the entire group. Habits can develop spontaneously and be the product of purposeful upbringing. Over time, many habits develop into stable character traits of an individual and are carried out automatically. Also, habits arise as a result of the acquisition of skills and are established by traditions. Some habits are nothing more than remnants of old rituals and celebrations.

Usually breaking habits does not lead to negative sanctions. If the behavior of an individual corresponds to the habits accepted in the group, then it meets with recognition.

Custom is a stereotypical form of social regulation of behavior, adopted from the past, which meets certain moral assessments group and violation of which leads to negative sanctions. Custom is directly related to a certain coercion for the recognition of values ​​or coercion in a certain situation.

The concept of “custom” is often used as a synonym for the concepts of “tradition” and “ritual”. Custom means strict adherence to instructions that came from the past, and custom, unlike traditions, does not function in all areas of social life. The difference between custom and ritual lies not only in the fact that it symbolizes certain social relations, but also acts as a means used for the practical transformation and use of various objects.

For example, custom requires respecting respectable people, giving way to old and helpless people, treating people who occupy a high position in the group according to etiquette, etc. Thus, custom is a system of values ​​recognized by a group, certain situations in which these values ​​can occur, and standards of behavior consistent with these values. Disrespect for customs and their failure to comply undermine the internal cohesion of the group, since these values ​​have a certain importance for the group. The group, using coercion, encourages its individual members in certain situations to comply with standards of behavior that correspond to its values.

In pre-capitalist society, custom was the main social regulator of public life. But custom not only performs the functions of social control, maintains and strengthens intragroup cohesion, it helps to transmit social and

cultural experience of humanity from generation to generation, i.e. acts as a means of socialization of the younger generation.

Customs include religious rituals, civil holidays, production skills, etc. Currently, the role of the main social regulator in modern societies is no longer performed by customs, but by social institutions. Customs in their “pure” form are still preserved in the sphere of everyday life, morality, civil rituals and in conventional rules various kinds- conventions (for example, traffic rules). Depending on the system of social relations in which they are located, customs are divided into progressive and reactionary, outdated. In developed countries, a struggle is being waged against outdated customs, and new progressive civil rites and customs are being established.

Social sanctions. Sanctions are operational measures and means developed by a group necessary to control the behavior of its members, the purpose of which is to ensure internal unity and continuity of social life, stimulating desirable behavior and punishing undesirable behavior of group members.

Sanctions may be negative(punishment for unwanted actions) and positive(reward for desirable, socially approved actions). Social sanctions are an important element of social regulation. Their meaning lies in the fact that they act as an external stimulus inducing an individual to a certain behavior or a certain attitude towards the action being performed.

There are sanctions formal and informal. Formal sanctions - this is the reaction of formal institutions to some behavior or action in accordance with a pre-formulated (in law, charter, regulation) procedure.

Informal (diffuse) sanctions are already a spontaneous, emotionally charged reaction of informal institutions, public opinion, a group of friends, colleagues, neighbors, i.e. immediate environment on behavior deviating from social expectations.

Since an individual is at the same time a member of different groups and institutions, the same sanctions can strengthen or weaken the effect of others.

According to the method of internal pressure, the following sanctions are distinguished:

- legal sanctions - it is a system of punishments and rewards developed and provided for by law;

- ethical sanctions - it is a system of censures, reprimands and incentives based on moral principles;

- satirical sanctions - this is a system of all kinds of ridicule and mockery applied to those who do not behave as is customary;

- religious sanctions- these are punishments or rewards established by the system of dogmas and beliefs of a particular religion, depending on whether the individual’s behavior violates or complies with the prescriptions and prohibitions of this religion [see: 312. P. 115].

Moral sanctions are implemented directly by the social group itself through different shapes behavior and attitude towards the individual, and legal, political, economic sanctions- through the activities of various social institutions, even specially created for this purpose (forensic investigation, etc.).

The following types of sanctions are most common in civilized societies:

Negative informal sanctions - this can be an expression of displeasure, sadness on the face, termination friendly relations, refusal to shake hands, various gossip, etc. The listed sanctions are important because they are followed by important social consequences (deprivation of respect, certain benefits, etc.).

Negative formal sanctions are all kinds of punishments that are provided for by law (fines, arrests, imprisonment, confiscation of property, death sentence, etc.). These punishments act as a threat, intimidation and, at the same time, warn what awaits the individual for committing antisocial acts.

Informal positive sanctions are the reaction of the immediate environment to positive behavior; which corresponds to the standards of behavior and value systems of the group, expressed in the form of encouragement and recognition (expression of respect, praise and flattering reviews

in oral conversation and in print, friendly gossip, etc.).

Formal positive sanctions are the reaction of formal institutions, carried out by people specially selected for this purpose, to positive behavior (public approval from the authorities, awarding orders and medals, monetary rewards, erection of monuments, etc.).

In the 20th century Researchers' interest in studying the unintended or hidden (latent) consequences of the application of social sanctions has increased. This is due to the fact that tougher punishment can lead to opposite results, for example, fear of risk can lead to a decrease in an individual’s activity and the spread of conformity, and fear of being punished for a relatively minor offense can push a person to commit a more serious crime, hoping to avoid detection. The effectiveness of certain social sanctions must be determined specifically historically, in connection with a certain socio-economic system, place, time and situation. The study of social sanctions is necessary to identify the consequences and to apply them both for society and for the individual.

Each group develops a specific system supervision.

Supervision - it is a system of formal and informal ways of detecting undesirable actions and behavior. Also, supervision is one of the forms of activity of various government agencies to ensure the rule of law.

For example, in our country there are currently prosecutorial supervision and judicial supervision. Prosecutor's supervision means supervision of the prosecutor's office over the accurate and uniform implementation of laws by all ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions and others. public organizations, officials and citizens. And judicial supervision is the procedural activity of courts to verify the validity and legality of sentences, decisions, rulings and court decisions.

In 1882, police supervision was legally established in Russia. This was an administrative measure used in the fight against liberation movement from the beginning of the 19th century. Police supervision could be open or covert, temporary or lifelong. For example, the supervised person did not have the right to change his place of residence, be in government or public service, etc.

But supervision is not only a system of police institutions, investigative bodies, etc., it also includes everyday monitoring of an individual’s actions by the social environment around him. Thus, the informal system of supervision is a constant assessment of behavior carried out by one group member after another, with a mutual assessment that the individual must take into account in his behavior. Informal supervision plays a large role in regulating everyday behavior in daily contacts, in the performance of professional work, etc.

A system of control based on a system of various institutions ensures that social contacts, interactions and relationships are carried out within the limits established by the group. These frameworks are not always too rigid and allow for individual “interpretation.”

Sanctions are not only punishments, but also incentives that promote compliance with social norms.

Sanctions are guardians of norms. Along with values, they are responsible for why people strive to fulfill norms. Norms are protected from two sides – from the side of values ​​and from the side of sanctions.

Social sanctions are an extensive system of rewards for fulfilling norms, i.e. for conformity, for agreeing with them, and punishments for deviation from them, i.e. for deviant behavior.

Conformity represents external agreement with generally accepted norms, when internally an individual can maintain disagreement with them, but not tell anyone about it.

Conformity is the goal of social control. However, the goal of socialization cannot be conformity, because it must end in internal agreement with the generally accepted.

There are four types of sanctions: positive and negative, formal and informal. They give four types of combinations that can be represented as a logical square:

Positive Negative

FORMAL

INFORMAL

Formal positive sanctions (F+) - public approval from official organizations (government, institution, creative union): government awards, state prizes and scholarships, awarded titles, academic degrees and titles, construction of a monument, presentation of certificates of honor, admission to high positions and honorary functions (for example, election as chairman of the board).

Informal positive sanctions (N+) - public approval that does not come from official organizations: friendly praise, compliments, tacit recognition, goodwill, applause, fame, honor, flattering reviews, recognition of leadership or expert qualities, smile.

Formal negative sanctions (F-) - punishments provided for by legal laws, government decrees, administrative instructions, orders, orders: deprivation of civil rights, imprisonment, arrest, dismissal, fine, depreciation, confiscation of property, demotion, demotion, deposition from throne, death penalty, excommunication.

Informal negative sanctions (N-) - punishments not provided for by official authorities: censure, remark, ridicule, mockery, cruel joke, unflattering nickname, neglect, refusal to shake hands or maintain relationships, spreading rumors, slander, unkind review, complaint, writing a pamphlet or feuilleton, an exposé article.

So, social sanctions play a key role in the system of social control. Sanctions, together with values ​​and norms, constitute a mechanism of social control. Social sanctions are a system of rewards and punishments. They are divided into four types: positive and negative, formal and informal. Depending on the method of imposing sanctions - collective or individual - social control can be external and internal (self-control). According to the degree of intensity, sanctions are strict, or tough, and non-strict, or soft.

The rules themselves do not control anything. People's behavior is controlled by other people based on norms that are expected to be followed by everyone. Compliance with norms, like compliance with sanctions, makes our behavior predictable. Each of us knows that an official reward awaits for an outstanding scientific discovery, and imprisonment for a serious crime. When we expect a certain action from another person, we hope that he knows not only the norm, but also the sanction that follows.

Thus, norms and sanctions are combined into a single whole. If a norm does not have an accompanying sanction, then it ceases to regulate real behavior. It becomes a slogan, a call, an appeal, but it ceases to be an element of social control.

The application of social sanctions in some cases requires the presence of outsiders, but in others it does not. Dismissal is formalized by the personnel department of the institution and involves the preliminary issuance of an order or order. Imprisonment requires a complex judicial procedure upon which a judgment is made. Bringing administrative liability, say, a fine for traveling without a ticket, requires the presence of an official transport controller, and sometimes a policeman. The awarding of an academic degree involves an equally complex procedure for defending a scientific dissertation and the decision of the academic council.

Sanctions for violators of group habits require a smaller number of persons. Sanctions are never applied to oneself. If the application of sanctions is carried out by the person himself, is directed at himself and occurs internally, then this form of control should be considered self-control.

studfiles.net

examples. Sociology of personality:: BusinessMan.ru

• Punishments.
• Reprimands.

The essence of social control

Self-control and dictatorship

With good intentions...

businessman.ru

Formal negative sanctions: concept, examples:: BusinessMan.ru

Formal negative sanctions are one of the tools for maintaining social norms in society.

What is the norm

This term comes from Latin. Literally means “rule of behavior”, “model”. We all live in society, in a team. Everyone has their own values, preferences, interests. All this gives the individual certain rights and freedoms. But we must not forget that people live next to each other. This single collective is called society or society. And it is important to know what laws govern the rules of behavior in it. They are called social norms. Formal negative sanctions help ensure compliance.

Types of social norms

Rules of behavior in society are divided into subtypes. This is important to know, because social sanctions and their application depend on them. They are divided into:

• Customs and traditions. They pass from one generation to another over many centuries and even millennia. Weddings, holidays, etc.
• Legal. Enshrined in laws and regulations.
• Religious. Rules of conduct based on faith. Baptismal ceremonies, religious festivals, fasting, etc.
• Aesthetic. Based on feelings about the beautiful and the ugly.
• Political. Regulate political sphere and everything connected with it.

There are also many other norms. For example, etiquette rules, medical standards, safety rules, etc. But we have listed the main ones. Thus, it is a mistake to believe that social sanctions apply only to the legal sphere. Law is only one of the subcategories of social norms.

Deviant behavior

Naturally, all people in society must live according to generally accepted rules. Otherwise there will be chaos and anarchy. But some individuals sometimes stop obeying generally accepted laws. They violate them. This behavior is called deviant or deviant. It is for this that formal negative sanctions are provided.

Types of sanctions

As has already become clear, they are called upon to restore order in society. But it is a mistake to think that sanctions have a negative connotation. That this is something bad. In politics, this term is positioned as a restrictive instrument. There is an incorrect concept that means prohibition, taboo. We can recall and cite as an example recent events and the trade war between Western countries and the Russian Federation.

There are actually four types:

• Formal negative sanctions.
• Informal negative.
• Formal positive.
• Informal positive.

But let’s take a closer look at one type.

Formal negative sanctions: examples of application

It was not by chance that they got this name. Their peculiarities are the following factors:

• Associated with formal manifestation, in contrast to informal ones, which have only an emotional connotation.
• They are used only for deviant (deviant) behavior, in contrast to positive ones, which, on the contrary, are designed to reward the individual for exemplary compliance with social norms.

Let us give a specific example from labor legislation. Let's say citizen Ivanov is an entrepreneur. Several people work for him. In the course of labor relations, Ivanov violates the terms of the labor contract concluded with employees and delays their salaries, arguing that this is due to the crisis in the economy.

Indeed, sales volumes have dropped sharply. The entrepreneur does not have enough funds to cover wage arrears to employees. You might think that he is not to blame and can withhold funds with impunity. But in reality this is not the case.

As an entrepreneur, he had to weigh all the risks when carrying out his activities. Otherwise, he is obliged to warn employees about this and begin the appropriate procedures. This is provided for by law. But instead, Ivanov hoped that everything would work out. The workers, of course, did not suspect anything.

When the payment day comes, they find out that there is no money in the cash register. Naturally, their rights are violated (each employee has financial plans for vacation, social security, and possibly certain financial obligations). Workers file a formal complaint with the state labor safety inspectorate. In this case, the entrepreneur violated the norms of the labor and civil codes. The inspection authorities confirmed this and ordered to pay wages soon. For each day of delay, a certain penalty is now charged in accordance with the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. In addition, the inspection authorities imposed an administrative fine on Ivanov for violations labor standards. Such actions will be an example of formal negative sanctions.

Conclusions

But an administrative fine is not the only measure. For example, an employee was severely reprimanded for being late to the office. The formality in this case lies in a specific action - entering it into a personal file. If the consequences for his lateness were limited only to the fact that the director emotionally, in words, reprimanded him, then this would be an example of informal negative sanctions.

But they are used not only in labor relations. In almost all areas, mainly negative formal social sanctions predominate. The exception, of course, is moral and aesthetic norms, rules of etiquette. Violations of these rules are usually followed by informal sanctions. They are emotional in nature. For example, no one will fine a person for not stopping on the highway in forty-degree frost and not taking his mother and mother as a travel companion. infant. Although society may react negatively to this. A barrage of criticism will fall on this citizen, if, of course, this is made public.

But we should not forget that many norms in these areas are enshrined in laws and regulations. This means that for violating them, you can, in addition to informal ones, receive formal negative sanctions in the form of arrests, fines, reprimands, etc. For example, smoking in public places. This is an aesthetic norm, or rather, a deviation from it. It’s not nice to smoke on the street and poison all passers-by with tar. But until recently, only informal sanctions were imposed for this. For example, a grandmother may speak critically of the offender. Today the smoking ban is a legal norm. For violating it, the individual will be punished with a fine. This shining example transformation of an aesthetic norm into a legal plane with formal consequences.

businessman.ru

Informal positive sanctions: definition, features:: BusinessMan.ru

The formation and functioning of small social groups is invariably accompanied by the emergence of a number of laws, customs and traditions. Their main goal becomes the regulation of social life, preservation given order and concern for maintaining the well-being of all members of the community.

Sociology of personality, its subject and object

The phenomenon of social control occurs in all types of society. This term was first used by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde He, calling one of the essential means correction of criminal behavior. Later, he began to consider social control as one of the determining factors of socialization.

Among the tools of social control are formal and informal incentives and sanctions. Sociology of personality, which is a section social psychology, examines issues and problems related to how people interact within certain groups, as well as how individual personality is formed. This science also understands incentives by the term “sanctions”, that is, this is a consequence of any action, regardless of whether it has a positive or negative connotation.

What are formal and informal positive sanctions?

Formal control of public order is entrusted to official structures (human rights and judicial), and informal control is carried out by family members, collectives, church communities, as well as relatives and friends. While the first is based on state laws, the second is based on public opinion. Informal control is expressed through customs and traditions, as well as through the media (public approval or censure).

If earlier this type of control was the only one, today it is relevant only for small groups. Thanks to industrialization and globalization, modern groups consist of huge numbers of people (up to several million), making informal control untenable.

Sanctions: definition and types

The sociology of personality refers to sanctions as punishment or reward used in community groups in relation to individuals. This is a reaction to an individual going beyond the boundaries of generally accepted norms, that is, the consequence of actions that differ from those expected. Considering the types of social control, a distinction is made between formal positive and negative, as well as informal positive and negative sanctions.

Features of positive sanctions (incentives)

Formal sanctions (with a plus sign) are various types of public approval by official organizations. For example, issuing diplomas, bonuses, titles, titles, state awards and appointment to high positions. Such incentives necessarily require that the individual to whom they are applied meets certain criteria.

In contrast, there are no clear requirements for earning informal positive sanctions. Examples of such rewards: smiles, handshakes, compliments, praise, applause, public expression of gratitude.

Punishments or negative sanctions

Formal penalties are measures that are set out in legal laws, government regulations, administrative instructions and orders. An individual who violates applicable laws may be subject to imprisonment, arrest, dismissal from employment, fines, official discipline, reprimand, death penalty and other sanctions. The difference between such punitive measures and those provided for by informal control (informal negative sanctions) is that their application requires the presence of a specific instruction regulating the behavior of the individual. It contains criteria related to the norm, a list of actions (or inaction) that are considered violations, as well as a measure of punishment for the action (or lack thereof).

Informal negative sanctions are types of punishments that are not formalized at the official level. This could be ridicule, contempt, verbal reprimands, unkind reviews, remarks, and others.

Classification of sanctions by time of application

All existing species sanctions are divided into repressive and preventive. The first ones are used after the individual has already performed the action. The amount of such punishment or reward depends on social beliefs that determine the harmfulness or usefulness of an action. The second (preventive) sanctions are designed to prevent the commission of specific actions. That is, their goal is to persuade the individual to behave in a way that is considered normal. For example, informal positive sanctions in the school education system are designed to develop in children the habit of “doing the right thing.”

The result of such a policy is conformism: a kind of “disguise” of the true motives and desires of the individual under the camouflage of instilled values.

The role of positive sanctions in the formation of personality

Many experts come to the conclusion that informal positive sanctions allow for more humane and effective control of an individual's behavior. By applying various incentives and reinforcing socially acceptable actions, it is possible to develop a system of beliefs and values ​​that will prevent the manifestation of deviant behavior. Psychologists recommend using informal positive sanctions as often as possible in the process of raising children.

businessman.ru

Formal positive sanctions: what they are, definition

The company's team is a small social group, which means that the concepts of sociology, including sanctions, are applicable to it. This article will answer the question of what formal positive sanctions are and how they help regulate relationships among employees.

What is a sanction

Sanction is a term that has already set teeth on edge and, as a rule, is associated with something bad. This word is of Latin origin: sanctio means “the strictest decree.”

A sanction is a part of a legal norm that provides bad consequences for someone who violates the established rules.

The term "social sanction" has almost the same meaning. Only the meaning of social sanction includes not only punishment, but also encouragement. Social sanction controls a person not only with the “stick”, but also with the “carrot”. Therefore, social sanctions are an effective mechanism of social control. The goal is to subordinate a person to a social group so that he follows established norms and rules.

Types of social sanctions

Social sanctions are divided into formal and informal, positive and negative.

Negative social sanctions provide punishment for a person who has committed undesirable actions or deviated from generally accepted norms in a particular group. Positive sanctions, on the contrary, are aimed at supporting the individual in his desire to follow the rules.

Formal social sanctions operate at the official level and come from the management of the company. In contrast, informal sanctions are the reaction of members of the social group itself.

At the “intersection” of positive and negative, formal and informal, we get 4 more types of sanctions:

• formal positive;
• informal positive;
• formal negative;
• informal negative.

Formal positive sanctions

Formal positive sanctions are the encouragement of a person’s actions by the company’s management. For example, promotions, bonuses and certificates.

Main driving force formal positive sanctions– material.

Every employee is interested in increasing his salary. You work better, fit into the team, which means you move up the social ladder faster, receive recognition and respect from others. Formal positive sanctions work best in combination with informal ones.

Other types of sanctions

If a boss praises an employee in front of everyone, gives him a compliment, this is already an informal positive sanction. Of course, informal positive sanctions should include the same elements of communication between the employees themselves.

For compliance with established norms and rules, a person should be encouraged, and for non-compliance, on the contrary, punished. Sanctions of a negative type, formal and informal, are responsible for punishment.

Formal negative sanctions that can be applied to an employee are a fine, a reprimand with or without entry into the work book, and, of course, dismissal from work under the article. Negative sanctions put pressure on a person’s fear of losing his job.

Informal negative sanctions include complaints, ridicule, remarks, etc. Informal negative sanctions cause discomfort in a person, even to the point of feeling guilty. Following these negative experiences comes the desire to improve, to follow the norms and rules adopted in the team.

Summarizing the above, we come to the conclusion that the team of a company or organization is, to some extent, a self-regulating system that rejects from its “body” individuals who “swim against the tide” and do not fit into the generally accepted framework.

bizjurist.com

Informal negative sanctions: examples. Sociology of personality

Most social groups operate in accordance with certain laws and rules that, to one degree or another, regulate the behavior of all members of the community. These are laws, traditions, customs and rituals.

The first ones were developed at the state or regional levels, and their compliance is mandatory for absolutely all citizens of a particular state (as well as for non-residents located on its territory). The rest are rather advisory in nature and irrelevant for modern people, although they still have considerable weight for residents of the periphery.

Conformism as a way of adaptation

Preservation of the usual state of affairs and the existing order is necessary for people, like air. From an early age, children are taught how it is desirable or even necessary to behave in the company of other people. Most educational measures are aimed at eliminating from their behavior actions that may be unpleasant for others. Children are taught:

• Restrain the manifestations of the body's vital functions.
• Do not irritate people with loud speech and bright clothes.
• Respect personal space boundaries (do not touch others unnecessarily).

And, of course, this list includes a ban on committing acts of violence.

When a person can be educated and develops the appropriate skills, his behavior becomes conformist, that is, socially acceptable. Such people are considered pleasant, unobtrusive, and easy to communicate with. When an individual’s behavior deviates from the generally accepted pattern, various punitive measures are applied to him (formal and informal negative sanctions). The purpose of these actions is to draw a person’s attention to the nature of his mistakes and correct his behavior pattern.

Personality psychology: system of sanctions

In the professional vocabulary of psychoanalysts, sanctions mean the reaction of a group to the actions or words of an individual subject. Various types punishments are used to implement normative regulation of social systems and subsystems.

It should be noted that sanctions are also incentives. Along with values, rewards stimulate compliance with existing social norms. They serve as a reward for those subjects who play by the rules, that is, for conformists. At the same time, deviance (deviation from the laws), depending on the severity of the offense, entails certain types of punishment: formal (fine, arrest) or informal (reprimand, conviction).

What is “punishment” and “censure”

The use of certain negative sanctions is determined by the severity of the socially disapproved offense and the rigidity of the norms. In modern society they use:

• Punishments.
• Reprimands.

The first are expressed in the fact that the violator may be subject to a fine, an administrative penalty, or his access to socially valuable resources may be limited.

Informal negative sanctions in the form of reprimands become the reaction of members of society to manifestations of dishonesty, rudeness or rudeness on the part of the individual. In this case, members of the community (group, team, family) may stop maintaining relationships with the person, express social disapproval of him and point out peculiarities of behavior. Of course, there are those who like to read lectures with or without reason, but this is a completely different category of people.

The essence of social control

According to the French sociologist R. Lapierre, sanctions should be divided into three main types:

Physical, which are used to punish a person who has violated social norms.

Economic, which consists in blocking the satisfaction of the most important needs (fine, penalty, dismissal).

Administrative, the essence of which is to lower social status(warning, penalty, removal from office).

In the implementation of all listed types sanctions, other people besides the offender take part. This is social control: society uses the concept of norm to correct the behavior of all participants. The goal of social control can be called the formation of a predictable and predictable model of behavior.

Informal negative sanctions in the context of self-control

To carry out most types of social punishment, the presence of strangers becomes mandatory. For example, a person who has broken the law must be sentenced in accordance with the adopted legislation (formal sanctions). Trial may require the participation of five to ten people to several dozen people, because imprisonment is a very serious punishment.

Informal negative sanctions can be used by any number of people and also have a huge impact on the offender. Even if an individual does not accept the customs and traditions of the group in which he is located, hostility is unpleasant to him. After some resistance, the situation can be resolved in two ways: leaving a given society or agreeing with its social norms. In the latter case, all existing sanctions are important: positive, negative, formal, informal.

When social norms are embedded deeply in the subconscious, the need to use external punishment is significantly weakened, as the individual develops the ability to independently control his behavior. Personality psychology is a branch of science (psychology) that studies various individual processes. She pays quite a lot of attention to the study of self-control.

The essence of this phenomenon is that a person himself compares his actions with generally accepted norms, etiquette and customs. When he notices a deviation, he is able to determine the severity of the offense himself. As a rule, the consequence of such violations is remorse and a painful feeling of guilt. They indicate successful socialization the individual, as well as his agreement with the requirements of public morality and norms of behavior.

The importance of self-control for group well-being

A feature of such a phenomenon as self-control is that all measures to identify deviations from norms and apply negative sanctions are carried out by the violator himself. He is judge, jury and executioner.

Of course, if the misconduct becomes known to other people, public censure may also occur. However, in most cases, even if the event is kept secret, the apostate will be punished.

According to statistics, 70% of social control is achieved through self-control. Many parents, heads of enterprises and even states resort to this tool to one degree or another. Properly developed and implemented guidelines, corporate rules, laws and traditions make it possible to achieve impressive discipline with minimal time and effort spent on control activities.

Self-control and dictatorship

Informal negative sanctions (examples: condemnation, disapproval, removal, censure) become a powerful weapon in the hands of a skilled manipulator. By using these techniques as a means of external control over the behavior of group members while simultaneously minimizing or even eliminating self-control, the leader can gain considerable power.

In the absence of their own criteria for assessing the correctness of actions, people turn to the norms of public morality and a list of generally accepted rules. To maintain balance in the group, external control should be the stricter, the worse the self-control is developed.

Downside Excessive control and petty supervision of a person becomes an inhibition of the development of his consciousness, muffling the volitional efforts of the individual. In the context of a state, this can lead to the establishment of a dictatorship.

With good intentions...

There are many cases in history when dictatorship was introduced as a temporary measure - its purpose was said to be to restore order. However, the presence of this regime for a long time and the spread of strict coercive control of citizens hinder the development internal control.

As a result, they faced gradual degradation. These individuals, who are not used to and do not know how to take responsibility, are not able to do without external coercion. In the future, dictatorship becomes necessary for them.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the level of development of self-control, the more civilized the society is and the less it needs any sanctions. A society whose members have a high capacity for self-control is more likely to establish democracy.

Source

Articles with the same tags:

ideiforbiz.ru

Formal and informal positive sanction

One way or another, each of us depends on the society in which he exists. Of course, this does not manifest itself in the complete conformity of certain individuals, because everyone has their own opinion and view on this or that issue. However, very often the public is able to influence the behavior of an individual, shape and change his attitude towards his own actions. This phenomenon is characterized by the ability of certain representatives of society to respond to something with the help of sanctions.

They can be very different: positive and negative, formal and informal, legal and moral, and so on. This largely depends on what exactly the individual’s action is.

For example, for many of us, informal positive sanction is the most rewarding. What is its essence? First of all, it is worth saying that both informal and formal sanctions can be positive. The first ones take place, for example, at a person’s place of work. The following example can be given: an office worker concluded several profitable deals - the bosses gave him a certificate for this, promoted him in position and raised his salary. This fact was recorded in certain documents, that is, officially. Therefore, in this case we see a formal positive sanction.

Actually, informal positive sanction

However, in addition to official approval from superiors (or the state), a person will receive praise from his colleagues, friends, and relatives. This will manifest itself in verbal approval, shaking hands, hugs, and so on. Thus, society will give informal positive sanction. It does not manifest itself in material terms, but for most individuals it is more significant than even an increase in wages.

There are a huge number of situations in relation to which informal positive sanctions can be applied. Examples will be given below.

Thus, it can be seen that this type encouraging the actions of one or another individual most often manifests itself in simple everyday situations.

However, as in the case of salary increases, formal positive sanctions can coexist with informal ones. For example, a person received a medal for bravery during combat operations. Along with official praise from the state, he will receive approval from others, universal honor and respect.

So, we can say that formal and informal positive sanctions can be applied to the same act.